import {
  ArrayBuilder,
  type Context,
  Declaration,
  type EmitEntity,
  type EmittedSourceFile,
  type EmitterOutput,
  ObjectBuilder,
  Placeholder,
  type Scope,
  type SourceFile,
  type SourceFileScope,
  TypeEmitter,
  setProperty,
} from "@typespec/asset-emitter";
import {
  type BooleanLiteral,
  type DiagnosticTarget,
  type Enum,
  type EnumMember,
  type IntrinsicType,
  type Model,
  type ModelProperty,
  type NumericLiteral,
  type Program,
  type Scalar,
  type StringLiteral,
  type StringTemplate,
  type Tuple,
  type Type,
  type Union,
  type UnionVariant,
  type Value,
  compilerAssert,
  emitFile,
  explainStringTemplateNotSerializable,
  getDeprecated,
  getDirectoryPath,
  getDiscriminator,
  getDoc,
  getExamples,
  getFormat,
  getMaxItems,
  getMaxLength,
  getMaxValue,
  getMaxValueExclusive,
  getMinItems,
  getMinLength,
  getMinValue,
  getMinValueExclusive,
  getPattern,
  getRelativePathFromDirectory,
  getSummary,
  isStringType,
  isType,
  joinPaths,
  resolveEncodedEnumMemberValue,
  sanitizePathSegment,
  serializeValueAsJson,
} from "@typespec/compiler";
import { DuplicateTracker } from "@typespec/compiler/utils";
import { stringify } from "yaml";
import {
  type JsonSchemaDeclaration,
  findBaseUri,
  getContains,
  getContentEncoding,
  getContentMediaType,
  getContentSchema,
  getExtensions,
  getId,
  getMaxContains,
  getMaxProperties,
  getMinContains,
  getMinProperties,
  getMultipleOf,
  getPrefixItems,
  getUniqueItems,
  isJsonSchemaDeclaration,
  isOneOf,
} from "./index.js";
import { type JSONSchemaEmitterOptions, reportDiagnostic } from "./lib.js";
import { includeDerivedModel } from "./utils.js";

/**
 * Whether the type is an anonymous declaration expression (e.g. an inline
 * `enum { ... }` or `scalar extends string` used as a property type): it is in
 * expression position (`expression: true`) and has no name. Such types are inlined
 * into the referencing schema rather than hoisted into their own file/`$defs`.
 */
function isAnonymousExpression(type: JsonSchemaDeclaration): boolean {
  return type.expression && !type.name;
}

/** @internal */
export class JsonSchemaEmitter extends TypeEmitter<Record<string, any>, JSONSchemaEmitterOptions> {
  #idDuplicateTracker = new DuplicateTracker<string, DiagnosticTarget>();
  #typeForSourceFile = new Map<SourceFile<any>, JsonSchemaDeclaration>();
  #declDefKey = new Map<Declaration<any>, string>();

  #applyModelIndexer(schema: ObjectBuilder<unknown>, model: Model) {
    if (model.indexer) {
      setProperty(
        schema,
        "unevaluatedProperties",
        this.emitter.emitTypeReference(model.indexer.value),
      );
      return;
    }
    if (!this.emitter.getOptions()["seal-object-schemas"]) return;

    const derivedModels = model.derivedModels.filter(includeDerivedModel);
    if (!derivedModels.length) {
      setProperty(schema, "unevaluatedProperties", { not: {} });
    }
  }

  modelDeclaration(model: Model, name: string): EmitterOutput<object> {
    // Check if this should emit as a discriminated union
    const discriminator = getDiscriminator(this.emitter.getProgram(), model);
    const strategy = this.emitter.getOptions()["polymorphic-models-strategy"];
    if (
      (strategy === "oneOf" || strategy === "anyOf") &&
      discriminator &&
      model.derivedModels.length > 0
    ) {
      return this.#createDiscriminatedUnionDeclaration(model, name, discriminator, strategy);
    }

    // Check if base model is using discriminated union strategy
    // If so, don't use allOf (to avoid circular references), inline properties instead
    const shouldInlineBase =
      model.baseModel && this.#isBaseUsingDiscriminatedUnion(model.baseModel);

    const schema = this.#initializeSchema(model, name, {
      type: "object",
      properties: shouldInlineBase
        ? this.#getAllModelProperties(model)
        : this.emitter.emitModelProperties(model),
      required: shouldInlineBase
        ? this.#getAllRequiredModelProperties(model)
        : this.#requiredModelProperties(model),
    });

    if (model.baseModel && !shouldInlineBase) {
      const allOf = new ArrayBuilder();
      allOf.push(this.emitter.emitTypeReference(model.baseModel));
      setProperty(schema, "allOf", allOf);
    }

    this.#applyModelIndexer(schema, model);

    this.#applyConstraints(model, schema);
    return this.#createDeclaration(model, name, schema);
  }

  #isBaseUsingDiscriminatedUnion(model: Model): boolean {
    const discriminator = getDiscriminator(this.emitter.getProgram(), model);
    const strategy = this.emitter.getOptions()["polymorphic-models-strategy"];
    return (
      (strategy === "oneOf" || strategy === "anyOf") &&
      !!discriminator &&
      model.derivedModels.length > 0
    );
  }

  modelLiteral(model: Model): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const schema = new ObjectBuilder({
      type: "object",
      properties: this.emitter.emitModelProperties(model),
      required: this.#requiredModelProperties(model),
    });

    this.#applyModelIndexer(schema, model);

    return schema;
  }

  modelInstantiation(model: Model, name: string | undefined): EmitterOutput<Record<string, any>> {
    if (!name) {
      return this.modelLiteral(model);
    }

    return this.modelDeclaration(model, name);
  }

  arrayDeclaration(array: Model, name: string, elementType: Type): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const schema = this.#initializeSchema(array, name, {
      type: "array",
      items: this.emitter.emitTypeReference(elementType),
    });

    this.#applyConstraints(array, schema);

    return this.#createDeclaration(array, name, schema);
  }

  arrayLiteral(array: Model, elementType: Type): EmitterOutput<object> {
    return new ObjectBuilder({
      type: "array",
      items: this.emitter.emitTypeReference(elementType),
    });
  }

  #requiredModelProperties(model: Model): string[] | undefined {
    const requiredProps = [];

    for (const prop of model.properties.values()) {
      if (!prop.optional) {
        requiredProps.push(prop.name);
      }
    }

    // Add discriminator property to required if model has @discriminator decorator and property is not already defined
    const discriminator = getDiscriminator(this.emitter.getProgram(), model);
    if (discriminator && !model.properties.has(discriminator.propertyName)) {
      requiredProps.push(discriminator.propertyName);
    }

    return requiredProps.length > 0 ? requiredProps : undefined;
  }

  // Get all required properties including inherited ones (for when base uses discriminated union)
  #getAllRequiredModelProperties(model: Model): string[] | undefined {
    const requiredProps: string[] = [];
    const visited = new Set<Model>();

    const collectRequired = (m: Model) => {
      if (visited.has(m)) return;
      visited.add(m);

      // Collect from base first
      if (m.baseModel) {
        collectRequired(m.baseModel);
      }

      // Then collect from this model
      for (const prop of m.properties.values()) {
        if (!prop.optional && !requiredProps.includes(prop.name)) {
          requiredProps.push(prop.name);
        }
      }

      // Add discriminator property if defined on this model
      const discriminator = getDiscriminator(this.emitter.getProgram(), m);
      if (
        discriminator &&
        !m.properties.has(discriminator.propertyName) &&
        !requiredProps.includes(discriminator.propertyName)
      ) {
        requiredProps.push(discriminator.propertyName);
      }
    };

    collectRequired(model);
    return requiredProps.length > 0 ? requiredProps : undefined;
  }

  // Get all properties including inherited ones (for when base uses discriminated union)
  #getAllModelProperties(model: Model): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const props = new ObjectBuilder();
    const visited = new Set<Model>();

    const collectProperties = (m: Model) => {
      if (visited.has(m)) return;
      visited.add(m);

      // Collect from base first
      if (m.baseModel) {
        collectProperties(m.baseModel);
      }

      // Then collect from this model (overriding base if needed)
      for (const [name, prop] of m.properties) {
        const result = this.emitter.emitModelProperty(prop);
        setProperty(props, name, result);
      }

      // Add discriminator property if defined on this model and not already added
      const discriminator = getDiscriminator(this.emitter.getProgram(), m);
      if (discriminator && !(discriminator.propertyName in props)) {
        setProperty(props, discriminator.propertyName, {
          type: "string",
          description: `Discriminator property for ${m.name}.`,
        });
      }
    };

    collectProperties(model);
    return props;
  }

  modelProperties(model: Model): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const props = new ObjectBuilder();

    for (const [name, prop] of model.properties) {
      const result = this.emitter.emitModelProperty(prop);
      setProperty(props, name, result);
    }

    // Add discriminator property if model has @discriminator decorator and property is not already defined
    const discriminator = getDiscriminator(this.emitter.getProgram(), model);
    if (discriminator && !(discriminator.propertyName in props)) {
      setProperty(props, discriminator.propertyName, {
        type: "string",
        description: `Discriminator property for ${model.name}.`,
      });
    }

    return props;
  }

  modelPropertyLiteral(property: ModelProperty): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const propertyType = this.emitter.emitTypeReference(property.type);
    compilerAssert(propertyType.kind === "code", "Unexpected non-code result from emit reference");

    const result = new ObjectBuilder(propertyType.value);

    if (property.defaultValue) {
      result.default = this.#getDefaultValue(property, property.defaultValue);
    }

    if (result.anyOf && isOneOf(this.emitter.getProgram(), property)) {
      result.oneOf = result.anyOf;
      delete result.anyOf;
    }

    this.#applyConstraints(property, result);

    return result;
  }

  #getDefaultValue(modelProperty: ModelProperty, defaultType: Value): any {
    return serializeValueAsJson(this.emitter.getProgram(), defaultType, modelProperty);
  }

  booleanLiteral(boolean: BooleanLiteral): EmitterOutput<object> {
    return { type: "boolean", const: boolean.value };
  }

  stringLiteral(string: StringLiteral): EmitterOutput<object> {
    return { type: "string", const: string.value };
  }

  stringTemplate(string: StringTemplate): EmitterOutput<object> {
    if (string.stringValue !== undefined) {
      return { type: "string", const: string.stringValue };
    }
    const diagnostics = explainStringTemplateNotSerializable(string);
    this.emitter
      .getProgram()
      .reportDiagnostics(diagnostics.map((x) => ({ ...x, severity: "warning" })));
    return { type: "string" };
  }

  numericLiteral(number: NumericLiteral): EmitterOutput<object> {
    return { type: "number", const: number.value };
  }

  enumDeclaration(en: Enum, name: string): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const program = this.emitter.getProgram();
    const enumTypes = new Set<string>();
    const enumValues = new Set<string | number>();
    for (const member of en.members.values()) {
      // ???: why do we let emitters decide what the default type of an enum is
      const value = resolveEncodedEnumMemberValue(program, member, "application/json");
      enumTypes.add(typeof value === "number" ? "number" : "string");
      enumValues.add(value);
    }

    const enumTypesArray = [...enumTypes];

    const withConstraints = this.#initializeSchema(en, name, {
      type: enumTypesArray.length === 1 ? enumTypesArray[0] : enumTypesArray,
      enum: [...enumValues],
    });
    this.#applyConstraints(en, withConstraints);
    return this.#createDeclaration(en, name, withConstraints);
  }

  enumMemberReference(member: EnumMember): EmitterOutput<Record<string, any>> {
    // would like to dispatch to the same `literal` codepaths but enum members aren't literal types
    const value = resolveEncodedEnumMemberValue(
      this.emitter.getProgram(),
      member,
      "application/json",
    );
    return typeof value === "number"
      ? { type: "number", const: value }
      : { type: "string", const: value };
  }

  tupleLiteral(tuple: Tuple): EmitterOutput<Record<string, any>> {
    const size = tuple.values.length;
    return new ObjectBuilder({
      type: "array",
      prefixItems: this.emitter.emitTupleLiteralValues(tuple),
      minItems: size,
      maxItems: size,
    });
  }

  tupleLiteralValues(tuple: Tuple): EmitterOutput<Record<string, any>> {
    const values = new ArrayBuilder();
    for (const value of tuple.values.values()) {
      values.push(this.emitter.emitTypeReference(value));
    }
    return values;
  }

  unionInstantiation(union: Union, name: string): EmitterOutput<Record<string, any>> {
    if (!name) {
      return this.unionLiteral(union);
    }

    return this.unionDeclaration(union, name);
  }

  unionDeclaration(union: Union, name: string): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const key = isOneOf(this.emitter.getProgram(), union) ? "oneOf" : "anyOf";

    const withConstraints = this.#initializeSchema(union, name, {
      [key]: this.emitter.emitUnionVariants(union),
    });

    this.#applyConstraints(union, withConstraints);
    return this.#createDeclaration(union, name, withConstraints);
  }

  unionLiteral(union: Union): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const key = isOneOf(this.emitter.getProgram(), union) ? "oneOf" : "anyOf";

    return new ObjectBuilder({
      [key]: this.emitter.emitUnionVariants(union),
    });
  }

  unionVariants(union: Union): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const variants = new ArrayBuilder();
    for (const variant of union.variants.values()) {
      variants.push(this.emitter.emitType(variant));
    }
    return variants;
  }

  unionVariant(variant: UnionVariant): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const variantType = this.emitter.emitTypeReference(variant.type);
    compilerAssert(variantType.kind === "code", "Unexpected non-code result from emit reference");

    const result = new ObjectBuilder(variantType.value);

    this.#applyConstraints(variant, result);

    return result;
  }

  modelPropertyReference(property: ModelProperty): EmitterOutput<object> {
    // this is interesting - model property references will generally need to inherit
    // the relevant decorators from the property they are referencing. I wonder if this
    // could be made easier, as it's a bit subtle.

    const refSchema = this.emitter.emitTypeReference(property.type);
    compilerAssert(refSchema.kind === "code", "Unexpected non-code result from emit reference");
    const schema = new ObjectBuilder(refSchema.value);
    this.#applyConstraints(property, schema);
    return schema;
  }

  reference(
    targetDeclaration: Declaration<Record<string, unknown>>,
    pathUp: Scope<Record<string, unknown>>[],
    pathDown: Scope<Record<string, unknown>>[],
    commonScope: Scope<Record<string, unknown>> | null,
  ): object | EmitEntity<Record<string, unknown>> {
    if (targetDeclaration.value instanceof Placeholder) {
      // I don't think this is possible, confirm.
      throw new Error("Can't form reference to declaration that hasn't been created yet");
    }

    // these will be undefined when creating a self-reference
    const currentSfScope = pathUp[pathUp.length - 1] as SourceFileScope<object> | undefined;
    const targetSfScope = pathDown[0] as SourceFileScope<object> | undefined;

    if (targetSfScope && currentSfScope && !targetSfScope.sourceFile.meta.shouldEmit) {
      currentSfScope.sourceFile.meta.bundledRefs.push(targetDeclaration);
    }

    if (targetDeclaration.value.$id) {
      return { $ref: targetDeclaration.value.$id };
    }

    if (!commonScope) {
      if (targetSfScope && !targetSfScope.sourceFile.meta.shouldEmit) {
        // referencing a schema which should not be emitted. In which case, it will be inlined
        // into the defs of the root schema which references this schema.
        return { $ref: "#/$defs/" + targetDeclaration.name };
      } else {
        // referencing a schema that is in a different source file, but doesn't have an id.
        // nb: this may be dead code.

        // when either targetSfScope or currentSfScope are undefined, we have a common scope
        // (i.e. we are doing a self-reference)
        const resolved = getRelativePathFromDirectory(
          getDirectoryPath(currentSfScope!.sourceFile.path),
          targetSfScope!.sourceFile.path,
          false,
        );
        return { $ref: resolved };
      }
    }

    if (!currentSfScope && !targetSfScope) {
      // referencing ourself, and we don't have an id (otherwise we'd have
      // returned that above), so just return a ref.
      // This should be accurate because the only case when this can happen is if
      // the target declaration is not a root schema, and so it will be present in
      // the defs of some root schema, and there is only one level of defs.

      return { $ref: "#/$defs/" + targetDeclaration.name };
    }

    throw new Error("JSON Pointer refs to arbitrary schemas is not supported");
  }

  scalarInstantiation(
    scalar: Scalar,
    name: string | undefined,
  ): EmitterOutput<Record<string, any>> {
    if (!name) {
      return this.#getSchemaForScalar(scalar);
    }

    return this.scalarDeclaration(scalar, name);
  }

  scalarInstantiationContext(scalar: Scalar, name: string | undefined): Context {
    if (name === undefined) {
      return {};
    } else {
      return this.#newFileScope(scalar);
    }
  }

  scalarDeclaration(scalar: Scalar, name: string): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const isStd = this.#isStdType(scalar);
    const schema = this.#getSchemaForScalar(scalar);
    // Don't create a declaration for std types
    if (isStd) {
      return schema;
    }

    const builderSchema = this.#initializeSchema(scalar, name, schema);
    return this.#createDeclaration(scalar, name, builderSchema);
  }

  #getSchemaForScalar(scalar: Scalar) {
    let result: any;
    const isStd = this.#isStdType(scalar);
    if (isStd) {
      result = this.#getSchemaForStdScalars(scalar);
    } else if (scalar.baseScalar) {
      result = this.#getSchemaForScalar(scalar.baseScalar);
    } else {
      reportDiagnostic(this.emitter.getProgram(), {
        code: "unknown-scalar",
        format: { name: scalar.name },
        target: scalar,
      });
      return {};
    }

    const objectBuilder = new ObjectBuilder(result);
    this.#applyConstraints(scalar, objectBuilder);
    if (isStd) {
      // Standard types are going to be inlined in the spec and we don't want the description of the scalar to show up
      delete objectBuilder.description;
    }
    return objectBuilder;
  }

  #getSchemaForStdScalars(baseBuiltIn: Scalar) {
    switch (baseBuiltIn.name) {
      case "uint8":
        return { type: "integer", minimum: 0, maximum: 255 };
      case "uint16":
        return { type: "integer", minimum: 0, maximum: 65535 };
      case "uint32":
        return { type: "integer", minimum: 0, maximum: 4294967295 };
      case "int8":
        return { type: "integer", minimum: -128, maximum: 127 };
      case "int16":
        return { type: "integer", minimum: -32768, maximum: 32767 };
      case "int32":
      case "unixTimestamp32":
        return { type: "integer", minimum: -2147483648, maximum: 2147483647 };
      case "int64":
        const int64Strategy = this.emitter.getOptions()["int64-strategy"] ?? "string";
        if (int64Strategy === "string") {
          return { type: "string" };
        } else {
          // can't use minimum and maximum because we can't actually encode these values as literals
          // without losing precision.
          return { type: "integer" };
        }

      case "uint64":
        const uint64Strategy = this.emitter.getOptions()["int64-strategy"] ?? "string";
        if (uint64Strategy === "string") {
          return { type: "string" };
        } else {
          // can't use minimum and maximum because we can't actually encode these values as literals
          // without losing precision.
          return { type: "integer" };
        }
      case "decimal":
      case "decimal128":
        return { type: "string" };
      case "integer":
        return { type: "integer" };
      case "safeint":
        return { type: "integer" };
      case "float":
        return { type: "number" };
      case "float32":
        return { type: "number" };
      case "float64":
        return { type: "number" };
      case "numeric":
        return { type: "number" };
      case "string":
        return { type: "string" };
      case "boolean":
        return { type: "boolean" };
      case "plainDate":
        return { type: "string", format: "date" };
      case "plainTime":
        return { type: "string", format: "time" };
      case "offsetDateTime":
      case "utcDateTime":
        return { type: "string", format: "date-time" };
      case "duration":
        return { type: "string", format: "duration" };
      case "url":
        return { type: "string", format: "uri" };
      case "bytes":
        return { type: "string", contentEncoding: "base64" };
      default:
        reportDiagnostic(this.emitter.getProgram(), {
          code: "unknown-scalar",
          format: { name: baseBuiltIn.name },
          target: baseBuiltIn,
        });
        return {};
    }
  }

  #applySchemaExamples(
    type: Model | Scalar | Union | Enum | ModelProperty,
    target: ObjectBuilder<unknown>,
  ) {
    const program = this.emitter.getProgram();
    const examples = getExamples(program, type);
    if (examples.length > 0) {
      setProperty(
        target,
        "examples",
        examples.map((x) => serializeValueAsJson(program, x.value, type)),
      );
    }
  }

  #applyConstraints(
    type: Scalar | Model | ModelProperty | Union | UnionVariant | Enum,
    schema: ObjectBuilder<unknown>,
  ) {
    const applyConstraint = (fn: (p: Program, t: Type) => any, key: string) => {
      const value = fn(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
      if (value !== undefined) {
        schema[key] = value;
      }
    };

    const applyTypeConstraint = (fn: (p: Program, t: Type) => Type | undefined, key: string) => {
      const constraintType = fn(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
      if (constraintType) {
        const ref = this.emitter.emitTypeReference(constraintType);
        compilerAssert(ref.kind === "code", "Unexpected non-code result from emit reference");
        setProperty(schema, key, ref.value);
      }
    };
    if (type.kind !== "UnionVariant") {
      this.#applySchemaExamples(type, schema);
    }
    applyConstraint(getMinLength, "minLength");
    applyConstraint(getMaxLength, "maxLength");
    applyConstraint(getMinValue, "minimum");
    applyConstraint(getMinValueExclusive, "exclusiveMinimum");
    applyConstraint(getMaxValue, "maximum");
    applyConstraint(getMaxValueExclusive, "exclusiveMaximum");
    applyConstraint(getPattern, "pattern");
    applyConstraint(getMinItems, "minItems");
    applyConstraint(getMaxItems, "maxItems");

    // the stdlib applies a format of "url" but json schema wants "uri",
    // so ignore this format if it's the built-in type.
    if (!this.#isStdType(type) || type.name !== "url") {
      applyConstraint(getFormat, "format");
    }

    applyConstraint(getMultipleOf, "multipleOf");
    applyTypeConstraint(getContains, "contains");
    applyConstraint(getMinContains, "minContains");
    applyConstraint(getMaxContains, "maxContains");
    applyConstraint(getUniqueItems, "uniqueItems");
    applyConstraint(getMinProperties, "minProperties");
    applyConstraint(getMaxProperties, "maxProperties");
    applyConstraint(getContentEncoding, "contentEncoding");
    applyConstraint(getContentMediaType, "contentMediaType");
    applyTypeConstraint(getContentSchema, "contentSchema");
    applyConstraint(getDoc, "description");
    applyConstraint(getSummary, "title");
    applyConstraint(
      (p: Program, t: Type) => (getDeprecated(p, t) !== undefined ? true : undefined),
      "deprecated",
    );

    const prefixItems = getPrefixItems(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
    if (prefixItems) {
      const prefixItemsSchema = new ArrayBuilder<Record<string, unknown>>();
      for (const item of prefixItems.values) {
        prefixItemsSchema.push(this.emitter.emitTypeReference(item));
      }
      setProperty(schema, "prefixItems", prefixItemsSchema);
    }

    const extensions = getExtensions(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
    for (const { key, value } of extensions) {
      if (this.#isTypeLike(value)) {
        setProperty(schema, key, this.emitter.emitTypeReference(value));
      } else {
        setProperty(schema, key, value);
      }
    }
  }

  #isTypeLike(value: any): value is Type {
    return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && isType(value);
  }

  #createDeclaration(type: JsonSchemaDeclaration, name: string, schema: ObjectBuilder<unknown>) {
    // An *anonymous* declaration expression (e.g. an inline `enum { ... }` or
    // `scalar extends string` used as a property type) has an empty name and is not
    // registered in a namespace. It must not be hoisted into an (empty-named) `$defs`
    // schema or its own file; returning the schema directly inlines it. A *named*
    // declaration expression (e.g. `model Inner { ... }`) keeps its name and is hoisted
    // like a regular declaration.
    if (isAnonymousExpression(type)) {
      return schema;
    }
    const decl = this.emitter.result.declaration(name, schema);
    const sf = (decl.scope as SourceFileScope<any>).sourceFile;
    sf.meta.shouldEmit = this.#shouldEmitRootSchema(type);
    const explicitId = getId(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
    if (explicitId) {
      this.#declDefKey.set(decl, explicitId);
    }
    return decl;
  }

  #initializeSchema(
    type: JsonSchemaDeclaration,
    name: string,
    props: Record<string, unknown>,
  ): ObjectBuilder<unknown> {
    const rootSchemaProps = this.#shouldEmitRootSchema(type)
      ? this.#getRootSchemaProps(type, name)
      : {};

    return new ObjectBuilder({
      ...rootSchemaProps,
      ...props,
    });
  }

  #getRootSchemaProps(type: JsonSchemaDeclaration, name: string) {
    return {
      $schema: "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
      $id: this.#getDeclId(type, name),
    };
  }

  #shouldEmitRootSchema(type: JsonSchemaDeclaration) {
    // Anonymous declaration expressions are inlined, never emitted as a root schema.
    if (isAnonymousExpression(type)) {
      return false;
    }
    return (
      this.emitter.getOptions().emitAllRefs ||
      this.emitter.getOptions().emitAllModels ||
      isJsonSchemaDeclaration(this.emitter.getProgram(), type)
    );
  }

  #isStdType(type: Type) {
    return this.emitter.getProgram().checker.isStdType(type);
  }

  #createDiscriminatedUnionDeclaration(
    model: Model,
    name: string,
    discriminator: { propertyName: string },
    strategy: "oneOf" | "anyOf",
  ): EmitterOutput<object> {
    const variants = new ArrayBuilder<Record<string, unknown>>();
    const knownDiscriminatorValues: string[] = [];

    // Collect all derived models and their discriminator values
    for (const derived of model.derivedModels) {
      if (!includeDerivedModel(derived)) continue;

      // Add reference to each derived model
      const derivedRef = this.emitter.emitTypeReference(derived);
      variants.push(derivedRef);

      // Collect discriminator values for catch-all generation
      const values = this.#getDiscriminatorValues(derived, discriminator.propertyName);
      knownDiscriminatorValues.push(...values);
    }

    // Check if this is an open discriminator (discriminator property type includes string)
    // If so, add a catch-all variant that matches any unknown discriminator value
    if (this.#isOpenDiscriminator(model, discriminator.propertyName)) {
      const catchAllVariant = this.#createCatchAllVariant(
        model,
        discriminator.propertyName,
        knownDiscriminatorValues,
      );
      variants.push(catchAllVariant);
    }

    // For discriminated unions, emit the oneOf/anyOf with base model properties
    // Since derived models inline properties (not using allOf), we can include
    // base properties here without creating circular references
    const schema = this.#initializeSchema(model, name, {
      type: "object",
      properties: this.emitter.emitModelProperties(model),
      required: this.#requiredModelProperties(model),
      [strategy]: variants,
    });

    this.#applyConstraints(model, schema);
    return this.#createDeclaration(model, name, schema);
  }

  /**
   * Check if the discriminator property type is "open" (includes the string scalar type).
   * This means the discriminated union can accept unknown discriminator values.
   */
  #isOpenDiscriminator(model: Model, discriminatorPropertyName: string): boolean {
    const prop = model.properties.get(discriminatorPropertyName);
    if (!prop) return false;

    return this.#typeIncludesString(prop.type);
  }

  /**
   * Check if a type includes the string scalar (not just string literals).
   */
  #typeIncludesString(type: Type): boolean {
    const program = this.emitter.getProgram();

    switch (type.kind) {
      case "Scalar":
        return isStringType(program, type);
      case "Union":
        // Check if any variant is the string scalar
        for (const variant of type.variants.values()) {
          if (this.#typeIncludesString(variant.type)) {
            return true;
          }
        }
        return false;
      default:
        return false;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get string discriminator values from a model's discriminator property.
   */
  #getDiscriminatorValues(model: Model, discriminatorPropertyName: string): string[] {
    const prop = model.properties.get(discriminatorPropertyName);
    if (!prop) return [];

    return this.#getStringLiteralValues(prop.type);
  }

  /**
   * Extract string literal values from a type.
   */
  #getStringLiteralValues(type: Type): string[] {
    switch (type.kind) {
      case "String":
        return [type.value];
      case "Union":
        return [...type.variants.values()].flatMap((v) => this.#getStringLiteralValues(v.type));
      case "UnionVariant":
        return this.#getStringLiteralValues(type.type);
      case "EnumMember": {
        const value = resolveEncodedEnumMemberValue(
          this.emitter.getProgram(),
          type,
          "application/json",
        );
        return typeof value === "string" ? [value] : [];
      }
      default:
        return [];
    }
  }

  /**
   * Create a catch-all variant for open discriminated unions.
   * This variant matches any discriminator value not in the known values.
   */
  #createCatchAllVariant(
    model: Model,
    discriminatorPropertyName: string,
    knownValues: string[],
  ): Record<string, unknown> {
    const properties = new ObjectBuilder();

    // Emit all base model properties
    for (const [propName, prop] of model.properties) {
      if (propName === discriminatorPropertyName) {
        // Override discriminator property to match any string NOT in known values
        setProperty(properties, propName, {
          type: "string",
          not: { enum: knownValues },
        });
      } else {
        const result = this.emitter.emitModelProperty(prop);
        setProperty(properties, propName, result);
      }
    }

    // If discriminator property is not explicitly defined, add it
    if (!model.properties.has(discriminatorPropertyName)) {
      setProperty(properties, discriminatorPropertyName, {
        type: "string",
        not: { enum: knownValues },
      });
    }

    const required = this.#requiredModelProperties(model);

    return {
      type: "object",
      properties: properties,
      ...(required && { required }),
    };
  }

  intrinsic(intrinsic: IntrinsicType, name: string): EmitterOutput<object> {
    switch (intrinsic.name) {
      case "null":
        return { type: "null" };
      case "unknown":
        return {};
      case "never":
      case "void":
        return { not: {} };
      case "ErrorType":
        return {};
      default:
        const _assertNever: never = intrinsic.name;
        compilerAssert(false, "Unreachable");
    }
  }

  #reportDuplicateIds() {
    for (const [id, targets] of this.#idDuplicateTracker.entries()) {
      for (const target of targets) {
        reportDiagnostic(this.emitter.getProgram(), {
          code: "duplicate-id",
          format: { id },
          target: target,
        });
      }
    }
  }
  async writeOutput(sourceFiles: SourceFile<Record<string, any>>[]): Promise<void> {
    if (this.emitter.getProgram().compilerOptions.dryRun) {
      return;
    }
    this.#reportDuplicateIds();
    const toEmit: EmittedSourceFile[] = [];

    const bundleId = this.emitter.getOptions().bundleId;
    if (bundleId) {
      const content = {
        $schema: "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
        $id: bundleId,
        $defs: {} as Record<string, any>,
      };
      for (const sf of sourceFiles) {
        if (sf.meta.shouldEmit) {
          const decl = sf.globalScope.declarations[0];
          content.$defs[this.#getDefKey(decl)] = this.#finalizeSourceFileContent(sf);
        }
      }
      await emitFile(this.emitter.getProgram(), {
        path: joinPaths(this.emitter.getOptions().emitterOutputDir, bundleId),
        content: this.#serializeSourceFileContent(content),
      });
    } else {
      for (const sf of sourceFiles) {
        const emittedSf = await this.emitter.emitSourceFile(sf);

        // emitSourceFile will assert if somehow we have more than one declaration here
        if (sf.meta.shouldEmit) {
          toEmit.push(emittedSf);
        }
      }

      for (const emittedSf of toEmit) {
        await emitFile(this.emitter.getProgram(), {
          path: emittedSf.path,
          content: emittedSf.contents,
        });
      }
    }
  }

  sourceFile(sourceFile: SourceFile<object>): EmittedSourceFile {
    const content = this.#finalizeSourceFileContent(sourceFile);

    return {
      contents: this.#serializeSourceFileContent(content),
      path: sourceFile.path,
    };
  }

  #finalizeSourceFileContent(sourceFile: SourceFile<object>): Record<string, any> {
    const decls = sourceFile.globalScope.declarations;
    compilerAssert(decls.length === 1, "Multiple decls in single schema per file mode");
    const content: Record<string, any> = { ...decls[0].value };
    const bundledDecls = new Set<Declaration<object>>();

    if (sourceFile.meta.bundledRefs.length > 0) {
      // bundle any refs, including refs of refs
      content.$defs = {};
      const refsToBundle: Declaration<object>[] = [...sourceFile.meta.bundledRefs];
      while (refsToBundle.length > 0) {
        const decl = refsToBundle.shift()!;
        if (bundledDecls.has(decl)) {
          // already $def'd, no need to def it again.
          continue;
        }
        bundledDecls.add(decl);
        content.$defs[this.#getDefKey(decl)] = decl.value;

        // all scopes are source file scopes in this emitter
        const refSf = (decl.scope as SourceFileScope<any>).sourceFile;
        refsToBundle.push(...refSf.meta.bundledRefs);
      }
    }

    return content;
  }

  #serializeSourceFileContent(content: Record<string, any>): string {
    if (this.emitter.getOptions()["file-type"] === "json") {
      return JSON.stringify(content, null, 4);
    } else {
      return stringify(content, {
        aliasDuplicateObjects: false,
        lineWidth: 0,
      });
    }
  }

  #getCurrentSourceFile() {
    let scope: Scope<object> = this.emitter.getContext().scope;
    compilerAssert(scope, "Scope should exists");

    while (scope && scope.kind !== "sourceFile") {
      scope = scope.parentScope;
    }
    compilerAssert(scope, "Top level scope should be a source file");

    return scope.sourceFile;
  }

  #getDeclId(type: JsonSchemaDeclaration, name: string): string {
    const baseUri = findBaseUri(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
    const explicitId = getId(this.emitter.getProgram(), type);
    if (explicitId) {
      return this.#trackId(idWithBaseURI(explicitId, baseUri), type);
    }

    // generate the ID based on the file path
    const base = this.emitter.getOptions().emitterOutputDir;
    const file = this.#getCurrentSourceFile().path;
    const relative = getRelativePathFromDirectory(base, file, false);

    if (baseUri) {
      return this.#trackId(new URL(relative, baseUri).href, type);
    } else {
      return this.#trackId(relative, type);
    }

    function idWithBaseURI(id: string, baseUri: string | undefined): string {
      if (baseUri) {
        return new URL(id, baseUri).href;
      } else {
        return id;
      }
    }
  }

  #trackId(id: string, target: DiagnosticTarget) {
    this.#idDuplicateTracker.track(id, target);
    return id;
  }

  #getDefKey(decl: Declaration<any>): string {
    return this.#declDefKey.get(decl) ?? decl.name;
  }

  // #region context emitters
  modelDeclarationContext(model: Model, name: string): Context {
    if (this.#isStdType(model) && (model.name as any) === "object") {
      return {};
    }

    return this.#newFileScope(model);
  }

  modelInstantiationContext(model: Model, name: string | undefined): Context {
    if (name === undefined) {
      return {};
    } else {
      return this.#newFileScope(model);
    }
  }

  arrayDeclarationContext(array: Model): Context {
    return this.#newFileScope(array);
  }

  enumDeclarationContext(en: Enum): Context {
    // An anonymous `enum { ... }` expression is inlined into the referencing schema, so
    // it must not get its own file scope (which would otherwise be left empty).
    if (isAnonymousExpression(en)) {
      return {};
    }
    return this.#newFileScope(en);
  }

  unionDeclarationContext(union: Union): Context {
    return this.#newFileScope(union);
  }

  scalarDeclarationContext(scalar: Scalar): Context {
    if (this.#isStdType(scalar)) {
      return {};
    } else if (isAnonymousExpression(scalar)) {
      // An anonymous `scalar extends ...` expression is inlined, so no file scope.
      return {};
    } else {
      return this.#newFileScope(scalar);
    }
  }

  #newFileScope(type: JsonSchemaDeclaration) {
    const sourceFile = this.emitter.createSourceFile(
      `${sanitizePathSegment(this.declarationName(type)!)}.${this.#fileExtension()}`,
    );

    sourceFile.meta.shouldEmit = true;
    sourceFile.meta.bundledRefs = [];

    this.#typeForSourceFile.set(sourceFile, type);
    return {
      scope: sourceFile.globalScope,
    };
  }

  #fileExtension() {
    return this.emitter.getOptions()["file-type"] === "json" ? "json" : "yaml";
  }

  // #endregion
}