{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Gaussian elimination\n", "\n", "This Julia notebook allows us to interactively visualize the process of Gaussian elimination.\n", "\n", "Recall that the process of [Gaussian elimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_elimination) involves subtracting rows to turn a matrix $A$ into an [upper triangular matrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_matrix) $U$. Often we *augment* the matrix with an additional column, representing the right-hand side $b$ of a system of equations $Ax=b$ that we want to solve: by doing the same row operations to both $A$ and $b$, we arrive at an equivalent equation $Ux=c$ that is easy to solve by *backsubstitution* (solving for one variable at a time, working from the last row to the top row).\n", "\n", "For example, suppose we are solving:\n", "\n", "$$\n", "Ax = \n", "\\begin{pmatrix}\n", "1 & 3 & 1 \\\\\n", "1 & 1 & -1 \\\\\n", "3 & 11 & 6 \n", "\\end{pmatrix} x = \n", "\\begin{pmatrix}\n", "9 \\\\\n", "1 \\\\\n", "35\n", "\\end{pmatrix} = b\n", "$$\n", "\n", "We would perform the following elimination process.\n", "\n", "$$\n", "\\left[\\begin{array}{rrr|r}\n", "\\boxed{1} & 3 & 1 & 9 \\\\\n", "1 & 1 & -1 & 1 \\\\\n", "3 & 11 & 6 & 35\n", "\\end{array}\\right]\\to\n", "\\left[\\begin{array}{rrr|r}\n", "\\boxed{1} & 3 & 1 & 9 \\\\\n", "0 & \\boxed{-2} & -2 & -8 \\\\\n", "0 & 2 & 3 & 8\n", "\\end{array}\\right]\\to\n", "\\left[\\begin{array}{rrr|r}\n", "\\boxed{1} & 3 & 1 & 9 \\\\\n", "0 & \\boxed{-2} & -2 & -8 \\\\\n", "0 & 0 & \\boxed{1} & 0\n", "\\end{array}\\right]\n", "$$\n", "\n", "The boxed values are known as the **pivots**. Now we do **backsubstitution**, working from the bottom up. The last row is a single equation in a single unknown:\n", "\n", "$$\n", "1 x_3 = 0 \\implies x_3 = 0 .\n", "$$\n", "\n", "Now that we know $x_3$, the second row gives:\n", "\n", "$$\n", "-2x_2 - 2x_3 = -8 \\implies -2x_2 - 0 = -8 \\implies x_2 = 4 .\n", "$$\n", "\n", "Finally, now that we know $x_2$ and $x_3$, the first row gives:\n", "\n", "$$\n", "1 x_1 + 3 x_2 + 1x_3 = 9 \\implies x_1 + 12 + 0 = 9 \\implies x_1 = -3.\n", "$$\n", "\n", "It is much more fun to let the computer do the arithmetic than to crunch through it ourselves on the blackboard, but usually the computer does things *too* quickly (and it often does some re-ordering of the rows that makes it harder to follow what is going on). For example, in Julia, we can solve the above system of equations by simply:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "3×3 Matrix{Int64}:\n", " 1 3 1\n", " 1 1 -1\n", " 3 11 6" ] }, "execution_count": 1, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "A = [1 3 1\n", " 1 1 -1\n", " 3 11 6]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "3-element Vector{Int64}:\n", " 9\n", " 1\n", " 35" ] }, "execution_count": 2, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "b = [9, 1, 35]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "3-element Vector{Float64}:\n", " -3.0\n", " 4.0\n", " -0.0" ] }, "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "x = A \\ b # solves Ax = b by (essentially) Gaussian elimination" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "3-element Vector{Float64}:\n", " -3.0\n", " 4.0\n", " 0.0" ] }, "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "A^-1 * b" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## What's next?\n", "\n", "The basic Gaussian-elimination process is essentially the same as what you learned in 8th–9th grade algebra. Where do we go from here? There are several directions we would like to pursue in 18.06:\n", "\n", "* Zooming out and understanding this process *algebraically*: we want to think of elimination steps in terms of matrix operations (matrix products), and this will eventually lead us to viewing elimination as a *factorization* of the matrix A: the **LU factorization**. This factorization is key to how Gaussian elimination is *actually used* in large problems, and it helps us *understand* A by breaking it into simpler matrices.\n", "\n", "* What happens if you encounter a zero pivot?\n", " - At the simplest hand-calculation level, you just swap rows *if you can*, as reviewed below. But in practical numerical calculations something more interesting happens — it turns out that you need to swap rows even if the pivots are nonzero! This eventually leads us to a \"PA = LU\" factorization, which is critical if you actually want to *use* Gaussian elimination in real life.\n", " - If you *can't* swap rows to get rid of a zero pivot, then the matrix is *singular*. In high school, you typically just give up if the matrix is singular, but it turns out that there are lots of things to say about this case.\n", " \n", "* How does this process scale? It is good to understand what happens for $n \\times n$ matrices. Is Gaussian elimination practical on a computer for $n = 1000$? What about $n = 10^6$?" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Row swaps\n", "\n", "Occasionally, we may encounter a zero in the pivot position. Sometimes this means that the equations are **singular** (may have no solutions) — we will talk more about this later. However, as long as there is a nonzero value *below* the pivot, we can fix the problem by **swapping rows** (which just corresponds to re-ordering the equations).\n", "\n", "For example:\n", "\n", "\n", "$$\n", "\\left[\\begin{array}{rrr|r}\n", "\\boxed{1} & 3 & 1 & 9 \\\\\n", "1 & 3 & -1 & 1 \\\\\n", "3 & 11 & 6 & 35\n", "\\end{array}\\right]\\to\n", "\\left[\\begin{array}{rrr|r}\n", "\\boxed{1} & 3 & 1 & 9 \\\\\n", "0 & 0 & -2 & -8 \\\\\n", "0 & 2 & 3 & 8\n", "\\end{array}\\right]\\to\n", "\\left[\\begin{array}{rrr|r}\n", "\\boxed{1} & 3 & 1 & 9 \\\\\n", "0 & \\boxed{2} & 3 & 8 \\\\\n", "0 & 0 & \\boxed{-2} & -8\n", "\\end{array}\\right]\n", "$$\n", "\n", "where in the second step we swapped the second and third rows to get a nonzero pivot in the second row.\n", "\n", "At this point we can again solve bottom-up by backsubstitution:\n", "\n", "$$\n", "-2x_3 = 8 \\implies x_3 = 4 \\\\\n", "2x_2 + 3x_3 = 8 = 2x_2 + 12 \\implies x_2 = -2 \\\\\n", "x_1 + 3x_2 + x_3 = 9 = x_1 -6 + 4 \\implies x_3 = 11\n", "$$\n", "\n", "Of course, the computer can get the answer much more quickly and easily:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "3-element Vector{Float64}:\n", " 11.000000000000005\n", " -2.0000000000000013\n", " 4.0" ] }, "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "[ 1 3 1\n", " 1 3 -1\n", " 3 11 6 ] \\\n", "[9\n", " 1\n", " 35]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## “Big” matrices on the computer\n", "\n", "Of course, the computer can solve *much bigger problems* easily. It can solve 1000 equations in 1000 unknowns in a fraction of a second — nowadays, that is no longer considered a \"big\" system of equations." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "1000×1000 Matrix{Float64}:\n", " 0.754693 0.560733 0.910327 … 0.611877 0.292508 0.72601\n", " 0.351665 0.369858 0.871103 0.25676 0.0405945 0.726211\n", " 0.763593 0.464121 0.390283 0.604981 0.147775 0.72878\n", " 0.453561 0.147726 0.600355 0.178248 0.914899 0.757964\n", " 0.247388 0.981658 0.410212 0.817523 0.826953 0.440147\n", " 0.633554 0.862141 0.688732 … 0.264323 0.497675 0.514361\n", " 0.133259 0.527097 0.376906 0.965998 0.945114 0.884697\n", " 0.711564 0.423059 0.870123 0.823831 0.272452 0.92002\n", " 0.564027 0.638453 0.530519 0.900897 0.0810425 0.0930512\n", " 0.214856 0.290041 0.819278 0.90219 0.552371 0.553739\n", " 0.903851 0.897284 0.759832 … 0.208446 0.173989 0.0596702\n", " 0.104133 0.113186 0.0797224 0.250324 0.604153 0.41286\n", " 0.235456 0.590892 0.789271 0.973052 0.294701 0.143293\n", " ⋮ ⋱ \n", " 0.215499 0.188321 0.975163 0.957026 0.871916 0.828928\n", " 0.967067 0.591485 0.632038 0.010651 0.100226 0.991383\n", " 0.119558 0.460483 0.199182 … 0.261509 0.324492 0.965666\n", " 0.607541 0.628893 0.434687 0.263299 0.525989 0.577185\n", " 0.230643 0.298218 0.603661 0.184217 0.13649 0.918041\n", " 0.976573 0.985378 0.0157184 0.842938 0.745338 0.0950755\n", " 0.461015 0.438604 0.308731 0.139264 0.478038 0.482712\n", " 0.732309 0.0759328 0.585691 … 0.638138 0.604144 0.850571\n", " 0.636802 0.322266 0.469396 0.578963 0.205645 0.172984\n", " 0.414916 0.494336 0.807718 0.320688 0.657784 0.982512\n", " 0.293371 0.493783 0.74403 0.799018 0.264314 0.186339\n", " 0.104612 0.662899 0.301098 0.698438 0.609498 0.937989" ] }, "execution_count": 6, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Ahuge = rand(1000,1000)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "1000-element Vector{Float64}:\n", " 0.11648951400817487\n", " 0.638398291445165\n", " 0.8298021277628341\n", " 0.6578245083268514\n", " 0.2992909571326191\n", " 0.04434321426269938\n", " 0.2273049093293089\n", " 0.9208209561794793\n", " 0.508792941046068\n", " 0.6918189711915684\n", " 0.6824429390834486\n", " 0.914443078331818\n", " 0.2796681550890874\n", " ⋮\n", " 0.9260513170733145\n", " 0.9305175378530915\n", " 0.019844020048994104\n", " 0.5146618522657653\n", " 0.9889596344281131\n", " 0.7890502663051733\n", " 0.7176160909676175\n", " 0.33518616859067674\n", " 0.6782977395680323\n", " 0.6828375702950923\n", " 0.6045951621057377\n", " 0.9432704795434865" ] }, "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "bhuge = rand(1000)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "1000-element Vector{Float64}:\n", " -0.40242365163345395\n", " -1.2575603935803086\n", " 1.3767709589169037\n", " 0.020777542800422127\n", " -0.43224063490856907\n", " 0.07846278754888261\n", " -1.2788481293898533\n", " -0.23363827638256934\n", " 1.1367178501838064\n", " -0.6419266345464728\n", " 1.16574989194809\n", " -1.0109259917168187\n", " -0.2547952187241332\n", " ⋮\n", " 0.17760057480194702\n", " -0.026736570616518872\n", " 1.7923137060044423\n", " -0.9918298946342873\n", " -1.0221141312210762\n", " 0.4426412052246268\n", " -0.13777635985018952\n", " -0.4722031299540175\n", " -0.14595252778895984\n", " -0.37017438393408275\n", " 0.88508351548458\n", " -0.1397370446925542" ] }, "execution_count": 8, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "Ahuge \\ bhuge" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ " 0.016476 seconds (4 allocations: 7.645 MiB)\n", " 0.017585 seconds (4 allocations: 7.645 MiB)\n", " 0.014655 seconds (4 allocations: 7.645 MiB)\n" ] } ], "source": [ "@time Ahuge \\ bhuge;\n", "@time Ahuge \\ bhuge;\n", "@time Ahuge \\ bhuge;" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "If we want to see the matrix $U$ from above, we use the fact (covered soon in 18.06) that Gaussian elimination is really \"LU\" factorization, performed by the function `lufact` in the built-in `LinearAlgebra` package. By default, however, \"serious\" computer implementations of this process automatically re-order the rows to reduce the effect of roundoff errors, so we need to pass an extra option that tells Julia not to do this. (You should *not* normally do this, except for learning exercises.)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "using LinearAlgebra" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "3×4 Matrix{Float64}:\n", " 1.0 3.0 1.0 9.0\n", " 0.0 -2.0 -2.0 -8.0\n", " 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0" ] }, "execution_count": 11, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "# LU factorization (Gaussian elimination) of the augumented matrix [A b], \n", "# passing the NoPivot() option to prevent row re-ordering\n", "F = lu([A b], NoPivot()) # a \"factorization\" object storing both L and U\n", "F.U # just show U" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "However, it would be nice to show the individual steps of this process. This requires some programming." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Code to interactively visualize Gaussian elimination\n", "\n", "The following is some slightly tricky code that lets us visualize the process of Gaussian elimination in Julia. It takes advantage of the [Interact](https://github.com/JuliaGizmos/Interact.jl) package in Julia, which allows us to easily create interactive displays using sliders, pushbuttons, and other widgets.\n", "\n", "Implementing this is **not really a beginner exercise** for new Julia programmers, though it is fairly straightforward for people who are used to Julia. It involves defining our own type to control display, our own implementation of Gaussian elimination that allows us to stop partway through, and using the Interact package to create interactive widgets.\n", "\n", "You can skip this part if you aren't ready for the programming details." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 12, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "naive_gauss" ] }, "execution_count": 12, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "\"\"\"\n", " naive_gauss(A, [step])\n", "\n", "Given a matrix `A`, performs Gaussian elimination to convert\n", "`A` into an upper-triangular matrix `U`.\n", "\n", "This implementation is \"naive\" because it *never re-orders the rows*.\n", "(It will obviously fail if a zero pivot is encountered.)\n", "\n", "If the optional `step` argument is supplied, only performs `step`\n", "steps of Gaussian elimination.\n", "\n", "Returns `(U, row, col, factor)`, where `row` and `col` are the\n", "row and column of the last step performed, while `factor`\n", "is the last factor multiplying the pivot row.\n", "\"\"\"\n", "function naive_gauss(A, step=typemax(Int))\n", " m = size(A,1) # number of rows\n", " factor = A[1,1]/A[1,1]\n", " step ≤ 0 && return (A, 1, 1, factor)\n", " U = copyto!(similar(A, typeof(factor)), A)\n", " for j = 1:m # loop over m columns\n", " for i = j+1:m # loop over rows below the pivot row j\n", " # subtract a multiple of the pivot row (j)\n", " # from the current row (i) to cancel U[i,j] = Uᵢⱼ:\n", " factor = -U[i,j]/U[j,j]\n", " U[i,:] = U[i,:] + U[j,:] * factor\n", " step -= 1\n", " step ≤ 0 && return (U, i, j, factor)\n", " end\n", " end\n", " return U, m, m, factor\n", "end" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "For display purposes on the 18.06 github page, we can't use interactive sliders, so I just use the following code to switch to non-interactively output each of the \"steps\" of the animation.\n", "\n", "To go back to interactive sliders, change `import Interact` to `using Interact` below:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/vnd.webio.node+json": { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": {}, "type": "node" }, "text/html": [ "
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5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 -5.556 13.444 4.667 -0.778\n 0.0 1.889 5.889 -9.667 -9.556\n -5.0 7.0 3.0 1.0 2.0" }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "row" } }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "column" } }, "type": "node" }, "text/html": [ "
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5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 1.889 5.889 -9.667 -9.556\n 0.0 8.111 -0.889 2.667 2.556" }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, "⟶", { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "setInnerHtml": "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 6.372 -7.163 -9.512\n 0.0 8.111 -0.889 2.667 2.556" }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "row" } }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "column" } }, "type": "node" }, "text/html": [ "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 6.372 -7.163 -9.512\n 0.0 8.111 -0.889 2.667 2.556" }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, "⟶", { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "setInnerHtml": "
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5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 6.372 -7.163 -9.512\n 0.0 0.0 1.186 13.419 2.744" }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, "⟶", { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "setInnerHtml": "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -5.733 -9.031\n 0.0 0.0 1.186 13.419 2.744" }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "row" } }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "column" } }, "type": "node" }, "text/html": [ "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -5.733 -9.031\n 0.0 0.0 1.186 13.419 2.744" }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, "⟶", { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "setInnerHtml": "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -5.733 -9.031\n 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.685 2.834" }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "row" } }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "column" } }, "type": "node" }, "text/html": [ "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -5.733 -9.031\n 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.685 2.834" }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, "⟶", { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "setInnerHtml": "
5×5 Matrix{Float64}:\n -9.0 -2.0 7.0 -3.0 -1.0\n 0.0 4.778 -1.222 -6.333 -0.111\n 0.0 0.0 12.023 -2.698 -0.907\n 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -5.733 -9.031\n 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 -18.723" }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "row" } }, "type": "node" } ], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "align-items": "center", "display": "flex", "flex-direction": "column" } }, "type": "node" }, "text/html": [ "
5×5 Matrix{Int64}:\n -3 5 5 3 -7\n 3 -5 8 -8 -6\n 8 2 8 2 -8\n -6 -2 6 4 -8\n -8 4 -6 -1 8" }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, "⟶", { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "style": { "height": "0.0px", "width": "1.0em" } }, "type": "node" }, { "children": [], "instanceArgs": { "namespace": "html", "tag": "div" }, "nodeType": "DOM", "props": { "setInnerHtml": "
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