---
name: kafka-development
description: "Best practices for Apache Kafka event streaming and distributed messaging. Use when building event-driven architectures, implementing producer/consumer patterns, designing topic partitioning strategies, setting up Kafka Streams, configuring schema registries, or integrating change data capture pipelines."
---

# Kafka Development

This skill provides best practices for Apache Kafka event streaming and distributed messaging systems. Apply these guidelines when building Kafka-based applications.

## Core Principles

- Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform for high-throughput, fault-tolerant messaging
- Unlike traditional pub/sub, Kafka uses a pull model - consumers pull messages from partitions
- Design for scalability, durability, and exactly-once semantics where needed
- Leave NO todos, placeholders, or missing pieces in the implementation

## Workflow: Setting Up a Kafka Producer-Consumer Pipeline

1. **Define the topic** — choose a descriptive name, set partition count based on expected consumer parallelism, and configure retention and replication factor.
2. **Design the message schema** — register an Avro or JSON schema in Schema Registry; ensure backward compatibility from the start.
3. **Implement the producer** — configure `acks=all`, enable idempotence, select a partition key that distributes evenly, and add error handling with retry logic.
4. **Implement the consumer** — set `enable.auto.commit=false`, pick an appropriate `auto.offset.reset` policy, process messages idempotently, and commit offsets only after successful processing.
5. **Add observability** — instrument producer send-rate, consumer lag, and broker under-replicated-partitions; propagate trace context in message headers.
6. **Test end-to-end** — use Testcontainers or an embedded Kafka broker to verify the full produce-consume-commit cycle, including failure and rebalance scenarios.
7. **Deploy and monitor** — roll out with lag alerts, dead-letter-topic routing for persistent failures, and dashboards for key broker and client metrics.

## Architecture Overview

### Core Components

- **Topics**: Categories/feeds for organizing messages
- **Partitions**: Ordered, immutable sequences within topics enabling parallelism
- **Producers**: Clients that publish messages to topics
- **Consumers**: Clients that read messages from topics
- **Consumer Groups**: Coordinate consumption across multiple consumers
- **Brokers**: Kafka servers that store data and serve clients

### Key Concepts

- Messages are appended to partitions in order
- Each message has an offset - a unique sequential ID within the partition
- Consumers maintain their own cursor (offset) and can read streams repeatedly
- Partitions are distributed across brokers for scalability

## Topic Design

### Partitioning Strategy

- Use partition keys to place related events in the same partition
- Messages with the same key always go to the same partition
- This ensures ordering for related events
- Choose keys carefully - uneven distribution causes hot partitions

### Partition Count

- More partitions = more parallelism but more overhead
- Consider: expected throughput, consumer count, broker resources
- Start with number of consumers you expect to run concurrently
- Partitions can be increased but not decreased

### Topic Configuration

- `retention.ms`: How long to keep messages (default 7 days)
- `retention.bytes`: Maximum size per partition
- `cleanup.policy`: delete (remove old) or compact (keep latest per key)
- `min.insync.replicas`: Minimum replicas that must acknowledge

## Producer Best Practices

### Reliability Settings

```
acks=all               # Wait for all replicas to acknowledge
retries=MAX_INT        # Retry on transient failures
enable.idempotence=true # Prevent duplicate messages on retry
```

### Performance Tuning

- `batch.size`: Accumulate messages before sending (default 16KB)
- `linger.ms`: Wait time for batching (0 = send immediately)
- `buffer.memory`: Total memory for buffering unsent messages
- `compression.type`: gzip, snappy, lz4, or zstd for bandwidth savings

### Error Handling

- Implement retry logic with exponential backoff
- Handle retriable vs non-retriable exceptions differently
- Log and alert on send failures
- Consider dead letter topics for messages that fail repeatedly

### Example: Java Producer with Idempotence and Error Handling

```java
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "localhost:9092");
props.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class.getName());
props.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class.getName());
props.put(ProducerConfig.ACKS_CONFIG, "all");
props.put(ProducerConfig.ENABLE_IDEMPOTENCE_CONFIG, true);
props.put(ProducerConfig.RETRIES_CONFIG, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
props.put(ProducerConfig.COMPRESSION_TYPE_CONFIG, "snappy");

try (KafkaProducer<String, String> producer = new KafkaProducer<>(props)) {
    ProducerRecord<String, String> record =
        new ProducerRecord<>("orders", "order-123", "{\"item\":\"widget\",\"qty\":5}");

    producer.send(record, (metadata, exception) -> {
        if (exception != null) {
            log.error("Send failed for key=order-123", exception);
            // Route to dead-letter topic or alert
        } else {
            log.info("Delivered to {}-{} offset {}",
                metadata.topic(), metadata.partition(), metadata.offset());
        }
    });
}
```

### Partitioner

- Default: hash of key determines partition (null key = round-robin)
- Custom partitioners for specific routing needs
- Ensure even distribution to avoid hot partitions

## Consumer Best Practices

### Offset Management

- Consumers track which messages they've processed via offsets
- `auto.offset.reset`: earliest (start from beginning) or latest (only new messages)
- Commit offsets after successful processing, not before
- Use `enable.auto.commit=false` for exactly-once semantics

### Consumer Groups

- Consumers in a group share partitions (each partition to one consumer)
- More consumers than partitions = some consumers idle
- Group rebalancing occurs when consumers join/leave
- Use `group.instance.id` for static membership to reduce rebalances

### Processing Patterns

- Process messages in order within a partition
- Handle out-of-order messages across partitions if needed
- Implement idempotent processing for at-least-once delivery
- Consider transactional processing for exactly-once

### Example: Java Consumer with Manual Offset Commit

```java
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put(ConsumerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "localhost:9092");
props.put(ConsumerConfig.GROUP_ID_CONFIG, "order-processing-group");
props.put(ConsumerConfig.KEY_DESERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringDeserializer.class.getName());
props.put(ConsumerConfig.VALUE_DESERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringDeserializer.class.getName());
props.put(ConsumerConfig.ENABLE_AUTO_COMMIT_CONFIG, false);
props.put(ConsumerConfig.AUTO_OFFSET_RESET_CONFIG, "earliest");

try (KafkaConsumer<String, String> consumer = new KafkaConsumer<>(props)) {
    consumer.subscribe(Collections.singletonList("orders"));

    while (running) {
        ConsumerRecords<String, String> records = consumer.poll(Duration.ofMillis(500));
        for (ConsumerRecord<String, String> record : records) {
            try {
                processOrder(record.key(), record.value());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                log.error("Failed to process offset={} key={}", record.offset(), record.key(), e);
                publishToDeadLetterTopic(record, e);
            }
        }
        consumer.commitSync(); // Commit only after successful processing
    }
}
```

### Timeouts and Failures

- Implement processing timeout to isolate slow events
- When timeout occurs, set event aside and continue to next message
- Maintain overall system performance over processing every single event
- Use dead letter queues for messages failing all retries

## Error Handling and Retry

### Retry Strategy

- Allow multiple runtime retries per processing attempt
- Example: 3 runtime retries per redrive, maximum 5 redrives = 15 total retries
- Runtime retries typically cover 99% of failures
- After exhausting retries, route to dead letter queue

### Dead Letter Topics

- Create dedicated DLT for messages that can't be processed
- Include original topic, partition, offset, and error details
- Monitor DLT for patterns indicating systemic issues
- Implement manual or automated retry from DLT

## Schema Management

### Schema Registry

- Use Confluent Schema Registry for schema management
- Producers validate data against registered schemas during serialization
- Schema mismatches throw exceptions, preventing malformed data
- Provides common reference for producers and consumers

### Schema Evolution

- Design schemas for forward and backward compatibility
- Add optional fields with defaults for backward compatibility
- Avoid removing or renaming fields
- Use schema versioning and migration strategies

## Kafka Streams

### State Management

- Implement log compaction to maintain latest version of each key
- Periodically purge old data from state stores
- Monitor state store size and access patterns
- Use appropriate storage backends for your scale

### Windowing Operations

- Handle out-of-order events and skewed timestamps
- Use appropriate time extraction and watermarking techniques
- Configure grace periods for late-arriving data
- Choose window types based on use case (tumbling, hopping, sliding, session)

## Security

### Authentication

- Use SASL/SSL for client authentication
- Support SASL mechanisms: PLAIN, SCRAM, OAUTHBEARER, GSSAPI
- Enable SSL for encryption in transit
- Rotate credentials regularly

### Authorization

- Use Kafka ACLs for fine-grained access control
- Grant minimum necessary permissions per principal
- Separate read/write permissions by topic
- Audit access patterns regularly

## Monitoring and Observability

### Key Metrics

- **Producer**: record-send-rate, record-error-rate, batch-size-avg
- **Consumer**: records-consumed-rate, records-lag, commit-latency
- **Broker**: under-replicated-partitions, request-latency, disk-usage

### Lag Monitoring

- Consumer lag = last produced offset - last committed offset
- High lag indicates consumers can't keep up
- Alert on increasing lag trends
- Scale consumers or optimize processing

### Distributed Tracing

- Propagate trace context in message headers
- Use OpenTelemetry for end-to-end tracing
- Correlate producer and consumer spans
- Track message journey through the pipeline

## Testing

### Unit Testing

- Mock Kafka clients for isolated testing
- Test serialization/deserialization logic
- Verify partitioning logic
- Test error handling paths

### Integration Testing

- Use embedded Kafka or Testcontainers
- Test full producer-consumer flows
- Verify exactly-once semantics if used
- Test rebalancing scenarios

### Performance Testing

- Load test with production-like message rates
- Test consumer throughput and lag behavior
- Verify broker resource usage under load
- Test failure and recovery scenarios

## Common Patterns

### Event Sourcing

- Store all state changes as immutable events
- Rebuild state by replaying events
- Use log compaction for snapshots
- Enable time-travel debugging

### CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)

- Separate write (command) and read (query) models
- Use Kafka as the event store
- Build read-optimized projections from events
- Handle eventual consistency appropriately

### Saga Pattern

- Coordinate distributed transactions across services
- Each service publishes events for next step
- Implement compensating transactions for rollback
- Use correlation IDs to track saga instances

### Change Data Capture (CDC)

- Capture database changes as Kafka events
- Use Debezium or similar CDC tools
- Enable real-time data synchronization
- Build event-driven integrations