Microbial Conditions Ontology contains terms to describe growth conditions in microbiological experiments. The first version is based on gene regulation experiments in Escherichia coli K-12. It is being used in RegulonDB to link growth conditions to gene regulation data.
Citlalli Mejía Almonte Víctor Tierrafría Manuel Camacho Socorro Castro Gama Julio Collado Vides
composition
composition source
synonym
description
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred label
editor preferred term
editor preferred term~editor preferred label
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example
A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
example of usage
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
definition editor
term editor
Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
alternative term
An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)
definition source
formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
has associated axiom(fol)
An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
has axiom label
A property created to allow the source NICHD to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are the contributing source.
Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset.
The semantic type describes the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network.
In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS.
Provides an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems.
The word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept.
Concept Unique Identifiers, or CUIs, are concept numbers assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept.
Contains the FDA Unique Ingredient Identifier, a key component of the new federal drug information model.
This property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake.
English language definitions of what a source other than NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They include information about the definition's source in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
The NCBI_Taxon_ID property is used to establish correspondence between the NCI Thesaurus concept representing a taxon (species) and the NCBI/NLM Species Taxonomy ID assigned by the NCBI to that taxon.
A retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding.
Design notes are notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept.
Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'.
Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species.
Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies.
This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO
Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content.
An account of the content of the resource.
Description
The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.
A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived.
Source
Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software.
c has-biological-role r iff c has-role r and r is a biological role (CHEBI:24432)
has biological role in Escherichia coli
a relation between a continuant and a treatment, in which the continuant is a necessary component of the treatment
used in treatment
a relation between a continuant and a treatment, in which the continuant is a necessary component of the treatment, specifically in Escherichia coli experiments
used in Escherichia coli treatment
a relation between a culture medium and an organism, in wich the culture medium contains the minimal necessities for growth of the wild-type of that organism and contains only inorganic salts, a carbon source for that organism, and water.
is minimal medium for
a relation between a culture medium and an organism, in which the medium contains all the elements that the specific organism needs for growth and is non-selective, so it is used for the general cultivation and maintenance of the organism kept in laboratory culture collections
is rich medium for
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
Examples: collection of random bacteria, a chair, dorsal surface of the body
Material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] subsumes object [snap:Object], fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart], and object aggregate [snap:ObjectAggregate], which assume a three level theory of granularity, which is inadequate for some domains, such as biology.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
A monocarboxylic acid comprising 1,8-naphthyridin-4-one substituted by carboxylic acid, ethyl and methyl groups at positions 3, 1, and 7, respectively. An orally administered antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of lower urinary-tract infections due to Gram-negative bacteria, including the majority of E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Proteus species.
1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1,4-dihydro-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-ethyl-7-methyl-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid
A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-CYCLOPROPYL-6-FLUORO-4-OXO-7-PIPERAZIN-1-YL-1,4-DIHYDROQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1,4-Dihydro-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.
Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.
The conjugate base of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A 3-hydroxymonocarboxylic acid that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of 3-butenoic acid.
A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two hexopyranose units.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Mycoplasma genitalium.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 24-carbon (cholane) skeleton.
Any steroid (or derivative) based on a cholane skeleton.
Any steroid acid anion based on a cholanic acid skeleton.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of any cholanic acid conjugate.
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
Any quinone in which one or more of the carbons making up the quinone moiety is substituted by a hydroxy group.
A naphthoquinone in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the parent naphthalene ring.
Any naphthoquinone in which the naphthaoquinone moiety is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones in which the naphthoquinone moiety is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
A citrate anion obtained by deprotonation of the three carboxy groups as well as the hydroxy group of citric acid.
Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.
A reagent that lightens or whitens a substrate through chemical reaction. Bleaching reactions usually involve oxidative or reductive processes that degrade colour systems. Bleaching can occur by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated chain, by cleaving the conjugated chain, or by oxidation of one of the other moieties in the conjugated chain. Their reactivity results in many bleaches having strong bactericidal, disinfecting, and sterilising properties.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of any tartaric acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of maleic acid.
An oxo fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-oxo fatty acid.
An inorganic oxide that is an oxide of any metal.
A quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion.
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(beta-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N,-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups as well as protonation of the amino group of glyphosate. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A tricarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of citric acid.
A tricarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of pimelic acid.
EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitors
copper-zinc superoxide dismutase inhibitor
copper-zinc superoxide dismutase inhibitors
superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) inhibitor
superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) inhibitors
superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase inhibitor
superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
An L-threonine derivative obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({4-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]phenyl}ethynyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of N-hydroxy-L-threoninamide.
Any compound that inhibits the biosynthesis of any lipopolysaccharide.
lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis inhibitors
lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis inhibitor
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.108).
EC 3.5.1.108 (UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase) inhibitors
UDP-(3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitor
UDP-(3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitors
UDP-(3-O-acyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitor
UDP-(3-O-acyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitors
UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitor
UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitors
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitor
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitors
UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine amidohydrolase inhibitor
UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine amidohydrolase inhibitors
UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase inhibitor
UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine amidohydrolase inhibitors
UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitor
UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase inhibitors
UDP-3-O-acyl-GlcNAc deacetylase inhibitor
UDP-3-O-acyl-GlcNAc deacetylase inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.108 (UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase) inhibitor
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to R, which can represent hydrogens, a carbon chain, or other groups.
An N-oxide where there are three organic groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
Any oxo fatty acid in which an oxo substituent is located at position 3.
A class containing any titanium molecular entity that is an oxide of titanium.
A nanoparticle composed of any titanium oxide.
A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
Organonitrogen compounds that have the general structure R(1)(R(2))C=N(O)OH (R(1),R(2) = H, organyl). They are tautomers of C-nitro compounds.
An organic group derived from any 3-oxo-Delta(4)-steroid.
A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent.
A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of acetoacetic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Water-soluble carbon monoxide-releasing molecule.
An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included.
A compound formally derived from ammonium by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system
A D-glucose monophosphate in which the phosphate group is attached to position 6.
A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group located at position 1.
2,3-dihydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
1,2,3-propanetriol, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
2,3-hydroxy-1-propyl dihydrogen phosphate
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from hydrogen sulfide.
A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity.
A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.
A thiol comprising a panthothenate unit in phosphoric anhydride linkage with a 3',5'-adenosine diphosphate unit; and an aminoethanethiol unit.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate
An acyl-CoA having acetyl as its S-acetyl component.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-(3-{(3R)-4-[(3-{[2-(acetylsulfanyl)ethyl]amino}-3-oxopropyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.
(3S)-5'-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine, inner salt
An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.
adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-{[3-oxo-3-({2-[(phenylacetyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}amino)propyl]amino}butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
An optically active form of malate having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of malate having (S)-configuration.
A C4-dicarboxylate resulting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of malic acid.
A 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid that has meso configuration.
(2R,3S)-rel-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
A tetraric acid that is butanedioic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3.
An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 5-aminohydantoin in which a carbamoyl group is attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.
A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
A primary amino compound obtained by formal decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine.
Any N-acyl-amino acid in which the amino acid moiety has D configuration.
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate that is the N-acetyl derivative of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate. It is a component of the aminosugar metabolism.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A D-alpha-amino acid that is the D-isomer of arginine.
(2R)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose. Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose).
A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.
An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.
5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid
(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid
5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid
cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid
cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid
Any mono-phosphorylated D-hexose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having unsubstituted hydroxy groups.
(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
phosphoric acid mono-((R)-2,3-dihydroxy-propyl) ester
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine phosphate having the phosphate group placed at the 6-position.
guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
An optically active form of lactate having (R)-configuration.
A ketotriose consisting of acetone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3. The simplest member of the class of ketoses and the parent of the class of glycerones.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4.
A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.
A cyclic dicarboximide in which the two carboacyl groups on nitrogen together with the nitogen itself form a 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione structure.
A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A sulfur hydride consisting of s single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
The simplest member of the class of benzoates that is the conjugate base of benzoic acid, comprising a benzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
An N-acyl-amino acid in which amino acid specified is glycine.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from phosphonic acid
An optically active glycerol 1-phosphate having (S)-configuration.
(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent.
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a halogen atom.
A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
(2R)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.
A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid
(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholan-24-oic acid
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
An optically active form of cysteine having D-configuration.
2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
An optically active form of threonine having D-configuration.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.
An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.
(2S)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
A nitrogen oxide which is a free radical, each molecule of which consists of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom.
Any neuraminic acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
5-alkanamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of galactarate(1-).
A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An aminobenzoate that is the conjugate base of anthranilic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A triamine that is the 1,5,10-triaza derivative of decane.
(2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
The 1-O-phospho derivative of L-fuculose.
6-deoxy-L-lyxo-hex-2-ulose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
6-deoxy-L-tagatose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An optically active form of lactate having (S)-configuration.
A glycerate that is the conjugate base of D-glyceric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.
6-amino-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-amino-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.
A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system.
A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.
3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid
3alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.
alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid
A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.
An optically active form of threonine having L-configuration.
An optically active form of methionine having D-configuration.
(2R)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.
The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.
A ketohexose bisphosphate that is D-fructose substituted by phosphate groups at positions 1 and 6.
D-fructose 1,6-bis(dihydrogen phosphate)
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.
A tricarboxylic acid trianion, obtained by deprotonation of the three carboxy groups of citric acid.
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, ion(3-)
A naturally-occurring beta-amino acid comprising propionic acid with the amino group in the 3-position.
(1R,2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-amino-2,6-dihydroxy-5-(methylamino)cyclohexyl O-6-amino-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene-(1->2-3)-beta-D-talopyranoside
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde.
The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.
An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid
A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.
The 2-dehydro-3-deoxy derivative of D-gluconic acid.
A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class
2,4-Diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-(2-deoxy-2-methylamino-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl)-3-C-formyl-beta-L-lyxopentanofuranoside
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-hydroxypropionic acid
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexanoic acid (also known as caproic acid).
An amino-acid betaine that is butanoate substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-3 and a trimethylammonium group at C-4.
A four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh.
An optically active form of asparagine having L-configuration.
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.
A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.
A primary arylamine in which an amino functional group is substituted for one of the benzene hydrogens.
A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage.
An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.
Any member of the group of substituted penams containing two methyl substituents at position 2, a carboxylate substituent at position 3 and a carboxamido group at position 6.
Any D-aldose having a six-carbon chain with a phosphate group at C-6.
D-glycero-hexose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
Sulfite is an inorganic anion, which is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite.
A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having having adenine as the nucleobase.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.
A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.
The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via alpha-D-1,4 bonds as in maltose. The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose.
A purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
A a deoxyketohexose comprising L-tagatose with the hydroxy group at position 6 replaced by hydrogen.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3-cyclohexane 3,6'diamino-3,6'-dideoxydi-alpha-D-glucoside
4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3-cyclohexylene 3,6'-diamino-3,6'-dideoxydi-D-glucopyranoside
A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.
A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21. Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, which is a part of the adrenal gland. It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). It increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and reduces immune responses
cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.
An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions.
A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.
The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.
1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium inner salt
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of pimelic acid.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
An optically active form of idonate having L-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.
A pyrimidine nucleobase that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a methyl group.
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.
Any of a group of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by fermentation of some Micromonospora spp.
4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)pentopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)heptopyranoside
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.
The conjugate base of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, comprising a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity.
An aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An acetyl-L-serine where the acetyl group is attached to the side-chain oxygen. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria.
A thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.
A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.
An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A purine nucleoside in which xanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group.
A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra and other plants.
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.
2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-(phenylacetamido)penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
An aldopentose, found in the embryos of most edible plants and used in medicine to test for malabsorption by administration in water to the patient.
A galactosamine phosphate that is D-galactosamine substituted at position 1 by a monophosphate group.
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 6-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
Any form of fucose having L configuration.
A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.
A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.
A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-3 and C-5 of the ribose ring are engaged in formation of a cyclic mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphate.
A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylacetic acid.
A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom
A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.
A deoxyaldopentose phosphate in which the deoxyaldopentose is 2-deoxyribose.
A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.
3-(acetoxymethyl)-7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-Acetoxymethyl-7-{2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-methoxyimino]-acetylamino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R,Z)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-7-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19).
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase inhibitor
3-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase inhibitors
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19) inhibitor
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.19) inhibitors
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase inhibitor
3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase inhibitors
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitor
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitors
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase inhibitor
phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.
Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
A mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor that interferes with the action of ATP synthase.
An L-amino acid having an N-acetyl substituent.
An N-acyl-amino acid that has acetyl as the acyl group.
Any N-acetylhexosamine in which the hexosamine has D-configuration. The structure provided is an illustrative example of the pyranose form of an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine.
Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.
An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position
N-Methyl-N',2-dioxohydrazinecarboximidohydrazide 2-oxide
An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
An acetyl-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine.
Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.
An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.
Dicarboxylic acids formed from aldoses by replacement of both terminal groups (CHO and CH2OH) by carboxy groups.
Any carbohydrate acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to a carboxylic acid functional group. Aldonic acids have the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nC(=O)OH.
A univalent group -CnH2n+1 derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom.
Any amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by alkyl groups.
Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
A disaccharide derivative that is a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
Any purine having at least one amino substituent.
Any aromatic amine that is benzene carrying at least one amino substituent and its substituted derivatives.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A class of macrocyclic lactams that consist of an aromatic (phenyl or naphthyl) or quinonoid (benzoquinone or naphthoquinone) moiety that is bridged by an aliphatic chain.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.
An arsenic oxoanion resulting from the removal of one or more protons from arsenous acid.
A monocarboxylic acid amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an arene ring system.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of ascorbic acid.
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acid
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acids
An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent
Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").
A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base).
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.
Any amino acid-derived zwitterion - such as glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate) - in which the ammonium nitrogen carries three methyl substituents.
A sodium salt of the conjugate of any bile acid with either glycine or taurine.
Any amino acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents
Any gamma-lactone having the lactone moiety derived from 4-hydroxybutanoic acid.
Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid.
Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.
An EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Such compounds reduce the secretion of H(+) ions by the proximal kidney tubule.
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitors
carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitor
carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitors
carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor
carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
Any of the chitobioses acetylated on both amino nitrogens.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
A haloacetate(1-) resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid.
Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of glycerol 1-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
A quaternary ammonium ion based on the choline ion and its substituted derivatives thereof.
The part (atom or group of atoms) of a molecular entity in which the electronic transition responsible for a given spectral band is approximately localized.
A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons.
An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.
Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.
A polyol consisting of a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxy groups, each attached to a different ring carbon atom.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
Any C6 deoxy sugar having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
Any sugar having a hydroxy group replaced with a hydrogen atom.
Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.
Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid.
The amino dicarboxylic acid that is heptanedioic acid with amino aubstituents at C-2 and C-6.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
A hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid carrying two hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.
({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphonato}oxy)(phosphonatooxy)phosphinate
A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17.
Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.
A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
Compounds containing at least one furan ring.
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.
An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues.
A hexosamine phosphate having glucosamine as the amino sugar component.
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.
Any organonitrogen compound derived from the Glu-Cys-Gly tripeptide glutathione.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
A substance used to destroy plant pests.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
Members of the class of hydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by 6 hydroxy groups.
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
A uronate obtained via deprotonation of the carboxy group of any hexuronic acid.
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
An oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from the hydroxy group of any hydroxamic acid.
A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
Any member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids carrying at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.
Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.
Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring.
Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.
A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid specified is acetic acid.
Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.
A role played by a chemical agent which exhibits the capability of occupying space between DNA base pairs due to particular properties in size, shape and charge. Intercalation of chemical compounds in DNA helix can result in replication errors (shift, mutation) or DNA damages.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A compound which can carry specific ions through membranes of cells or organelles.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any ionophore capable of transportation of iron ions across membranes.
A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.
rel-(2R,3R)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Any compound that has an aldehydic and ketonic group in the same molecule.
Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.
Any ketohexose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
Any hexose containing a single ketone group.
Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.
A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of malic acid.
A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
A metal-sulfur cluster is a unit comprising two or more metal atoms and bridging sulfur ligand(s).
An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol.
A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is the conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of mevalonic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising valeric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 5-positions together with a methyl group at the 3-position.
mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors
mitochondrial electron-transport chain inhibitor
mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
A hydroxybenzoate carrying a single hydroxy substituent at unspecified position.
Any hydroxybenzoic acid having a single phenolic hydroxy substituent on the benzene ring.
An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.
A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
A solute used by a cell under water stress to maintain cell volume.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.
Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.
A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring.
A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives.
A hydroxyflavone substituted by five hydroxy groups.
A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose).
The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from peroxynitrous acid.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
HP(=O)(OH)2 (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consits of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
A chemical, natural or artificial, that can affect the rate of growth of a plant.
Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation.
An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.
An aldehyde based on a propanal skeleton and its derivatives.
Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.
A tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates
An azole that includes only one N atom and no other heteroatom as a part of the aromatic skeleton.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from pyruvate (i.e. alanine, valine, and leucine). A closed class.
A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that contains a quinoline moiety that is substituted by one carboxy substituent.
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
A deoxymannose sugar that is the 6-deoxy derivative of hexose.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
A monocarboxylic acid derived from any dicarboxylic acid that has a retained name by the formal reduction of one of the carboxy groups to a formyl group. The resulting structure, also known as a semialdehyde, may be named by replacing the ending '...ic acid' of the retained name of the dicarboxylic acid by the ending '...aldehydic acid'. Aldehydic acids therefore contain one carboxy group and one aldehyde group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of serine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing serine residues.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
Any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups.
Any of low-molecular-mass iron(III)-chelating compounds produced by microorganisms for the purpose of the transport and sequestration of iron.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(p-hydroxy-alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanic acid
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.
A sulfur oxoacid that consits of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.
rel-(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(2R,3R)-rel-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(R*,R*)-(+-)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of threonine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of threonine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing threonine residues.
Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.
Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two units of D-glucose.
An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
A monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms, which is important in respiration. Only two trioses occur naturally: the aldotriose glyceraldehyde and the ketotriose dihydroxyacetone.
Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.
A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A carbohydrate acid formally derived by oxidation to a carboxy group of the terminal -CH2OH group of any aldose or ketose.
Any metabolite that is found naturally as a component of a volatile oil.
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
An alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
An amino cyclitol that is scyllo-inositol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 are replaced by guanidino groups.
Streptamine, N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-
[(1aS,8S,8aR,8bS)-6-amino-8a-methoxy-5-methyl-4,7-dioxo-1,1a,2,4,7,8,8a,8b-octahydroazirino[2',3':3,4]pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-8-yl]methyl carbamate
An indoledione that is the 2,3-diketo derivative of indole.
Any aldehyde having an oxo substituent at the 2-position.
A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.
A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicdes worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.
alpha-Amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary.
A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.
An amino cyclitol consisting of scyllo-inositol with the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 replaced by unsubstituted amino groups.
An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
A glycosylglucose formed by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage between D-galactose and D-glucose.
A member of the class of rifamycins that is a a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica (previously known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei)
3-(((4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)methyl)rifamycin SV
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
An optically active form of asparagine having D-configuration.
A complex between iron(III) and three hydroxamic acid groups, used for iron transport.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.
A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.
An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-lactic acid.
A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.
A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.
A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.
The N,N'-diacetylated derivative of chitobiose, but with no stereodesignation for the anomeric carbon atom.
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.
3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid
(3ALPHA,5ALPHA,12ALPHA)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-OIC ACID
(3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid
3alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.
The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid.
A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.
A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-AMINO-2-PHENYLETHANOYL]AMINO}-3,3-DIMETHYL-7-OXO-4-THIA-1-AZABICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPTANE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanoyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(D-(2-amino-2-phenylacetamido))-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
D-(-)-6-(alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanic acid
A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced by a hydrogen.
An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
A divalent metal cation in which the metal is manganese.
An ion of copper carrying a double positive charge.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.
A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.
An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of phosphorous acid.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.
An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of nitroprusside.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-[(2R)-2-{[(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetamido]penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-{[(2R)-2-{[(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-oxohexanoic acid with the amino group of homoserine lactone.
N-(beta-ketocapryloyl)-homoserine lactone
An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.
A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of cholic acid.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is acetate where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)
A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of aspartic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
A class of quaternary ammonium chloride salts in which the nitrogen is substituted by a benzyl group, two methyl groups and an even-numbered alkyl chain.
Alkyldimethyl(phenylmethyl)quaternary ammonium chlorides
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from antimonous acid.
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.
A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.
An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
An iron-sulfur cluster is a unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentane with two carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-5.
Dicarboxylate anion of D-glucaric acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A glucaric acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of glucaric acid.
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.
A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.
2,2',2'',2'''-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxyethane-2,1-diylnitrilo)]tetraacetic acid
3,12-bis(carboxymethyl)-6,9-dioxa-3,12-diazatetradecanedioic acid
[ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid
ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
ethylene glycol-O,O'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.
An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.
A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.
A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the Z-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)
An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of malic acid having (S)-configuration.
A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.
(2R,3S,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of indole-3-acetic acid.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
A tartaric acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate.
Any member of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valeric acid; present in ester form as component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals.
An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
N'-{5-[acetyl(hydroxy)amino]pentyl}-N-(5-{4-[(5-aminopentyl)(hydroxy)amino]-4-oxobutanamido}pentyl)-N-hydroxybutanediamide methanesulfonate
The simplest member of the class of salicylamides derived from salicylic acid.
An alaninium that is the conjugate acid of D-alanine.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of alanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of alanine.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylalanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of phenylalanine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glycine, arising from protonation of the amino.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glycine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of lysine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of lysine, having two cationic amino groups and an anionic carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation obtained by protonation of both amino groups of lysine.
N'-(3-chlorophenyl)carbonohydrazonoyl dicyanide
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.
An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.
An alkane-alpha,omega-diammonium(2+) that is the dication of putrescine (1,4-butanediamine) arising from protonation of both primary amino groups; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of leucine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of leucine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of methionine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate acid of methionine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An optically active form of asparaginate having L-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of asparagine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An optically active form of glutaminate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of glutaminium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of glutaminate having D-configuration.
An optically active form of glutaminium having D-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glutamine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-arginine; obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tryptophan, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tryptophan, arising from protonation of the alpha-amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tyrosine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tyrosine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tyramine; major species at pH 7.3.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-threonine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A serinate that is the conjugate base of L-serine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A serinium that is the conjugate acid of L-serine, obtained by protonation of the amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of serine.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of serine.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of proline, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of proline, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A dinitrile that is methane subtituted by two cyano groups.
A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of potassium cations and cyanide anions.
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
An organic substance that is distributed in foodstuffs, is distinct from the main organic components of food (protein, carbohydrate and fat) and is needed for the normal nutrition of the organism in question. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A particle not known to have substructure.
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
A univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
A nutrient is a chemical element needed by all life forms.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
A substance used to destroy rodent pests.
An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy.
A substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A serine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-serine.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
Arylmethyl groups and derivatives formed by substitution: ArCR2-.
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of a proton from H2TeO3
The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid.
An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.
4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.
A catecholamine in which C-1 of the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an f-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position beta to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
A cluster is a number of metal centres grouped close together which can have direct metal bonding interactions or interactions through a bridging ligand, but are not necessarily held together by these interactions.
Any aldonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid group.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
transition element coordination entities
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of glyceric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.
Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.
A quaternary ammonium ion that is the the conjugate acid of carnitine.
3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid
An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.
A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.
An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.
N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication
A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion in which the oxo group is located at the 2-position.
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.
A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction.
A small molecule which increases (activator) or decreases (inhibitor) the activity of an (allosteric) enzyme by binding to the enzyme at the regulatory site (which is different from the substrate-binding catalytic site).
Any substance or mixture of substances that, in solution (typically aqueous), resists change in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.
A fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas which has formed over many years through the decomposition of deposited vegetation which was under extreme pressure of an overburden of earth.
The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amnio group of serine.
A serine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of D-serine.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Ammonium, NH4(+), and derivatives formed by substitution by univalent groups.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.
Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an sulfonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
Any neutral molecule having charge-separated forms with a quaternary ammonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene, so may be considered as triterpenoids.
The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.
Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.
An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.
Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the -C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax.
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of galactaric acid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of aspartic acid.
A 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate that is the conjugate base of tartaric acid.
hydrogen (2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A primary diamine is a compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing two hydrogen atoms by amino groups.
A primary diamine that is ethane or a higher alkane in which a hydrogen of each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by an amino group. H2NCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of N-acetylneuraminic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.
A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths).
A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.
Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
An agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.1 (cyclooxygenase) inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitors
cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) inhibitors
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitor
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor
heterocyclic organic fundamental parents
organic heterocyclic fundamental parents
A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents
A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.
That one of the three tautomers of pyrrole which has the double bonds at positions 1 and 4.
That one of the three tautomers of pyrrole which has the double bonds at positions 1 and 3.
A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.
Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.
mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents
Either of two isomeric forms comprising a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
Any drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
Any dicarboxylic acid anion that is a monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of only one of the carboxy groups of the dicarboxylic acid.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).
A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.
A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.
1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.
Any anion of a tricarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of at least one carboxy group.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.
Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.
A tricarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of citric acid, obtained by deprotonation of one of the three carboxy groups.
A tricarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of two of the three carboxy groups of citric acid.
A substance that suppresses Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorates the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduces the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
A compound or agent that combines with lipoxygenase and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the icosanoid products hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes.
Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.
Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.
The saturated hydrides of tervalent phosphorus having the general formula PnHn+2.
The simplest of the diphosphanes, consisting of two covelently linked phosphorus atoms each carrying two hydrogens.
Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.
A compound derived from phosphane by substituting one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
Any carboxylic acid anion containing at least one oxo group.
Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that has a hydroxy group beta to the carboxy group.
Any hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion having the oxo group located at the 3-position (R = H or organyl group).
Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.
Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified.
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases.
A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of dihydroxybenzoic acid.
Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of pimelic acid.
A glycosylglucose consisting of galactose and glucose units linked through a 1-6 glycosidic linkage.
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.
(5beta,17beta)-gamma-methylandrostane-17-butanoic acid
Members of the class of cholanic acids based on a 5beta-cholane skeleton.
A glycine or taurine amide of a bile acid.
A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of molybdic acid where one of the two OH groups has been deprotonated.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of tungstic acid where one of the two OH groups has been deprotonated.
sodium N-(3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl)glycinate
A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.
[(3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]acetic acid
Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.
A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder Trypanosomatida.
Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin).
Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy).
Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi.
A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles).
Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force.
A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents
An azaarene that is the 9-aza derivative of phenanthrene. The parent of the class of phenanthridines.
A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
Any terpenoid derived from a triterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C30 skeleton of the parent triterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any one of eight organic heterobicyclic compounds that have a naphthalene skeleton in which two of the carbons are replaced by nitrogens. A 'closed' class.
A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are situated at positions 1 and 8.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond.
A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.
Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.
A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.
Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.
A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.
A radical that carries an electric charge.
An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
A hydrogen butenedioate obtained by deprotonation of one of the carboxy groups of fumaric acid.
A hydrogen butenedioate that is the conjugate base of maleic acid.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
A polyol that contains 6 hydroxy groups.
A substance administered to enhance contrast in images of the inside of the body obtained using X-rays, gamma-rays, sound waves, radio waves (MRI), or radioactive particles in order to diagnose disease.
magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent
An EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6).
C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitor
C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitors
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitor
ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitors
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of CTP; major species present at pH 7.3.
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of GTP; major species present at pH 7.3.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.
An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose.
An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of glucose.
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors
A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.
2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.
A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A plant growth regulator that modulates the formation of stems, leaves and flowers, as well as the development and ripening of fruit. The term includes endogenous and non-endogenous compounds (e.g. active compounds produced by bacteria on the leaf surface) as well as semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives).
H1-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists.
Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems.
A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
Cyclic hemiacetals formed by intramolecular addition of a hydroxy group to an aldehydic or ketonic carbonyl group. They are thus 1-oxacycloalkan-2-ols or unsaturated analogues.
A ligand with two or more separate binding sites that can bind to a single metallic central atom, forming a chelate.
One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
An alpha-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.
A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitor
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitors
acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitors
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitor
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
respiratory electron-transport chain inhibitor
An EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1).
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitors
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitor
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitors
cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitor
cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitors
ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor
ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors
mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase inhibitors
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).
An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4).
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors
amine oxidase (flavin-containing) inhibitor
amine oxidase (flavin-containing) inhibitors
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing) inhibitor
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing) inhibitors
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitor
amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitors
monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) inhibitor
monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) inhibitors
monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitor
monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating) inhibitors
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane.
Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group.
A trianion containing at least one carboxy group.
Any polyamine that contained three amino groups.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group attached to the quinoline skeleton
A compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a nitrogen atom.
Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.
A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.
A monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
Any member of a collection of zwitterionic buffer substances selected or devised for suitability in experimental biological systems according to a number of predetermined criteria. Named after Dr. Norman Good.
An oxygen molecular entity that acts as an excellent buffer for many biological systems at near-neutral pH.
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base).
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
A molecular entity that is an electron-pair acceptor and therefore able to form a covalent bond with an electron-pair donor (Lewis base), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.
Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings.
Any chemical substance that inhibits the life-cycle of an organism.
Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
An organic anion that is a borate diester derived from a furanose and acts a universal signal molecule mediating intra- and interspecies communication among bacteria.
An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of AMP obtained by selective protonation at position N1 on the purine moiety.
N1-PROTONATED ADENOSINE-5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are methyl (three) and carboxymethyl.
A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.
A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.
A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.
An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.
An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.
The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.
An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.
A nucleotide in which the ribose moiety has one or more of its hydroxy groups substituted by hydrogen.
A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease.
A member of the class of maleimides that is the N-ethyl derivative of maleimide.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.
A sulfonamide in which the sulfamoyl functional group is attached to aniline at the 4-position.
An N-acetyl-L-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of AMP.
A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) arising from deprotonation of all three diphosphate OH groups of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP); major species present at pH 7.3.
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of UTP; major species present at pH 7.3.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from tungstic acid.
An alkyl alcohol that is propan-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.
A polyether in which the number of ether linkages is 2.
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
A compound consisting of a peptide with attached lipid.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in L-glyceraldehyde.
A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution.
Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.
(2R,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
Any oxo steroid where an oxo substituent is located at position 3.
Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A chemical compound that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength and subsequently transfer energy to a chosen reactant. This is commonly molecular oxygen within a cancer tissue, which is converted to (highly rective) singlet state oxygen. This rapidly reacts with any nearby biomolecules, ultimately killing the cancer cells.
A phospho sugar that is formally obtained from a hexose.
Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.
A 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
Any molecule that contains three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
2-acetamido-3-O-[(1R)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein.
A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.
A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds.
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
A solvent with a comparatively high relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), greater than ca. 15, and a sizable permanent dipole moment, that cannot donate suitably labile hydrogen atoms to form strong hydrogen bonds.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).
A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
An agent and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.
A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.
3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide
2,7-diamino-10-ethyl-9-phenylphenanthridinium bromide
2,7-diamino-9-phenyl-10-ethylphenanthridinium bromide
An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.
Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.
Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).
A tartaric acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride hydrochloride
3-[(4-azaniumyl-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium dichloride
One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
A chemical substance that prevents or reduces the probability of conception.
A cyclic purine dinucleotide that is the 3',5'-cyclic dimer of MP.
bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate
guanylyl-(3'->5')-3'-guanylic acid, cyclic 3'->5'''-nucleotide
A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, arising from deprotonation of three of the four triphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
An iron-sulfur cluster containing two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms.
An ion of nickel carrying a double positive charge.
A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.
An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.
Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function.
A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens.
Any anion formed by loss of a proton from a steroid acid.
A drug that softens, separates, and causes desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. Keratolytic drugs are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases.
A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
Any protective agent counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons.
Drug that acts on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.
Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial enzymes of the DNA topoisomerases, Type I class (EC 5.99.1.2) that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.2 (topoisomerase I) inhibitors
topoisomerase I (EC 5.99.1.2) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
A Fe(III)-complexed hydroxamate siderophore comprising equimolar amounts of iron(3+) and desferrioxamine B(3-)
iron(3+) [acetyl(27-amino-11,22-dioxido-7,10,18,21-tetraoxo-6,11,17,22-tetraazaheptacos-1-yl)amino]oxidanide
A primary amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an aryl group.
Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.
Compounds containing a bipyridine group.
An organic anion arising from deprotonation of the OH function of a phenol compound.
A salt of the organic compound tartaric acid.
An agent, with unique chemical structure and biochemical requirements, which generates nitric oxide.
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 1.
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitor
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitors
A family of compounds derived from chitin and based on the structure of D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-D-glucosamine.
A reagent with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between macromolecules, principally side chains of amino acids in proteins, allowing the locations of naturally reactive areas within the proteins to be identified.
A substance used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
A compound that interacts with progesterone receptors in target tissues to bring about effects similar to those of progesterone.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing), EC 5.99.1.3 (also known as topoisomerase II and as DNA gyrase), which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands.
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitor
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 5.99.1.3) inhibitors
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitor
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitor
EC 5.99.1.3 (DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure.
Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
A drug used to treat allergic reactions.
A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
A chemical compound which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of lipid kinases.
A drug used to prevent nausea or vomiting. An antiemetic may act by a wide range of mechanisms: it might affect the medullary control centres (the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) or affect the peripheral receptors.
An agent that modulates the physiologic angiogenesis process. This is accomplished by endogenous angiogenic proteins and a variety of other chemicals and pharmaceutical agents.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.
A nanoparticle consisting of titanium dioxide.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-phenylpropionic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A chemical substance which binds to specific hormone receptors activating the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
6beta-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A fluorescent dye used to stain biological specimens.
Any dibenzopyridine based on the skeleton of phenanthridine and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.
Compounds containing a tetracene skeleton.
A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.
A dinitrile is a compound containing two nitrile groups.
Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.
Any anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of a penicillin.
A drug that binds to and activates gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
Cyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.
Compounds containing a biotin (5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid) skeleton.
Compounds containing two phosphane groups linked directly by a P-P bond or via a hydrocarbon bridge.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups. Note that the term 'aminoacridine' is the International Prorietary Name (INN) for 9-aminoacridine.
A compound containing both ketone and nitrile functionalities.
A ketonitrile where the ketone and nitrile functionalities are on adjacent atoms.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
Any molecule or ion capable of binding to a central metal atom to form coordination complexes.
A chemical role played by the molecular entity or part thereof in a photochemical process.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.
An ortho-fused compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom.
An EC 3.2.* (glycosylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosidase (i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds, EC 3.2.1.*).
An antiviral drug targeted at influenza viruses. Its mode of action consists of blocking the function of the viral neuraminidase protein (EC 3.2.1.18), thus preventing the virus from budding from the host cell.
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitors
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase inhibitor
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase inhibitors
exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) inhibitor
exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) inhibitors
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
9-[2-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-3,6-bis(ethylamino)-2,7-dimethylxanthenium chloride
2-(6-(ethylamino)-3-(ethylimino)-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid, ethyl ester, monohydrochloride
9-(2-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-3,6-bis(ethylamino)-2,7-dimethylxanthylium chloride
A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.
The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
The compound salicylanilide and its derivatives.
A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase IV, which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands.
A cephalosporin carboxylic acid anion having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups, formed by proton loss from the carboxy group of the cephalosporin cefotaxime.
Any drug found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhoea.
A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion.
An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.
Compounds containing a cyclic dicarboximide skeleton in which the two carboacyl groups on nitrogen together with the nitrogen itself form a 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione structure.
A carboxamide consisting of L-homoserine lactone having an unspecified N-acyl substituent.
A compound having the general formula RR'C(OH)OR'' (R'' =/= H).
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
3'-phosphonatoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] diphosphate}
An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of acetyl-CoA, arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups.
3'-phosphonatoadenosine 5'-(3-{(3R)-4-[(3-{[2-(acetylsulfanyl)ethyl]amino}-3-oxopropyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl} diphosphate)
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of glycine.
Tetraanion of phenylacetyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.
3'-phosphonatoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-{[3-oxo-3-({2-[(phenylacetyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}amino)propyl]amino}butyl] diphosphate}
Trianion of UTP arising from deprotonation of three of the OH groups from the triphosphate moiety.
Dianion of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both OH groups of the phosphate.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate dianion
A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 or greater.
Conjugate base of biotin arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate OH groups.
Dianion of N-acyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups.
N-acyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate dianion
Trianion of GTP arising from deprotonation of three of the four phosphate OH groups.
Zwitterionic form of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid zwitterion
A carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any N-acylglycine.
A glycerol 1-phosphate(2-) that is the dianion of sn-glycerol 1-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate OH groups.
Conjugate base of quercetin arising from selective deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of D-tryptophan having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated alpha-amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-threonine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the trication of spermidine, formed by protonation at all three nitrogens.
Zwitterionic form of L-methionine having a anionic carboxy group and a cationic amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Dianion of L-fuculose 1-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of UMP.
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate.
Zwitterionic form of 6-aminopenicillanic acid arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the 6-amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-tryptophan; major species at pH 7.3.
A peptide anion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups and protonation of the glutamyl amino group of glutathione; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of L-threonine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Trianion of nucleoside diiphosphate arising from deprotonation of all three free OH groups of the diphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of D-methionine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of beta-alanine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the trication of hygromycin B arising from protonation of the three amino groups; major species at pH 7.3.
(1R,2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-azaniumyl-2,6-dihydroxy-5-(methylazaniumyl)cyclohexyl O-6-azaniumyl-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene-(1->2-3)-beta-D-talopyranoside
Zwitterionic form of L-alanine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate base of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of a primary aliphatic amine.
Trication of streptomycin arising from protonation of the guanidino and secondary amino groups.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2,4-bis{[amino(iminio)methyl]amino}-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylammonio)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-formyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranoside
Zwitterionic form of anhydrotetracycline arising from transfer of a proton from the 2-hydroxy to the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The dianion of a nucleoside monophosphate: major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of L-asparagine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion of homocysteine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.
Trianion of nucleoside triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3',5'-cyclic AMP arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate anion
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(1-)
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-homocysteine; major species at pH 7.3.
A quadruply-charged organic cation arising from protonation of the four amino groups of kanamycin A; major species at pH 7.3.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diazaniumyl-3-(6-azaniumyl-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-azaniumyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of three of the four triphosphate OH groups of cytidine 5'-triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of O-acetyl-L-serine; major species at pH 7.3.
An acyl-CoA oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of any acyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-glutamine; major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of trimethylamine, obtained via protonation of the nitrogen; major species at pH 7.3.
A flavonol oxoanion that is the conjugate base of myricetin, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
Dianion of alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 6-O-phosphonato-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of histamine protonated on the side-chain nitrogen.
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate.
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anions
An organic cation that is the pentacation of kanamycin B, obtained by protonation of the primary amino groups.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diammmonio-3-(3-ammonio-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diammmonio-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
The conjugate base of a flavonol compound.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the amino group of L-homoserine lactone. The major species at pH 7.3.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is a trianion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and carboxylic acid functions of N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate.
2-acetamido-3-O-[(1R)-1-carboxylatoethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate
Dianion of cyclic di-3',5'-guanylic acid.
An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated.
Any acyl coenzyme A thioester in which one or more of the phosphate and/or diphosphate groups has been deprotonated.
Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6).
Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C-C unsaturation.
Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
Polymyxins are antibiotics with a general structure consisting of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. They disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with its phospholipids. Polymyxins are produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus polymyxa and are selectively toxic for Gram-negative bacteria.
A polymyxin having a 6-methylheptanoyl group at the amino terminus.
A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid.
Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
A fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety of a medium-chain fatty acid.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of diamino acid.
An N-acylglucosamine where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
Any fatty acid containing at least one aldehydic or ketonic group in addition to the carboxylic acid group.
A drug, usually applied topically, that relieves pruritus (itching).
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
An organophosphate anion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the triphosphate moiety of a nucleoside triphosphate.
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' =/= H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ.
An acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
A hemiacetal having the structure RR'C(OH)R'' (R, R', R'' =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group.
An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.
A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
A hemiacetal having the structure R2C(OH)OR (R =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. The term 'cyclic hemiketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of hemiacetals.
A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.
The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'. The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).
A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.
Conjugate base of an L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
A fatty acid anion carrying one or more oxo substituents
Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Zwitterionic form of a D-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
The conjugate base of an N-acyl-D-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
Any anion arising from deprotonation of at least one OH group in a flavonoid compound.
A sialic acid anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group of an N-acylneuraminic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Conjugate base of a 7-hydroxyflavonol compound arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A deoxyribonucleoside containing a purine base.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
A nickel atom having a net electric charge.
A lead atom having a net electric charge.
R = C or H. The iminium ion resulting from the protonation of one of the imine nitrogens of guanidine or its derivatives.
A lead atom having a positive net electric charge.
Puromycin monoprotonated at the amino nitrogen. It is the predominant species at pH 7.3.
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*).
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
An anion formed by deprotonation of at least one peptide carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of any peptide where the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.
A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.
Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists
Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids.
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists
Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself.
Any alpha-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has D-configuration.
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
A poison that interferes with the function of the kidneys.
Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.
An inorganic radical in which a free electron resides on one or more oxygen atoms of an oxygen species.
A nucleoside bisphosphate that has a purine nucleobase.
A nucleoside bisphosphate where sugar of the nucleoside is ribose.
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98).
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entities
An ammonium ion that results from the protonation of the dimethyl-substituted nitrogen of promethazine.
A nucleotide having guanine as the base.
A nucleotide having adenine as the base.
A purine ribonucleotide where the purine is guanine.
A purine riboncleotide where adenine is the purine.
A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleotide where the purine is adenine.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton.
A dicarboxylate that contains four carbon atoms.
Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.
A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate(4-) that is the tetraanion of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate(dATP), arising from deprotonation of the four triphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate tetraanion
An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.
isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the triphosphate group of any nucleoside triphosphate.
A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion being the tetraanion formed by global deprotonation of the triphosphate group.
a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate(4-)
An organophosphate anion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the triphosphate moiety of a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate.
2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate anion
2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate anions
2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanions
2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion
Any cyclitol having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.
An EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39).
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitors
endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme inhibitor
endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme inhibitors
endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase inhibitor
endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase inhibitors
nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) inhibitor
nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) inhibitors
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
A trisaccharide comprised of three D-glucose residues connected by alpha(1->4) linkages.
A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.
Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Any donor that can transfer acyl groups between molecular entities.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of nalidixic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to at least two hydrogens.
Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent
Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
The organophosphate oxoanion that is the monoanion formed from biotinyl-5'-AMP by loss of a proton from the phospho group; major microspecies at pH 7.3.
A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell.
An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
Any additive that enhances the efficiency of fuel.
Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of a sialic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.
An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of formic acid.
An inorganic chloride in which manganese(II) is coordinated to two chloride ions. In its anhydrous state manganese(II) chloride is a polymeric solid, which adopts a layered cadmium chloride-like structure.
The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.
The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability.
Any zinc ion that is positively charged.
A transition element cation where the metal is specifed as cadmium.
A beta-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of beta-alanine.
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-homocysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An N-acetylmannosamine having D-configuration.
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
An organophosphate oxoanion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the phosphate moiety of a ribonucleoside monophosphate.
The element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1).
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor
A carbohydrate derivative formally obtained from a deoxy sugar.
A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyhexose.
A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyketohexose.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a hexose.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a ketoaldonic acid.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an alditol.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.
A sulfur-containing amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
A branched-chain amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
An aromatic amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (non-protonated).
A substance capable of undergoing rapid and highly exothermic decomposition.
An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.
A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion that is formally obtained from a ketoaldonate.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an oligosaccharide.
Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
An N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone having 3-oxohexanoyl as the acyl substituent.
N-(beta-ketocaproyl)-L-homoserine lactone
An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.
Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase C receptor
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase receptor.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of any erythromycin.
An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.
Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.
An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of tryptophan; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of methionine; major species at pH 7.3.
An EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1).
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitors
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor
An excitatory amino acid agonist which binds to NMDA receptors and triggers a response.
A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.
An inorganic cation with a valency of two.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of three.
The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis).
A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by Mycobacteria, a genus of actinobacteria. Aerobic and nonmotile, members of the genus include the pathogens responsible for causing tuberculosis and leprosy.
A lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33).
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitors
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitor
arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitors
arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitor
arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitors
linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitor
linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3).
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitors
heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitor
heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitors
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor
hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors
pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor
pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitor
post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitors
salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitor
salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitors
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor
triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors
triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitor
triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
Any compound that has anti-asthmatic effects.
An EC 4.1.1.* (carboxy-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19).
EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase) inhibitors
L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming) inhibitor
L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming) inhibitors
arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) inhibitor
arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) inhibitors
EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of fructose-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11).
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase inhibitor
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase inhibitors
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitors
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase inhibitor
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase inhibitors
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose 1,6-diphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose 1,6-diphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose bisphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose diphosphate phosphatase inhibitor
fructose diphosphate phosphatase inhibitors
fructose-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) inhibitor
fructose-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor
Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299).
A compound that inhibits the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amine. Major species at pH 7.3.
A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of homocysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any compound used to suppress premature labour and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions.
A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphate OH groups of glyphosate.
Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
A hormone agonist that binds to and activates progesterone receptors.
An EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the topoisomerases (enzymes that regulate the overwinding or underwinding of DNA).
Any protein kinase inhibitor that inhibits the action of an Aurora kinase (a group of serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell proliferation).
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino groups of any alkane-alpha,omega-diamine; major species at pH 7.3.
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*)
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of N-monoacetylchitobiose-6-phosphate, obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups and protonation of the free amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A disaccharide phosphate that is N'-monoacetylchitobiose substituted at position 6' by a phospho group.
A signalling molecule produced and used by bacteria participating in quorum sensing, that is, in cell-cell communication to coordinate community-wide regulation of processes such as biofilm formation, virulence, and bioluminescence in populations of bacteria. Such communication can occur both within and between different species of bacteria.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of novobiocin.
A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the 5-hydroxy group to the tertiary amino group of rifampicin.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of tetracycline obtained by deprotonation of the two enolic hydroxy groups and protonation of the tertiary amino group.
An amino-acid anion in which the amino group is situated gamma- to the carboxylate group.
A carbohydrate acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any aldonic acid. Major structure at pH 7.3 of aldonate compounds.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of D-galactosamine 6-phosphate, obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups and protonation of the 2-amino group. Major structure at pH 7.3.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of an aldehydic acid.
Any organooxygen compound that has the general formula RC(OR(1))(OR(2))(OR(3)), where R(1), R(2), R(3) =/= H.
Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the primary amino groups of kanamycin C.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diazaniumyl-3-[(3-azaniumyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-azaniumyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the primary amino groups of kanamycin X.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diazaniumyl-3-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-azaniumyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A kanamycin that is kanamycin A in which the 6'-amino group is replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the primary amino groups of kanamycin D.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diazaniumyl-3-[(6-azaniumyl-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A kanamycin that is kanamycin A in which the 3''-amino group is replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidases) inhibitor that inhibits the action of L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11).
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitors
L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitor
L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitors
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitor
L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitors
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitor
L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitors
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*).
EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*)
inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*)
EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor
Any compound that inhibits oxidative phosphorylation.
A drug used in treating and healing of wounds.
Any organic molecule containing a C#C bond.
Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of 1,8-naphthyridine.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.
A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.
An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that inhibits the action of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1).
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitor
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitors
nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor
nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitor
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitors
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
An optically active form of glyceric acid having L-configuration.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-asparagine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An imidazolidinone that is imidazolin-2-one substituted at positions 4 and 5 by hydroxy and ureido groups respectively.
A role borne by a molecule that acts to counteract or neutralize the deleterious effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen).
An acridinium ion resulting from the protonation of the endocyclic nitrogen of 3,6-diaminoacridine.
An acridinium ion resulting from the protonation of the endocyclic nitrogen and one of the amino groups of 3,6-diaminoacridine.
A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.
An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.
An EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.*).
An EC 6.1.* (C-O bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ligase forming aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds (EC 6.1.1.*).
EC 6.1.1.* (ligases forming aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds) inhibitors
ligases forming aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds (EC 6.1.1.*) inhibitor
ligases forming aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds (EC 6.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 6.1.1.* (ligases forming aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds) inhibitor
A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.
Carbonyl cyanide 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of serine with the amino group of hydroxylamine.
An EC 6.1.1.* (ligases forming aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds) inhibitor that specifically inhibits the action of seryl-tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.11).
EC 6.1.1.11 (serine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
EC 6.1.1.11 (serine--tRNA ligase) inhibitors
L-serine:tRNA(Ser) ligase (AMP-forming) inhibitor
L-serine:tRNA(Ser) ligase (AMP-forming) inhibitors
serine--tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.11) inhibitor
serine--tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.11) inhibitors
seryl-transfer RNA synthetase inhibitors
seryl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase inhibitor
seryl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase inhibitors
seryl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase inhibitor
seryl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase inhibitors
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of an isomerase (EC 5.*.*.*).
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a ligase (EC 6.*.*.*). Ligases are enzymes that catalyse the joining of two molecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*.*).
C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*) inhibitor
C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*) inhibitorS
EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS
EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals.
Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals.
Any of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12. (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such.)
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound.
A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.
A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans.
A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group
A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of transferase of a one-carbon-containing group (EC 2.1.*.*).
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitor
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitors
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the transfer of an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.1.*).
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*).
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor
An isomerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an intramolecular oxidoreductase (EC 5.3.*.*).
EC 5.3.* (intramolecular oxidoreductase) inhibitors
intramolecular oxidoreductase (EC 5.3.*) inhibitor
intramolecular oxidoreductase (EC 5.3.*) inhibitors
intramolecular oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 5.3.* (intramolecular oxidoreductase) inhibitor
An isomerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any member of the group of 'other isomerases' (EC 5.99.*.*).
EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitor
EC 5.99.* (miscellaneous isomerases) inhibitors
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-O bond-forming ligase (EC 6.1.*.*).
C-O bond-forming ligase (EC 6.1.*) inhibitor
C-O bond-forming ligase (EC 6.1.*) inhibitors
EC 6.1.* (C-O bond-forming ligase) inhibitors
EC 6.1.* (C-O bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation.
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-C lyase (EC 4.1.*.*).
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*.*).
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*.*).
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*).
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-CH group of donors (EC 1.3.*.*).
EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitors
EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*.*).
EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitor
EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donor inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*) inhibitors
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*.*).
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitor
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitors
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitors
EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors (EC 1.10.*.*).
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitors
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitors
inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor
inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor (EC 1.10.*)
inhibitor of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor
inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donor (EC 1.10.*)
inhibitors of an oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*.*).
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors
EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases), EC 1.13.*.*.
EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitors
EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on hydrogen as donors (EC 1.14.*.*).
EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
inhibitor of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*)
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitors
EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor (EC 1.15.*.*).
EC 1.15.* (oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor (EC 1.15.*)
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor (EC 1.15.*)
oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor (EC 1.15.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor (EC 1.15.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor inhibitors
EC 1.15.* (oxidoreductase acting on superoxide as acceptor) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*.*).
EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitors
EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosylase (EC 3.2.*.*).
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*).
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*).
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes wtih the action of any aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.*).
An EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.*).
EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.*(dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor
EC 3.4.14.*(dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidase inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitors
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases inhibitor
dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases inhibitors
dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitor
dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases (EC 3.4.14.*) inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18).
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitors
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitor
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitors
glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitor
glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitors
glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitor
glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitors
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitor
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitors
glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitors
glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor
glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*).
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*).
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors
inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor
An EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylating enzyme (EC 6.4.1.*).
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond forming ligase) inhibitor
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond forming ligase) inhibitors
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitors
inhibitor of ligases forming C-C bonds (EC 6.4.1.*)
inhibitors of ligases forming C-C bonds (EC 6.4.1.*)
An EC 5.99.* (other isomerases) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any enzyme in the EC 5.99.1.* class.
EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitors
EC 5.99.1.* (miscellaneous isomerase) inhibitor
An EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*).
An EC 2.5.* (transferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any transferase that transfers an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.*).
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
An EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor that inhibits the action of any oxidoreductase incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*).
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitors
EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any enzyme in the EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous) category.
EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors
miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitor
miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitors
EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor
An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme incorporating one atom of oxygen and using NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*).
EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor (EC 1.14.13.*) inhibitors
EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor
An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any such enzyme that uses a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*).
EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*).
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*).
EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*).
EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitors
EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*).
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitor
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitors
methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*) inhibitor
methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase (EC 2.1.2.*).
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitors
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitor
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphotransferase with an alcohol group as acceptor (EC 2.7.1.*).
EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitors
phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (EC 2.7.1.*) inhibitor
phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (EC 2.7.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14).
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitors
cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14) inhibitor
cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14) inhibitors
cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase inhibitors
puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase inhibitor
puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase inhibitors
soluble alanyl aminopeptidase inhibitors
thiol-activated aminopeptidase inhibitor
thiol-activated aminopeptidase inhibitors
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor
An EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dipeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.2).
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitors
dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase II inhibitors
dipeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.2) inhibitor
dipeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.2) inhibitors
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor
An EC 4.1.* (C-C lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any carboxy-lyase (EC 4.1.1.*).
An EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*).
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in the mould, Aspergillus.
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Penicillium.
Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
Any bacterial metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in bacteria.
Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.
An EC 1.10.* (oxidoreductase acting on diphenols and related substances as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme in the EC 1.10.99.* category.
EC 1.10.99.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors) inhibitors
oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors (EC 1.10.99.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors (EC 1.10.99.*) inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors) inhibitor
An EC 1.10.99.* (oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, other acceptors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone), EC 1.10.99.2.
1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:quinone oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.2 (ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitor
EC 1.10.99.2 (ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)) inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitors
N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitor
N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) inhibitors
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-2 inhibitor
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-2 inhibitors
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase2 inhibitor
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase2 inhibitors
ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.10.99.2) inhibitor
ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.10.99.2) inhibitors
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.122).
(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.122) inhibitor
(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.122) inhibitors
(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase inhibitor
(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.122 ((S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor
EC 2.1.1.122 ((S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase) inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitors
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase inhibitor
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase inhibitors
tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase inhibitor
tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase inhibitors
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor
A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199).
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the secondary amino groups of spectinomycin.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a pregnane X receptor.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any dicarboxylic acid monoamide; major species at pH 7.3.
Any product obtained as a result of thermally induced non-enzymatic degradation.
Any thermal degradation product obtained as a result of a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar (Maillard reaction, a non-enzymatic browning procedure that usually imparts flavour to starch-based food products).
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3).
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitor
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitors
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitor
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.15).
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding H2O; pyruvate-forming) inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding H2O; pyruvate-forming) inhibitors
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding water; pyruvate-forming) inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase (adding water; pyruvate-forming) inhibitors
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropanoate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
2,3-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
2,3-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
alpha,beta-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
alpha,beta-diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.15) inhibitor
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.15) inhibitors
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitor
diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
An enol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the 2-hydroxy group to the 1-amino group of tetracycline. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
An antioxidant that used as a food additives to help guard against food deterioration.
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 3 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 4 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 6 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 8 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 10 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
An EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of hexokinase, EC 2.7.1.1, an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses forming hexose phosphate.
ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase inhibitor
ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase inhibitors
glucose ATP phosphotransferase inhibitor
glucose ATP phosphotransferase inhibitors
hexokinase type IV glucokinase inhibitor
hexokinase type IV glucokinase inhibitors
An EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+)), EC 1.3.1.8.
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitors
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) (EC 1.3.1.8) inhibitor
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) (EC 1.3.1.8) inhibitors
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) inhibitor
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) inhibitors
acyl-CoA:NADP(+) 2-oxidoreductase inhibitor
acyl-CoA:NADP(+) 2-oxidoreductase inhibitors
crotonyl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors
dehydrogenase, acyl coenzyme A (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) inhibitor
dehydrogenase, acyl coenzyme A (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) inhibitors
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
A ketohexose bisphosphate that is D-fructose substituted by phosphate groups at positions 1 and 6. It is an intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 1-position
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in single-celled microorganisms, archaea.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.
A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.
3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoic acid
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
Any nitrile derived from an aliphatic compound.
Substances that are administered to farmed animals to improve productivity by promoting weight gain, increasing muscle mass, limiting fat deposition, reducing feed consumption, and reducing waste production.
An elemental molecular entity in which all of the atoms have atomic number 26.
A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of oleanolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia
A polymyxin having a (6R)-6-methyloctanoyl group at the amino terminus.
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-acyl derivative of homoserine lactone. They are a class of autoinducers generally involved in bacterial quorum sensing.
An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives
Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.
Any alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-serine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-threonine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-threonine by a heteroatom.
An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.
A phenolate anion obtained from 2,4-dinitrophenol. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.
Any iron(III) hydroxamate in which the hydroxamate component is a siderophore.
Fe(III)-complexed hydroxamate siderophores
Fe(III)-complexed hydroxamate siderophore
A hydroxamic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from each of the hydroxamic acid groups of desferrioxamine B
Any iron chelate that consists of a siderophore complexed to iron(III)
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
Any member of the class of cholanic acids carrying two hydroxy substituents at unspecified positions.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a haloacetic acid.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. for its fungicidal properties.
An EC 5.3.* (intramolecular oxidoreductase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any such enzyme that transposes C=C bonds (EC 5.3.3.*).
EC 5.3.3.* (intramolecular oxidase transposing C=C bonds) inhibitors
intramolecular oxidase transposing C=C bonds inhibitor (EC 5.3.3.*) inhibitor
intramolecular oxidase transposing C=C bonds inhibitor (EC 5.3.3.*) inhibitors
EC 5.3.3.* (intramolecular oxidase transposing C=C bonds) inhibitor
Delta(7)-cholestenol Delta(7)-Delta(8)-isomerase inhibitor
Delta(7)-cholestenol Delta(7)-Delta(8)-isomerase inhibitors
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitors
cholestenol Delta-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.5) inhibitor
cholestenol Delta-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.5) inhibitors
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties.
Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any antibiotic antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.
A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of two of the three diphosphate OH groups of adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
A bile acid salt that is the sodium salt of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.
sodium N-(3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl)glycinate
sodium [(3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]acetate
Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.
Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any metal cation which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any penicillin which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.
An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.
An EC 6.4.1.* (carboxylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1).
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitors
pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) inhibitor
pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) inhibitors
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor
An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is replaced by an indol-2-yl group.
A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors.
A role borne by a molecule that acts to counteract or neutralize the deleterious effects of cyanide.
A carboxylic acic anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any aromatic carboxylic acid. Major species at pH 7.3.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates elastin-laminin receptors.
sodium 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate
An organic heterotricyclic antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.
A salicylanilide derivative where the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine.
A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.
3alpha,7beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid
(3alpha,5beta,7beta)-3,7-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid
A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
A biological process that involves only one organism.
A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism.
mco
equipment and supplies
a liquid or solid substance or entity that naturally exists, where microorganims are able to grow.
natural medium
a culture medium made specifically for the grow, storage, isolation, identification or transportation of microorganisms.
artificial medium
minimal salts plus glycerol and fumarate
poor medium
Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).
conditioned culture medium
Conditioned medium containing biologically active components obtained from E. coli strain LE392
LE392 conditioned medium
K2S04, 1.0g K2HP04·3H20, 17.7g KH2PO4, 4.7g MgSO4·7H20, 0.1g per liter of distiled water
artificial medium without a source of carbon or nitrogen
N-C- medium
KH2PO4, 2.7 g Na2HPO4, 8.2 g CaCl2, 50 μg (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g FeSO4 7H2O, 25 μl of a 1.0% solution MgSO4-7H2O, 0.1 g glucose, 4.0 g per liter
M56 medium
PMID: 19293938 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/cell-culture/classical-media-salts/mem-media.html
Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), developed by Harry Eagle, is one of the most widely used of all synthetic cell culture media.
minimal essential medium
β-D-glucopyranose 20 g/l 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate 40 mM ammonium chloride 9.5 mM ammonium heptamolybdate 3 nM borate 400 nM calcium chloride 0.5 µM cobalt chloride 30.0 nM copper sulfate 10 nM dipotassium phosphate 1.32 mM iron sulfate 10 µM manganese chloride 80 nM MgCl2 528 µM potassium sulfate 276 µM sodium chloride 50 mM tricine 4 mM pH Buffer zinc sulfate 10 nM
morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS) minimal medium
The goals for this medium were to find a convenient and well defined composition that allowed varying all of the elements independently to facilitate isotopic labelling. This required using much less phosphate than in older media, which served roles of pH buffering and chelation of metals like Fe2+. For buffering, MOPS was used instead, with some Tricine added to help chelate Fe2+. E. coli can use MOPS as a sulfur source if not other sulfur source is added. However, sulfate easily outcompetes MOPS if both are present. To increase ionic strength and thus optimize the growth rate, NaCl was added. However, it is probably the case that KCl would work just as well, which would allow completely eliminating Na+ from this medium.
MOPS minimal medium
T-broth
glucose-nutrient agar plates containing per litre: glucose, 5 g tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, 5 g K2HPO4, 12 g KH2PO4, 3 g agar, 15 g
TGYEP
10g/L tryptone 5g/L yeast extract 5g/L NaCl
LB medium, Lennox
10g/L tryptone 5g/L yeast extract 0.5g/L NaCl
LB medium, Luria
10g/L tryptone 5g/L yeast extract 10g/L NaCl
LB medium, Miller
Per 1L of H2O: Peptone: 10 g Yeast Extract: 1.5 g Beef Extract: 1.5 g Sodium Chloride: 3.5 g Glucose: 1.0 g Potassium phosphate, dibasic: 3.68 g Potassium phosphate, monobasic: 1.32 g pH to 7
Penassay broth is an artificial medium typically used in the growth of Bacillus subtilis and related organisms.
penassay broth
tryptone 10 g yeast extract 5 g NaCl 5 g glucose 1 g per liter of water. The pH is adjusted by adding approximately 1.7 ml of NaOH prior to autoclaving.
Liquid LB medium, Lennox supplemented with glucose
L broth
tryptone 10 g yeast extract 5 g NaCl 5 g glucose 1 g agar 1.5 % per liter of water. supplemented with CaCl2 The pH is adjusted by adding approximately 1.7 ml of NaOH prior to autoclaving
L agar
tryptone 10 g yeast extract 5 g NaCl 10 g glucose 1 g per liter of water. The pH is adjusted to 7.0 by adding approximately 1.7 ml of N NaOH.
Liquid LB medium, Miller supplemented with glucose
LB broth
tryptone 10 g yeast extract 5 g NaCl 10 g 950 ml of deionized H20
Luria broth
a mutant in which a gene ore genes are expressed at higher levels than the wild type
overexpression mutant
a mutant in which the function of a target gene has been disrupted within its normal biological context. Utilized to examine the involvement of a gene in a complex biological process.
knockout mutant
Adapted from: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C19295
a mutant genotype in which one or more extra nucleotides have been added into the DNA. Insertions may be reversible, particulary if caused by transposable elements. They may alter the reading frame of a gene, or may cause large scale additions of genomic DNA.
insertion mutant
an insertion mutant in which a phage is inserted in the chromosome
lysogenic mutant
an insertion mutant in which a sequence has been inserted in the chromosome by means of a transposable element. Transposable elements include insertion sequences (IS), transposons (Tn), invertible elements, and the prophage of a particular virus called Mu.
transposable element mutant
adapted from: http://www.bioassayontology.org/bao#BAO_0002432
an insertion mutant in which a protein coding cDNA sequence has been inserted at a particular locus in an organism's chromosome. The difference between knock-in technology and transgenic technology is that a knock-in involves a gene inserted into a specific locus, and is a "targeted" insertion.
knockin mutant
a lysogenic mutant that carries phage λ containing soxR gene
λ(soxR)
a lysogenic mutant that carries phage λ containing truncated version of soxR gene
λ(truncated soxR)
a lysogenic mutant that carries phage Φ containing soxR gene
Φ(soxR)
adapted from: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C74927
a mutant in which the expression of a gene has been reduced without eliminating it entirely. The reduced expression may be permanent or via a transient mechanism.
knockdown mutant
a mutant genotype in which one or more genes can have modifications (subtitutions, indels, partial truncations, etc), but they conserve functionality
gene variant mutant
a mutant in which a foreign DNA sequence is introduced to cell in an extrachromosomal unit of replication
plasmid mutant
a plasmid mutant whose plasmid is such that is capable of producing multiple copies in a cell
multicopy plasmid mutant
a multicopy plasmid mutant whose plasmid is empty or harboring a foreign DNA sequence. These are usually used in control experiments.
multicopy plasmid backbone mutant
a multicopy plasmid mutant whose plasmid harbors the DNA sequence under study
multicopy harbored plasmid mutant
a plasmid mutant whose plasmid is such that is capable of producing a single copy in a cell
Que es integrativa o monocopia o inducible
unicopy plasmid mutant
a unicopy plasmid mutant whose plasmid is empty or not harboring a foreign DNA sequence. These are usually used in control experiments.
unicopy plasmid backbone mutant
a unicopy plasmid mutant whose plasmid harbors the DNA sequence under study
unicopy harbored plasmid mutant
an optical density that specifies the amount of light of 600 nm of wavelenght the bearer is able to transmit
OD600
OD600 of 0.3
OD600 from 0.4 to 0.5
OD600 of 0.25
OD600 of 1.5
OD600 of 0.5
OD600 below 0.7
OD600 of 0.4
OD600 from 0.4 to 0.6
OD600 of 0.65
an optical density that specifies the amount of light of 650 nm of wavelenght the bearer is able to transmit
OD650
an overexpression mutant in which greA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
greA overexpression mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿mlc gene has been disrupted
mlc knockout mutant
ethyl acetate extract of LB
ethyl acetate extract of conditioned medium
multicopy plasmid pAMC35 (dps) mutant
multicopy plasmid pRGM258 (marRAB) mutant
plasmid pCX16 (sdiA) mutant
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the amount of light that the bearer of the quality is able to transmit
optical density
a physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the amount of oxygen or air the bearer contains
aeration
10 to 40 MPa
0.1 MPa
Acid digest of casein specifically treated to remove certain vitamins.
vitamin assay casamino acids
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿nanR gene has been disrupted
nanR knockout mutant
high cell density
low cell density
planktonic growth
mini-Tn5 transposon
mini-Tn5-nrdEF transposon
mini-Tn10 transposon
IS10R
IS186
IS3E
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿allS gene has been disrupted
allS knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿arcA gene has been disrupted
arcA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿cra gene has been disrupted
cra knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿crp gene has been disrupted
crp knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿cyaA gene has been disrupted
cyaA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿fhlA gene has been disrupted
fhlA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿fnr gene has been disrupted
fnr knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿himA gene has been disrupted
himA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿hydG gene has been disrupted
hydG knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿iclR gene has been disrupted
iclR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿ihfB gene has been disrupted
ihfB knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿lrp gene has been disrupted
lrp knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿bioA gene has been disrupted
bioA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿metC gene has been disrupted
metC knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿metE gene has been disrupted
metE knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿metR gene has been disrupted
metR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿narL gene has been disrupted
narL knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿bioD gene has been disrupted
bioD knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿oxyR gene has been disrupted
oxyR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿pdhR gene has been disrupted
pdhR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿relA gene has been disrupted
relA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿rpoS gene has been disrupted
rpoS knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿rsd gene has been disrupted
rsd knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿sdiA gene has been disrupted
sdiA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿soxR gene has been disrupted
soxR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿soxS gene has been disrupted
soxS knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿spoT gene has been disrupted
spoT knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of yiaJ gene has been disrupted
yiaJ knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿zntR gene has been disrupted
zntR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿znuA gene has been disrupted
znuA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿znuB gene has been disrupted
znuB knockout mutant
a mutant in which a non coding region is modified
non-coding region variant mutant
C-T transition at nt -10 from bioA translational start site
multicopy plasmid pRB38 (arcA) mutant
multicopy plasmid pUA524 (nrdEF) mutant
multicopy plasmid pAMC35 (pexB) mutant
multicopy plasmid pGS623 (pdhR-lpd) mutant
multicopy plasmid pDEL15 (maoB) mutant
multicopy plasmid pGS613 (pdhR) mutant
multicopy plasmid pBA11 (birA) mutant
plasmid pSXS (IPTG-induced soxS) mutant
plasmid pBF1 (arabinose-induced rpoS) mutant
plasmid pSXR (IPTG-induced soxR) mutant
plasmid pSKOG (K. oxytoca hydG) mutant
plasmid pRL48 (from nt -1398 to nt +70 relative to rpoS translational start site) mutant
plasmid pUBAD::rpoS (arabinose-induced rpoS) mutant
plasmid pKB1A (from nt -153 to nt +1166 relative to bioA translational start site) mutant
plasmid pBADBaeR (arabinose-induced baeR) mutant
plasmid pKB1B (from nt -1256 to nt +63 relative to bioB translational start site) mutant
plasmid pSE190 (crp H21A) mutant
plasmid pKB11A (from nt -153 to nt +12 relative to bioA translational start site) mutant
plasmid pSE188 (crp G162A) mutant
plasmid pACYCRsd (rsd) mutant
plasmid pALS13 (IPTG-induced truncated relA) mutant
plasmid pSXR (not induced soxR) mutant
plasmid pSE186 (crp) mutant
plasmid pKB11B (from nt -102 to nt +63 relative to bioB translational start site) mutant
plasmid pALS13 (not induced truncated relA) mutant
plasmid pSE189 (crp H19A) mutant
plasmid pBAD/Myc-HisA mutant
plasmid pBAD22A mutant
plasmid pSE380 mutant
plasmid pGB2 mutant
plasmid pSU2719 mutant
plasmid pACYC184 mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿marA gene has been disrupted
marA knockout mutant
acid stress
alkylation damage
antibiotic stress
copper stress
nitrosative stress
phosphosugar stress
zinc stress
temperature stress treatment
cold stress treatment
heat stress treatment
nutrient availability stress treatment
nutrient depletion treatment
nutrient excess treatment
nutrient limitation treatment
iron depletion
carbon starvation
nitrogen starvation
phosphate starvation
pyrimidine limitation
iron limitation
carbon limitation
nitrogen limitation
phosphate limitation
potassium limitation
pyrimidine excess
dessication
envelope stress
an overexpression mutant in which nlpE is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
nlpE overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ompC is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ompC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ompF is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ompF overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ompX is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ompX overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rpoE is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
rpoE overexpression mutant
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 10 mM
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 30 µM
CCCP 10 µM
CTP 800 µM
Cd(II) 1 to 100 µM
CdCl2 0.5 mM
copper(II) sulfate 3 mM
D-xylose 120 µM
This class is temporarily here, until we request chebi incorporations.
N-Decanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone 1 µM
DNP 0.5 mM
Dipy 150 µM
2,2’-bipyridine 20 mM
2,2’-bipyridine 200 µM
EGTA 50 mM
iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) 20 µM
GTP 800 µM
S-nitrosoglutathione 50 µM
hydrogen peroxide 100 µM
hydrogen peroxide 120 µM
Hg(II) 1 to 10 µM
L-ascorbate 60 mM
L-fucose 60 mM
L-glutamine 0.2%
L-rhamnose 0.2%
maltose 0.2%
methyl methanesulfonate 0.05%
MnCl2 1 mM
NH4Cl 10 mM
sodium chloride 0.35 M
Pb(II) 0.5 mM
PbCl2 1 mM
T-broth 0.02%
tetrachlorosalicylanilide 10 µM
TMAO 50 mM
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine 1.5 µM
UMP 0.25 mM
UTP 50 µM
UTP 800 µM
N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone 1 µM
(N-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone 1 µM
V. harveyi autoinducer 1 µM
Zn(II) 1 mM
Zn(II) 1.1 mM
ZnCl2 0.2 to 1 mM
ZnCl2 1 mM
zinc sulfate 1 mM
zinc sulfate 5 µM
acetate 0.009%
acetate 0.4%
acetate 4 g/L
acetate 50 mM
allantoin 60 mM
amino acids 50 µg
ammonium sulfate 0.5 mM
ammonium sulfate 20 mM
arginine 1 mM
aspartate 50 mM
biotin 4 µM
cAMP 1 mM
cAMP 2 mM
cAMP 5 mM
cadmium dichloride 600 µM
casamino acids 0.05%
casamino acids 0.2%
casamino acids 0.4%
casamino acids 0.5%
desferrioxamine B mesylate 20 mM
desferrioxamine B mesylate 5 µM
ethidium bromide 250 µM
ferri-desferal 10 µM
fructose 0.4%
fumarate 50 mM
glucose 0.05%
glucose 0.2%
glucose 0.4%
glucose 0.5%
glucose 10 mM
glucose 11 mM
glucose 120 mM
glucose 2 mg/mL
glucose 2%
glucose 4 g/L
glucose 60 mM
glycerol 0.4%
glycerol 1%
homocysteine 1 mM
homoserine lactone 10 mM
hydroxyurea 50 mM
leucine 0.76 mM
malate 50 mM
maleate 50 mM
methionine 200 µg/mL
nalidixic acid 160 µM
nickel dichloride 5 µM
nitrate 50 mM
novobiocin 12.5 µg/mL
dioxygen 10 µM
dioxygen < 10 µM
dioxygen > 10 µM
p-aminobenzoic acid 40 µM
p-hydroxybenzoic acid 40 µM
paraquat 0.25 mM
paraquat 0.5 mM
paraquat 50 µM
paraquat 500 µM
pyruvate 40 mM
phenylalanine 1 mM
phenylalanine 0.1 mg/mL
potassium glutamate 300 mM
potassium glutamate 50 mM
rifampicin 500 µg/mL
salicylate 5 mM
sodium acetate 2%
sodium arsenite 50 µM
sodium citrate 10 mM
sodium formate 30 mM
sodium molybdate 1 µM
sodium nitrate 20 mM
sodium nitrite 2.5 mM
sodium nitroprusside 50 µM
sodium salicylate 5 mM
sodium selenite 1 µM
succinate 0.5%
succinate 40 mM
succinate 50 mM
succinate 60 mM
thiamine 0.2 µg/mL
thiamine 1 µg/mL
thiamine 10 µg/mL
thiamine 5 µg/mL
thiamine hydrochloride 0.015 mM
trehalose 0.5 to 0.7 M
trehalose 0.7 M
trehalose 1.2 M
trehalose 1 M
tryptophan 1 mM
tryptone 10 g/L
tyramine 3 mM
tyrosine 0.1 mg/mL
tyrosine 1 mM
uracil 1 mM
vitamin assay casamino acids 0.5%
yeast extract 5 g/L
growth phase
protox assay
isoosmotic treatment
OD650 of 0.2
OD650 of 0.4
OD650 of 0.5
OD650 of 0.8
OD650 from 0.5 to 0.7
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿allR gene has been disrupted
allR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿arsR gene has been disrupted
﻿arsR knockout mutant
hyperosmotic treatment
hypochlorite stress
magnesium limitation
hypoosmotic treatment
pH 5.0
pH 5.8
pH 6.0
pH 6.5
pH 7.0
pH 7.6
nitrogen rich
trehalose above 1.2 M
a growth phase in which growth rate is null
lag phase
a growth phase in wich growth rate increases
acceleration phase
a growth phase in which growth rate is constant
exponential phase
a growth phase in which growth rate decreases
Evidencias de que el término TRANSITION de colombos corresponde a retardation phase: The passage of E. coli from exponential to transition to stationary phase was mirrored by successive depletion of amino acids from the growth medium (Fig. 3) and could be delayed by amino acid supplementation (Fig. 5). PMID:22389370.
retardation phase
a growth phase after retardation phase in which growth rate is null
stationary phase
a growth phase in which growth rate is negative
phase of decline
is a growth phase that is part of exponential phase and that is located between acceleration phase and mid exponential phase
early exponential phase
a growth phase that is part of stationary phase and locates right after retardation phase
early stationary phase
is a growth phase that comprises early exponential phase and mid exponential phase
early to mid exponential phase
is a growth phase that is part of exponential phase and locates between mid exponential phase and retardation phase
late exponential phase
growth phase that is part of exponential phase and locates in the middle of the exponential phase
mid exponential phase
is a growth phase that comprises mid exponential phase and late exponential phase
mid to late exponential phase
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿hydH gene has been disrupted
hydH knockout mutant
an overexpression mutant in which leuO is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
leuO overexpression mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿marR gene has been disrupted
marR knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿marB gene has been disrupted
marB knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿nrdA gene has been disrupted
nrdA knockout mutant
a knockout mutant in which the function of ﻿nrdB gene has been disrupted
nrdB knockout mutant
a biological quality that inheres in specific organisms and that describes its total genetic content
genotype
a transposable element mutant in which a DNA sequence has been added to the chromosome by means of an insertion sequence, which is a small transposable element (800-2000 bp) and encode only the ability to transpose
insertion sequence mutant
a transposable element mutant in which a DNA sequence has been added to the chromosome by means of a transposon, which are large transposable elements (more than 2000 bp) and encode a variety of enzymes in addition to those that catalyze transposition
transposon mutant
growth rate of 0.08 h-1
growth rate of 0.11 h-1
growth rate of 0.1 h-1
growth rate of 0.2 h-1
growth rate of 0.21 h-1
growth rate of 0.26 h-1
growth rate of 0.29 h-1
growth rate of 0.3 h-1
growth rate of 0.31 h-1
growth rate of 0.36 h-1
growth rate of 0.39 h-1
growth rate of 0.4 h-1
growth rate of 0.46 h-1
growth rate of 0.48 h-1
growth rate of 0.6 h-1
growth rate of 0.7 h-1
A variant mutant in which aspartic acid in position 82 of the GyrA protein is replaced by tryptophan. It is resistant to 0.8 μg/ml of norfloxacin and causes elevated levels of gyrA and gyrB mRNA in vivo and lowers supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase in vitro in E. coli K12 strain MG1655 obtained from the ATCC.
D82G variant of GyrA
a gene variant mutant that with four amino acid replacements at D22V, L40R, V42I and D48A. Hha13D6 was engineered to enhance biofilm dispersal dramatically. Cells with Hha13D6 had enhanced biofilm dispersal at 24, 32 and 48 h, whereas wild-type Hha caused little dispersal after 24 h. Hha13D6 induced acid resistance genes (gadABCEX and hdeABD) and several heat-shock genes including protease genes (clpB, hslOR, hslUV, htpG, ibpAB, lon, prlC and ycjF)
Hha13D6 variant of Hha
a gene variant mutant with one substitution: K62X. Hha24E9 decreases biofilm formation fourfold compared with wild-type Hha in E. coli BW25113 hha. Hha24E9 reduces biofilm formation by inducing acid resistance, glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism and phosphonate metabolism.
Hha24E9 variant of Hha
a FhlA variant mutant with six amino acid replacements at Q11H, L14V, Y177F, K245R, M288K, and I342F. Created through random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR over the whole gene, as well as over the fhlA region encoding the first 388 amino acids of the 692-amino-acid protein. It was evolved to increase H2 production of E. coli JW2701-1(pVSC133). This is achieved by increasing transcription of all of the genes activated by FhlA (the FHL complex).
133 variant of FhlA
a H-NS variant mutant with a single substitution at K57N. Created by error prone PCR.It was selected for 10 fold reduction of biofilm formation and observed that this is achieved through interaction with NAPs Cnu and StpA in E. coli BW25113. H-NS K57N enhanced the excision of defective E. coli prophage Rac.
K57N variant of H-NS
a MqsR variant mutant that has two amino acid replacements at K3N and N31Y. Created through random mutagenesis by error prone PCR and confirmed by reduced cell growth in LB culture in shake flasks in of E. coli BW25113.This amino acid substitutions increase MqsR 2-1 stability without affecting its function, which results in increased toxicity relative to the wild type MqsR (part of the toxin antitoxin system MqsR/MqsA)
2-1 variant of MqsR
kanamycin 30µg/mL
kanamycin 5µg/mL
sodium benzoate 0.5% vol/vol
CORM 3 100 µM
indole-3-acetic acid 0.5mM
carbon dioxide 5% VOL
galactose 4 g/L
lactose 0.15%
glycine betaine 1mM
gentamycin 5µg/mL
cefotaxime 0.13µg/ml
mevalonate 0.01 M
mevalonate 0.02 M
peroxynitrite 300 µM
amoxicillin 1 μg/mL
glyphosate 0.2 M
cisplatin 150 µM
dimethyl sulfoxide 1 µg/ml
butan-1-ol 0.8% vol/vol
butan-1-ol 0.9% vol/vol
butan-1-ol 1% vol/vol
isobutanol 0.5% vol/vol
isobutanol 1% vol/vol
azlocillin 10 μg/mL
potassium cyanide 100 µM
cefsulodin 10 µg/mL
cefsulodin 60 µg/mL
enrofloxacin 0.125 µg/ml
enrofloxacin 128 µg/ml
mannose 1%
erythromycin 0.075 g/L
mecillinam 0.03 µg/ml
mecillinam 0.3 µg/ml
bicozamycin 100 mcg/ml
bicozamycin 10 mcg/ml
bicozamycin 25 mcg/ml
isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside 1 mM
isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside 2 mM
serine hydroxamate 0.5mg/ml
isopentenol 0.2% vol/vol
ampicillin 20 µg/mL
ampicillin 5 µg/mL
hydrogen peroxide 0.01 mM
an overexpression mutant in which nrdB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
nrdB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which umuD is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
umuD overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which recA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
recA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which cpxR is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
cpxR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which nupC is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
nupC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which galF is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
galF overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which accA is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
accA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which mcrB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
mcrB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which menC is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
menC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which cspF is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
cspF overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dpiA is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dpiA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which accC is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
accC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ruvA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ruvA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which minD is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
minD overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which uspA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
uspA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which folA is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
folA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which hlpA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
hlpA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which xylR is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
xylR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which pyrC is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
pyrC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ghoS is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
ghoS overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ihfB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ihfB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which yebF is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
yebF overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which fadR is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
fadR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dinP is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dinP overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which nrdA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
nrdA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which holD is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
holD overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which fklB is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
fklB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rpoS is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
rpoS overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which mqsR is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
mqsR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which gyrI is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
gyrI overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which greB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
greB overexpression mutant
emrR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which mprA is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
an overexpression mutant in which dinI is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dinI overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which relE is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
relE overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which mqsA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
mqsA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rpoH is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
rpoH overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which yoeB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
yoeB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rimI is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
rimI overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which gyrA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
gyrA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which minE is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
minE overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rstB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
rstB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which mazF is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
mazF overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dnaN is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dnaN overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which uvrA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
uvrA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dnaT is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dnaT overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ldrA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ldrA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ruvC is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
ruvC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which sulA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
sulA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which sdiA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
sdiA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which gcvR is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
an overexpression mutant in which higher levels of gcvR are produced
gcvR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dnaA is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dnaA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which hcaR is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
hcaR overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which murI is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
murI overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which bglJ is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
bglJ overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which accD is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
accD overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which yfjF is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
yfjF overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rraA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
rraA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which menB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
menB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which hscA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
hscA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which accB is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
accB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which zipA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
zipA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which crcB is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
crcB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which sbcB is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
sbcB overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which mcrC is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
mcrC overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which lexA is expressed at higher levels than in the wild type
lexA overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which bcp is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
bcp overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which crp is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
crp overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dam is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dam overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which dinJ is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
dinJ overexpression mutant
hydrogen peroxide 0.3mM
an overexpression mutant in which era is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
era overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which fis is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
fis overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which hha is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
hha overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which lon is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
lon overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which rsd is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
rsd overexpression mutant
an overexpression mutant in which ybjN is expressed at higher levels than the wild type
ybjN overexpression mutant
aceE knockout mutant
adiA knockout mutant
appY knockout mutant
argR knockout mutant
cadA knockout mutant
cadB knockout mutant
cnu knockout mutant
cpxA knockout mutant
creB knockout mutant
crl knockout mutant
cueO knockout mutant
cysB knockout mutant
cysQ knockout mutant
dam knockout mutant
dksA knockout mutant
dnaJ knockout mutant
dppA knockout mutant
dppB knockout mutant
dppC knockout mutant
dppD knockout mutant
dppF knockout mutant
eno knockout mutant
fis knockout mutant
flhC knockout mutant
flhD knockout mutant
fur knockout mutant
gadB knockout mutant
gadW knockout mutant
gadX knockout mutant
gcvP knockout mutant
gcvT knockout mutant
grxA knockout mutant
gss knockout mutant
hda knockout mutant
hcaR knockout mutant
hdeA knockout mutant
hdeB knockout mutant
hfq knockout mutant
hha knockout mutant
hmp knockout mutant
hns knockout mutant
hslJ knockout mutant
ihfA knockout mutant
iscR knockout mutant
kdpE knockout mutant
ldcC knockout mutant
lexA knockout mutant
lon knockout mutant
lsrK knockout mutant
lsrR knockout mutant
luxS knockout mutant
mazF knockout mutant
melR knockout mutant
metJ knockout mutant
mgrR knockout mutant
mnmE knockout mutant
mntR knockout mutant
mqsR knockout mutant
mutS knockout mutant
narP knockout mutant
narX knockout mutant
norR knockout mutant
nusA knockout mutant
nusG knockout mutant
pgi knockout mutant
phoB knockout mutant
phoH knockout mutant
phoP knockout mutant
phoQ knockout mutant
phoU knockout mutant
pnp knockout mutant
ppsA knockout mutant
ptsN knockout mutant
qor knockout mutant
qseB knockout mutant
qseC knockout mutant
recA knockout mutant
recE knockout mutant
rhlB knockout mutant
ribB knockout mutant
rne knockout mutant
rng knockout mutant
rpoN knockout mutant
rraA knockout mutant
rseA knockout mutant
rutR knockout mutant
seqA knockout mutant
sgrR knockout mutant
sgrS knockout mutant
speA knockout mutant
speB knockout mutant
speC knockout mutant
speD knockout mutant
speE knockout mutant
speF knockout mutant
spy knockout mutant
stpA knockout mutant
sucA knockout mutant
sucB knockout mutant
tnaA knockout mutant
trpE knockout mutant
trpR knockout mutant
ubiE knockout mutant
ycaD knockout mutant
yceB knockout mutant
yceP knockout mutant
ycfR knockout mutant
ychH knockout mutant
ydcR knockout mutant
ygiN knockout mutant
ygiW knockout mutant
yjbJ knockout mutant
yjiR knockout mutant
yliH knockout mutant
ymgB knockout mutant
yncC knockout mutant
yqhC knockout mutant
cobB knockout mutant
nsrR knockout mutant
patZ knockout mutant
mazE knockout mutant
bdcA knockout mutant
ybjN knockout mutant
yjjP knockout mutant
bglJ knockout mutant
trpA knockout mutant
yjjQ knockout mutant
rcsB knockout mutant
rimO knockout mutant
pflB knockout mutant
ycaO knockout mutant
ldhA knockout mutant
leuO knockout mutant
tabA knockout mutant
glrR knockout mutant
human urine
MOPS rich medium
Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) corn stover hydrolysate (ACSH)
ammonia-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate
a hydrolysate prepared from corn stover pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion
ammonia fiber expansion corn stover hydrolysate
hydrogen peroxide 1 mM
Water (∼700 ml) 6.25 ml of 1.6 M KPO4 buffer pH 7.2 20 ml of 1.5 M ammonium sulfate 20 ml of 2.25 M KCl 1.25 M NaCl 20 ml of a 50X amino acid stock (except tyrosine) 20 ml of 8.75 mM tyrosine dissolved in 50 mM HCl 50 ml of 1 mM each adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil dissolved in 10 mM KOH 10 ml of vitamin stock (1 mM each thiamine, calcium pantothenate, p-aminobenzoic acid, p- hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid) 1 ml of a 1000X stock of micronutrients (ZnCl2 , MnCl2 , CuCl2 , CoCl2 , H3 BO3 , (NH4 )6 Mo7 O24 , and FeCl3 ) 1 ml of 1 M magnesium chloride 1ml of 90mM CaCl2 10ml of 1M sodium formate 10mM sodium nitrate 50 mM sodium succinate 1 ml of 3 M glycerol 1 ml of 500 mM lactic acid 1 ml of 700 mM glycine betaine 700 mM choline chloride 200 mM DL-carnitine (osmolytes) 5.61 g acetamide 2.71 g sodium acetate 3.3 g sodium pyruvate 2.94 g sodium citrate 1.34 g DL-malic acid 60 g D-glucose 30 g D-xylose 5.1 g D-arabinose 1.48 g D-fructose 1.15 g D- galactose 468 mg D-mannose After adjusting to pH 7 with 10 N NaOH, the final volume is adjusted to 1L.
an artificial medium with a defined chemical composition designed to mimic AFEX-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate (ACSH)
synH medium
531 mg feruloyl amide 448 mg coumaroyl amide 173 mg p-coumaric acid 69 mg ferulic acid 69 mg hydroxymethylfurfural 59 mg benzoic acid 15 mg syringic acid 14 mg cinnamic acid 15 mg vanillic acid 2 mg caffeic acid 20 mg vanillin 30 mg syringaldehyde 24 mg 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3.4 mg 4-hydroxybenzophenone
lignocellulose-derived inhibitors medium
an artificial medium made up of inhibitory compounds that are lignin derivatives resulting from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose (lignotoxins)
lignotoxins medium
an artificial medium made up of compounds that protect against osmotic stress (e.g., glycine betaine, choline chloride, and DL-carnitine)
osmoprotectants medium
an optical density that specifies the amount of light of 536 nm of wavelenght the bearer is able to transmit
OD536
OD536 of 0.1
an optical density that specifies the amount of light of 550 nm of wavelenght the bearer is able to transmit
OD550
OD600 of 0.03
OD600 of 0.05
OD600 of 0.1
OD600 of 0.15
OD600 of 0.2
OD600 of 0.35
OD600 of 0.6
OD600 of 0.7
OD600 of 0.8
OD600 of 0.9
OD600 of 0.95
OD600 of 1.0
OD600 of 1.1
OD600 of 1.6
OD600 of 1.7
OD600 of 10
OD600 of 15
OD600 of 2
OD600 of 2.4
OD600 of 4
OD600 of 1.3
OD600 of 2.7
OD600 of 4.5
OD600 of 4.7
OD600 of 4.8
hydrogen peroxide 2mM
pH 5.5
pH 4.5
pH 5.7
pH 8.5
pH 8.7
pH 11.8
pH 3.5
pH 5.3
pH 7.4
hydrogen peroxide 5.88mM
hydrogen peroxide 10mM
hydrogen peroxide 20mM
hydrogen peroxide 30mM
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine 10 µM
pyruvate 2 g/L
acetate 2 g/L
alanine 2 g/L
autoinducer-2 0.1 mM
benzalconium chloride 50 ppm
CCCP 800 µM
ethanol 1.5% vol/vol
ethanol 15% vol/vol
ethanol 2% vol/vol
ethanol 20% vol/vol
ethanol 3% vol/vol
ethanol 4% vol/vol
formate 0.02 M
iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) 50 µM
glucose 8.8 g/L
glycerol 0.001 g/L
glycerol 0.1 g/L
glycerol 0.4 g/L
glycerol 0.68 g/L
glycerol 1 g/L
glycerol 2 g/L
glycerol 4 g/L
indole 0.1mM
indole 0.5M
indole 1 mM
mitomycin C 0.3 µM
manganese(II) chloride 0.00001 M
nalidixic acid 10µg/ml
nalidixic acid 100µg/ml
nalidixic acid 2 µg/ml
nitrate 0.01 M
nitrate 0.02 M
norfloxacin 0.025 µg/ml
norfloxacin 0.05 µg/ml
norfloxacin 0.075 µg/ml
norfloxacin 1 µg/mL
norfloxacin 2.5 µg/ml
sodium chloride 0.3 M
sodium chloride 0.55 M
sodium chloride 1 M
sodium chloride 1.37 M
sodium chloride 2 M
sodium chloride 3.5 M
sodium chloride 4 M
sodium chloride 4.5 M
sodium chloride 5.5 M
sodium chloride 5 M
sodium chloride 10 M
octanoic acid 10 mM
pantothenic acid 1mg/L
sucrose 1250 mM
tellurite 0.05 µg/ml
tellurite 16 µgml
tetracycline 16 µg/mL
tetracycline 0.25 µg/mL
iron dichloride 0.1 mM
titanium dioxide nanoparticle 100 mg/L
bicozamycin 20 µg/mL
L-arginine 1 g/L
ammonium chloride 0.1%
leucine 10 mM
ompR knockout mutant
epitope tagged variant mutant
fur-8myc
8myc tagged variant mutant
this is a temporal class used to keep terms that we have to request from chebi
chebi_requests
arcA-8myc
argR-8myc
fis-3xflag
fnr-8myc
fnr-3xflag
gadE-8myc
gadW-8myc
gadX-8myc
hns-3xflag
lrp-8myc
nsrR-3xflag
ompR-8myc
oxyR-8myc
sirA-flag
soxR-8myc
soxS-8myc
trpR-8myc
uvrY-flag
flag tagged variant mutant
3xflag tagged variant mutant
gadE knockout mutant
plasmid PK8263 (16 µM IPTG-induced fnr)
plasmid PK8263 (8 µM IPTG-induced fnr)
plasmid PK8263 (4 µM IPTG-induced fnr)
W2 minimal medium
OD600 from 0.3 to 0.6
OD600 from 0.3 to 0.7
OD650 from 0.3 to 0.4
OD650 from 0.3 to 0.5
OD650 from 0.3 to 0.6
adenine 100 mg/L
70% N2, 5% CO2, and O2 25%
arginine 1 g/L
glutamine 2 g/L
sodium chloride 0.5%
salicylic acid 5 µM
tryptophan 20 mg/L
N2 95% and CO2 5%
isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside 5 µM
plasmid pT7-FLAG-4 (IPTG-induced csiR) mutant
plasmid pT7-FLAG-4 (IPTG-induced nac) mutant
zinc depletion
carbon source
nitrogen source
A process in which the act is intended to modify or alter some other material entity,
A process performed as part of an experiment or wider study, i.e. intentionally designed.
a defined microbiological culture medium that provides the minimum requirements (e.g., inorganic salts, but no amino acids) needed for growth of a particular bacterium or cell.
adapted from https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/minimal+medium
Nutrient media contain all the elements that most bacteria need for growth and are non-selective, so they are used for the general cultivation and maintenance of bacteria kept in laboratory culture collections
moving back and forth or with an irregular, rapid, or violent action
A biological entity is a heterogeneous substance that contains genomic material or is the product of a biological process.
A biological quality is a quality held by a biological entity.
A culture medium used to select for, grow, and maintain prokaryotic microorganisms. Can be in either liquid (broth) or solidified (e.g. with agar) forms.
A chemically defined microbiological culture medium where all chemicals used are known. Does not contain any plant, animal, or microbiological cell extracts.
A single-organism metabolic process that is present in a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell.
A solid or liquid mixture of chemicals which are used as ingredients in microbiological culture media used to grow and propogate prokaryotic microorganisms.
chemical mixture, serving as microbiological medium ingredients
Organic compounds or mixtures of organic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism.
A mixture of dry or liquid organic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism. Because the exact composition of the mixture is unknown or uncharacterized, it is referred to as "undefined".
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds deriving from the aqueous extraction (an extraction using water, such as hot water or steam) of microbial (prokaryotic or microbial eukaryotic) cells. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from extracts of microbial organisms
An undefined mixture of complex organic compounds (peptides, sometimes with additional undefined vitamins and cofactors) derived from enzymatic, acid, or base digests of protein from plant or animal sources. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from extracts of proteinaceous material
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived (typically amino acids) from the acid hydrolysis of animal or plant protein added to culture media.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from chemical hydrolysis of protein
BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised).
Protein hydrolysates, also called peptones, are the result of the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of protein
From BD Bionutrients(TM) Techical Manual (3rd edition, revised): Bacto™ Tryptone is a pancreatic digest of casein. It was developed by Difco Laboratories while investigating a peptone particularly suitable for the elaboration of indole by bacteria. It is also notable for the absence of detectable levels of carbohydrates. Ash content is 6.6% NaCl content is 0.0%
From: Wikipedia:Tryptone Tryptone is the assortment of peptides formed by the digestion of casein by the protease trypsin.
An enzymatic hydrolysate of casein (a milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus) made using the hydrolytic enzyme trypsin, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Bacto™ Casamino Acids is an acid hydrolysate of casein, prepared according to the method described by Mueller and Miller. The method described, reduces the sodium chloride and iron content of the hydrolyzed casein. This hydrolyzed casein, supplemented with inorganic salts, growth factors, cystine, maltose and an optimum amount of iron was used by Mueller and Miller to prepare diptheria toxin. Bacto Casamino Acids duplicate this specially treated hydrolyzed casein. Ash content is 18.3% NaCl content is 12.1%
An acid hydrolysate of casein (milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Bacto™ Yeast Extract is one of the most complete and versatile fermentation bionutrients available. It is an important ingredient for the microbiological assay of vitamins. Yeast extract is also of value in the assay of antibiotics. B factor, a growth substance necessary for the production of rifampin in a Nocardia sp., can be isolated from yeast extract Ash content is 11.2% NaCl content is 0.1%
From www.SigmaAldrich.com: A water soluble extract of autolyzed yeast cells. Yeast extract is a mixture of amino acids, peptides, water soluble vitamins and carbohydrates and can be used as additive for culture media.
A water-soluble extract of autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Protein hydrolysates, also called peptones, are the result of the enzymatic hydrolysis of milk proteins (such as casein or lactalbumin).
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of milk protein
From MacConkey Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use MacConkey agars are slightly selective and differential plating media mainly used for the detection and isolation of gram-negative organisms from clinical,1-3 dairy,4 food,5-7 water,8 pharmaceutical, 9-11 cosmetic,6,7 and other industrial sources. MacConkey Agar is used for isolating and differentiating lactose-fermenting from lactose-nonfermenting gram-negative enteric bacilli. Principles of the Procedure Peptones are sources of nitrogen and other nutrients. Yeast extract is a source of trace elements, vitamins, amino acids and carbon. Lactose is a fermentable carbohydrate. When lactose is fermented, a local pH drop around the colony causes a color change in the pH indicator (neutral red) and bile precipitation. Bile salts, bile salts no. 3, oxgall and crystal violet are selective agents that inhibit growth of gram-positive organisms. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic balance in the medium. Magnesium sulfate is a source of divalent cations. Agar is the solidifying agent. Formulae Difco™ MacConkey Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin....................................... 17.0 g Peptones (meat and casein).......................................... 3.0 g Lactose...................................................................... 10.0 g Bile Salts No. 3............................................................. 1.5 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g Neutral Red.................................................................. 0.03 g Crystal Violet............................................................... 1.0 mg pH 7.1 ± 0.2 Difco™ MacConkey Agar Base Consists of the same ingredients without the lactose. BBL™ MacConkey Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin....................................... 17.0 g Peptones (meat and casein).......................................... 3.0 g Lactose...................................................................... 10.0 g Bile Salts...................................................................... 1.5 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g Neutral Red.................................................................. 0.03 g Crystal Violet............................................................... 1.0 mg pH 7.1 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, selective solid microbiological culture medium that contains peptones, lactose, bile salts, crystal violet, and a pH indicator (neutral red). The bile salts inhibit swarming in Proteus spp., and the crystal violet inhibits growth of some Gram-positive bacteria. Lactose fermentation lowers the pH, resulting in colonies that are red or pink in color, and causes the bile salts to precipitate. Non-lactose fermenters that can deaminate amino acids in the peptone release ammonia, which causes the pH to increase (and thus the colonies appear white).
From: LB Broth, Miller (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use LB Agar, Miller and LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani) are used for maintaining and propagating Escherichia coli in molecular microbiology procedures. Principles of the Procedure Peptone provides nitrogen and carbon. Vitamins (including B vitamins) and certain trace elements are provided by yeast extract. Sodium ions for transport and osmotic balance are provided by sodium chloride. Agar is the solidifying agent in LB Agar, Miller. Formulae Difco™ LB Agar, Miller Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptone.................................................................... 10.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Sodium Chloride........................................................ 10.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Difco™ LB Broth, Miller Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing tryptone, yeast extract, and sodium chloride. Used to cultivate Escherichia coli.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of milk protein. An enzymatic hydrolysate of casein (a milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Undefined mixture of complex organic compounds derived from animal, fish, plant materials or soil, produced by the process of aqueous extraction (extraction using water, such as hot water). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from aqueous extracts
A prokaryotic metabolic process where a microorganism grows (undergoes cell division) in the presence or absence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the absence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen.
Escherichia coli strain K-12 substrain MDS42
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MDS42
purple photosynthetic bacteria and relatives
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MC4100
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1656
Escherichia coli strain K12 substrain DH10B
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. DH10B
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. W3110
Escherichia coli str. K12 substr. MG1655
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655
Enterobacteriaceae and related endosymbionts
A measurement of the number of cells per unit volume or area.
A measurement of the number of cells contained in a unit of volume.
The maximum value in a range of values that describe cell density.
The maximum number in a group of values that represent the cell density.
The minimum value in a range of values that describe cell density.
The minimum number in a group of values that represent the cell density.
The arithmetic mean of a range of values that describe the cell density of an entity.
The mean number in a group of values that represent the cell density.
A living thing, such as an animal, a plant, a bacterium, or a fungus.
Any individual living (or previously living) being. EXAMPLE(S): animal, human being
A natural phenomenon involving the physics of matter and energy.
An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).
mutant
The naturally-occurring, normal, non-mutated version of a gene or genome.
A container with a base wider than the narrow neck traditionally used for holding liquids.
Flat bottom bottle, container or vessel.
planned process
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
processed material
Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
A growth medium or culture medium is a substance in which microorganisms or cells can grow. Wikipedia, growth medium, Feb 29, 2008
a processed material that provides the needed nourishment for microorganisms or cells grown in vitro.
changed from a role to a processed material based on on Aug 22, 2011 dev call. Details see the tracker item: http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3325270&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Modification made by JZ.
Person: Jennifer Fostel, Jie Zheng
OBI
culture medium
A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer.
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
OBI branch derived
material processing
microtiter plate
A microtiter plate with 6, 24, 96, 384 or 1536 sample wells used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
A microtiter_plate is a flat plate with multiple wells used as small test tubes.
Melanie Courtot
microplate
A test tube is a device consisting of a glass or plastic tubing, open at the top, usually with a rounded U-shaped bottom which has the function to contain material
A device that can be used to restrict the location of material entities over time
03/21/2010: Added to allow classification of children (similar to what we want to do for 'measurement device'. Lookint at what classifies here, we may want to reconsider a contain function assigned to a part of an entity is necessarily also a function of the whole (e.g. is a centrifuge a container because it has test tubes as parts?)
A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. ALAN SAYS NOT AN INSTRUMENT
Biofilm Flow Cell
Aparatus in the fluidic subsystem where the sheath and sample meet. Can be one of several types; jet-in-air, quartz cuvette, or a hybrid of the two. The sample flows through the center of a fluid column of sheath fluid in the flow cell.
Person:John Quinn
flow cell
oxygen content in which the concentration of oxygen is zero
A multi-organism phenotype dealing with the process in which microorganisms attach to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation.
An altered growth rate phenotype where the rate at which a cell or cells multiplies is decreased relative to a designated control.
decreased growth rate (generations per unit time)
An altered growth rate phenotype where the rate at which a cell or cells multiplies is increased relative to a designated control.
increased growth rate (generations per unit time)
A population growth phenotype where the rate at which a cell or cells multiplies is altered relative to a designated control.
A growth phenotype concerning the rate at which the number of organisms or cells in a microbial population increases over time.
A microbial phenotype that affects the rate or extent of increase in the number of individuals in a microbial population as the result of sexual or asexual reproduction.
This is a high-level term whose primary purpose is to organize terms beneath it in the ontology, and we recommend that it not be used for direct annotation. Please consider using a more specific term to annotate each phenotype.
A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
temperature
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.
pressure
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A cellular quality inhering in a cell by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to move spontaneously.
Term should be obsoleted and the GO term cellular motility should be used instead.
A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation.
A cellular motility which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A cellular motility which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A chemical treatment (EO:0007189) that induces stress.
chemical stress treatment
A chemical stress treatment (EO:0001036) involving use of oxidative stress-inducing chemicals.
A chemical stress treatment (EO:0001036) involving use of osmotic stress-inducing chemicals.
The treatment involving an exposure to a given pressure of the atmosphere at a given point. Its measurement can be expressed in several ways. One is in millibars. Another is in inches or millimeters of mercury (Hg).
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
changed label and definition to reflect CARO2
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Excretion that is the output of a kidney
kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium382.pdf 382. MINERAL MEDIUM M9 for E. coli JM strains 10 x M9 salts (see below) 100.0 ml 1 M MgSO4 1.0 ml 0.1 M CaCl2 1.0 ml 1 M Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O (filter-sterilized) 1.0 ml Glucose (20%) 10.0 ml Proline 20.0 mg Distilled water 900.0 ml The above solutions should be sterilized separately by filtration (thiamine, glucose) or autoclaving. 10 x M9 salts (per l): Na2HPO4 60.0 g KH2PO4 30.0 g NH4Cl 10.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Adjust pH to 7.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of 10 x M9 salts, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, thiamine hydrochloride, glucose, and proline.
DSMZ Medium 382
an aeration quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the amount of oxygen the bearer contains
oxygen content
oxygen content with high oxygen concentration
hyperoxia
oxygen content with low oxygen concentration
hypoxia
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the amount of hydrogen ions it contains
Experimental condition in which the pH of the water is lower than the pH of the controlled conditions.
acidic
Experimental condition in which the pH of the water is higher than the pH of the controlled conditions.
basic
To say that each spatiotemporal region s temporally_projects_onto some temporal region t is to say that t is the temporal extension of s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [080-003])
To say that spatiotemporal region s spatially_projects_onto spatial region r at t is to say that r is the spatial extent of s at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [081-003])